Search

A cirurgia endoscópica por orifícios naturais (NOTES) representa um novo conceito de cirurgia, caracterizada por ausência de incisões abdominais. Os acessos mais comumente usados são o transvaginal e o transgástrico. Entretanto, as rotas transcolônica e transretal representam alternativas promissoras. O presente estudo objetiva avaliar três diferentes técnicas de sutura retal em três suínos submetidos a NOTES transretal para biópsia hepática, avaliando-se concomitantemente as repercussões clínicas e hematológicas. Sob anestesia geral, foi realizada uma incisão transversal no reto para a passagem do endoscópio até a cavidade abdominal em todos os animais para a realização da biópsia hepática. Cada animal recebeu um tipo de sutura retal: sutura em dois planos; reforço com tela de polipropileno ou reforço com membrana de pericárdio bovino. A NOTES transretal em modelo experimental suíno não apresentou implicações clínicas e hematológicas importantes, o que demonstra um acesso alternativo para biópsia hepática. Nenhum animal apresentou sinais de peritonite, aderências ou deiscência de pontos. O uso de reforço com pericárdio bovino para a sutura retal apresenta um atraso na cicatrização quando comparado com a sutura convencional ou com o uso de tela de polipropileno.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar a frequência de lesões macroscópicas e microscópicas e dos agentes bacterianos envolvidos em pericardites em suínos no abate no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. As amostras foram coletadas em frigoríficos de suínos com Serviço de Inspeção Federal (SIF) entre fevereiro a outubro de 2010 e a condenação por pericardite dos animais acompanhados foi de 3,9% (299/7.571). No total foram investigados 91 casos de pericardites, 89% deles foram classificados como crônicos por histopatologia e pleurite crônica foi observada em 47% dos pulmões correspondentes, todavia não houve associação significativa entre as duas lesões. Os agentes bacterianos isolados a partir dos corações foram Streptococcus spp., Pasteurella multocida, Haemophilus parasuis e Streptococcus suis. DNA bacterianos mais detectados pela PCR foram de Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae e Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Houve associação significativa entre isolamento de P. multocida e Streptococcus sp. nos corações e pulmões correspondentes. Esses resultados sugerem que a infecção no pulmão possa ter servido de porta de entrada para a colonização do pericárdio adjacente. Apesar de M. hyopneumoniae ter sido o agente detectado com maior frequência pela PCR em corações e pulmões correspondentes, não houve associação significativa da detecção dos agentes nos órgãos. Isto sugere que as infecções foram eventos independentes. Os demais agentes investigados não apresentaram associação significativa entre isolamento ou detecção de DNA em coração e pulmão correspondente. Outro achado importante foi a presença de coinfecções bacterianas em 2% dos corações e por PCR foi detectado DNA bacteriano de dois ou mais agentes em 16,5% dos corações. Esses resultados sugerem que as coinfecções em pericardites precisam ser melhor estudadas.

Swine influenza (SI) is caused by the type A swine influenza virus (SIV). It is a highly contagious disease with a rapid course and recovery. The major clinical signs and symptoms are cough, fever, anorexia and poor performance. The disease has been associated with other co-infections in many countries, but not in Brazil, where, however, the first outbreak has been reported in 2011. The main aim of this study was to characterize the histological features in association with the immunohistochemical (IHC) results for influenza A (IA), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in lung samples from 60 pigs submitted to Setor de Patologia Veterinária at the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (SPV-UFRGS), Brazil, during 2009-2010. All of these lung samples had changes characterized by interstitial pneumonia with necrotizing bronchiolitis, never observed previously in the evaluation of swine lungs in our laboratory routine. Pigs in this study had showed clinical signs of a respiratory infection. Swine samples originated from Rio Grande do Sul 31 (52%), Santa Catarina 14 (23%), Paraná 11 (18%), and Mato Grosso do Sul 4 (7%). Positive anti-IA IHC labelling was observed in 45% of the cases, which were associated with necrotizing bronchiolitis, atelectasis, purulent bronchopneumonia and hyperemia. Moreover, type II pneumocyte hyperplasia, alveolar and bronchiolar polyp-like structures, bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) hyperplasia and pleuritis were the significant features in negative anti-IA IHC, which were also associated with chronic lesions. There were only two cases with positive anti-PCV2 IHC and none to PRRSV. Therefore, SIV was the predominant infectious agent in the lung samples studied. The viral antigen is often absent due to the rapid progress of SI, which may explain the negative IHC results for IA (55%); therefore, IHC should be performed at the beginning of the disease. This study has shown how important a careful histological evaluation is for the diagnosis. Since 2009, a new histological feature of swine pneumonia in animals with respiratory clinical signs has been observed in samples from pigs with clinical respiratory disease submitted to SPV-UFRGS. In addition, the results proved the importance of histological evaluation for swine herd health management.

