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The Gangdese belt of the southern Lhasa terrane (southern Tibet) records a Chileantype accretionary orogeny driven by subduction of Neotethyan oceanic lithosphere, prior to Indo-Asian collision and formation of the Tibetan Plateau. We present detailed structural analysis of outcrops and a drill core in the Jiama copper ore district along with 40Ar-39Ar cooling ages from white mica, plagioclase, and potassium feldspar and zircon U-Pb geochronology of granitoids and sandstone. These data add new constraints to the formation of a major angular unconformity, deformation along and within the footwall of the Gangdese décollement, and the coupling between deformation and magmatism. Structural analysis indicates that top- to- the- south motion along the décollement produced southvergent folding and thrusting of Upper Jurassic to Cretaceous strata in the Gangdese back-arc basin. A synthesis of new and compiled age data reveals that the décollement and associated south-vergent deformation occurred between ca. 90 and 65 Ma, contemporaneous with the formation of a major ca. 85–69 Ma angular unconformity between the overlying Paleocene–Eocene Linzizong Formation and the underlying Upper Cretaceous Shexing Formation. We posit that this deformation in the Gangdese belt resulted from flat-slab subduction of the Neotethyan oceanic slab beneath the southern margin of the Asian continent. A flat-slab subduction geometry is consistent with previously documented synchronous thrusting in the forearc and back-arc basins as well as the observed arc magmatic lull of the Gangdese belt between ca. 80 and 65 Ma.

Owing to their intriguing appearance and unusual occurrence, as well as their significance in addressing magmatic processes, orbicules have attracted attention from geologists all over the world. We discovered an orbicule-bearing boulder in the Linzhi region, near the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis, which is the first report of orbicules in the Gangdese magmatic belt, southern Tibet. The orbicules are composed of dioritic shells around monzodioritic cores, in a dioritic matrix. They typically have a single shell, composed of elongate and radially oriented hornblendes, with interstitial plagioclase. Zircon laser ablation−inductively coupled plasma−mass spectrometry U-Pb dating yields an indistinguishable age of ca. 28.8 Ma for both the orbicule core and matrix, indicating approximately coeval crystallization. Zircon Lu-Hf and whole-rock Sr-Nd isotopes reveal that the original magmas of both the orbicule matrix and orbicule core were relatively juvenile (ƐHf(t) = +2.2 to +6.0 for matrix and +1.2 to +3.9 for core; ƐNd(t) = −1.68 to −1.46 for matrix and −3.65 to −2.52 for core), similar to reported Oligocene−Miocene post-collisional adakites in the Gangdese belt. Zircon and hornblende geochemistry reveals that both the orbicule matrix and cores were generated from highly oxidized, high oxygen fugacity magmas. Hornblende composition further indicates that the original magmas of the matrix and the orbicule cores were water-rich, with H2O contents greater than 4 wt%. In combination with the whole-rock geochemistry, these results suggest that the orbicules were formed in a post-collisional setting, from magma generated by partial melting of the juvenile thickened lower crust of the Lhasa terrane triggered by convective removal of the Lhasa lithospheric root. The preferred orientation of euhedral igneous minerals in the matrix and the alignment and compaction of orbicules define a magmatic to submagmatic foliation. This, together with the subsolidus deformation microstructures exhibited by minerals within the orbicules, indicates that some flow or movement of orbicules took place under magmatic to submagmatic conditions, as the subsolidus plastic orbicules were jostled and transported within a hypersolidus liquid magma.

