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This research presents an automated voltage regulation system crucial for a power input test of electric irons based on SNI IEC 60335-2-3 clause 11.4. The system is designed with an Arduino-based proportional-integralderivative (PID) control mechanism to augment voltage stability and meet the standard requirement. The system comprises a microcontroller for PID control, a dimmer as the actuator, and a voltage sensor for error measurement. It utilizes the Ziegler-Nichols (Z-N) oscillation method to determine the PID control parameters. The simulation results identified a third-order transfer function as the best fit for the system, and the optimal PID parameters for the system are Kp=60, Ki=125, and Kd=500. The system was tested under the electric iron's active and non-active conditions. The proposed PID system demonstrated stable responses, effectively regulating the system voltage with minimal overshoot and settling time, and meeting standard requirements even under varying load conditions. It suggests potential applications beyond electric iron testing, promising efficiency improvements in broader household product testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new technique to determine the best values of a PID controller is presented. The proposed scheme is based on using a single-neuron controller which its weights represent the PID parameters. Weight's adjustment is accomplished with a recent meta-heuristic algorithm called the DragonFly Algorithm. To show the effectiveness of our method, we have applied it to control a Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor. The obtained results are compared with several algorithms: the Ziegler–Nichols, Genetic Algorithm, and Particle Swarm Optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

UAVs are commonly used in transportation, especially in the express delivery of light cargo parcels. However, controlling UAVs is difficult because of their complex structure and wide range of operations in space. The research contribution is proposed a cascade control structure using six PID controllers for the 6-DOF UAV quadcopter, that ensures the altitude angulars positions control at the desired values and maintains flight balance stability for the 6-DOF UAV quadcopter. First, the mathematical dynamic models for the 6-DOF UAV quadcopter have been researched and developed, including the translational dynamic mathematical model and the rotational dynamic mathematical model of the 6-DOF UAV quadcopter. This is a complex object with strong nonlinearity and difficult control. And then, the article introduces the method of designing six PID controllers for 6-DOF UAV quadcopter to meet the requirements, based on applying the Ziegler-Nichols experimental method. Applying the Ziegler-Nichols experimental method makes the process of designing a UAV quadcopter control system simple, straightforward and heuristics with fast controller parameters tuning. Next, the article presents the results of modeling and simulation of the 6-DOF UAV quadcopter control system on Matlab/Simulink. The simulation results show that the six proposed PID controllers have ensured the flight balance stability at the desired altitude and angular positions with overshoot less than 20%, steady-state error less than 1%. This shows the prospect of applying the proposed PID control method to physical UAVs, easily adjusting PID parameters to suit the flight environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract One of the characteristics of a robust power grid is minimal variations in its frequency to load change or loss in generating unit(s). From the perspective of optimal control theory, the issue of load frequency control in the context of the interconnected functioning of power systems is investigated in this work, and a novel load frequency controller is proposed for a single area isolated power network. This novelty incorporates all the primary characteristics of the solutions that are based on a mixture of optimal controller designs by establishing a linear quadratic regulator optimized with quantum particle swarm optimization to design a proportional integral derivative (PID) controller unlike the conventional PID controller designs that are based on a combined Ziegler-Nichols and root locus (ZN-RL) method and manual tuning. The simulation results of the proposed controller using MATLAB show its efficacy in not only ensuring that there is no steady-state error in terms of the system frequency with load changes but also in achieving smoother transients. Following these landmark achievements, a transfer function model of the resulting power grid is constructed. The outcome of the model reveals that the system transients have been improved while keeping the intended steady-state characteristics. Furthermore, it is observed that the proposed load frequency controller has the best performance when compared with the combined ZN-RL method and the manual PID designs. This, therefore, demonstrates the superiority of the proposed design for load frequency control in power systems.