Dois bovinos, fêmeas, mestiças, 6 anos (caso 1) e 18 meses (caso 2) de idade mantidos em pastagem com intensa invasão por S. carpinifolia apresentaram dificuldade locomotora com inicio nos membros pélvicos progredindo para decúbito esternal ou lateral, nistagmo, tremores e fasciculação de cabeça em um período de quatro a cinco dias. No exame histológico evidenciou-se meningoencefalite e ganglioneurite não supurativa com corpúsculos de Negri em neurônios do cerebelo, tronco encefálico, hipocampo, gânglio trigeminal e medula espinhal. Havia vacuolização citoplasmática nas células de Purkinje e nos neurônios do gânglio trigeminal. A imunofluorescência direta (IFD) para raiva foi positiva nos dois bovinos e na imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) houve marcação do antígeno rábico nos neurônios do córtex cerebelar e cerebral, hipocampo e gânglio trigeminal. A histoquímica com lectinas evidenciou que o citoplasma vacuolizado dos neurônios apresentaram marcação para Con-A, WGA e sWGA. De acordo com os achados morfológicos, os epidemiológicos, a IHQ e a IFD para raiva e o padrão histoquímico com lectinas conclui-se que o presente relato representa dois casos subclínicos de intoxicação por S. carpinifolia em bovinos com infecção pelo vírus da raiva.Two female bovine, crossbreed, 6-year-old (case 1) and 18-month-old (case 2) grazing in pasture infested by Sida carpinifolia showed gait difficulties, initially at the pelvic limbs, progressing to sternal or lateral decumbency, nystagmus, tremors, and fasciculation of the head for four to five days. Histologically was observed meningoencephalitis and ganglioneuritis nonsuppurative with Negri corpuscles in the neurons of the cerebellum, brain steam, hippocampus, trigeminal ganglion and spinal cord. Another histological finding was a cytoplasmic vacuolation of the Purkinje cells and in the trigeminal ganglion neurons. Direct immunofluorescence (DIF) for rabies viral antigen was positive in both animals and anti-rabies immunohistochemistry (IHC) was positive in the neurons of the cerebellar and cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and trigeminal ganglion. Con-A, WGA, and sWGA lectin histochemistry were positive in the vacuolated neurons. Based on the morphological and epidemiological features, rabies DIF and IHC, and lectin histochemistry the present report consists of two cases of subclinical poisoning with S. carpinifolia in cattle infected with rabies virus.

The diagnosis of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection is often performed through histopathology, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or a combination of these techniques. PCR can be performed on samples using several conservation methods, including swabs, frozen tissue or formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue. However, the formalin fixation process often inhibits DNA amplification. To evaluate whether M. hyopneumoniae DNA could be recovered from FFPE tissues, 15 lungs with cranioventral consolidation lesions were collected in a slaughterhouse from swine bred in herds with respiratory disease. Bronchial swabs and fresh lung tissue were collected, and a fragment of the corresponding lung section was placed in neutral buffered formalin for 48 hours. A PCR assay was performed to compare FFPE tissue samples with samples that were only refrigerated (bronchial swabs) or frozen (tissue pieces). M. hyopneumoniae was detected by PCR in all 15 samples of the swab and frozen tissue, while it was detected in only 11 of the 15 FFPE samples. Histological features of M. hyopneumoniae infection were presented in 11 cases and 7 of these samples stained positive in IHC. Concordance between the histological features and detection results was observed in 13 of the FFPE tissue samples. PCR was the most sensitive technique. Comparison of different sample conservation methods indicated that it is possible to detect M. hyopneumoniae from FFPE tissue. It is important to conduct further research using archived material because the efficiency of PCR could be compromised under these conditions.

Descreve-se a ocorrência de surto de intoxicação por sal em suínos de duas propriedades, onde 70 porcos morreram. Soro de leite proveniente da salga de queijo era servido no cocho como única fonte hídrica aos animais. Não havia bebedouros nas instalações. Um dia após o fornecimento do soro, os porcos começaram a adoecer e apresentaram salivação excessiva, movimentos de pedalagem, opistótono e tremores cíclicos. Na necropsia, dois suínos apresentaram achatamento das circunvoluções do córtex telencefálico e um outro, edema no córtex telencefálico. Na histopatologia, observou-se necrose neuronal laminar difusa acentuada no córtex telencefálico, astrócitos de Alzheimer tipo II (AIIA), infiltrado multifocal perivascular de eosinófilos e linfócitos e edema perivascular. Outros achados incluíram marcação imuno-histoquímica fraca ou ausente para proteína glial fibrilar ácida (GFAP), mas intensa marcação positiva no citoplasma dos AIIA para S-100. As concentrações de sódio sérico e do líquor mensuradas nos porcos estudados foram de 140 e 156mmol/L, respectivamente.

Rectal stricture is an acquired annular fibrous constriction of the rectum that results from a variety of chronic necrotizing enteric diseases. In pigs, it is in most cases a sequel of Salmonella infection. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a known pathogen causing immunosuppression in pigs worldwide. PCV2 infected pigs may be predisposed to salmonellosis. In this report, rectal stenosis was observed in 160 pigs from a herd that experienced an outbreak of enteric salmonellosis over a 4-month period. Distension of the abdominal wall and diarrhea were the main clinical signs observed. Five animals were analyzed showing annular cicatrization of the rectal wall 5.0-7.0 cm anterior to the anorectal junction and Salmonella-positive immunostaining in the large intestine. Salmonella Typhimurium was isolated from fragments of the large intestine. Porcine circovirus type 2 antigen was observed in the mesenteric lymph-node in 4 pigs and in the large intestine in 3 pigs.