The northern margin of the Yangtze Block (NYB) experienced distinct tectono-magmatic evolution during the mid- and late-Neoproterozoic, as compared with the northwestern margins of the Yangtze Block (NWYB), although the geodynamic mechanism remains controversial. The South Qinling Belt (SQB), which forms the northernmost NYB, is a significant target for studying the Neoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the NYB. Here we present U-Pb geochronology and Lu-Hf isotopes of detrital zircons from clastic rocks belonging to the Yaolinghe and Wudangshan Groups in the SQB. The U-Pb ages reveal that the maximum depositional ages are respectively ca. 630 Ma and ca. 680 Ma for the Yaolinghe and Wudangshan Groups in the Ankang and Wudang Uplifts. Based on the compilation of U-Pb ages and Hf−Nd−O isotopic data as well as multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis, clastic rocks of the Yaolinghe Group are suggested to be sourced mainly from the NWYB, whereas those of the Wudangshan Group were derived mostly from the NWYB and the NYB. The data compiled also indicate ca. 800−680 Ma northeastward migration of magmatism in response to slab rollback and ca. 680−600 Ma eastward migration of magmatism resulting from slab tearing. A tectonic model is proposed that envisages an arcuate subduction system around the Yangtze Block during the mid−late Neoproterozoic. The continuous slab rollback and slab tearing underneath the NYB resulted in an extensional environment at that time. The rocks in the NWYB underwent uplift and erosion, and the detritus was transported to the NYB. The new model can well account for the two distinct groups of volcanic rocks in the Yaolinghe Group.

Three quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), TPQA, T2PQA, and T3PQA, were synthesized and employed in antimicrobial tests against E. coli and S. aureus.

Early Cretaceous magmatism suggested to be related with the Kerguelen mantle plume has been reported in both eastern and western Tethyan Himalaya (TH). Coeval magmatism has been recently di...

It is generally accepted that there is a vast, well-populated biosphere in the subsurface, but the depth limit of the terrestrial biosphere has yet to be determined, largely because of the lack of access to the subsurface. Here as part of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling (CCSD) project in eastern China, we acquired continuous rock cores and endeavored to probe the depth limit of the biosphere and the depth-dependent distribution of microorganisms at a geologically unique site, that is, a convergent plate boundary. Microbiological analyses of ultra-high-pressure metamorphic rock cores taken from the ground surface to 5,158-meter reveal that microbial distribution was continuous up to a depth of ~4,850 m, where temperature was estimated to be ~137°C. The metabolic state of these organisms at such great depth remains to be determined. Microbial abundance, ranging from 103 to 108 cells/g, was also related to porosity, but not to the depth and rock composition. In addition, microbial diversity systematically decreased with depth. Our results support the notion that temperature is a key factor in determining the lower limit of the biosphere in the continental subsurface.

The Himalayan-Tibetan orogen represents one of the major Cenozoic tectonic features on Earth, and yet considerable debate continues over the timing and sequence of collisional events leading to its formation. In this contribution, we present new field relations, petrology, geochemistry, geochronology, and phase equilibria modeling in the Gangdese belt of southern Tibet in an effort to address Indo-Asian collisional events in the region. These investigations reveal that the dominantly dioritic Nymo intrusive complex was formed at ca. 50–47 Ma. We establish that the Jurassic-aged Bima volcano-sedimentary sequence underwent early Eocene (50–47 Ma) high-temperature (HT) amphibolite-facies metamorphism. Petrology and phase equilibria modeling of garnet-biotite schists in the Bima rocks reveals mineral assemblages of melt + plagioclase + garnet + biotite + magnetite + ilmenite + sillimanite formed under conditions of 5.3–7.5 kbar and 700–800 °C. We contend that the early Eocene Nymo intrusive complex represents part of the ca. 50 Ma high-flux magmatic “flare-up” that triggered the HT amphibolite-facies metamorphism within the overlying plate during Indo-Asian collision. The synchroneity of high-flux magmatism and HT metamorphism in the Gangdese belt roughly coincided with the continuing Indo-Asian collisional process, implying the early Eocene closure of the Neotethys Ocean along the southern margin of the Lhasa terrane.

The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) has been implicated in auditory–motor integration for accurate control of vocal production, but its precise role in this feedback-based process remains largely unknown. To this end, the present event-related potential study applied a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) protocol, continuous theta-burst stimulation (c-TBS), to disrupt cortical activity in the left DLPFC as young adults vocalized vowel sounds while hearing their voice unexpectedly shifted upwards in pitch. The results showed that, as compared to the sham condition, c-TBS over left DLPFC led to significantly larger vocal compensations for pitch perturbations that were accompanied by significantly smaller cortical P2 responses. Source localization analyses revealed that this brain activity pattern was the result of reduced activation in the left superior frontal gyrus and right inferior parietal lobule (supramarginal gyrus). These findings demonstrate c-TBS-induced modulatory effects of DLPFC on the neurobehavioral processing of vocal pitch regulation, suggesting that disrupting prefrontal function may impair top–down inhibitory control mechanisms that prevent speech production from being excessively influenced by auditory feedback, resulting in enhanced vocal compensations for feedback perturbations. This is the first study that provides direct evidence for a causal role of the left DLPFC in auditory feedback control of vocal production.

