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Muscular fatigue (i.e., acute fall in peak power) may result in ATP loss, which is slow to recover in vivo due to the formation of inosine monophosphate (IMP). Slow recovery of ATP may alter the muscle’s ability to resist fatigue during subsequent work; this effect could be more problematic in older muscle. Based on the lower metabolic economy (ME; W·cm-3·mM ATP-1) and greater fatigue reported in older muscle during dynamic contractions, our objective was to use 31-phosphorus magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy to noninvasively quantify changes in intracellular energy metabolites and pH in vivo during and after maximal isotonic knee extensions, to test the hypotheses that fatigue would be greater, and [ATP] would decline more and be slower to recover in older compared with younger muscle. Nineteen young (10 female, 31±5 yr, mean+SD) and 17 older (9F, 72±4 yr) healthy adults completed 120 contractions (0.5 Hz, torque=20% of voluntary maximum) while positioned supine in a 3T MR system. Muscle fatigue: peak power for final 3 contractions/peak power for highest 3 contractions x 100. Muscle fat-free contractile volume, determined by MRI, was used to normalize peak power, yielding specific power (W·cm-3). MR spectra from the vastus lateralis muscle were recorded during rest, contractions, and 10 min of recovery. Phosphocreatine (PCr), inorganic phosphate (Pi), phosphomonoesters (PME) and ATP peaks were fit in jMRUI and relative concentrations determined assuming resting [ATP]=8.2 mM. Intracellular [IMP], pH, ATP production (ATPTOT, mM) and ME (specific power/ATPTOT) were calculated. Statistics: t-test and rmANOVA. Specific power was ~61% greater in young than older (pTOT (p≥ 0.23). In contrast, ME was greater in young than older (p This research was supported by NIH R01-AG058607 (JAK) and an ACSM Foundation Doctoral Student Research Grant from the American College of Sports Medicine Foundation awarded to LFF. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2023 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

The current study seeks to understand the potential benefits of culturally matched cross-age peer mentoring for Black and Latinx adolescent mentors residing in low-income, urban communities. Data for the study were derived from a 4-year longitudinal project examining the effectiveness of community-based cross-age mentoring. Data from the current sample ( N = 249, 60.6% female, M = 16.72 years) were analyzed using HLM. Findings indicated that the mentoring relationship bond rather than attendance predicted change on several positive outcomes. Adolescent mentors were found to experience improvements in several areas of positive youth development, ethnic identity, and GPA after the program was completed and at 9 to 12 months follow up. Researchers propose an adapted theoretical model of the impacts of youth cross-age mentoring in low-income communities of color. Findings from the current study offer key information on the value of facilitating empowering, person-focused services in concert with members of marginalized communities.

BackgroundSuicide is one of the leading mental health crises and takes one life every 40 seconds. Four out of every five suicides occur in low- and middle-income countries. Despite religion being a protective factor against suicide, the estimated number of suicides is rapidly increasing in Pakistan.AimsOur review focuses on the trends of suicide and means of self-poisoning in the past three decades, and the management of commonly used poisons.MethodWe searched two electronic databases (PubMed and PakMediNet) for published English-language studies describing agents used for suicide in different regions of Pakistan. A total of 46 out of 85 papers (N= 54 747 cases) met our inclusion criteria.ResultsSuicidal behaviour was more common among individuals younger than 30 years. Females comprised 60% of those who attempted suicide in our study sample, although the ratio of completed suicides favoured males. There were regional trends in the choice of agent for overdose. Organophosphate poisoning was reported across the nation, with a predominance of cases from the agricultural belt of South Punjab and interior Sindh. Aluminium phosphide (‘wheat pills’) was a preferred agent in North Punjab, whereas paraphenylenediamine (‘kala pathar’) was implicated in deaths by suicide from South Punjab. Urban areas had other means for suicide, including household chemicals, benzodiazepines, kerosene oil and rat poison.ConclusionsUrgent steps are needed, including psychoeducational campaigns on mental health and suicide, staff training, medical resources for prompt treatment of self-poisoning and updated governmental policy to regulate pesticide sales.

