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The strong basal fiber texture of magnesium (Mg) alloy pipes usually leads to poor secondary forming performance. In this study, Mg–2Zn-0.4Ce-0.4Mn (ZME) and Mg–2Zn-0.4Ce-0.4Mn-0.2Ca (ZMEX) pipes were prepared. Compared with the ZME pipe, the ZMEX pipe with a weaker initial texture exhibits excellent bending performance, with a peak load displacement (PLD) of 14.5 ± 0.5 mm and a total energy absorption (TEA) of 142.9 ± 1.7 J. The difference in bending performance between the two pipes is related to the deformation mechanism during hot bending. In the hardening stage, the deformation of the compression zone (CZ) of the two pipes is mainly ETW nucleation, and the overall proportion of twin grains is similar. However, in the tensile zone (TZ), the deformation of the ZME pipe is mainly prismatic slip, while the weak initial texture of the ZMEX pipe leads to the deformation dominated by both prismatic and multiple pyramidal slips, resulting in a higher hardening rate. In the softening stage, the deformation behavior in the CZ and TZ of both pipes tends to be similar. In addition, it is revealed that the softening phenomenon of both pipes after the bending displacement reaches PLD is caused by discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) driven by high-density dislocations accumulated in the later CZ and TZ. The research on the microstructure evolution and deformation mechanism of Mg alloy pipe during bending deformation carried out in this study is of great significance for optimizing its secondary forming controllability and further expanding its application.

The magnetoelectric (ME) coupling effect is a more effective approach for reducing antenna size. Nevertheless, at low frequencies, a single ME structure generates a weak signal strength and a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This study utilized an array strategy to improve the radiation and induced electromagnetic field performance of ME antennas. In this study, the array ME coupling structure, composed of Metglas and Pb (Zr1−xTix) O3 (PZT) bilayers, was operated through ME coupling resonance modes. The relationship between the sensitivity and SNR of the serially connected ME antenna array and the number of series connections was determined. On the transmission side, the impact of the multi-source power supply modes on the radiation intensity and directivity of the ME antennas was analyzed. The sensitivity, SNR, magnetic detection limit, directivity, and radiation range of the single ME and array ME antennas were tested for the key parameters. Finally, it was demonstrated that at a frequency of 31.75 kHz, the array strategy achieved a low-frequency signal transmission distance of up to 48.1 m, which is 1.7 times that of a single ME antenna. This array strategy significantly enhances the radiation intensity and magnetic field SNR of ME antennas in the low-frequency range, demonstrating its application prospects in the field of low-frequency communication.

The Jiangshan black pig is an indigenous pig breed in China, renowned for its superior meat quality and adaptability to roughage. However, the population of Jiangshan black pigs has dwindled due to the introduction of cosmopolitan pig breeds and the outbreak of African swine fever, putting them at risk of extinction. To offer insights into the conservation and breeding of Jiangshan black pigs, this study involved 118 Jiangshan black pigs as the research subjects and employed the Zhongxin-1 Porcine Breeding Array PLUS chip to detect whole-genome SNPs. Additionally, various software tools were utilized to accurately analyze the genetic diversity, phylogenetic relationship, inbreeding coefficient, and pedigree structure of the Jiangshan black pig conservation population. The findings indicated that the effective population size (Ne) of the Jiangshan black pig was 4.9, with an average inbreeding coefficient of 0.253 within the population. A genetic relationship analysis identified that the 16 male pigs were clustered into four families, and the 100 female pigs were also assigned to these familial groups. Furthermore, two female pigs were classified as “other” due to their distant genetic relatedness to all the males. These results contribute to a better understanding of the current status of the conservation of the Jiangshan black pig population and offer a theoretical foundation for the development of conservation strategies.