A high-performance liquid chromatography method with evaporative light-scattering detection (ELSD) was performed for simultaneous determination of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylglycerol (DPPG), dierucoyl phosphatidylcholine (DEPC) and cholesterol in propofol liposome by the pretreatment of alkaline hydrolysis (temperature, concentration of KOH anhydrous ethanol solution and reaction time were 90°C, 1 mol · L−1 and 10 min, respectively). The analysis was carried out on an Agilent TC-C18 column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm) with isocratic elution of methanol and 0.1% acetic acid aqueous solution (95:5, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL · min−1. The column temperature was 30°C. The drift tube temperature of the ELSD system was set at 30°C, and the pressure of carrier gas was 350 KPa. The regression equation revealed a good linear relationship (r = 0.9990–0.9993) during the test ranges. The RSD of stability and repeatability (n = 6) was found to be less than 1.96 and 1.46%, respectively. The average recoveries ranged from 97.90 to 101.00%. The proposed method was validated and showed good precision, stability, repeatability and recovery, which indicated that the method could be readily utilized as a quality evaluation method for the determination of DPPG, DEPC and cholesterol in propofol liposome.

Considerable debate persists as to the Triassic paleogeographic framework of the Neotethys and the origin of the Late Triassic Langjiexue Group in the Tethyan Himalaya. Triassic magmatic rocks in the Gangdese belt and Late Triassic Langjiexue sediments play a pivotal role in addressing these issues. Geochronological, petrological, and geochemical analyses have been performed on the Middle Triassic gabbro-diorite complex (with crystallization ages of ca. 244–238 Ma) from the Gangdese belt. These plutonic rocks are characterized by relatively low MgO and high Al2O3 contents, calc-alkaline trends, and depletion of Nb, Ta, and Ti, resembling low-MgO high-alumina basalts or basaltic andesites. These plutonic rocks exhibit depleted whole-rock εNd(t) values of ∼+5 and zircon εHf(t) values peaking at ∼+14. These features resemble those of rocks in a subduction-related arc setting.We also completed detrital zircon U-Pb dating and microstructure analysis for the sandstones of the Langjiexue Group in the Tethyan Himalaya. Zircon grains with ages >300 Ma are dominated by preweathered and weathered surfaces as well as fairly rounded to completely rounded scales, indicating a high degree of polycyclicity. In contrast, 300–200 Ma ones are characterized by fresh surfaces and completely unrounded to poorly rounded scales, indicating nearby sources. Collectively, our data, combined with published results, support that the subduction initiation of the Neotethys began no later than the Middle Triassic. Arc-affinity magmatic rocks supplied some materials to the Langjiexue Group. This scenario sheds new light on the provenance of the Langjiexue Group and the Triassic paleogeography of the Neotethyan realm.

We aimed to investigate the correlations between biochemical and hematological markers and the clinical conditions of brain tumor patients before and after craniotomy. A retrospective study was conducted in 90 brain tumor patients. Age, gender, underlying diseases, tumor size and intraoperative blood loss were recorded. Red blood cell counts and hepatic and renal markers were analyzed preoperatively and postoperatively. Albumin decreased by 5.6 g/L after surgery (p 0.001). Older patients (52 years) and females had lower albumin levels than younger patients and males did. Red blood cell counts and hemoglobin levels decreased significantly on the 1st and increased on the 3rd postoperative day. The blood glucose level increased on the 1st postoperative day and then decreased. Older patients had higher blood glucose levels than younger patients did (p 0.05). The postoperative serum sodium, potassium and calcium levels were within the normal ranges; 37 patients had hypocalcemia (41.1%) and patients with hypokalemia and hyponatremia increased postoperatively. Albumin and hemoglobin levels were linearly correlated (correlation coefficient 0.559, p 0.001). Intraoperative blood loss was correlated with tumor size (p 0.05) but did not affect the decrease in hematological markers. In brain tumor patients, red blood cell counts and hemoglobin and serum albumin levels were significantly decreased after craniotomy; these effects were influenced by gender and age instead of intraoperative blood loss. The postoperative blood glucose level peaked and then decreased; it was affected by age and diabetes mellitus. Electrolytes remained relatively stable. These findings have implications for patient management and postoperative complication prevention.