The acidic tumour microenvironment (TME) and the abundance of tumour associated macrophages (TAMs) are key features of solid tumours that drive immune suppression, support tumour growth and limit the efficacy of approved therapies. We identified the pH sensing GPCR, GPR65, as a key determinant of low pH induced immune suppression in human cancers, particularly in TAMs, based on the following observations: 1) cancer patients who are homozygous for a hypomorphic coding variant in GPR65 (I231L) show a statistically significant increase in survival and altered expression of key immune system genes compared to other genotypes; 2) single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) data from multiple solid tumors show that GPR65 and downstream pathway genes are ubiquitously expressed in myeloid and other innate immune cells in human cancers; and 3) low pH acting via GPR65 profoundly alters gene expression in human macrophages in vitro, bringing about a pronounced suppression of proinflammatory cytokines and a marked upregulation of tissue repair genes. These findings identify GPR65 as a novel innate immune check point, and suggest that GPR65 inhibition could be highly beneficial in cancer. Indeed, previous work has shown that genetic ablation of the GPR65 signaling pathway in B16.F10 tumour bearing mice upregulates immunostimulatory genes in TAMs and significantly reduces tumor growth1. Pathios has identified potent and selective antagonists of human GPR65 with excellent oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics. In line with their potencies in recombinant cell systems, lead molecules are able to inhibit low pH induced cAMP elevations in primary human macrophages with IC50 values in the single digit nM range. In macrophages subjected to acidic conditions, the inhibitory effects on cAMP are accompanied by a reduction in the expression of anti inflammatory and tissue repair genes, and the enhancement of immunostimulatory genes. In particular, GPR65 inhibition counteracts the pronounced low pH induced suppression of key Type I/II interferon (IFN) response genes and chemokines such as CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11. Following oral administration in tumour bearing mice, lead compounds up-regulate the expression of anti-tumor immune response genes at systemic exposures that significantly suppress GPR65 signalling in vitro. Results from tumour growth inhibition studies in mice with our GPR65 inhibitors will be also be presented. In summary, ‘Macrophage Conditioning’ via GPR65 inhibition holds substantial promise as a novel immunoncology strategy to counteract the immunosuppressive effects of the acidic TME on TAMs, and could be deployed either as monotherapy or in combination with T cell checkpoint inhibitors or other standard of care treatments. 1Nat. Immunol. 19:1319 Citation Format: Barbara Cipriani, David Miller, Alan Naylor, Gavin Milne, Barbara Young, Rupert Satchell, Suorav Sarkar, Zoe Smith, Rhoanne McPherson, Anastasia Nika, Preeti Singh, Toszka Bohn, Tobias Bopp, Tom McCarthy, Stuart Hughes. Inhibition of GPR65 counteracts low pH induced immunosuppressive polarization of macrophages: In vitro and in vivo characterization of potent, selective and orally bioavailable small molecule GPR65 antagonists [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 2162.

Immediately electrifying the rap game, Young M.A. entered the hip hop scene in 2016 and quickly became one of a few openly gay artists to make it big in hip hop. For many LGBT youth, Young M.A. invokes adoration and respect as a long-awaited depiction of the historically excluded queer rapper. For others, she brings controversy. Some critics call out what they perceive to be Young M.A.’s own disdain for women, while dedicated fans interpret it as turning gender on its head by a woman “doing what the men do.” For other listeners, she sparks derision and outright hostility as a reaction to her failure to adhere to expected gender norms. The reaction to Young M.A.’s groundbreaking entry into the hip hop scene represents an important crossroad for a music genre and culture that rebukes racism on one hand, yet often fails to pivot to embrace a progressive vision of gender equality on another. In this chapter, a Black teen and creative writer inspired by Young M.A. and a Black civil rights scholar offer their collective insights on the artist’s lyrics and rise to fame in the hip hop industry. They contend that as long as hip-hop culture shuns those who fail to conform to expected gender norms – norms that are the vestiges of White American culture and perpetuated through legal doctrine – it will fall short of its revolutionary potential to vocalize a radical social justice vision. A hundred years before the hip hop movement began, the United States Supreme Court relied on gross gender norms and stereotypes to exclude women from the practice of law, invoking what one Justice characterized as an “axiomatic truth” that “God designed the sexes to occupy different spheres of action and that it belonged to men to make, apply, and execute laws.” The legal enforcement of this type of patriarchal structure is the root of multiple forms of gender discrimination still present today, including misogyny, homophobia, and transphobia. Hip Hop’s current embrace of these gender norms is simply “serving the master” by partaking in the subordination of Black girls, Black women, and Black LGBT people. As Audre Lorde brilliantly put it, “the master’s tools will never dismantle the master’s house.”