One of the characteristics of a robust power grid is minimal variations in its frequency to load change or loss in generating unit(s). From the perspective of optimal control theory, the issue of load frequency control in the context of the interconnected functioning of power systems is investigated in this work, and a novel load frequency controller is proposed for a single area isolated power network. This novelty incorporates all the primary characteristics of the solutions that are based on a mixture of optimal controller designs by establishing a linear quadratic regulator optimized with quantum particle swarm optimization to design a proportional integral derivative (PID) controller unlike the conventional PID controller designs that are based on a combined Ziegler-Nichols and root locus (ZN-RL) method and manual tuning. The simulation results of the proposed controller using MATLAB show its efficacy in not only ensuring that there is no steady-state error in terms of the system frequency with load changes but also in achieving smoother transients. Following these landmark achievements, a transfer function model of the resulting power grid is constructed. The outcome of the model reveals that the system transients have been improved while keeping the intended steady-state characteristics. Furthermore, it is observed that the proposed load frequency controller has the best performance when compared with the combined ZN-RL method and the manual PID designs. This, therefore, demonstrates the superiority of the proposed design for load frequency control in power systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRAK Kendali ketinggian air merupakan suatu sistem yang sering ditemukan di sebagian besar fasilitas industri. Kendali ketinggian air seringkali dihadapkan pada gangguan yang disebabkan perubahan aliran masuk serta perubahan laju pengeluaran air. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kendali ketinggian air dalam sistem dengan kendali Fuzzy PID dalam menghadapi variasi gangguan berupa perubahan laju pengeluaran air, serta mengimplementasikan pada kontroler PLC. Penelitian ini melibatkan pengujian kendali Fuzzy PID dan kendali PID dengan metode tuning Ziegler-Nichols 1. Variasi gangguan berupa keluaran pompa DC yang bisa diatur kecepatannya dari Output DA PLC resolusi 0-6000 yang dikonversi menjadi 0-100%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Fuzzy PID dapat diimplementasikan pada PLC dengan hasil yang minim overshoot, settling time yang lebih pendek rata-rata 17.23 detik sedangkan PID rata-rata 78,4 detik dan terdapat overshoot. Namun, Fuzzy PID cenderung memiliki rise time lebih lambat 1-2 detik daripada kendali PID. Kata kunci: PLC, Fuzzy PID, PID, Water Level, Ziegler-Nichols  ABSTRACT Water level control is a system that is often found in most industrial facilities. Water level control is often faced with disturbances caused by changes in the inflow and changes in the rate of discharge of water. This study aims to improve the control of the water level in a system with Fuzzy PID control in dealing with variations in disturbances in the form of changes in the rate of water discharge, and to implement it on the PLC controller. This study involves testing Fuzzy PID control and PID control using the Ziegler-Nichols 1 tuning method. The disturbance variation is in the form of a speed-adjustable DC pump output from the PLC DA Output with a resolution of 0-6000 which is converted to 0-100%. The results showed that Fuzzy PID can be implemented on PLCs with minimal overshoot results, shorter settling time with an average of 17.23 seconds while the average PID is 78.4 seconds and there is overshoot. However, Fuzzy PID tends to have a slower rise time of 1-2 seconds than PID control. Keywords: PLC, Fuzzy PID, PID, Water Level, Ziegler-Nichols

In this study, the proportional, integral, and differential control constants for a self-propulsion point search were investigated using free running Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. The experimental data obtained using a 1/100 scale model of KVLCC2 were used to verify the calculation results. A range of initial propeller rotational speeds from 30% to 140% of the self-propulsion point of the experiment was considered. The controller constants were estimated using the trial-and-error and the Ziegler-Nichols methods, and the two results were similar. As a result, a robust numerical result was obtained within a 0.01% difference of the target speed, and a 0.5% difference of the self-propulsion point of the experiment with P and I constants of 180/m and 30 RPS/m, respectively, for a straight-ahead time of 12.5 L/V. Under the straight-ahead condition, a time step of 0.005 L/V was sufficient. However, in the turning simulation, a time step of 0.0025 L/V or less was required. The key findings obtained from this study are believed to provide a practical guideline for self-propulsion and maneuvering simulation using CFD.

