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Anatomical changes occurred during the treatment course of radiation therapy for lung cancer patients may introduce clinically unacceptable dosimetric deviations from the planned dose. Adaptive radiotherapy (ART) can compensate these dosimetric deviations in subsequent treatments via plan adaption. Determining whether and when to trigger plan adaption during the treatment course is essential to the effectiveness and efficiency of ART. In this study, we aimed to develop a prediction model as an auxiliary decision-making tool for lung ART to identify the patients with intrathoracic anatomical changes that would potentially benefit from the plan adaptions during the treatment course.Seventy-one pairs of weekly cone-beam computer tomography (CBCT) and planning CT (pCT) from 17 advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients were enrolled in this study. To assess the dosimetric impacts brought by anatomical changes observed on each CBCT, dose distribution of the original treatment plan on the CBCT anatomy was calculated on a virtual CT generated by deforming the corresponding pCT to the CBCT and compared to that of the original plan. A replan was deemed needed for the CBCT anatomy once the recalculated dose distribution violated our dosimetric-based trigger criteria. A three-dimensional region of significant anatomical changes (region of interest, ROI) between each CBCT and the corresponding pCT was identified, and 16 morphological features of the ROI were extracted. Additionally, eight features from the overlapped volume histograms (OVHs) of patient anatomy were extracted for each patient to characterize the patient-specific anatomy. Based on the 24 extracted features and the evaluated replanning needs of the pCT-CBCT pairs, a nonlinear supporting vector machine was used to build a prediction model to identify the anatomical changes on CBCTs that would trigger plan adaptions. The most relevant features were selected using the sequential backward selection (SBS) algorithm and a shuffling-and-splitting validation scheme was used for model evaluation.Fifty-five CBCT-pCT pairs were identified of having an ROI, among which 21 CBCT anatomies required plan adaptions. For these 21 positive cases, statistically significant improvements in the sparing of lung, esophagus and spinal cord were achieved by plan adaptions. A high model performance of 0.929 AUC (area under curve) and 0.851 accuracy was achieved with six selected features, including five ROI shape features and one OVH feature. Without involving the OVH features in the feature selection process, the mean AUC and accuracy of the model significantly decreased to 0.826 and 0.779, respectively. Further investigation showed that poor prediction performance with AUC of 0.76 was achieved by the univariate model in solving this binary classification task.We built a prediction model based on the features of patient anatomy and the anatomical changes captured by on-treatment CBCT imaging to trigger plan adaption for lung cancer patients. This model effectively associated the anatomical changes with the dosimetric impacts for lung ART. This model can be a promising tool to assist the clinicians in making decisions for plan adaptions during the treatment courses.

Medical exposure to ionizing irradiation has become a recognised carcinogenic risk. Balancing the concomitant imaging dose and positioning accuracy is critical in image-guided-radiotherapy (IGRT) especially for children, whose higher biological susceptibility and longer expected life make them more vulnerable to develop secondary cancer. This work aims to evaluate and benchmark the imaging dose and positioning accuracy of a new MV cone-beam-CT (CBCT)-guided IGRT system, Varian Halcyon, against conventional kV CBCT. Weighted-CT-dose-index (CTDIw) were measured for Varian TrueBeam kV CBCT, and computed for Halcyon MV CBCT using Eclipse system as validated before. Simulating the IGRT workflow, the positioning accuracy of correcting a known shift was tested on various regions of 1-year, 5-year and adult anthropomorphic phantoms, respectively. Inter-scanner and inter-protocol comparisons of dose and accuracy were performed. kV CTDIw for 'Head', 'Thorax', 'Pelvis' and 'Image Gently' (in CTDIΦ16cm/CTDIΦ32cm phantoms, respectively) protocols were measured as 4.5 mGy, 5.4 mGy, 19.3 mGy, and 1.1 mGy/0.5 mGy, respectively. Using 'High Quality' mode, MV CTDIw in the CTDIΦ16cm and CTDI Φ32cm phantoms were computed as 84.5 mGy and 63.8 mGy (imaging length = 28 cm), 68.8 mGy and 55.5 mGy (imaging length = 16 cm), respectively, which were about twice of 'Low Dose' mode. The maximum positioning deviation observed on Halcyon was 0.51 mm ('Low Dose' adult thorax), which was lower than that of standard (0.58 mm, 'Pelvis' adult pelvis) and 'Image Gently' kV CBCT (1.57 mm, adult pelvis). Accuracy of 'Image Gently' kV CBCT head & neck and thoracic imaging were clinically acceptable for adults (maximum deviation = 0.54 mm, adult thorax). Complying with Image Gently campaign, dose-efficient protocols should be used for pediatric IGRT, achieving comparable positioning accuracy on the new Halcyon MV CBCT system relative to the conventional kV CBCT.