Background Tumor-infiltrating T cells enter an exhausted or dysfunctional state, which limits antitumor immunity. Among exhausted T cells, a subset of cells with features of progenitor or stem-like cells has been identified as TCF1+ CD8+ T cells that respond to immunotherapy. In contrast to the finding that TCF1 controls epigenetic and transcriptional reprogramming in tumor-infiltrating stem-like T cells, little is known about the regulation of TCF1. Emerging data show that elevated body mass index is associated with outcomes of immunotherapy. However, the mechanism has not been clarified.Methods We investigated the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes or CD8+ T cells induced by CD3/CD28 stimulation in vitro. We evaluated the effects of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and LRP11 inhibitors, as well as MAPK13 inhibitors. Additionally, we used shRNA technology to validate the roles of LRP11 and MAPK13. In an in vivo setting, we employed male C57BL/6J injected with B16 cells or MC38 cells to build a tumor model to assess the effects of LDL and LRP11 inhibitors, LRP11 activators, MAPK13 inhibitors on tumor growth. Flow cytometry was used to measure cell proportions and activation status. Molecular interactions and TCF1 status were examined using Western blotting. Moreover, we employed RNA sequencing to investigate the effects of LDL stimulation and MAPK13 inhibition in CD8+ T cells.Results By using a tumor-bearing mouse model, we found that LDL-induced tumor-infiltrating TCF1+PD1+CD8+ T cells. Using a cell-based chimeric receptor screening system, we showed that LRP11 interacted with LDL and activated TCF1. LRP11 activation enhanced TCF1+PD1+CD8+ T-cell-mediated antitumor immunity, consistent with LRP11 blocking impaired T-cell function. Mechanistically, LRP11 activation induces MAPK13 activation. Then, MAPK13 phosphorylates TCF1, leading to increase of stem-like T cells.Conclusions LRP11-MAPK13-TCF1 enhanced antitumor immunity and induced tumor-infiltrating stem-like T cells.

Objective: This study aims to investigate the potential prognostic value of albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) score in breast cancer patients with liver metastasis after surgery. Methods: This was a retrospective study of 178 breast cancer patients with liver metastasis after surgery. ALBI score was calculated by the following formula: (log10 bilirubin × 0.66) − (albumin × 0.085). The optimal cutoff value of ALBI score was assessed by X-tile. The clinical influence of ALBI score on survival outcomes using Kaplan-Meier method, Log-rank test, Cox proportional hazards regression model. The calibration curves, decision curve analysis and time-dependent ROC curve were used to assess the predictive performance of the nomogram's models. Results: The classifications of 178 breast cancer patients with liver metastasis after surgery were as follows: low ALBI score group (＜−3.36) vs. high ALBI score group (≥−3.36). The Cox proportional hazards regression model indicated that ALBI score was a potential predictor. Kaplan-Meier survival curve performed that the median disease free survival (p = 0.0029) and overall survival (p＜0.0001) in low ALBI score group were longer than in high ALBI score group. The ALBI-based nomograms had good predictive performance. Conclusions: The ALBI score has high prognostic ability for survival time in breast cancer with liver metastasis after surgery. These models will be valuable in discriminating patients at high risks of liver metastasis.

Background and Aims: Eicosanoids, oxidized fatty acids that serve as cell-signaling molecules, have been broadly implicated in tumorigenesis. Here, we aimed to identify eicosanoids associated with pancreatic tumorigenesis and the cell types responsible for their synthesis. Methods: We profiled normal pancreas and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in mouse models and patient samples using mass spectrometry. We interrogated RNA sequencing data sets for eicosanoid synthase or receptor expression. Findings were confirmed by immunostaining. Results: In murine models, we identified elevated levels of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), prostacyclin, and thromboxanes in neoplasia while prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), 12-HHTre, HETEs, and HDoHEs are elevated specifically in tumors. Analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing data sets suggests that PGE2 and prostacyclins are derived from fibroblasts, PGD2, and thromboxanes from myeloid cells, and PGD2 and 5-HETE from tuft cells. In patient samples, we identified a transition from PGD2- to PGE2-producing enzymes in the epithelium during the transition to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, fibroblast/tumor expression of PTGIS, and myeloid/tumor cell expression of TBXAS1. Conclusion: Our analyses identify key changes in eicosanoid species during pancreatic tumorigenesis and the cell types that contribute to their synthesis. Thromboxane and prostacyclin expression is conserved between animal models and human disease and may represent new druggable targets.