This paper investigates the performance of adaptive neural networks through simulations for satellite systems involving three-axis attitude control algorithms. PID tuning is the method employed traditionally. An optimally tuned, to minimizes the deviation from set point. It also responds quickly to the disturbances with some minimal overshoot. However, the disadvantage of poor performance has been observed in these controllers when manual tuning is used which in itself a monotonous process is. The PID controller using Ziegler-Nichols has more transient responses of satellite such as Overshoot, Settling time, and Steady state errors. For overcome this technique, the proposed analysis implemented an Adaptive Neural Network with PID tuning. The paper aims to combine two feedback methods by using neural networks. These methods are feed- forward and error feedback adaptive control. The research work is expected to reveal the inside working of these neural network controllers for state and error feedback input states. An error driven adaptive control systems is produced, when the neural networks acquire the knowledge of slopes and gains regarding the error feedback, while, with state feedback the system will keep trying to approximate a stable approach in order to stabilize the attitude of the satellite.

Due to potential features of unmanned aerial vehicles for society, the development of bicopter has started to increase. This paper contributes to the development by presenting a performance evaluation of balancing bicopter control in roll attitude. It aims to determine the best controller structure for the balancing bicopter. The controller types evaluated are based on Ziegler-Nichols tuning method; they are proportional (P), proportional-integral (PI) and proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers. Root locus plot of the closed-loop balancing bicopter system is used to decide the tuning approach. This work considers a difference in pulse-width-modulation (PWM) signal between the left and right rotors as the signal control and bicopter angle in roll movement as the output. Parameters tuned by the method are Kp, Ti and Td which is based on the ideal PID structure. The performance test utilizes rising time, settling time, maximum overshoot and steady-state error to determine the most preferred controller. The result shows that PI-controller has the best performance among the other candidates, especially in maximum overshoot and settling time. It reaches 8.34 seconds in settling time and 3.71% in maximum overshoot. Despite not being the best in rising time and resembling PID-controller performances in steady-state error criteria, PI-controller remains the most preferred structure considering the closeness of the response to the desired value.

Unmanned pavement construction is of great significance in China, and one of the most important issues is how to follow the designed path near the boundary of the pavement construction area to avoid curbs or railings. In this paper, we raise a simple yet effective controller, named the proportional-integral-radius and improved particle swarm optimization (PIR-IPSO) controller, for fast non-overshooting path-following control of an unmanned articulated vehicle (UAV). Firstly, UAV kinematics model is introduced and segmented UAV steering dynamics model is built through field experiments; then, the raw data collected by differential global positioning system (DGPS) is used to build the measurement error distribution model that simulates positioning errors. Next, line of sight (LOS) guidance law is introduced and the LOS initial parameter is assigned based on human driving behavior. Besides, the initial control parameters tuned by the Ziegler-Nichols (ZN) method are used as the initial iterative parameters of the PSO controller. An improved PSO fitness function is also designed to achieve fast non-overshoot control performance. Experiments show that compared with the PSO, ZN and ZN-PSO controller, the PIR-PSO-based controller has significantly less settling time and almost no overshoot in various UAV initial states. Furthermore, compared with other controllers, the proposed PIR-IPSO-based controller achieves precise non-overshoot control, relatively less settling time and centimeter-level positioning error in various initial deviations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An aircraft quadrotor is a complex control system that allows for great flexibility in flight. Controlling multirotor aerial systems such as quadrotors is complex because the variables involved are not always available, known, and accurate. The inclusion of payload changes the dynamic characteristics of the aircraft, making it necessary to adapt the control system for this situation. Among the various control methods that have been investigated, proportional-integralderivative (PID) control offers good results and simplicity of application; however, achieving stability and high performance is challenging, with the most critical task being tuning the controller gains. The Ziegler-Nichols (ZN) theory was used to tune the controller gains for pitch and roll attitude command; however, the performance results were not satisfactory. The response of this system was refined, resulting in an improvement in the reference tracking and the rejection of disturbances. This particular refinement was applied to the quadrotor, and via a reverse calculation, the parameters that allow the tuning of PID gains were obtained, based on ZN. The particularization of the ZN