BACKGROUND Stroke is among the leading causes of long-term disability worldwide. Motor impairments after stroke not only impact the individuals quality of life but also lay substantial burdens on the society. Motor planning is a key component of cognitive function that impacts motor control. Hand movements such as grasping or reaching to grasp require the application of correct force and the coordination of multiple limb segments. Successful completion of hand motor task requires a certain degree of cognitive function to anticipate the requirement of the task. Cognitive function may thus be a confounding factor to rehabilitation outcomes. OBJECTIVE This study aims to explore the impact of cognitive function on functional outcomes in people with subacute stroke after VR intervention. METHODS Patients with stroke were first stratified into cognitively normal (CN) and cognitively impaired (CI), followed by allocation to the VR or control group (CG). Fugl-Meyer Assessment for Upper Extremity (FMA-UE), Barthel Index (BI), and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) were recorded at baseline, 3 weeks after the intervention, and 3 and 6 months after the intervention. The between-group and within-group differences were assessed by repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS The between-group comparison indicated that FMA-UE, BI, and IADL (time effect PPP=.04). CONCLUSIONS VR intervention was as effective as traditional conventional therapy in improving upper limb function regardless of the cognitive functional level. Patients with stroke with impaired cognitive function may gain more improvement in upper limb function and independency in performing activities of daily living after a VR-based intervention. CLINICALTRIAL Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR-IOC-15006064; https://tinyurl.com/4c9vkrrn

Background Stroke is among the leading causes of long-term disability worldwide. Motor impairments after stroke not only impact the individuals quality of life but also lay substantial burdens on the society. Motor planning is a key component of cognitive function that impacts motor control. Hand movements such as grasping or reaching to grasp require the application of correct force and the coordination of multiple limb segments. Successful completion of hand motor task requires a certain degree of cognitive function to anticipate the requirement of the task. Cognitive function may thus be a confounding factor to rehabilitation outcomes. Objective This study aims to explore the impact of cognitive function on functional outcomes in people with subacute stroke after VR intervention. Methods Patients with stroke were first stratified into cognitively normal (CN) and cognitively impaired (CI), followed by allocation to the VR or control group (CG). Fugl-Meyer Assessment for Upper Extremity (FMA-UE), Barthel Index (BI), and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) were recorded at baseline, 3 weeks after the intervention, and 3 and 6 months after the intervention. The between-group and within-group differences were assessed by repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results The between-group comparison indicated that FMA-UE, BI, and IADL (time effect P Conclusions VR intervention was as effective as traditional conventional therapy in improving upper limb function regardless of the cognitive functional level. Patients with stroke with impaired cognitive function may gain more improvement in upper limb function and independency in performing activities of daily living after a VR-based intervention. Trial Registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR-IOC-15006064; https://tinyurl.com/4c9vkrrn

