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Background: A lack of research on the association of trefoil factors (TFF) with gastric cancer and premalignant lesions (PML) in the general population is an important obstacle to the application of TFFs for gastric cancer screening. We aimed to analyze the association of TFFs with gastric cancer and PMLs in a general population. Methods: We evaluated 3,986 adults residing in Wuwei, China. We collected baseline characteristics and gastric cancer risk factors, including TFFs, endoscopic diagnosis, and pathologic information. Three logistic regression models were generated to analyze the association between TFFs and gastric cancer, as well as PMLs. Adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated to determine the strength of association. Results: Compared with pepsinogen (PG) and anti–Helicobacter pylori immunoglobulin G antibody (Hp-IgG), TFFs had significant association with gastric cancer and PMLs after adjusting for biomarkers and risk factors (P < 0.05). The ORs (95% CI) for TFF1 (1.67; 1.27–2.20), TFF2 (2.66; 2.01–3.51), and TFF3 (1.32; 1.00–1.74) were larger than the ORs for PGI (0.79; 0.61–1.03), PGI/II (1.00; 0.76–1.31), and Hp-IgG (0.99; 0.73–1.35) in the gastric cancer group. In the intestinal metaplasia (IM) group, not only the TFF3 serum level was the highest, but also the OR (1.92; 1.64–2.25) was the highest. Conclusions: TFFs were associated with risk of gastric cancer and PMLs. Impact: Serum TFFs can improve the screening of high-risk populations for gastric cancer.

To evaluate the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and risk factors and to serotype the strains in Wuwei, located in north-western China, which has a high incidence of gastric cancer.Helicobacter pylori infection was analysed in 21 291 adults byThe infection rate of H. pylori was 53.0%, and 90.1% of strains were type I strains. The H. pylori infection rate was higher among farmers (OR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.19-1.50) and individuals who had a junior high school or higher education level (OR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.06-1.15), and was lower in older individuals (OR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.83-0.90), individuals with high income (OR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.90-0.95), individuals with a habit of eating quickly (OR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.87-0.99) and individuals who consumed more fruit and vegetables (OR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.85-0.95). Individuals with history of cholecystitis/cholecystolithiasis, hypertension and asthma were negatively correlated with H. pylori infection (P 0.05).The prevalence of H. pylori infection is high in Wuwei. The major prevalent strain is type I strain. Age, education, occupation, household income, consumption of fruit and vegetables, and habit of eating quickly are independent risk factors for H. pylori infection, which is also associated with individuals with a history of extragastric diseases.Evaluer la prévalence de l'infection à Helicobacter pylori et les facteurs de risque et déterminer le sérotype des souches à Wuwei, situé dans le nord-ouest de la Chine, où l'incidence du cancer gastrique est élevée. MÉTHODES: L'infection à H. pylori a été analysée chez 21.291 adultes par un test respiratoire à l'urée auLa prévalence de l'infection à H. pylori est élevée à Wuwei. La principale souche répandue est du type I. L'âge, l'éducation, la profession, le revenu du ménage, la consommation de fruits et de légumes et l'habitude de manger rapidement sont des facteurs de risque indépendants d'infection à H. pylori, qui est également associée à des personnes ayant des antécédents de maladies extra-gastriques.

The excellent performance of SAPO-34 membranes for CO2/CH4 separation is detracted by the water interaction, resulting in membrane instability and low durability. Herein, a new facile coating strategy using α, ω-dihydroxypolydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has been developed for surface protection of SAPO-34 membranes by dip-coating. The fabrication of coating layer was optimized by finely tailoring the coating solution parameters, such as the viscosity and PDMS concentration. The developed membranes were evaluated under dry and wet CO2/CH4 mixture systems with effect of temperature and pressure. PDMS/SAPO-34 membrane could provide high separation performance in both systems. The separation selectivity of 68 and CO2 permeance of 1.41 × 10−7 mol m−2 s−1 Pa−1 was achieved for wet mixture of CO2/CH4 at 80 °C during 120 h continuous operation. Furthermore, the PDMS/SAPO-34 membrane showed a wonderful performance after half a year storage, with 5–8% changes of CO2 permeance and selectivity for the dry CO2/CH4 mixtures, while for un-modified SAPO-34 membrane, a decline of 71% in CO2 permeance and 85% in CO2/CH4 separation selectivity was observed. The results demonstrated that the PDMS-coated SAPO-34 membrane could be a promising candidate for natural gas purification.

Highlights • The first reported case of urgent exploratory colorectal surgery and sigmoid mass resection in a COVID-19 positive patient. • Discussion of surgical techniques to minimize theoretical viral transmission pre, peri and postoperatively. • Discussion or risks of fecal transmission of COVID-19 transmission intraoperatively. • Discussion of personal protective equipment utilization and post-surgical COVID-19 screening among surgical healthcare staff., Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic presents a unique global health challenge further complicating surgical management of COVID-19 positive patients due to a lack of published literature. Case Within we discuss a 48-year-old Chinese man, presenting with acute gastrointestinal obstruction due to sigmoid colonic mass. The patient was screened and tested positive for COVID 19 due to his employment in Wuhan, China at the COVID-19 pandemic epicenter. The patient was subsequently taken for open sigmoid colonic resection, however the case presented multiple challenges due to the patient's COVID-19 positive status. Discussion The challenges of surgical management of COVID-19 positive patients exist are four-fold. First the unknown efficacy of pre-surgical risk stratification in COVID-19 positive patients, second the risk of aerosolized COVID-19 transmission during intubation for surgery, third the risk of fecal COVID-19 transmission to surgical staff during large bowel resection, and fourth the post-operative challenges of caring for COVID-19 positive patients. Conclusion Further research is needed into these topics, as well as the medical management of COVID-19 surgical patients.