theory applied to a quadrotor with and without a load (termed ZNAQ and ZNAQL, respectively) is proposed and results in a significant improvement in the control system response performance (up to 75%), demonstrating that ZNAQ and ZNAQL are valid for tuning the controller PID gains and are more efficient than the original ZN theory approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the performance of adaptive neural networks through simulations for satellite systems involving three-axis attitude control algorithms. PID tuning is the method employed traditionally. An optimally tuned, to minimizes the deviation from set point. It also responds quickly to the disturbances with some minimal overshoot. However, the disadvantage of poor performance has been observed in these controllers when manual tuning is used which in itself a monotonous process is. The PID controller using Ziegler-Nichols has more transient responses of satellite such as Overshoot, Settling time, and Steady state errors. For overcome this technique, the proposed analysis implemented an Adaptive Neural Network with PID tuning. The paper aims to combine two feedback methods by using neural networks. These methods are feed-forward and error feedback adaptive control. The research work is expected to reveal the inside working of these neural network controllers for state and error feedback input states. An error driven adaptive control systems is produced, when the neural networks acquire the knowledge of slopes and gains regarding the error feedback, while, with state feedback the system will keep trying to approximate a stable approach in order to stabilize the attitude of the satellite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple semi-heuristic method for designing PID controllers for time constant models are shown to be close to optimal. A Process-Reaction Curve method is proposed, composed by a method for approximating stable time constant models with an unstable DIPTD model, and relative time delay error delta-PID controller tuning. The Pareto-Optimal controller is used as reference.

The tuning of proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller is essential for any control application in order to ensure the best performance by step change or disturbance. This paper presents the tuning of PID controller for single-input single-output (SISO) and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) control systems using tree physiology optimization (TPO). TPO is a metaheuristic algorithm inspired from a plant growth system derived based on the idea of plant architecture and Thornley model (TM). The basic principle of TM simplifies the plant growth into shoots and roots part. The plant shoots grow towards sunlight with the help of nutrients supplied by the root system in order to undergo photosynthesis process, a process of converting light photon into carbon. The carbon gain from the shoots extension will be supplied to the root system in order for the root to grow and search for water plus nutrients. As a result, the nutrients are supplied upwards towards shoot system for further extension. This concept runs iteratively in order to ensure optimum plant growth. The iterative search of shoot towards better light supported by the root counterparts leads to an optimization idea of TPO algorithm. TPO also has a unique exploration strategy due to its multiple branches and shoots that can be defined by user. This concept may improve the search mechanism with a better trade-off between diversification and intensification search. A simulation of SISO control system and an industrial application of MIMO control are applied to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and compared with other optimization methods such as particle swarm optimization, Ziegler–Nichols, Tyreus–Luyben and Chien–Hrones–Reswick methods. The results clearly exhibit the capability of TPO algorithm towards finding the optimum PID parameters for SISO and MIMO process with faster settling time and better performance with respect to other methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of process control applied to chemical engineering problems can be significantly improved by the use of simulation packages. However, it has been noted that few works have been focusing on elucidation of the use of open source packages for academic projects on process control. In fact, there is few online discussion groups aimed to the application of Xcos® package for chemical engineering projects. Given this, this work aims to apply the Xcos® for studying the implementation of the process control theory applied to chemical engineering projects, focusing on the development of control loops block diagrams, PID control tuning, and process response analysis. The purpose of the application is developing a virtual environment for academic discussion and repository of examples. The results of two benchmark case studies are illustrated, showing that the problems can be easily modified, allowing the student to solve other similar examples for future applications. For the first case, the settling time ranged from 24.067 to 72.492 min, while for the second case the stabilization time ranged from 5.301 to 20.904 min.The results evidence that the Xcos® software can be widely applied by the academic community, due to its simplicity and robustness in demonstrating the principal aspects of control theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work was performed to objectively measure and assess the robustness and tracking performance