Parenteral nutrition in palliative care is contentious, and decisions on starting or continuing its treatment in palliative patients centre on an individual’s preference, balanced with quality of life. This case report describes the unusual onset of pain and agitation secondary to fluid retention, in a patient with metastatic pseudomyxoma peritonei, established on 2.5 L/day of parenteral nutrition. Immediate volume reduction of the parenteral nutrition to 1 L/day successfully reversed the patient’s symptoms. To our knowledge, this is the first case of parenteral nutrition inducing pain and agitation in a palliative care patient. There is no specific internationally acclaimed guidance concerning parenteral nutrition content and volume in palliative patients, due to a lack of high quality studies. This case study highlights the need for further research into parenteral nutrition content and volume in palliative care, to prevent harmful effects from fluid retention, impacting on quality of life.

State wildlife agencies (SWAs) manage natural resources for the benefit of the common good. However, effective management in today’s complex world requires institutional capacity that can address s...

There is increasing evidence to support the safety and reliability of ultrasound-guided regional anaesthesia (regional nerve ‘blocks’ using local anaesthetic drugs) in the setting of elective orthopaedic surgery. In response to a patient safety incident that occurred while under general anaesthesia (GA), we set out to offer awake regional nerve blocks to high-risk patients as a safe alternative to GA. Between September 2010 and July 2011, 43 patients scheduled for elective upper limb surgery on ‘high-risk lists’ were given a regional anaesthetic for their operation. Patients were followed up by telephone interview 24 hours post-surgery to monitor complications and to gain patient feedback. We also assessed regional anaesthesia in terms of efficiency and patient satisfaction. Overall 42/43 patients were successfully blocked (1/43 converted to GA). ‘Blocked’ patients were able to bypass the ‘post anaesthesia care unit’, and could proceed straight to the ward after their operation in the majority of cases. Nobody was dissatisfied with their anaesthetic, and 40/41 would chose regional anaesthesia again over GA. Ultrasound-guided regional anaesthesia is a reliable alternative to GA and is associated with high patient acceptability. In the setting of a UK NHS district general hospital, availability of ultrasound-guided regional anaesthesia may help to improve patient safety, patient choice and postoperative efficiency. The findings of the service evaluation support our ongoing use of this technique.

To explore photography's material history, we followed the collecting career of musician Graham Nash. A photographer and photography collector, Nash's activities link the changing views of photography from the late 20th century to the present as the medium became an accepted area of fine art, a lucrative investment, and, most recently, digital. Private collections today play an important role in museums’ photography acquisitions and Nash's collection exemplifies how a collector's taste may create new meaning for existing works.

A sample of award-winning feature photographs over the life of the Pictures of the Year International competition was analyzed to identify the themes used by photographers to tell stories effectively. Results of similar studies of other types of photography suggest photographers communicate through a limited number of themes. The results of this analysis indicate feature photographs rely on fewer themes than are apparent in some other types of photographs. The authors offer suggestions for the predominance of these themes. The Pictures of the Year International competition is held annually at the University of Missouri–Columbia.

We tested the hypothesis that people strategically reduce their estimates of personal risk when they are confronted with a potentially distressing health message. One hundred and two smokers were exposed to either an anti-smoking message presented using an imagery designed to maximize emotional distress, or the same message presented using less distressing images. We found lower personal risk estimates in the distressing image message condition. A path analysis showed that this effect may be mediated by a tendency to make more negative evaluations of the distressing message. Participants also spent less time attending to the distressing message, but this did not mediate the effects of the experimental manipulation. We suggest that these lowered risk estimates are partly the outcome of defensive processes activated by distress associated with perceptions of personal vulnerability.

An analysis of award-winning photographs of international events from the annual Pictures of the Year competition is compared to a similar study of Pulitzer Prize-winning photographs. The analysis concludes that the award-winning photographs, which represent the best of photojournalism, portray international events through a limited number of themes that reinforce a stereotype of developing nations as violent and conflict-torn places.