Listeriose foi identificada em quatro porcos-da-índia (Cavia porcellus) enviados para diagnóstico postmortem. Dois cobaios (1 e 2), apresentaram especialmente nódulos esbranquiçados multifocais no fígado e ceco, alterações que corresponderam microscopicamente a múltiplos focos necróticos associados com estruturas bacterianas basofílicas, degeneração gordurosa difusa e infiltrado linfocitário periportal. Lesões similares estavam presentes no intestino delgado, ceco e baço desses dois cobaios. Os outros cobaios (3 e 4) apresentavam exclusivamente alterações pulmonares caracterizadas por coloração avermelhada difusa e áreas esbranquiçadas multifocais na superfície pleural associadas histologicamente com infiltrado neutrofílico multifocal acentuado nos lúmens alveolar e bronquiolar, além de edema interseptal e alveolar, trombos vasculares e numerosos macrófagos alveolares (pneumonia supurativa). Em seções histológicas coradas pelo Brown-Hopps, foram identificadas estruturas bacilares Gram-positivas. A avaliação imuno-histoquímica para anticorpos antiListeria monocytogenes revelou marcação fortemente positiva nos focos necróticos do fígado, ceco, baço, útero, estômago e linfonodos mesentéricos dos dois cobaios com listeriose sistêmica. Nos cobaios com pneumonia supurativa, observou-se intensa marcação nos lúmens alveolares. L. monocytogenes foi isolada de amostras de fígado e de casca de arroz utilizada como cama dos cobaios. Sugere-se que as lesões pulmonares foram consequentes à aspiração de partículas da cama de casca de arroz contaminada com L. monocytogenes.Listeriosis was identified in four guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) received for post mortem evaluation. Two animals showed multifocal white nodules in the liver and cecum. These changes corresponded microscopically to multiple necrotic foci associated with basophilic bacterial structures, diffuse lipid vacuolation, and periportal lymphocytic infiltrates. Similar lesions were seen in the small intestine, cecum, and spleen of these two guinea pigs. The other two guinea pigs showed almost exclusively pulmonary changes that were characterized by diffuse red coloration and multifocal whitish areas in the pleural surface, which were microscopically associated with multifocal marked neutrophilic infiltrate within the alveolar and bronchiolar lumens, besides of interseptal and alveolar edema, vascular thrombi, and increased numbers of alveolar macrophages (suppurative pneumonia). The basophilic bacterial structures were Gram-positive for the Brown-Hopps special stain. The immunostaining antiListeria monocytogenes showed strong positive reactions in the necrotic foci of the liver, cecum, spleen, uterus, stomach, and mesenteric lymph node in the two guinea pigs with systemic listeriosis. The two guinea pigs with suppurative bronchopneumonia showed positive intense antiListeria monocytogenes immunostaining within the alveolar lumens. L. monocytogenes was isolated from samples of liver and rice hulls used as bedding material in the cages of the guinea pigs. It is suggested that the pulmonary changes observed here were caused by aspiration of particles of the rice hulls bedding contaminated with L. monocytogenes.

Relata-se a quantificação de PCV-2, por meio de PCR em tempo real, no trato gastrintestinal, linfonodo mesentérico, tonsilas e fezes de nove suínos refugo da fase de crescimento, provenientes de rebanhos com histórico de diarreia não responsiva ao tratamento com antibioticoterapia. Com base nos resultados histopatológicos e imunoistoquímicos, os animais foram classificados como afetados por PCV-2 (n=5) e não afetados (n=4). Foi observada diarreia em todos os animais do grupo afetado por PCV-2. Em todas as amostras testadas foi detectado PCV-2, no entanto, a carga viral observada nos tecidos, bem como a excreção nas fezes foi significantemente maior (P

Samples of intestine with necrotic enteritis from 63 pigs naturally infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) were studied. Colon was the main target of PCV2 associated necrotic enteritis in 60 cases. Immunohistological investigations were carried out to detect the presence of PCV2 in necrotic lesions and to identify the type of cells infected by the virus. Crypt epithelial cells had positive labelling for PCV2 in 17 cases. Depletion of goblet cells occurred in 10 cases. In 24 necrotic enteritis cases, co-infection of PCV2 and Salmonella was identified. An increased rate of apoptosis in the crypt epithelial cells of the large intestine from PCV2 of naturally infected pigs was observed. Immunohistochemical findings confirmed the presence of PCV2 within cells from necrotic intestinal tissue, suggesting that PCV2 may play a role in the development of those lesions. Diagnosis of necrotic enteritis associated with PCV2 should be based on the detection of PCV2 antigen or DNA in the necrotizing lesions. However, bacteriological examination should be performed to rule out the presence of bacterial agents, since co-infections are likely to occur in PCV2 affected pigs.Foram selecionadas amostras intestinais com enterite necrótica de 63 suínos naturalmente infectados pelo circovírus suíno tipo 2 (PCV2). Enterite necrótica associada com PCV2 ocorreu principalmente no cólon, em 60 casos. Análise imuno-histoquímica foi realizada para identificar a presença de PCV2 em lesões necróticas e o tipo de células infectadas pelo vírus. Células epiteliais das criptas apresentaram marcação positiva para PCV2 em 17 casos. Depleção de células caliciformes ocorreu em 10 casos. Em 24 casos de enterite necrótica, observou-se co-infecção por PCV2 e Salmonella. Foi observado um aumento no índice de apoptose nas células das criptas do intestino grosso de suínos naturalmente infectados com PCV2. Os achados imuno-histoquímicos e histopatológicos sugerem que a infecção por PCV2 das células do tecido intestinal pode ocasionar enterite necrótica. O diagnóstico de enterite necrótica associada com PCV2 deve ser baseado na detecção do antígeno ou do DNA viral nas lesões necróticas. Contudo, análise bacteriológica deve ser realizada para descartar a presença de agente bacteriano, já que co-infecções são comuns.