of fractional order of proportional, integral and derivative (FOPID) controller as compared to the conventional PID control. In satellite research and development, the satellite undergoes numerous tests such as thermal, acoustic and vibration tests in the cleanroom environment. However, due to space limitation in the cleanroom and the sensitive components of the satellite, it requires vibration-free, smooth and precise motion when handling the satellite. In addition, measurement interference might occur due to cable routing during procedures or tasks performed by an operator. Unlike the previous work, the robustness analysis of FOPID controller was not systematically conducted. In this paper, the analysis took into account the actuator dynamics, and various tests were considered to measure the robustness of FOPID controller. The designed FOPID controller was implemented on the scissor-type lifting mechanism of motorized adjustable vertical platform (MAVeP) model, and its performance was compared with the traditional PID controller. A comprehensive verification using MATLAB and Solidworks was carried out to generate the model and conduct the analysis. Both controllers were initially tuned using Nichol-Ziegler technique, and the additional FOPID controller parameters was tuned using the Astrom-Hagglund method. From the simulation work, it was found that the FOPID controller's tracking error was reduced between 10 % - 50 % for the disturbance rejection tests and reference to disturbance ratio (RDR) spectrum was higher as compared to PID. The analysis in this paper was predicted to be the main driver to implement FOPID controller in the complex system in the industry, especially for sensitive material handling and transportation such as satellite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To enhance the performance and dynamics of a direct current (DC) motor drive, this paper proposes a new alternative based on recently introduced powerful symbiotic organisms search (SOS) algorithm for tuning proportional integral parameters. While imitating the symbiotic behavior that is seen among organisms in an ecosystem, SOS has important features such that it does not require tuning parameters, and its implementation is very easy with efficient three phases. After obtaining the optimized values of Kp − Ki pair within the accurately prepared simulation software, they are used in real time. By managing the DC motor speed-controlled system with DSP of TMS320F28335, several simulations and experimental results confirming the performance of our proposal are presented along with comparisons against those of particle swarm optimization (PSO), genetic algorithm (GA), and Ziegler-Nichols (Z-N) tuning method. Results explicitly show that SOS is the pioneer in yielding better tracking performance and load disturbance rejection capability of the concerned drive system, which is followed by PSO, GA, and Z-N method, respectively. This has been achieved due to the fact that the gains obtained by SOS are more performant than those obtained by other applied methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Distributed Control System (DCS), multitasking management has been important issues continuously researched and developed. In this paper, DCS was applied in global temperature control system by coordinating three Local Control Units (LCUs). To design LCU's controller parameters, both analytical and experimental method were employed. In analytical method, the plants were firstly identified to get their transfer functions which were then used to derive control parameters based on desired response qualities. The experimental method (Ziegler-Nichols) was also applied due to practicable reason in real industrial plant (less mathematical analysis). To manage set-points distributed to all LCUs, master controller was subsequently designed based on zone of both error and set-point of global temperature controller. Confirmation experiments showed that when using control parameters from analytical method, the global temperature response could successfully follow the distributed set-points with 0% overshoot, 193.92 second rise time, and 266.88 second settling time. While using control parameters from experimental method, it could also follow the distributed set-points with presence of overshoot (16.9%), but has less rise time and settling time (111.36 and 138.72 second). In this research, the overshoot could be successfully decreased from 16.9 to 9.39 % by changing master control rule. This proposed method can be potentially applied in real industrial plant due to its simplicity in master control algorithm and presence of PID controller which has been generally included in today industrial equipments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As commonly known that theload fluctuations that have been performed on an induction motor operated as an induction generator (IG) triggers unstable induced voltage and frequency. Asthe result, the load that receiving the power quality is not running properly and the efficiency is low. The problems that have beenmitigated in this research in such way is the stability of the voltage that generated by IG due to fluctuating loading, and the harmonics can be damped by single tuned due to the work of thy ristors and non-linear loads. The used method is the Ziegler-Nichols method by measuring and testing the design of prototype to get the best performance in stabilizing the voltage by using thyristor control reactor (TCR). The results showed that the induced