Purpose Through the Monte Carlo (MC) simulation of 6 and 10 MV flattening-filter-free (FFF) beams from Varian TrueBeam accelerator, this study aims to find the best incident electron distribution for further studying the small field characteristics of these beams. Methods By incorporating the training materials of Varian on the geometry and material parameters of TrueBeam Linac head, the 6 and 10 MV FFF beams were modelled using the BEAMnrc and DOSXYZnrc codes, where the percentage depth doses (PDDs) and the off-axis ratios (OARs) curves of fields ranging from 4 × 4 to 40 × 40 cm2 were simulated for both energies by adjusting the incident beam energy, radial intensity distribution and angular spread, respectively. The beam quality and relative output factor (ROF) were calculated. The simulations and measurements were compared using Gamma analysis method provided by Verisoft program (PTW, Freiburg, Germany), based on which the optimal MC model input parameters were selected and were further used to investigate the beam characteristics of small fields. Results The Full Width Half Maximum (FWHM), mono-energetic energy and angular spread of the resultant incident Gaussian radial intensity electron distribution were 0.75 mm, 6.1 MeV and 0.9° for the nominal 6 MV FFF beam, and 0.7 mm, 10.8 MeV and 0.3° for the nominal 10 MV FFF beam respectively. The simulation was mostly comparable to the measurement. Gamma criteria of 1 mm/1 % (local dose) can be met by all PDDs of fields larger than 1 × 1 cm2, and by all OARs of no larger than 20 × 20 cm2, otherwise criteria of 1 mm/2 % can be fulfilled. Our MC simulated ROFs agreed well with the measured ROFs of various field sizes (the discrepancies were less than 1 %), except for the 1 × 1 cm2 field. Conclusions The MC simulation agrees well with the measurement and the proposed model parameters can be clinically used for further dosimetric studies of 6 and 10 MV FFF beams.

Kilovoltage cone beam computed tomography (CT) (kVCBCT) imaging guidance improves the accuracy of radiation therapy but imposes an extra radiation dose to cancer patients. This study aimed to investigate concomitant imaging dose and associated cancer risk in image guided thoracic radiation therapy.The planning CT images and structure sets of 72 patients were converted to CT phantoms whose chest circumferences (Cchest) were calculated retrospectively. A low-dose thorax protocol on a Varian kVCBCT scanner was simulated by a validated Monte Carlo code. Computed doses to organs and cardiac substructures (for 5 selected patients of various dimensions) were regressed as empirical functions of Cchest, and associated cancer risk was calculated using the published models. The exposures to nonthoracic organs in children were also investigated.The structural mean doses decreased monotonically with increasing Cchest. For all 72 patients, the median doses to the heart, spinal cord, breasts, lungs, and involved chest were 1.68, 1.33, 1.64, 1.62, and 1.58 cGy/scan, respectively. Nonthoracic organs in children received 0.6 to 2.8 cGy/scan if they were directly irradiated. The mean doses to the descending aorta (1.43 ± 0.68 cGy), left atrium (1.55 ± 0.75 cGy), left ventricle (1.68 ± 0.81 cGy), and right ventricle (1.85 ± 0.84 cGy) were significantly different (P.05) from the heart mean dose (1.73 ± 0.82 cGy). The blade shielding alleviated the exposure to nonthoracic organs in children by an order of magnitude.As functions of patient size, a series of models for personalized estimation of kVCBCT doses to thoracic organs and cardiac substructures have been proposed. Pediatric patients received much higher doses than did the adults, and some nonthoracic organs could be irradiated unexpectedly by the default scanning protocol. Increased cancer risks and disease adverse events in the thorax were strongly related to higher imaging doses and smaller chest dimensions.

Purpose To compare the dosimetric differences between jaw tracking technique (JTT) and static jaw technique (SJT) in dynamic intensity-modulated radiotherapy (d-IMRT) and assess the potential advantages of jaw tracking technique. Methods Two techniques, jaw tracking and static jaw, were used respectively to develop the d-IMRT plans for 28 cancer patients with various lesion sites: head and neck, lungs, esophageal, abdominal, prostate, rectal and cervical. The dose volume histograms (DVH) and selected dosimetric indexes for the whole body and for organs at risk (OARs) were compared. A two dimensional ionization chamber Array Seven29 (PTW, Freiburg, Germany) and OCTAVIUS Octagonal phantom (PTW, Freiburg, Germany) were used to verify all the plans. Results For all patients, the treatment plans using both techniques met the clinical requirements. The V5, V10, V20, V30, V40 (volumes receiving 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 Gy at least, respectively), mean dose (Dmean) for the whole body and V5, V10, V20, Dmean for lungs in the JTT d-IMRT plans were significantly less than the corresponding values of the SJT d-IMRT plans (p

Personalized Quantification of Imaging Doses to Children and Adults Scanned by Standard Thoracic Cone Beam CT in Radiation Therapy Y. Zhang, H. Wu, Z. Chen, J.P. Knisely, R. Nath, H. Yue, Z. Feng, S. Bao, and J. Deng; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Radiotherapy, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China, Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, Department of Radiation Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, Beijing Key Lab of Medical Physics and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China