In a commercial herd of 1250 wild boars, 56 animals were affected by anorexia, diarrhea, and wasting. Enlargement of mesenteric lymph nodes, thickening of ileal wall, and a white-yellowish ileal content were observed in two of the four animals necropsied. Microscopically, ileal crypts showed epithelial hyperplasia, moderate decrease in goblet cell density, lymphohistiocytic infiltrate in the lamina propria, and moderate depletion with histiocytic infiltrate in Peyer's patches. Curved rod-shaped organisms within the apical cytoplasm of enterocytes were observed in both Warthin-Starry and Lawsonia intracellularis-immunostained sections. PCV2 antigen was observed in ileal Peyer's patches of 3 wild pigs. Trichuris suis nematodes were found in the cecum of the four wild pigs. This report describes clinicopathological findings in cases of enteritis associated with Lawsonia intracellularis and PCV2 infection in a commercial herd of wild boars.Neste trabalho, são relatados os achados clínico-patológicos de casos de enterite associados com infecção por Lawsonia intracellularis e PCV2 em um rebanho comercial com 1250 javalis, sendo que 56 foram afetados por anorexia, diarréia e emagrecimento progressivo. Em dois dos quatro animais necropsiados, foi observado aumento de linfonodos mesentéricos, espessamento da parede do íleo e conteúdo branco-amarelado no íleo. Microscopicamente, as criptas do íleo apresentavam hiperplasia epitelial, decréscimo moderado na densidade de células caliciformes, infiltrado linfo-histiocitário na lâmina própria e depleção moderada das placas de Peyer com infiltrado histiocitário. Bastonetes curvos no ápice citoplasmático dos enterócitos foram observados em preparações coradas com Warthin-Starry e pela imunoistoquímica contra Lawsonia intracellularis. Antígeno de PCV2 foi observado nas placas de Peyer do íleo de três animais e nematódeos Trichuris suis estavam presentes no ceco dos quatro javalis necropsiados.

Neste trabalho, foi estudada a ocorrência e a bacteriologia das otites purulentas em suínos apresentando três condições clínico-patológicas distintas: síndrome multissistêmica do definhamento dos suínos (SMDS), crescimento retardado (porém sem apresentação de sinais clínicos da SMDS) e crescimento normal. No total, foram examinados 385 animais com idade de 60-130 dias, sendo a confirmação do diagnóstico da SMDS obtida pelos sinais clínicos e achados patológicos e pela detecção de antígenos virais por imunoistoquímica. De 242 animais com a SMDS, 57 (23,5%) apresentaram lesões purulentas no ouvido médio. Entre os 119 animais de baixo desenvolvimento, apenas 1 (0,7%) apresentou a lesão. Não foram detectadas lesões macroscópicas no ouvido médio dos 24 animais com crescimento normal. Os agentes isolados com maior freqüência foram Arcanobacterium pyogenes (43%), Streptococcus α-hemolíticos (37,2%) e Pasteurella multocida (27,9%) dos 86 ouvidos submetidos à bacteriologia. A alta ocorrência de lesões purulentas no ouvido médio de animais com a SMDS sugere que a infecção pelo PCV2 pode tornar o suíno mais suscetível às otites bacterianas. A ocorrência reduzida dessas lesões em suínos de baixo desenvolvimento, sem a manifestação clínica da SMDS, sugere que a otite média não representa uma causa importante de mau desempenho em leitões nas fases de crescimento e terminação. O envolvimento de A. pyogenes, Streptococcus α-hemolíticos e P. multocida na maioria das lesões apontam a importância desses organismos como agentes causais de otite média em suínos.The occurrence and bacteriology of purulent otitis in groups of pigs affected by three different clinical conditions are described: postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), depressed growth (attrition) and normal growth (control). A total of 385 animals, 60-130 days of age, were examined. Diagnosis of PMWS was confirmed by the presence of clinical signs and pathological findings compatible with the disease, and through detection of viral antigens in tissues by immunohistochemistry. From 242 pigs with PMWS, 57 (23.5%) showed purulent lesions in the middle ear. Among 119 pigs with attrition, only 1 (0.7%) presented the lesion. In 24 control pigs, middle ear lesions were not detected. The most frequently isolated agents from the lesions were Arcanobacterium pyogenes (43%), á-hemolytic Streptococci (37.2%) and Pasteurella multocida (27.9 %) out of 86 materials. The frequent occurrence of purulent lesions in the middle ear of PMWS affected pigs suggests that PCV2 infection may increase the susceptibility to bacterial otitis. The low occurrence of this disease in piglets with attrition suggests that otitis does not represent a significant cause for depressed growth in pigs from growing and finishing age. The isolation of A. pyogenes, á-hemolytic Streptococci and P. multocida from most of the lesions emphasizes the importance of these organisms as causal agents of otitis media in swine.