OBJECTIVE Treatment outcomes following initial transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) for acromegaly are erratic. Identifying outcome patterns can assist in informing patients about possible treatment outcomes and planning for individualized adjuvant treatments in advance. In this study, the authors aimed to investigate the immediate and long-term endocrine remission rates following initial TSS for acromegaly, identify clinical determinants of treatment outcomes, and explore outcome patterns during a long-term follow-up and the pattern-specific patient features. METHODS This prospective, single-center, longitudinal cohort study enrolled patients with acromegaly who underwent TSS in the period from 2015 to 2018 at the authors’ institution. Immediate remission, assessed on the 2nd postoperative morning, and long-term remission, assessed at least 18 months after TSS, were evaluated according to the strict 2010 consensus criteria (random growth hormone [GH] < 1 ng/ml or GH nadir < 0.4 ng/ml after oral glucose tolerance test, and age- and sex-normalized insulin-like growth factor 1). Univariate and bivariate regression analyses were used to identify determinants of remission. RESULTS A total of 659 patients with acromegaly (average age 42 years, 44% males) underwent TSS for pituitary adenomas (macroadenomas, 85%; invasive tumors, 35%) and were followed up during a median of 51 months. Immediate and long-term remission rates after initial TSS were 37% and 69%, respectively. Older age at diagnosis (OR 1.7), male sex (OR 1.6), smaller tumors (OR 2.0), noninvasive tumors (OR 4.8), and tumors positive for follicle-stimulating hormone/luteinizing hormone (OR 1.5) were predictors of immediate surgical remission. In addition to the above predictors, lower preoperative GH (OR 2.4), absence of preoperative central hypothyroidism (OR 2.6), and endoscopic TSS (OR 10.6) were predictors of long-term remission. Regression analyses revealed that endoscopic TSS (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.524–5.291, p = 0.001), absence of cavernous sinus invasion (OR 4.1, 95% CI 2.522–6.613, p < 0.001), older age (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.006–1.048, p = 0.013), and male sex (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.224–3.247, p = 0.006) were independent determinants of long-term remission. Five outcome patterns were identified based on the changes in hormonal results during follow-up, including continuous remission (34%), refractory acromegaly (28%), delayed remission (21%), remission after adjuvant therapy (14%), and recurrence after initial remission (3%). The clinical characteristics of each subgroup were identified. CONCLUSIONS Cavernous sinus invasion, age at diagnosis, and sex are the best determinants of immediate and long-term remission after initial TSS for acromegaly. Endoscopic TSS predicts a higher long-term remission rate than that with microscopic TSS. The authors identified five outcome patterns in acromegaly and group-specific patient characteristics for clinical decision-making.

The South Qinling Belt was located in the northern part of the Yangtze Block during the Neoproterozoic. Here we investigate two major magmatic intrusions in the northern and southern part of the belt, the Douling plutons (DLP) and the Fenghuangshan plutons (FHSP), to gain insights into the Neoproterozoic tectonic processes along the northern segment of the Yangtze Block. Zircon grains in the DLP yield weighted mean 206Pb/238U ages of 750–709 Ma, whereas those from the FHSP show ages of 749–728 Ma. The new results, together with the published data, reveal that these plutons were emplaced at ca. 759–685 Ma and ca. 802–704 Ma, respectively. Geochemically, the intermediate-felsic rocks from the DLP and FHSP show enrichment of light rare earth elements (LREE) and large-ion lithophile elements (LILE) (Rb, Ba and K), depletion of high field strength elements (HFSE) (Nb, Ta, P and Ti), and low Sr/Y and (La/Yb)N values, which are typical features of arc magmatic rocks. The gabbros from the FHSP have high Mg#, and display LREE and LILE (Rb, Ba, K, and Sr) enrichment and depletion of HFSE (Th, U, Nb, Ta, and Ti), suggesting that they were probably formed in a mantle wedge setting. Both DLP and FHSP show arc-related geochemistry modified by slab-derived fluids, and were formed at relatively high-temperature and low-pressure conditions. However, they display distinct Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic compositions. Zircon grains of two samples from the DLP respectively show mean eHf(t) values of −2.6 ± 0.3 and 0.9 ± 0.3, whereas zircon grains of four samples from the FHSP show mean eHf(t) values ranging from 7.5 ± 0.5 to 8.7 ± 0.4. The DLP shows dominantly negative eNd(t) values and inconsistent initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios, whereas FHSP shows relatively constant and positive eNd(t) values (3.69–3.74) but variable initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios. The Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic and geochemical features suggest that the enriched mantle and crustal materials were involved in the magma evolution of the DLP, whereas the FHSP is characterized by significant juvenile components with a rising asthenospheric mantle source playing a key role. We propose a subduction-related setting for these intrusions, and envisage slab rollback during the Neoproterozoic.