The pattern of layered rock crack propagation in mining and geotechnical engineering directly influences the production efficient of coal mines and the safety of workers. To reveal the characteristics of crack propagation in layered rock, the three-point bending experiment and numerical investigation were carried out to study the crack propagation process of single sandstone samples, sandstone-sandstone-sandstone combined samples, and sandstone-mudstone-sandstone combined samples. Using digital speckle correlation methods and acoustic emission techniques, the crack propagation process of the specimens was examined. The results show that the main factors affecting crack propagation include rock layer strength, bedding plane strength, and the position of pre-existing fractures. The presence of the bedding plane hinders the propagation of cracks, and when the bedding plane’s strength decreases, cracks that originated from the bedding plane spread horizontally along it. The weakening of the intermediate rock layer strength of the combined samples can lead to the initiation of microcracks within it earlier than macroscopic cracks, allowing many options for the initiation and propagation of following cracks. Meanwhile, the load-time curves of the combined samples during the experiment displays a double-peak characteristic. Furthermore, the presence of pre-existing fractures inside the layered rock might result in the unpredictability of the crack starting point and subsequently influence the crack propagation course.

Recently, the realization of electromagnetic wave signal transmission and reception has been achieved through the utilization of the magnetoelectric effect, enabling the development of compact and portable low-frequency communication systems. In this paper, we present a miniaturized low-frequency communication system including a transmitter device and a receiver device, which operates at a frequency of 44.75 kHz, and the bandwidth is 1.1 kHz. The transmitter device employs a Terfenol-D (80 mm × 10 mm × 0.2 mm)/PZT (30 mm × 10 mm × 0.2 mm)/Terfenol-D glued composite heterojunction magnetoelectric antenna and the strongest radiation in the length direction, while the receiver device utilizes a manually crafted coil maximum size of 82 mm, yielding a minimum induced electromagnetic field of 1 pT at 44.75 kHz. With an input voltage of 150 V, the system effectively communicates over a distance of 16 m in air and achieves reception of electromagnetic wave signals within 1 m in simulated seawater with a salinity level of 35% at 25 °C. The miniaturized low-frequency communication system possesses wireless transmission capabilities, a compact size, and a rapid response, rendering it suitable for applications in mining communication, underwater communication, underwater wireless energy transmission, and underwater wireless sensor networks.

Abstract The deep borehole heat exchanger (DBHE) shows great potential in seasonal thermal energy storage and its high performance efficiency with smaller land occupancy attracts increasing attention as a promising geothermal energy exploitation technique. With respect to a vertical BHE with extremely long length pipes buried underground, thermal analysis of the unsteady heat transfer process of the system is quite complicated. Due to the high temperature underground, the deeper part of BHE can extract more heat from the rock, which leads to a higher heat extraction rate. The heterogeneous distribution of heat flux density and geothermal gradient cannot be described properly by the existing analytical models. Although a full 3D numerical solution can reflect these features, it always requires high computational resources and presents numerical instabilities. In this paper, we propose a hybrid modeling method with high efficiency to simulate the temperature evolution inside the DBHE, and the heat propagation front in the surrounding rock mass. The temperature evolution inside the DBHE is solved by finite difference schemes, while the heat propagation in the surrounding rock is determined by an analytical formulation of thermal impacted radius. The coupling is achieved via source/sink term by incorporating the heat flux between the DBHE and the surrounding rock. Furthermore, an innovative analytical formulation describing the heat flux density is also presented, which accounts for the key parameters affecting the thermal performance of the DBHE system. Our proposed model is further verified against results with full 3D numerical solution under the same configurations. It is demonstrated that the proposed model can capture the key physical process of the heat transfer problem, while maintaining the calculation accuracy required by the engineering application. Regarding the calculation speed, the model results are around 30 times faster when compared to the full 3D numerical solution.

Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) was domesticated from wild jujube (Z. jujuba var. spinosa). Here, integrative physiological, metabolomic, and comparative proteomic analyses were performed to investigate the fruit expansion and fruit taste components in a jujube cultivar ‘Junzao’ and a wild jujube ‘Qingjiansuanzao’ with contrasting fruit size and taste. We revealed that the duration of cell division and expansion largely determined the final fruit size, while the intercellular space in the mesocarp dictated the ratio of mesocarp volume in mature fruits. The high levels of endogenous gibbereline3 (GA) and zeatin in the growing fruit of ‘Junzao’ were associated with their increased fruit expansion. Compared with ‘Junzao,’ wild jujube accumulated lower sugars and higher organic acids. Furthermore, several protein co-expression modules and important member proteins correlated with fruit expansion, sugar synthesis, and ascorbic acid metabolism were identified. Among them, GA20OX involved in GA biosynthesis was identified as a key protein regulating fruit expansion, whereas sucrose-6-phosphate synthase (SPS) and neutral invertase (NINV) were considered as key enzymes promoting sugar accumulation and as major factors regulating the ratio of sucrose to hexose in jujube fruits, respectively. Moreover, the increase of Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-Malate dehydrogenase (NAD-MDH) activity and protein abundance were associated with the malic acid accumulation, and the high accumulation of ascorbic acid in wild jujube was correlated with the elevated abundance of GalDH, ZjAPXs, and MDHAR1, which are involved in the ascorbic acid biosynthesis and recycling pathways. Overall, these results deepened the understanding of mechanisms regulating fruit expansion and sugar/acids metabolisms in jujube fruit.

This work investigates the effects of various processing parameters (laser power, scanning speed, hatch distance and beam offset) on the resultant inclined up-facing surface roughness of AlSi10Mg alloys produced by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). A two-step approach, orthogonal test followed by the Doehlert matrix design (DMD) test is used to efficiently optimize the up-facing surface and contour parameters. The former method aims to determine the significance of variables while the latter one facilitates a rapid optimization. The results show that the interaction and interdependency among the parameters are of great significance to the obtainable surface roughness. Using a rational design of experiments, the optimized up-facing surface roughness of Ra of 5.4 μm is achieved. This is attributed to the elimination of the laser partition track and the reduction in irregularities at the edges of the parts. This work demonstrates an effective approach of experimental processing parameter optimization to improve the surface finish of LPBF parts.

We report a novel Mn-Co-Ni-O (MCN) nanocomposite in which the p-type semiconductivity of Mn-Co-Ni-O can be manipulated by addition of graphene. With an increase of graphene content, the semiconductivity of the nanocomposite can be tuned from p-type through electrically neutral to n-type. The very low effective mass of electrons in graphene facilitates electron tunneling into the MCN, neutralizing holes in the MCN nanoparticles. XPS analysis shows that the multivalent manganese ions in the MCN nanoparticles are chemically reduced by the graphene electrons to lower-valent states. Unlike traditional semiconductor devices, electrons are excited from the filled graphite band into the empty band at the Dirac points from where they move freely in the graphene and tunnel into the MCN. The new composite film demonstrates inherent flexibility, high mobility, short carrier lifetime, and high carrier concentration. This work is useful not only in manufacturing flexible transistors, FETs, and thermosensitive and thermoelectric devices with unique properties but also in providing a new method for future development of 2D-based semiconductors.

For the absolute cavity length interrogation of fiber-optic Fabry-Perot (FP) sensors, a low-coherence interferometer based on the Powell lens is proposed and demonstrated. The usage of a large-fan-angle Powell lens combined with a tiny fiber collimator for achieving a line-type beam and uniform beam-profile distribution improves the power adaptability of the system for different types of fiber-optic FP sensors. Furthermore, the system volume is considerably reduced, rendering it more compact than the conventional system using a cylindrical lens or mirrors.

Antenna miniaturization technology has been a challenging problem in the field of antenna design. The demand for antenna miniaturization is even stronger because of the larger size of the antenna in the low-frequency band. In this paper, we consider MEMS magnetoelectric antennas based on mechanical resonance, which sense the magnetic fields of electromagnetic waves through the magnetoelectric (ME) effect at their mechanical resonance frequencies, giving a voltage output. A 70 μm diameter cantilever disk with SiO2/Cr/Au/AlN/Cr/Au/FeGaB stacked layers is prepared on a 300 μm silicon wafer using the five-masks micromachining process. The MEMS magnetoelectric antenna showed a giant ME coefficient is 2.928 kV/cm/Oe in mechanical resonance at 224.1 kHz. In addition, we demonstrate the ability of this MEMS magnetoelectric antenna to receive low-frequency signals. This MEMS magnetoelectric antenna can provide new ideas for miniaturization of low-frequency wireless communication systems. Meanwhile, it has the potential to detect weak electromagnetic field signals.