Samples of mesenteric lymph nodes and intestines from 79 unthrifty 3- to 5-month-old postweaning pigs, confirmed as naturally affected with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), were studied. Pigs originated from 12 farms in southern Brazil and were selected on the basis of clinical signs and/or gross lesions suggestive of enteric disorder. Lymphohistiocytic infiltrates of varying intensity were associated with anti-porcine circovirus type 2 (anti-PCV2) immunostaining (IS) in samples of intestines and mesenteric lymph nodes from all pigs. Although most findings were similar to those described in PCV2-associated enteritis, anti-PCV2 IS in association with depletion of the goblet cell mucin stores (24 pigs), diffuse ileal villous atrophy and fusion (18 pigs), and dilatation of the lymphatic vessels (11 pigs) combined or not with lymphangitis were also observed. PCV2 antigen was immunohistochemically demonstrated in the cytoplasm and nuclei from intralesional epithelial cells, histiocytes, and endothelial-like cells in intestinal tissues. Together these findings imply an association with PCV2. The presence of co-infections by Lawsonia intracellularis, Brachyspira spp., Mycobacterium spp., Salmonella spp., rotavirus, parvovirus, coronavirus and enteric calicivirus with PCV2 in the intestinal lesions was investigated.Amostras de linfonodos mesentéricos e intestinos de 79 leitões desmamados refugos, entre 3 e 5 meses de idade e confirmados como naturalmente afetados pela síndrome multissistêmica do definhamento foram estudadas. Os suínos eram oriundos de 12 criações no sul do país e foram selecionados em função dos sinais clínicos e/ou lesões macroscópicas sugestivos de doença entérica. Infiltrados linfoistiocíticos de intensidades variáveis foram associados com marcação positiva anti-circovirus suíno tipo 2 (anti-PCV2) em amostras de intestinos e linfonodos mesentéricos de todos os 79 animais. Embora a maioria dos achados fossem semelhantes aos descritos em enterite associada com PCV2, marcação imuno-histoquímica anti-PCV2 foi associada com depleção de células caliciformes (24 suínos), atrofia e fusão de vilosidades do íleo (18 suínos) e dilatação de vasos linfáticos (11 suínos) combinada ou não com linfangite. Antígenos de PCV2 foram demonstrados por imuno-histoquímica no citoplasma e núcleo de células epiteliais intralesionais, histiócitos e células tipo endotelial em tecidos intestinais. Em conjunto, esses resultados sugerem que as lesões estavam associadas com PCV2. A presença de co-infecções por Lawsonia intracellularis, Brachyspira spp., Mycobacterium spp., Salmonella spp., rotavírus, parvovírus, coronavírus e calicivírus entérico com PCV2 nas lesões intestinais foi investigada.

The uncanny valley theory proposed by Mori has been heavily investigated in the recent years by researchers from various fields. However, the videos and images used in these studies did not permit any human interaction with the uncanny objects. Therefore, in the field of human-robot interaction it is still unclear what, if any, impact an uncanny-looking robot will have in the context of an interaction. In this paper we describe an exploratory empirical study using a live interaction paradigm that involved repeated interactions with robots that differed in embodiment and their attitude towards a human. We found that both investigated components of the uncanniness (likeability and eeriness) can be affected by an interaction with a robot. Likeability of a robot was mainly affected by its attitude and this effect was especially prominent for a machine-like robot. On the other hand, merely repeating interactions was sufficient to reduce eeriness irrespective of a robot's embodiment. As a result we urge other researchers to investigate Mori's theory in studies that involve actual human-robot interaction in order to fully understand the changing nature of this phenomenon.