Late Triassic-Early Eocene Gangdese magmatic belt is over 2000 km long forming a significant component of the Lhasa Terrane, and is regarded as the ideal place to study the tectonic-magmatic evolution of the Neo-Tethys Ocean and the collision of the Indian and Asian continental plates. Recent studies elucidate the major Late Cretaceous magmatic events in southern Tibet, but the evolution of the region is still equivocal. In this paper, we report new results from systematic field work as well as new geochronological, petrological, geochemical, and zircon Lu-Hf isotope analyses of granite and contemporaneous mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs) from the Nyemo region in southern Tibet. Both the host granite and MMEs are dated at ca. 87–84 Ma, suggesting that they are related to a coeval magmatic event. Zircon Hf isotopes (eHf(t) = +11.0 – +14.6) and Mg# numbers (50–52) indicate that the host granite is derived from partial melting of juvenile crust with the contribution of material from the mantle, whereas the MMEs are derived from partial melting of depleted mantle (refractory peridotite melts) as deduced from their zircon Hf isotopes (eHf(t) = +6.12 – +13.79). Geochemically, both the granite and MMEs are characterized by enriched light rare earth elements (LREE) and large-ion lithophile elements (LILE), but depleted high field-strength elements (HFSE), indicative of arc-related geochemical compositions. The host granite also has high Sr/Y (111–140), which are interpreted as proxies for magmas with high water contents, and their elevated (La/Yb)N ratios of 22–33 are proxies for a thickened continental crust. We propose that the Late Cretaceous (ca. 100–80 Ma) magmatism dated some 30 million years before the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates is possibly related to the interaction between upwelling asthenospheric mantle and metasomatized lithospheric mantle during subduction and possible rollback of the Neo-Tethys Oceanic plate. The subducted slab presumably led to mantle magma underplating and potentially caused crustal thickening in southern Tibet. Hence, the rollback of the Neo-Tethys Oceanic plate represents a key feature in the tectonic evolution of southern Tibet during the early Late Cretaceous.

The Yardoi dome is located in the eastern end of the northwest-southeast extending North Himalayan domes (NHD). The dome exposes a granite pluton in the core and three lithologictectonic units separated by the upper detachment fault and the lower detachment fault. The Yardoi detachment fault (YDF), corresponding to the lower detachment fault, is a 800 m strongly deformed top-NW shear zone. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating yielded a crystallization ages of 19.57±0.23 to 15.5±0.11 Ma for the leucogranite dyke swarm, which indicates that the ductile motion along the YDF began at ca. 20 Ma. The 40Ar/39Ar muscovite ages of 14.05±0.2 to 13.2±0.2 Ma and the 40Ar/39Ar biotite age of 13.15±0.2 Ma, suggest that the exhumation led to cooling through the 370 °C Ar closure temperature in muscovite at ≈14 Ma to the 335 °C Ar closure temperature in biotite at ≈13 Ma. Our new geochronological data from the Yardoi dome and other domes in the Tethyan Himalayan Sequences suggest that the ductile deformation in the region began at or before ≈36 Ma in a deep tectonic level, resulting in southward ductile flow at the mid-crustal tectonic level that continued from 20 to 13 Ma. Comparing the Yardoi dome to other domes in the NHD, the cooling ages show a clear diachronism and they are progressively younger from the West Himalayan to the East Himalayan.

The Dabashan arcuate structures are composed of the NW-striking Northern Dabashan Belt belonging to the southern margin of the South Qinling Orogen and the curved Southern Dabashan Belt located in the northern margin of the Yangtze Block with the arcuate Chengkou-Fangxiang Fault as their boundary. The deep understanding of the orogenesis is indispensable to unravel the mechanism of the Dabashan arcuate structures, as the basement preserves important clues on the deformational characteristics as well as the timing and orogenic processes. Here we report integrated field investigation, structural analysis, and 40Ar/39Ar thermochronological data in the Wudang and Ankang Uplifts in the South Qinling Orogen to decipher the forming processes and mechanisms of the Dabashan arcuate structures. The field and microscopic observations reveal a dominantly top-to-south (southwest) shear sense at low to medium temperatures. The basement deformation expanded southward (southwestward) in the form of duplex. During the continued shortening, the basement was uplifted due to thrust stacking within duplex systems. According to the deformation temperatures, and the new and published 40Ar/39Ar thermochronological data, the basement recorded the ca. 248-212 Ma orogenesis for the Wudang Uplift and the ca. 222-161 Ma orogenesis for the Ankang Uplift. Based on the tectonic evolution of the study area, the formation of composite Dabashan arcuate structures included three stages. Firstly, the arcuate master fault accompanied by a series of NW-striking faults came into being at ca. 450-400 Ma based on previous studies. Secondly, the scissor-like convergence between the South China Block and North China Block reactivated the extensional structures and formed the general features of the Northern Dabashan Belt at ca. 250-160 Ma. Finally, the deformation expanded toward the foreland and formed the curved Southern Dabashan Belt with obstruction by the Hannan Uplift and Shennongjia-Huangling Uplift in the front at ca. 160-100 Ma.