Functionally Graded Porous Scaffold (FGPS) becomes an attractive candidate for bone graft due to its combination of better mechanical and biological requirements with the scaffold gradient to better mimic host tissue. This paper focuses on the graded change requirements of bio-porous scaffolds in terms of physical and mechanical properties. Gradients in three patterns (density, heterostructure and cell-size gradients) with Gyroid and Diamond unit cells were proposed based on Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces (TPMS), and fabricated by Selective Laser Melting (SLM) using Ti-6Al-4V. Among them, cell-size gradient was described for the first time, realizing a variation of graded pore size on a specific way. Morphological properties of porous samples were characterized by micro-CT and SEM, followed by compressive tests for determining their mechanical behaviors. It was found that the TPMS method is an effective way to achieve gradients in multiple patterns which are comparable to natural tissue with respect to both continuous topology and interconnectivity. The porous surface area and pore size, could be controlled by the cell-size gradient without relatively density alteration, stabilizing the modulus and strength within 11% and 20%, respectively. Both Gyroid and Diamond structures possess a superior strength (152.6 MPa, 145.7 MPa) and comparable elastic modulus (3.8GPa) with natural cortical bone. Keywords: Functionally graded porous scaffold, Triply periodic minimal surfaces, Selective laser melting, Additive manufacturing, Mechanical behavior

Translating high-resolution imaging methods to the curved organic surface of a nanoparticle has been challenging. Here, the authors are able to spatially resolve the sub-molecular surface details of a silver nanocluster by comparing scanning tunneling microscopy images and simulated topography data through a pattern recognition algorithm.

In order to improve the approximation of spatial derivatives without meshes, a set of meshfree numerical schemes for derivative terms is developed, which is compatible with the coordinates of Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical. Based on the comparisons between numerical and theoretical solutions, errors and convergences are assessed by a posteriori method, which shows that the approximations for functions and derivatives are of the second accuracy order, and the scale of the support domain has some influences on numerical errors but not on accuracy orders. With a discrete scale h=0.01, the relative errors of the numerical simulation for the selected functions and their derivatives are within 0.65%.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

Characterized by high thermal-electrical conductivity and reasonable specific strength, lattice structures of copper alloy have great potential in industrial applications. However, they have been rarely studied due to their complicated structures and difficulty in fabrication. Based on the ability of selective laser melting to produce near net shape parts with any complex geometry directly, Cu-Cr-Zr copper alloy lattice structures with high density were manufactured and studied for the first time. A series of lattice structures were designed by a mathematical approach named Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces and their mechanical properties, microstructures and deformation behaviors were systematically studied. The effects of cell size and volume fraction on their mechanical properties and energy absorptions were analyzed and evaluated. The results demonstrate that the mechanical and energy absorption properties of the lattice structures varied dramatically with the changes of cell size and volume fraction. Due to the good plasticity of the copper alloy, stress-strain curves of the lattice structures exhibit a long stress plateau without stress collapses, which is very beneficial for energy absorption. The deformation of the lattice structures occurred uniformly and was caused by the struts bending without cell breaking and struts fracturing. Keywords: Selective laser melting, Copper-based alloy, Lattice structure, Mechanical property, Energy absorption