Relata-se uma enfermidade hereditária em bovinos caracterizada por acúmulo lisossomal de glicogênio em diversos órgãos. A doença foi diagnosticada em um rebanho da raça Brahman, no município de Porto Lucena, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Os animais afetados, a partir de 1 mês de idade, apresentavam dificuldade em acompanhar a mãe e crescimento retardado, desenvolviam fraqueza e tremores musculares, letargia e perda de condição corporal progressivos. Todos os bezerros eram descendentes do mesmo touro. Foi realizada necropsia em três bezerros doentes; palidez muscular do tronco e membros foi a única alteração macroscópica encontrada. Vacuolização citoplasmática de diversos órgãos foi a principal alteração histológica observada. Os vacúolos citoplasmáticos eram mais evidentes na musculatura esquelética, miocárdio, especialmente nas fibras de Purkinje e em neurônios do Sistema Nervoso Central (SNC). Nos tecidos mais afetados foi observada grande quantidade de grânulos ácido periódico de Schiff (PAS), positivos e negativos quando o tecido era tratado previamente com diastase. Uma mutação no gene da glicosidase alfa ácida, causadora da glicogenose generalizada em bovinos Brahman, a 1057?TA, foi detectada pela técnica de reação em cadeia de polimerase (PCR) em tecidos dos animais necropsiados. Também foi detectada a presença dessa mutação em amostras de sangue de animais parentes dos bezerros doentes. Os achados clínicos, patológicos e moleculares são semelhante ás descrições de glicogenose tipo II em bovinos da raça Brahman descritos na Austrália. Não foram encontrados relatos anteriores em revistas indexadas sobre glicogenose hereditária em bovinos Brahman no Brasil.An inherited disease of cattle, characterized by lysosomal storage of glycogen in several tissues, is reported. The disease was diagnosed in a Brahman herd in the municipality of Porto Lucena, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Affected calves, after one month of age, showed progressive difficulty to follow their mother, retarded growth, muscular weakness and tremors, lethargy and poor body condition. All affected calves were sired by the same bull. Necropsy was performed on three affected calves. The only gross lesion detected was paleness of the skeletal muscles of the trunk and limbs. Cytoplasmic vacuoles, the main histological lesion, were particularly evident in skeletal muscles, myocardium and Purkinje fibers, in neurons of the brain and spinal cord. Large amounts of periodic acid Schiff (PAS) positive granules were also observed in these most severely affected tissues. Pretreatment with diastase completely abolished the PAS reactivity. The 1057?TA, a lethal mutation in the gene of the acid alpha-glucosidase, which causes generalized glycogenosis in Brahman cattle, was detected by PCR in paraffin embedded tissues of affected animals on which post-mortem examination was performed. Clinical, histological and molecular findings were similar to previous descriptions of generalized glycogenosis in Brahman cattle in Australia. No previous indexed reports about generalized glycogenosis of Brahman cattle in Brazil could be found.

Descreve-se um surto de aflatoxicose ocorrido no outono de 2004, em uma granja de suínos, no município de Sentinela do Sul, RS. O milho utilizado no arraçoamento dos animais e que causou a intoxicação, foi produzido e processado na propriedade. Morreram 7 porcas e 8 leitões, e foram relatados dois casos de aborto. Os sinais clínicos foram apatia, anorexia, icterícia, urina amarelada com sangue e fotossensibilização. A gama-glutamil transferase (GGT) e a bilirrubina total mostraram-se elevadas nos animais necropsiados. Os principais achados de necropsia incluíam icterícia generalizada, fígado amarelo-alaranjado, edema de parede da vesícula biliar e presença de líquido amarelado nas cavidades abdominal e pericárdica. As lesões microscópicas mais importantes foram encontradas no fígado e consistiam em tumefação, degeneração e necrose individual de hepatócitos, proliferação de ductos biliares e colestase. O diagnóstico foi baseado nos sinais clínicos, nos achados de necropsia e de histopatologia e nos níveis altos de aflatoxina B1 (milho 3140ppb, ração 4670ppb) encontrados no milho e na ração.An outbreak of aflatoxicosis in a swine herd, which occurred in fall 2004 in the county of Sentinela do Sul, RS, is described. The corn, which contained the micotoxin and has been used to feed the animals, was produced and processed on the farm. Seven sows and 8 growing pigs died, and 2 cases of abortion were reported. The clinical signs observed were apathy, anorexia, icterus, yellowish urine stained with blood, and photosensitization. Gamma glutamyltransferase and total bilirubin were elevated in the 4 pigs on which post-mortem examination was done. The main macroscopic findings were generalized icterus, an orange-yellow liver, edema of the gall bladder wall and yellowish effusion in the abdominal and pericardial cavities. The most important microscopic changes were found in the liver and included tumefaction, degeneration and individual necrosis of the parenchyme, with ductal proliferation and cholestasis. The diagnosis was based on the clinical signs, macroscopic and histological findings and on the high levels of B1 aflatoxin found in the corn and ration.

Este trabalho inclui os estudos clínicos e patológicos da doença de armazenamento lisossomal induzida pelo consumo espontâneo de Sida carpinifolia. A enfermidade foi observada em três rebanhos, que juntos eram compostos por 51 caprinos, dos quais, 25 foram afetados e 11 necropsiados. Nos três surtos, S. carpinifolia era a vegetação predominante nos piquetes ocupados pelos animais. Clinicamente, a doença caracterizou-se por distúrbios neurológicos que consistiam de ataxia, hipermetria, posturas anormais, tremores musculares afetando principalmente as regiões da cabeça e pescoço, dificuldade para ingestão de alimentos e quedas freqüentes. Estes sinais clínicos eram exacerbados pela movimentação. Em alguns animais, embora com um quadro clínico estabilizado, as alterações neurológicas persistiram durante 24 meses após sua retirada dos piquetes infestados por S. carpinifolia. A doença foi reproduzida administrando-se S. carpinifolia, in natura ou seca à sombra, para 3 caprinos. Um caprino recebeu Sida rhombifolia, ad libidum, por 40 dias e não desenvolveu alterações clínicas ou patológicas. Na necropsia não havia alterações. Microscopicamente, as principais alterações foram distensão e vacuolização citoplasmáticas em neurônios e, em menor intensidade, em células da glia do sistema nervoso central. Alterações similares foram observadas em células acinares pancreáticas, hepatócitos, células tubulares renais, células foliculares epiteliais da tireóide e macrófagos de órgãos linfóides. Nos animais que não mais ingeriam S. carpinifolia por períodos de um mês ou mais, observou-se uma diminuição da vacuolização citoplasmática de neurônios, que apresentavam citoplasma eosinofílico e aspecto enrugado. Nestes casos, notou-se também desaparecimento neuronal especialmente em células de Purkinje e gliose local. Em cortes cerebelares, esta doença de armazenamento foi caracterizada como ?-manosidose pelo estudo histoquímico por lectinas. Os vacúolos nas células de Purkinje reagiram fortemente com as lectinas Concanavalia ensiformis, Triticum vulgaris e Triticum vulgaris succinilado. O padrão obtido neste estudo é similar ao encontrado em intoxicação por plantas que apresentam swainsoniana como princípio tóxico.