The Cretaceous-Eocene sedimentary sequences of the Sangdanlin section at Saga, SW Tibet, within the India-Asia collisional zone, have been studied in detail for constraining the timing of initial collision. However, the post-depositional history has not been investigated. Here, we report new low temperature thermochronology data along the classic Sangdanlin section, to reveal the cooling/exhumation history of the Indus-Yarlung suture zone (IYSZ) and northern Tethyan Himalaya. Samples from the IYSZ, all yield latest Oligocene-Miocene ages, with most zircon (U-Th)/He ages ranging between ~18 and 27 Ma and apatite fission track (AFT) ages of ~12–9 Ma. Thermal history modelling indicates a consistent Middle-Late Miocene cooling episode related to post-Great Counter Thrust (GCT) incision of the Yarlung River. To the south, samples from the northern Tethyan Himalaya Mesozoic sequences yield older ZHe ages of ~32–36 Ma, signifying activity of the Tethyan Himalayan fold-thrust zone, while two granites linked to formation of the North Himalayan gneiss domes yield Late Miocene AFT ages. The regional low temperature thermochronology data reveal different cooling patterns for tributaries on the northern and southern sides of the Yarlung River. This points to the strong influence of Early Miocene tectonism along the GCT, as a major controlling factor on river drainage reorganization at this time.

The oceanic plateau subduction and resulted terrane accretion have played significant roles in the continental crustal growth; however, the modes and dynamics of plateau accretion during subduction remains poorly understood. The oceanic subduction can be driven by the combined effects of slab pull, ridge push, as well as the possible overriding plate push. The latter one has been rarely studied, but can be the case during the multiple Tethyan slabs subduction and terranes accretion for the formation of Tibetan lithosphere in the Mesozoic. Using 2-D petrological-thermo-mechanical models, we systematically investigated the modes and dynamics of terrane accretion during the dominant seaward continental drifting and oceanic plateau subduction. The model results show that the plateau with continental crustal affinity favors accretion to the overriding plate during the subduction process. Three distinct terrane accretion modes are identified: frontal accretion, bottom accretion, and a transitional mode with both the frontal and bottom accretion. In contrast, the plateau with oceanic crustal affinity generally favors subduction and recycling into the deeper mantle, rather than accretion, which is mainly due to the higher density and possible eclogitization of the oceanic crustal materials during subduction. The numerical simulations further reveal that the controlling factor for the subduction style, i.e. flat versus steep subduction, is the age of the oceanic slab and the seaward overriding plate motion. The rheological properties and the convergence rate play minor roles in affecting the subducting slab angle. The model results are further compared with the Jurassic magmatic rock distribution and geochemical characteristics of the Lhasa Terrane in Tibet, which reveals (1) the transition from flat to steep subduction of the southward Bangong-Nujiang Tethyan slab; and (2) the mechanism of Jurassic crustal growth in the central Lhasa subterrane which may be strongly correlated with the bottom accretion of the subducted oceanic plateau.

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are considered as efficient and green solvents for the extraction of bioactive compounds from medicinal plants. In this work, a novel method of DES-based ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from Baphicacanthus cusia leaves (BCL) was established. Systematic screening and the morphology of the original and treated BCL were observed with scanning electron microscopy to determine the extraction efficiency of different solvents. The extraction conditions were optimized by Box–Behnken design (BBD) tests and the optimal extraction conditions were as follows: lactic acid/L-menthol ratio of 5: 2 (mol/mol), solid–liquid ratio of 80.0 mL/g and temperature of 60.5 °C. The extraction yields of tryptanthrin, indigo and indirubin reached 0.356, 1.744 and 0.562 mg/g, respectively. The results of a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy (DPPH) radical scavenging activity test indicated the feasibility of DESs in the extraction of bioactive compounds. This study indicated that L-menthol/lactic acid was a green and efficient solvent for the extraction of bioactive compounds from BCL, and DES-based ultrasound-assisted extraction could be used as an effective application strategy for the extraction of bioactive compounds from medicinal plants.