generator with single tuned filter and TCR to nonlinear load variation at 1618 RPM is maintained stably for the voltage and frequency. Although, 3rd order harmonics of voltage and current that has been tuned can be dampedby using THDI 8.36%. Furthermore, it can be said that the response that generated by voltage control system using proportionalintegral (PI) control in 1kW-4 poles three-phase IG with additional and reductionalload generated a stable response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a review study on analysis of speed control of DC motor. A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical machines that converts direct current electrical energy into mechanical energy. DC motor speed control is one of the most useful features of the motor .By controlling the speed of the motor we can vary the speed of the motor according to the requirements and can get the desired operation. DC motors find extensive applications in industries where precise speed control over a wider range of speed both above and below the rated speed is required like process control, manufacturing, automation, aerospace etc. usually speed control of DC motor is achieved with PID controller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PID control design using optimized modified Ziegler-Nichols tuning is for active suspensions of tilting nature is presented. The study of this refers to non-precedent tilt active suspensions for railway vehicles which comprises a cumbersome design trade-off. No study exists on detailed Ziegler-Nichols PID tuning for Single-Input-Single-Output type non-precedent tilt control. We therefore investigate such an approach, referred to here as simple3 tilt, emphasizing control performance that can be achieved in such type of tilting suspension problem. The aim is to provide a baseline design tool for control practicioners, in active suspensions of that nature, who may be more familiar with traditional PID tuning rules. Without loss of generality the suggestions in this paper can be considered in other applications of tilting suspension nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an Improved Particle Swarm Optimization (IPSO) technique is generalized to identify and control four systems of different types of behaviors. This was possible thanks to the use of a new initialization strategy of partitioning of particles, which helps PSO to converge faster to the correct region in the research space. The choice of an enhanced fitness function consisting of the weighted sum of the objectives gives better performances compared to those found using four other commonly used performance indices (ISE, IAE, ITAE, and ITSE). The validity of the model chosen for identifying these four types of behaviors is proved, and the control of these systems using IPSO and many conventional optimization methods such as Ziegler-Nichols, Graham-Lathrop, and Reference Model has been compared and confirmed that IPSO generates a high-quality solution with a short calculation time and a stable convergence feature. Moreover, results confirmed that the IPSO optimized PID is the best as it has good performance and good robustness and it is insensitive to perturbations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A modification of the PI setting of the Ziegler-Nichols closed loop tuningmethod is proposed. The modification is based on a combination of the Skogestad SIMCtuning formulas for ''integrator plus time-delay'' processes with the Ziegler-Nichols tuning formulas assuming that the process is modeled as an ''integrator plus time-delay'' process. The resulting PI settings provide improved stability margins compared with those obtained with the original Ziegler-Nichols PI settings. Compared with the well-known Tyreus-Luyben PI settings, the proposed PI settings give improved disturbance compensation. For processes with zero or a negligible time-delay, but with some lags in the form of time-constants, tuning based on ultimate gain and ultimate period may give poor results. Successful PI settings for such processes are proposed.

Pertahanan negara pada hakikatnya adalah segala upaya pertahanan yang bersifat semesta yang didasarkan pada kesadaran atas hak dan kewajiban warga negara serta keyakinan pada kekuatan sendiri dengan tujuan untuk menjaga dan melindungi kedaulatan negara, keutuhan wilayah NKRI dan keselamatan segenap bangsa. Salah satu alat pendukung pertahanan yaitu senjata laras panjang, Turret-Gun. Adapun langkah-langkah yang dilakukan dalam merancang pengendali PID Turret-Gun kaliber 20mm ini diawali dengan studi literatur serta studi lapangan mengenai mekanisme dan parameter-parameter yang terdapat pada Turret-Gun pada sumbu elevasi. Setelah itu dilakukan perancangan transmisi dan sistem kontrol Turret-Gun untuk dievaluasi grafik responnya yang akan digunakan sebagai acuan untuk merancang pengendali PID yang sesuai. Selanjutnya pengendali PID yang telah dirancang lalu disimulasikan, sehingga menghasilkan grafik respon yang sesuai dengan kriteria yang dibutuhkan. Hasil yang telah didapatkan dari penelitian ini adalah konstanta PID yang direkomendasikan untuk , , dan secara berturut-turut adalah sebesar 23061.024, 37820.07 dan 3515.4 yang menghasilkan transient response dengan nilai overshoot sebesar 19.9 % , steady state error sebesar 0 % serta settling time sebesar 0.935 detik. Hasil analisa kestabilan untuk sistem kontrol dengan konstanta PID tersebut menunjukkan bahwa sistem kontrol telah stabil, baik menggunakan metode Root Locus maupun metode Routh-Hurwitz.