Thirteen (14.4%) out of 90 Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) became ill after con-sumption of Senecio brasiliensis, and 11 (12.2%) of them died. The buffaloes were kept in a highly Senecio brasiliensis infested area. The poisoning occurred in June-August 2006 on a farm in the county of Nova Prata, Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Clinical signs included weakness, apathy, progressive weight loss, permanent decubitus, and diarrhea. Necropsy was performed in 2 of the 11 buffaloes that died. The pathological findings were typical of poisoning by pyrrolizidine alkaloids. High infestation of pastures with S. brasiliensis, severe drought, and consequent starvation were the main epidemiological factors associated with the poisoning here described.Descreve-se a ocorrência de um surto de intoxicação espontânea por Senecio brasiliensis em búfalos Murrah (Bubalus bubalis) em uma propriedade localizada no município de Nova Prata, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, no período de junho a agosto de 2006. De um total de 90 búfalos, 13 adoeceram e 11 morreram. Os animais eram mantidos em áreas de pastoreio altamente infestadas por S. brasiliensis. Os principais sinais clínicos relatados foram letargia, apatia, emagrecimento progressivo, diarréia e decúbito permanente. Necropsia foi feita em dois dos 11 animais mortos. As lesões foram características de intoxicações por alcalóides pirrolizidínicos. A grande quantidade da planta, forte estiagem e desnutrição conseqüente foram os principais achados epidemiológicos associados com a mortalidade.

This report concerns an outbreak of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in wild boars from commercial herds in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The main clinical signs were progressive wasting, respiratory distress, diarrhea, and ocular discharges. Enhanced lymph nodes and spleens, ascites, hydrothorax, and non collapsed lungs were the principal gross lesions. Varying degrees of lymphohistiocytic infiltrates in lymph nodes, spleen, and intestines were the most significant microscopic changes. Although a total of 26 animals had showed clinical and pathological findings consistent with the disease, only in 11 of them it was possible to confirm a PMWS diagnosis through the association of specific lesions in lymphoid tissues with the presence of the viral antigen detected by immunohistochemistry. These findings were similar to those reported in the swine disease.

Abstract Background Infectious bronchitis virus primarily induces a disease of the respiratory system, different IBV strains may show variable tissue tropisms and also affect the oviduct and the kidneys. Proventriculitis was also associated with some new IBV strains. Aim of this study was to investigate by immunohistochemistry (IHC) the tissue tropism of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strain M41 in experimentally infected chicken embryos. Results To this end chicken embryos were inoculated in the allantoic sac with 103 EID50 of IBV M41 at 10 days of age. At 48, 72, and 120 h postinoculation (PI), embryos and chorioallantoic membranes (CAM) were sampled, fixed, and paraffin-wax embedded. Allantoic fluid was also collected and titrated in chicken embryo kidney cells (CEK). The sensitivity of IHC in detecting IBV antigens in the CAM of inoculated eggs matched the virus reisolation and detection in CEK. Using IHC, antigens of IBV were detected in nasal epithelium, trachea, lung, spleen, myocardial vasculature, liver, gastrointestinal tract, kidney, skin, sclera of the eye, spinal cord, as well as in brain neurons of the inoculated embryos. These results were consistent with virus isolation and denote the wide tissue tropism of IBV M41 in the chicken embryo. Most importantly, we found infection of vasculature and smooth muscle of the proventriculus which has not seen before with IBV strain M41. Conclusion IHC can be an additional useful tool for diagnosis of IBV infection in chickens and allows further studies to foster a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of infections with IBV strains of different virulence. Moreover, these results underline that embryonic tissues in addition to CAM could be also used as possible source to generate IBV antigens for diagnostic purposes.

The majority are aware of their clients' medication use and are willing to contact a physician. Most use medical consultants, request or require medical examinations, and are active in seeking a client evaluation for hospitalization in relation to dangerousness or suicide potential. (Author)