The establishment of a Jewish homeland is central to many aspects of Judaism, and from any standard of newsworthiness, the events in Palestine in the late 1940s and early 1950s were a major development. Still, journalistic texts are not created in a vacuum. To fully understand the meaning of these texts, the cultural context in which they are created and the viewpoint embodied in the producer's work must be examined. The work of Robert Capa represents an excellent case study for examining the construction and recapitulation of myth through “objective” news coverage. Photojournalist Robert Capa's images of the birth of the State of Israel argue for a specific reading, one that celebrates a presumed rightness/naturalness of the Jewish state and embraces dominant Israeli cultural myths related to its founding. Further, his photographs argue that the Israelis were creating a state ex nihilo by turning a desolate, unpopulated strip of land into both an urban and agricultural oasis. Capa's images tap into the r...

News photographs of international events serve Americans as a visual medium for understanding other cultures and countries. However, a content analysis of 60 years of Pulitzer Prize-winning photographs (1942-2002) reveals that the major visual themes of the prize-winning photographs depicting international news events are predominantly about war and coups. On the other hand, the Pulitzer Prize-winning photographs taken in the US reveal more diverse themes and subjects, although they, too, tend to concentrate on bad news, like crime and terrorism, social problems, racism and poverty. Based on the content analysis and personal interviews with the judges, it is believed that the Prize’s most important determinants of international news photography appear to be violence and conflict with a consideration of the photographers’ demonstration of courage producing the pictures.

Digital imaging has been found to increase photographer's flexibility and time management, ensure usable images and increase involvement in photo editing decisions. However, digital imaging has also been found to generate shortage and archival problems and to increase editing duties.

This paper considers the relevance of a set of generational accounts in informing policy debate in the UK. With regard to transparency, Generational Accounts can, under sensible assumptions, provide a useful summary statistic to supplement our analysis of government policy. Interpreting differences in the accounts across groups as measures of the incidence or redistributiveness of existing or proposed policies is more problematic. With respect to UK pension reform, within-cohort differences raise important issues. Finally we argue that past pension reforms have been characterised by inaccurate forecasts as opposed to a lack of understanding of the generational incidence of proposed policy.

(1999). Like a shooting star: Catherine Leroy in Vietnam. Visual Communication Quarterly: Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 4-9.

Visual anthropologist John Collier Jr. 1and visual sociologists Douglas Harper,2 Jon Wagner,3 and Dona Schwartz4 have known for years the value of photo-elicitation as a research tool. More recently, some graduate students studying visual communication at the University of Missouri-Columbia have used this fieldwork technique to help them better understand their own photography and the work of others.5 Photo-elicitation is of particular interest here because of a research assignment given in a graduate course that examines the role of photography in society. Because this research tool can help students become more connected with their work, photo-elicitation can be put to use in a variety courses where photography is studied, including media ethics or mass communication and society. Method Rather than strictly relying on what the creator or critics say about a body of work, students can go straight to the source, in a manner of speaking. Photojournalists rarely take their images back to their subjects to learn what the subject thinks of the work, primarily because of the press of deadlines. However, for those interested in feedback from their subjects, the photo-elicitation method can reverse the roles of researcher (photographer) and subject, according to research.er Douglas Harper. "As the informant studies images of his or her world and then talks about what elements mean, the interview produces information that is more deeply grounded in the phenomenology of the subject. A photograph, a literal rendering of an element of the subject's world, calls forth associations, definitions, or ideas that otherwise go unnoticed," he adds.6 In the photo-elicitation method, photographic techniques rarely are at issue; instead, what often brings forth a wealth of information from the subjects are images "... that the photographer might have considered, from his or her own cultural perspective, too 'boring' or 'commonplace' even to consider using."7 For this class assignment, the actual subjects from a book are not shown the photographs (obvious logistical problems prevent this), but a person who is intimately familiar with the subject is interviewed instead. Students who elect to do this particular assignment (see Exhibit 1) are encouraged to pick a book that focuses on such delicate and sometimes explosive subjects as domestic abuse, AIDS, civil rights, homosexuality, or drug addiction.8 This assignment requires students to find people to interview who are - or were - representatives of that group (for example, finding women or men who were directly involved in domestic abuse and then showing them Donna Ferrato's Living with the Enemy). In our case, Anne-Marie Woodward, a graduate student in photojournalism, wanted to do an independent study project in which she would share Larry Clark's controversial Tulsa with three recovering drug addicts living in Atlanta, where she formerly resided. Woodward conducted separate photo elicitation sessions in late November 1997 with three individuals she met through friends and acquaintances in Atlanta. Whitney N., 34, used heroin for three years; Catherine M., 28, used IV drugs for nine months; and Adam P., 27, used IV drugs for four years. All agreed to have their interviews tape recorded.9 Students like Woodward who study the work of award-winning photojournalist Eugene Richards, author of Cocaine True, Cocaine Blue, often admire Richards' gritty realism and incredible access to the world of illegal drugs. However, few of today's students are aware that more than two decades earlier photographer Larry Clark published a raw, unflinching look at the drug use he and his friends engaged in during the 1960s. Like The Americans by reclusive EXHIBIT 1 RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT FOR PHOTOGRAPHY IN SOCIETY (EDITED FOR SPACE) During the second half of the semester, we are studying a variety of work that could be interpreted either as furthering our understanding of people outside the mainstream or as exploiting them. …