The Yadong–Gulu graben preserves the kinematic and temporal relationships between east–west-directed extension in southern Tibet and north–south extensional strain in the Himalaya. In the Yadong region, distinct outer and inner top-down-to-the-north segments of the South Tibetan detachment system (STDS) are recognized. Herein, we combine high- to medium-T (U–Pb, 40Ar/39Ar) and low-T (apatite fission-track, apatite (U–Th)/He and zircon (U–Th)/He) thermochronometry to investigate the timing of slip across the STDS and Yadong–Gulu structures. These data demonstrate that the cessation of the Yadong shear zone, the structurally outer ductile segment of the STDS, occurred c. 20 Ma and that motion along the inner brittle–ductile Zherger La detachment continued after c. 16.6 Ma, ending by 11 Ma. The cooling history in the immediate STDS footwall is characterized by two main episodes of relatively rapid cooling and exhumation. The first occurred in the middle Miocene (c. 15–11 Ma), and is common along-strike of the innermost STDS footwall, related to cooling of the STDS. The second occurred in the late Miocene–Pliocene (c. 7–3 Ma), and is local to the Yadong–Gulu graben footwall in NW Bhutan, indicating that late Miocene–Pliocene slip along the graben system contributed to exhumation of the STDS east of the graben rift. Supplementary material: Tables of analytical data, dating results, and input data and model parameters of HeFTy are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5132941

Supplemental Data

Peridotites from the Myitkyina ophiolite are mainly composed of lherzolite and harzburgite. The lherzolites have relatively fertile compositions, with 39.40–43.40 wt% MgO, 1.90–3.17 wt% Al2O3 and 1.75–2.84 wt% CaO. They contain spinel and olivine with lower Cr# (12.6–18.2) and Fo values (88.7–91.6) than those of the harzburgites (24.5–59.7 and 89.6–91.6 respectively). The harzburgites have more refractory compositions, containing 42.40–46.23 wt% MgO, 0.50–1.64 wt% Al2O3 and 0.40–1.92 wt% CaO. PGE contents of the peridotites show an affinity to the residual mantle. Evaluation of petrological and geochemical characteristics of these peridotites suggests that the lherzolites and harzburgites represent residual mantle after low to moderate degrees of partial melting, respectively, in the spinel stability field. The U-shaped, primitive mantle-normalized REE patterns and strong positive Ta and Pb anomalies of the harzburgites suggest melt/fluid refertilization in either a MOR or SSZ setting after their formation at a MOR. Mineral separation of the peridotites has yield a range of exotic minerals, including diamond, moissanite, native Si, rutile and zircon, a collection similar to that reported for ophiolites of Tibet and the Polar Urals. The discovery of these exotic minerals in the Myitkyina ophiolite supports the view that they occur widely in the upper oceanic mantle.

To explore coagulation function in patients with brain tumors before and after craniotomy and tumor resection and to analyze its correlation with deep vein thrombosis (DVT).This study enrolled 133 consecutive patients with brain tumors. Coagulation evaluation and limb venous ultrasonography were performed before and after surgery. Clinical characteristics and dynamic changes in coagulation parameters were recorded, and their correlations with DVT were analyzed.The incidence of postoperative DVT in patients with brain tumors was 10.5%. The average age of patients with DVT was older compared with patients without DVT (63.21 ± 11.21 years vs. 50.24 ± 11.95 years, P0.001), and the incidence of hepatitis B (21% vs. 4%, P = 0.035) was higher in patients with DVT compared with patients without DVT. D-dimer and fibrinogen were the most variable parameters during the perioperative period. In patients with DVT, D-dimer levels displayed a "zigzagging-rise" trend and were significantly higher than levels in patients without DVT. Platelet levels displayed a "first-descend-then-rise" trend and were significantly lower in patients with DVT on the second and third postoperative days.In patients with brain tumors, D-dimer and fibrinogen were elevated postoperatively, manifesting as hypercoagulability. Postoperative DVT was correlated with aging and hepatitis B. A "zigzagging-rise" trend of D-dimer and a "sharp-descent" trend of platelets in the early postoperative period might predict DVT in patients with brain tumors.