Summary: Technological improvements enable single-cell epigenetic analyses of organ development. We reasoned that high-resolution single-cell chromatin accessibility mapping would provide needed insight into the epigenetic reprogramming and transcriptional regulators involved in normal mammary gland development. Here, we provide a single-cell resource of chromatin accessibility for murine mammary development from the peak of fetal mammary stem cell (fMaSC) functional activity in late embryogenesis to the differentiation of adult basal and luminal cells. We find that the chromatin landscape within individual cells predicts both gene accessibility and transcription factor activity. The ability of single-cell chromatin profiling to separate E18 fetal mammary cells into clusters exhibiting basal-like and luminal-like chromatin features is noteworthy. Such distinctions were not evident in analyses of droplet-based single-cell transcriptomic data. We present a web application as a scientific resource for facilitating future analyses of the gene regulatory networks involved in mammary development. : The ability to deconstruct complex tissues into their constituent cell states and identify molecular mechanisms involved in cell differentiation is enabling deeper understanding of normal development and disease. Chung et al. use snATAC-seq to agnostically determine the chromatin states correlated with cell-state changes during embryonic and postnatal mammary development. Keywords: single cell, snATAC-seq, ATAC-seq, chromatin profiling, mammary gland, mammary gland development, transcription factor dynamics, lineage relationships, pseudotime ordering, differentiation trajectory

Fracturing roofs to maintain entry (FRME) is a novel longwall mining method, which has been widely used in China, leading a new mining revolution. In order to research the change law of side abutment pressure and movement law of overlying strata when using the FRME, a new abutment pressure monitoring device, namely, the flexible detection unit (FDU), is developed and is applied in the field. The monitoring results show that compared with the head entry (also called the non-splitting entry), the peak value of the lateral abutment pressure in the tail entry (also termed the splitting entry) is reduced by 17.2% on average, and the fluctuation degree becomes smaller. Then, finite difference software FLAC3D is used to simulate the stress change of the solid coal on both sides of the panel. The simulation results show that the side abutment pressure of the tail entry decreases obviously, which is consistent with the measured results. Comprehensive analysis points out that after splitting and cutting the roof, the fissures can change the motion state of the overlying strata, causing the weight of the overburden borne by the solid coal to reduce; therefore, the side abutment pressure is mitigated.

In order to increase the mining rate of underground coal resources, an innovative nonpillar underground coal mining approach (fracturing roofs to maintain entry (FRME)) has been widely applied in China. The effect of roof fracturing determines whether the entry can be retained successfully or not. In this work, the tail entry of 21304 panel in Chengjiao Coal Mine (China) has been considered as the test site. The coal mine is located approximately 900 m underground. A numerical investigation on the relationship between the entry stability and roof fracturing angle was conducted. In order to investigate the reasonable scope of roof fracturing angle under static and dynamic loadings, the double-yield model was employed to simulate the gob materials, and the input parameters of the model were calibrated meticulously using the method of inversion analysis. Furthermore, dynamic loading was applied to research the influence of fracture of hard rock strata on the entry stability. The global model was validated with the field data. The simulation results demonstrate that the reasonable scope of the roof fracturing angle is 10–20°, in which case the distributions of vertical stress are favorable to the stability of gob-side entry. Additionally, the dynamic responses were found to be relatively moderate. The numerical method could provide a significant reference for the design of FRME approach.

A high-performance predictor for critical unstable generators (CUGs) of power systems is presented in this paper. The predictor is driven by the MapReduce based parallelized neural networks. Specifically, a group of back propagation neural networks (BPNNs), fed by massive response trajectories data, are efficiently organized and concurrently trained in Hadoop to identify dynamic behavior of individual generator. Rather than simply classifying global stability of power systems, the presented approach is able to distinguish unstable generators accurately with a few cycles of synchronized trajectories after fault clearing, enabling more in-depth emergency awareness based on wide-area implementation. In addition, the technique is of rich scalability due to Hadoop framework, which can be deployed in the control centers as a high-performance computing infrastructure for real-time instability alert. Numerical examples are studied using NPCC 48-machines test system and a realistic power system of China.

A zero-cross detection algorithm was proposed for the cavity-length interrogation of fiber-optic Fabry−Perot (FP) sensors. The method can avoid the inaccuracy of peak determination in the conventional peak-to-peak method for the cavity-length interrogation of fiber-optic FP sensors caused by the slow variation of the spectral power density in peak neighboring regions. Both simulations and experiments were carried out to investigate the feasibility and performance of the zero-cross detection algorithm. Fiber-optic FP sensors with cavity lengths in the range of 150−1000 μm were successfully interrogated with a maximum error of 0.083 μm.