Dr. MichaelLesy’s 1973 book, Wisconsin Death Trip, is among the most controversial pieces of historical scholarship that uses photographs as evidence. Published as an extension of his dissertation research, the book has been widely reviewed in both the popular and academic press, and was republished in 1991. This article provides a critique of Lesy’s use of photographic evidence within his book. While recognizing the role of photography as a subject worthy of academic study, the author points out problems with the way that Lesy has used the photographs to support his research.

Proposed mergers. Mergers. Threatened layoffs. Closures. While this may describe what goes on in big business, it also describes the rocky couple of years journalism and mass communication education has experienced in the 1990s. Each semester seems to bring more news about programs under "review," which often means they are being looked at for possible merger with another unit or even elimination.1 According to an annual enrollment survey in the Autumn 1995 Journalism Educator. Becker and Kosicki indicate that in 1994 nearly 18 percent of the 430 programs in the sample reported that discussion of mergers on their campuses had occurred recently, while approximately 5 percent reported discussion to eliminate their units.2 A year earlier the percentages were very similar,3 and an increasing number of administrators--12.4 percent versus 9.2 percent in 1993--said they already were reporting to "a communication department head."4 For more than a dozen years the future of education in journalism and mass communication has been debated, beginning in the 1980s with Planning for Curricular Change in Journalism Education (commonly referred to as the Oregon Report).5 More recently, the discussion has been extended by Blanchard and Christ in Media Education and the Liberal Arts: A Blueprint for the New Professionalism, who argue that "the 40-year-long efforts of media study programs to offer varieties of subspecialities, in response to student and media practitioner demand, have been fragmenting and sapping limited resources."6 Since those limited resources have played a key role in many, if not all, of the changes being considered at journalism and mass communication units, we were especially concerned about the fate of a subspeciality within the curriculum that can be quite expensive to maintain--photojournalism and visual communication courses. Additionally, if any area of the curriculum seemed ripe for continuing change because of advances in computer technology, it was in photojournalism/visual communication, so updating the developments in this area of the curriculum seemed timely. Changes in programs Specifically intriguing to us was the anecdotal evidence that some photography programs were being eliminated primarily because units were unwilling or unable to finance the switch to digital technology. For example, the School of Journalism and Mass Communication at the University of Wisconsin-Madison phased out all of its photography courses during the early 1990s, apparently because of a lack of student interest and the high cost of operating a chemical darkroom for so few students. The College of Journalism and Mass Communications at the University of South Carolina stopped offering a separate photojournalism major a few years ago as well. Photojournalism courses are still taught at South Carolina, but now they are electives to print journalism, advertising and public relations majors. "We think it is important for students to have an understanding of the importance of visual communication--not just photography--and are at the moment working up a new required core course on digital communication that will include elements of photography, on-line communication and data-gathering and graphic design/layout," Turk said.7 Photojournalism courses also emerged as "the most frequently mentioned vulnerable course, cited by nearly one in five administrators (18.3 %)" as the subject most likely to be eliminated, according to a 1994 survey by Professor Doug Birkhead of the University of Utah.8 Birkhead's results, published in 1995, are based on 148 responses from administrators to his questionnaire on curriculum decision making which he sent on behalf of the Education Committee of the American Journalism Historians Association; respondents were asked to list three courses in their undergraduate program vulnerable to elimination. When administrators were asked to identify three broad curriculum areas (beyond journalism's traditional newspaper core) and of the three most vulnerable course areas, "visual communication" came in third (21. …

(2004). Shooting Kennedy: JFK and the Culture of Images By David M. Lubin. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003. 341 Pp. American Journalism: Vol. 21, Editorial Cartoons in Wartime, pp. 121-123.