Pertahanan negara merupakan segala bentuk daya dan upaya oleh warga negara, dengan tujuan untuk melindungi dan menjaga kedaulatan negara. Salah satu faktor pendukung pertahanan negara di bidang teknologi adalah sistem turret-gun. Dimensi turret-gun disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan penggunaan. Semakin besar kaliber peluru maka semakin besar dimensi dan berat turret-gun, akibatnya turret-gun akan semakin sulit dikendalikan. Oleh karena itu diperlukan perancangan sistem kontrol khususnya kontrol PID yang sesuai. Langkah pertama dalam perancangan sistem kontrol adalah menentukan model matematis dari sistem turret-gun. Berikutnya adalah merancang sistem kontrol yang sesuai dengan menggunakan kontrol PID. Selanjutnya diakhiri dengan pengujian kestabilan dari sistem yang telah dikontrol tersebut. Hasil yang didapat berupa nilai gain proporsional, integral dan derivatif dari metode tuning yang dipakai untuk merancang kontrol PID dari sistem turret-gun. Nilai gain proporsional dan derivatif untuk mendapatkan respons yang memenuhi kriteria perancangan masing-masing sebesar 925,47 dan 173,83.

Tuning the gain of Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller in a process control system is exceptionally paramount since correct tuning would help a control process response without steady state error and overshoot. As the conventional gain tuning of PID controller, the Ziegler-Nichols (ZN) approach generally delivers an enormous overshoot; therefore, current heuristics approach, namely Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is utilized. A tuning problem of a single tank water level dynamic control system is presented. The best PID controller parameters are determined by using the ZN and PSO approaches. Comparisons of process time performance and the performance measurement of the system are made in order to evaluate both approaches in terms of their step response through the MATLAB/Simulink platform. The results demonstrate that the PSO approach produces promising results with lower overshoot compared to the ZN approach. It is found that the PSO approach would be advantageous for the industries related to single tank water control system for a better PID gain tuning.

A novel experimental method -- here denoted the Good Gain method -- fortuning PI controllers is proposed. The method can be regarded as analternative to the famous Ziegler-Nichols' Ultimate Gain method. The approach takenresembles the Ziegler-Nichols' method as it is based on experiments with theclosed loop system with proportional control. However, the method does notrequire severe process upset during the tuning like sustained oscillations.Only well-damped responses are assumed. Furthermore, in the present study itis demonstrated that the approach typically gives better stability robustnesscomparing with the Ziegler-Nichols' method. The method is relatively simpleto use which is beneficial for the user. A theoretical rationale based on second order dynamics is given.

In order to analyze the mathematical modeling and PID controller performance of a quadrotor, this paper firstly, describes the quadrotor flight dynamics according to “Newton-Euler laws”, then equations of motion linearized and transfer functions for 6 degrees of freedom obtained in state space domain. Classic PID controller based on “ZieglerNichols method” is designed and implemented on the system. In order to have better performance, Genetic Algorithm based on step response optimization is used to optimize PID controller performance and compared with classic method. Finally, step responses comparison for each transfer function show that Genetic Algorithm with PID control synthesis better efficiency than the classic PID controller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuning the gain of Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller in a process control system is exceptionally paramount since correct tuning would help a control process response without steady state error and overshoot. As the conventional gain tuning of PID controller, the Ziegler-Nichols (ZN) approach generally delivers an enormous overshoot; therefore, current heuristics approach, namely Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is utilized. A tuning problem of a single tank water level dynamic control system is presented. The best PID controller parameters are determined by using the ZN and PSO approaches. Comparisons of process time performance and the performance measurement of the system are made in order to evaluate both approaches in terms of their step response through the MATLAB/Simulink platform. The results demonstrate that the PSO approach produces promising results with lower overshoot compared to the ZN approach. It is found that the PSO approach would be advantageous for the industries related to single tank water control system for a better PID gain tuning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]