Rotavirus (RV) is an important viral pathogen causing diarrhea in piglets and other mammals worldwide. We describe 34 cases from 4 diarrheal outbreaks caused by RV in unvaccinated farrowing units in southern Brazil from 2011 to 2013. We performed autopsy, histologic examinations, bacterial culture, RV immunohistochemistry (IHC), and enteric virus detection through molecular assays for rotavirus A, B, and C, transmissible gastroenteritis virus, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, sapovirus, norovirus, and kobuvirus. Histologically, villus atrophy (29 of 34) and epithelial vacuolation (27 of 34) occurred in all 4 outbreaks. Cell debris in the lamina propria occurred in 20 cases, mostly from outbreaks A (8 of 11), C (4 of 6), and D (7 of 11). IHC was positive for RV in 21 of 34 samples. RT-PCR was positive for RV in 20 of 30 samples; RV-C was the most frequently detected RV (n = 17). Kobuvirus was detected in 11 samples, and, in 3 of them, there was single detection of this enteric virus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which characterized the histological features of swine with influenza A infection in Brazil from 2009-2010. Swine influenza is said to be a highly contagious disease. Cough, fever, anorexia, and poor performance are the major clinical signs and symptoms of type A swine influenza virus. Type A swine influenza virus (SIV) was found to be the predominant infectious agent in the lung samples studied. The results of the study reportedly proved the importance of histological evaluation for swine herd health management.

The article presents the study which examined the presence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in bronchial alveolar swabs, frozen tissues and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) swine lung samples. It claims that M. hyopneumoniae is the main cause of pulmonary diseases in pigs. The aim of the study is to evaluate the feasibility of using FFPE samples for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of M. hyopneumoniae through the comparison of refrigerated tissue and swab pulmonary samples with samples that have undergone formalin fixation and paraffin embedding.

Process and reactive schizophrenics differ in run producing behavior when attempting to generate a random binary series of heads and tails. Reactive schizophrenics manifest more response variability than process schizophrenics. Evidence for this is a lower correlation for reactives between number of runs in the 1st and 2nd ~ of a series of 300 binary responses. It is of interest to note that reactives are more variable than a normal undergraduate sample whereas process schizophrenics are not (Bakan, 1960). The process group produced significantly more runs than the reactive group. This difference appears due to a greater tendency for process schizophrenics to produce runs of 1 (simple alternations), a form of response stereotypy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Infectious bronchitis virus primarily induces a disease of the respiratory system, different IBV strains may show variable tissue tropisms and also affect the oviduct and the kidneys. Proventriculitis was also associated with some new IBV strains. Aim of this study was to investigate by immunohistochemistry (IHC) the tissue tropism of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strain M41 in experimentally infected chicken embryos., Results: To this end chicken embryos were inoculated in the allantoic sac with 10(3) EID(50) of IBV M41 at 10 days of age. At 48, 72, and 120 h postinoculation (PI), embryos and chorioallantoic membranes (CAM) were sampled, fixed, and paraffin-wax embedded. Allantoic fluid was also collected and titrated in chicken embryo kidney cells (CEK). The sensitivity of IHC in detecting IBV antigens in the CAM of inoculated eggs matched the virus reisolation and detection in CEK. Using IHC, antigens of IBV were detected in nasal epithelium, trachea, lung, spleen, myocardial vasculature, liver, gastrointestinal tract, kidney, skin, sclera of the eye, spinal cord, as well as in brain neurons of the inoculated embryos. These results were consistent with virus isolation and denote the wide tissue tropism of IBV M41 in the chicken embryo. Most importantly, we found infection of vasculature and smooth muscle of the proventriculus which has not seen before with IBV strain M41., Conclusion: IHC can be an additional useful tool for diagnosis of IBV infection in chickens and allows further studies to foster a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of infections with IBV strains of different virulence. Moreover, these results underline that embryonic tissues in addition to CAM could be also used as possible source to generate IBV antigens for diagnostic purposes.

In two distinct commercial swine herds, poor weight gain and an increased number of animals showing wasting were observed among nursery and growing pigs. Cases of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) and infection with Haemophilus parasuis had been previously diagnosed in these herds. One growing wasted pig from each herd was necropsied and showed enlarged lymph nodes. Pseudomembranous material adhered to the dorsum of the tongue, soft and hard palate in case 1, and in case 2, fibrinous material was seen as whitish plaques on the oesophageal surface with hyperkeratosis of the non-glandular stomach. The main histological lesions in both cases were found in lymphoid tissues with a multifocal accentuated lymphohistiocytic infiltrate, areas of lymphoid depletion and intracytoplasmic inclusions in histiocytic cells in lymph nodes and Payer's patches. Focally, extensive ulceration was found in the stratified pavement epithelium of the tongue with necrosis and necrosuppurative infiltrate in case 1; in case 2, there was ulceration in the stomach with lymphohistiocytic infiltrate in the submucosa and ulceration in the mucosa of the oesophagus associated with yeast cells and pseudo-hyphae. Candida albicans was isolated from the oral cavity lesions. Immunohistochemistry of the lymph nodes was positive for porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2). The association between PMWS and mucocutaneous candidiasis reported here supports the potential immunosuppressive state of PMWS infected pigs.

The indolizidine alkaloid swainsonine has been identified as the toxic constituent of Sida carpinifolia, a native perennial shrub-like plant, reported to produce neurological disorders in goats and ponies in southern Brazil. Swainsonine was detected in dry ground plant material after extraction and analysis by both liquid and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The swainsonine concentration was 0.006% on a dry weight basis. The clinical and pathological features of this lysosomal storage disease were similar to those observed in Swainsona, Oxytropis, Astragalus, and Ipomoea poisonings with multiple cytoplasm vacuoles in neurons, acinar pancreatic cells, hepatocytes, and renal tubular cells.