BACKGROUND In industrialized countries, Staphylococcus aureus (SA) is a leading cause of late-onset neonatal sepsis. METHODS Culture-proven episodes were identified prospectively from neonatal units participating in the neonatal infection surveillance network. Demographic, risk factor, and outcome data were collected. RESULTS Between 2004 and 2009, there were 117 episodes of SA infections (including 8 methicillin-resistant SA) in 116 infants from 13 units. The median gestational age and birth-weight were 27 weeks (90% ≤ 37 weeks, 85% ≤ 32 weeks) and 850 g (90% ≤ 2500 g), respectively. The overall incidence was 0.6 per 1000 live births and 23/1000 in infants

Commonly known as ecstasy, MDMA has been central to the British acid house, rave and dance club scene over the last 20 years. Figures from the annual national British Crime Survey suggest that ecstasy use has declined since 2001. This apparent decline is considered here alongside the concurrent emergence of a ‘new’ form of ecstasy - MDMA powder or crystal - and the extent to which this can be seen as a successful rebranding of MDMA as a ‘premium’ product in the wake of user disenchantment with cheap and easily available but poor quality pills. These changes have occurred within a policy context, which in the last decade has increasingly prioritised the drugs-crime relationship through coercive treatment of problem drug users within criminal justice-based interventions, alongside a focus on binge drinking and alcohol-related harm. This has resulted in a significant reduction in the information, support and treatment available to ecstasy users since the height of dance drug harm reduction service provision pioneered by the Safer Dancing model in the mid-1990s.

Purpose – The purpose is to show that the influx of new seasonal and year-round residents to the small towns located in and around protected areas has numerous implications for governance associated with land management and regional planning including reconciling the competing values of wilderness (amenity vs. livelihood, motorized vs. non-motorized recreation, active vs. passive land management). Methodology/approach – We use case studies from the Adirondack Park in Northern New York State and the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem in the western United States to demonstrate the land management and governance challenges facing local communities in and around internationally renowned, protected areas. Findings – We highlight how these transforming communities meet diverse needs and competing interests and how partnering with a non-governmental organization benefits local governance issues. Originality/value of chapter – The paper presents research from the United States, which theoretically and empirically contributes to the scientific discourse on exurbanization, protected areas, and governance.

This paper examines evidence from the British Household Panel Study on the distribution of financial wealth amongst benefit units in 2000. It also provides some analysis of the links between financial wealth, pensions and housing wealth. For part of the sample, the data also allow a comparison of holdings in some elements of the financial portfolio in 2000, and in 1995. This paper examines evidence from the British Household Panel Study on the distribution of financial wealth amongst benefit units in 2000. Updated version with revised housing wealth estimates (tables V.5-V.7, A9-A12 and figure IV.4 affected)

Cyclooxygenase (COX) converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandin (PG) H2, which is further metabolized to various prostaglandins, prostacyclin and thromboxane A2. COX exists in at least two different isoforms. COX-1 is constitutively expressed, whereas COX-2 is induced by proinflammatory stimuli. Prostaglandin E2 is a major metabolite of COX activation. In order to compare the activity of target ligands and COX inhibitors on PGE2 synthesis and release, the responsiveness of several cell lines to the calcium ionophore A23187, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and the glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, were investigated. For intracellular measurements, the culture supernatant was aspirated, and the cells were thoroughly washed and lysed with dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide. Intracellular and secreted PGE2 were measured with an enzyme immunoassay. A23187 and LPS increased intracellular PGE2 in a dose-dependent manner. Kinetic experiments with A23187-stimulated mouse 3T3 fibroblast cells revealed a distinct biphasic response in COX activity. In the presence of NSAIDs or dexamethasone, there was a dose-dependent inhibition in intracellular PGE2 with A23187-stimulated 3T3 cells. Inhibitory studies demonstrated an apparent increased sensitivity of COX activity to the action of inhibitors when measuring intracellular PGE2 compared with using cell culture supernatants. Indeed, intracellular PGE2 levels were comprehensively reduced in the presence of low concentrations of inhibitor. The utilization of cell culture lysates and, in particular, measurement of intracellular PGE2 should prove useful for identifying new COX inhibitors.

(2005). Japan 1945: A U.S. Marine's Photographs from Ground Zero by Joe O'Donnell Nashville: Vanderbilt University, 2005. 87 Pp. American Journalism: Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 121-122.