This study presents an extrinsic Fabry−Perot interferometric (EFPI) fiber-optic strain sensor with a very short cavity. The sensor consists of two vertically cut standard single-mode fibers (SMFs) and a glass capillary with a length of several centimeters. The two SMFs penetrate into the glass capillary and are fixed at its two ends with the use of ultraviolet (UV) curable adhesives. Based on the use of the lengthy glass capillary sensitive element, the strain sensitivity can be greatly enhanced. Experiments showed that the microcavity EPFI strain sensor with initial cavity lengths of 20 μm, 30 μm, and 40 μm, and a capillary length of 40 mm, can yield respective cavity length−strain sensitivities of 15.928 nm/με, 25.281 nm/με, and 40.178 nm/με, while its linearity was very close to unity for strain measurements spanning a range in excess of 3500 με. Furthermore, the strain−temperature cross-sensitivity was extremely low.

A white light non-scanning correlation interrogation system was proposed and built to interrogate absolute length of the air cavity of fiber-optic compound Fabry–Perot pressure sensors for the extraction of pressure value. By carefully choosing thickness range and tilt angle of the optical wedge used for cavity length matching, correlation interferometric signal of the basal cavity can be naturally filtered out. Based on peak positioning by Fourier transform, bandpass filtering in frequency domain, inverse Fourier transform back to time domain, envelope fitting and zero fringe finding through a gravity center method, cavity length can be determined with an accuracy of 0.04%. The system was used for the interrogation of a fiber-optic compound Fabry–Perot pressure sensor under different pressures. For a pressure range of 0.1~2.9 Mpa, the linear relationship between the air cavity length and the gas pressure imposed was successfully extracted.

To solve the cavity interrogation problem of short cavity fiber Fabry–Perot sensors in white light spectral interrogation with amplified spontaneous emissions (ASEs) as the white light sources, a data processing method, using an improved elliptical fitting equation with only two undetermined coefficients, is proposed. Based on the method, the cavity length of a fiber Fabry–Perot sensor without a complete reflection spectrum period in the frequency domain can be interrogated with relatively high resolution. Extrinsic fiber Fabry–Perot air-gap sensors with cavity lengths less than 30 μm are used to experimentally verify the method, and are successfully interrogated with an accuracy better than 0.55%.

MEMS fabrication that is based on the silicon-on-glass (SOG) process requires many steps, including patterning, anodic bonding, deep reactive ion etching (DRIE), and chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). The effects of the process parameters of CMP and DRIE are investigated in this study. The process parameters of CMP, such as abrasive size, load pressure, and pH value of SF1 solution are examined to optimize the total thickness variation in the structure and the surface quality. The ratio of etching and passivation cycle time and the process pressure are also adjusted to achieve satisfactory performance during DRIE. The process is optimized to avoid neither the notching nor lag effects on the fabricated silicon structures. For demonstrating the capability of the modified CMP and DRIE processes, a z-axis micro gyroscope is fabricated that is based on the SOG process. Initial test results show that the average surface roughness of silicon is below 1.13 nm and the thickness of the silicon is measured to be 50 μm. All of the structures are well defined without the footing effect by the use of the modified DRIE process. The initial performance test results of the resonant frequency for the drive and sense modes are 4.048 and 4.076 kHz, respectively. The demands for this kind of SOG MEMS device can be fulfilled using the optimized process.

It is the first time to demonstrate the comparison of isotropic/anisotropic wettability between dual-scale micro-nano-rods and single-scale micro-rods. Inspired by the natural structures of rice leaf, a series of micro-nano-rods and micro-rods with different geometric parameters were fabricated using micro-fabrication technology. Experimental measured apparent contact angles and advancing and receding contact angles from orthogonal orientations were characterized. The difference of contact angles from orthogonal orientation on dual-scale rods was much smaller than those on single-scale rods in both static and dynamic situation. It indicated that the dual-scale micro-nano-rods showed isotropic wettability, while single-scale micro-rods showed anisotropic wettability. The switch of isotropic/anisotropic wettability could be illustrated by different wetting state and contact line moving. It offers a facial way to switch isotropic/anisotropic wettability of the surface via dual-scale or single-scale structure.