Existing studies on the biological activity of theabrownins are not based on their free state but on the complexes of theabrownins, polysaccharides, proteins, and flavonoids. In this study, theabrownins (TBs-C) were prepared by weak alkali oxidation of tea polyphenols. The ultraviolet-visible scanning spectrum of TBs-C showed two characteristic absorption peaks at 203 and 270 nm. The zeta potential of the TBs-C aqueous solution was negative, and the values varied from - 6.26 to -19.55 mV with a solution pH of 3-9. Storage conditions of pH 5.0-7.0 and around 25 °C were beneficial for the physical and chemical stability of the TBS-C solution. Cells were treated with series concentrations and examined by MTT, HE staining, PI immunofluorescence staining, flow cytometry, and real-time PCR to investigate the antiproliferative effect of TBs-C on human colon cancer HT-29 cells. The results showed that TBs-C, particularly at 500 µg/mL, inhibited cell growth. TBs-C induced HT-29 cell apoptosis, as confirmed by morphological changes, nucleus propidium iodide staining, and distributions of the cell cycle. The apoptotic mechanism may be due to the intracellular redox imbalance induced by TBs-C.

Helicobacter pylori antibiotic resistance is a serious concern in China, where it severely influences treatment for H. pylori infection. To overcome this, it is essential to apply personalized therapies based on local or individual data on antibiotic-resistant phenotypes or genotypes. We conducted a large-scale multi-center study with a retrospective cross-sectional observational design to investigate the antibiotic-resistant phenotypes and genotypes of H. pylori in China. Strains were isolated from the gastric biopsy samples of H. pylori-infected patients from five different regions in China. The strains were tested for antibiotic-resistant phenotypes and genotypes, and the agreement between the two was assessed. In total, 4242 H. pylori strains were isolated and cultured, with an 84.43% success rate. The primary and secondary antibiotic resistance rates of H. pylori were 37.00% and 76.93% for clarithromycin, 34.21% and 61.58% for levofloxacin, 2.20% and 6.12% for amoxicillin, 1.61% and 3.11% for furazolidone, 1.18% and 3.31% for tetracycline, and 87.87% and 93.48% for metronidazole, respectively. The dual-resistance patterns for metronidazole/clarithromycin, metronidazole/levofloxacin, and clarithromycin/levofloxacin were 43.6%, 38.4%, and 26.1%, respectively. Clarithromycin- and levofloxacin-resistant H. pylori phenotypes and genotypes showed satisfactory agreement. Based on these findings, clarithromycin- and levofloxacin-resistant genotype testing could partially replace traditional antibiotic susceptibility testing in China. Continuous monitoring and personalized treatments based on individual and local H. pylori antibiotic-resistance data remain necessary.

Aroma assessment remains difficult and uncertain in the present sensory assessment system. It is highly desirable to develop a new assessment method to discriminate the quality of various teas in the tea market. In the present work, based on linear discriminant analysis and principal component analysis, the aroma of dry and wet samples of different Xi-hu Longjing and Pu-erh teas were tested and differentiated by electronic noses (e-nose). The results confirm that e-nose can discriminate different priced Xi-hu Longjing tea samples in the range of 80-800 RMB/500 g and varying storage years of Pu-erh tea samples. Furthermore, for the detection of both dry and wet samples of Longjing and Pu-erh teas, the results reveal that all samples have specific aroma characteristics that e-nose can recognize. More importantly, contribution analysis in sensors indicates that nitrogen oxides, methane and alcohols are the characteristic components that contribute to the fragrances of different priced Xi-hu Longjing teas, while nitrogen oxides, aromatic benzene and amines make the fragrances of Pu-erh teas with different storage years disparate. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This work demonstrates that e-nose can rapidly distinguish tea products with different price levels and varying storage years. With the advantages of ease of use, high portability and flexibility, e-nose will be widely expanded and applied in refined processing and the development of flavored foods.

High performance mordenite zeolite membranes were fabricated on four-channel Al2O3 hollow fiber substrates for the first time by using ball-milled mordenite particles as seeds. It was found that the particle size of seed played a vital part in the growth of membrane layers. The mordenite particles with a size of approximately 300 nm via ball milling enabled the growth of zeolite to form a uniform and defect-free zeolite membrane. The as-fabricated membranes showed high performance for isopropanol (IPA)/water mixtures separation. For IPA/H2O (90/10 wt%) mixture dehydration at 75 °C by pervaporation, the permeation flux of 1.43 kg m−2 h−1 and the separation selectivity of >10000 were achieved. The influence of feed water content on the separation performance of mordenite membrane was studied in detail. In addition to good dehydration performance at a low feed water content, the mordenite zeolite membranes also demonstrated long time stable separation performance for high feed water content systems. Permporosimetry measurements and molecular simulations showed that, unlike NaA zeolite crystal, the adsorbate water affected the expansion/contraction of MOR zeolite crystal framework weakly. Our research shows that MOR zeolite membrane shows good potential for the industrial solvent dehydration applications.

Background: The lack of effective biomarkers for screening gastric cancer (GC) and premalignant lesions (PMLs) is a significant roadblock in the prevention and early intervention of GC. We aimed to identify noninvasive biomarkers to improve the screening of high-risk populations. Methods: We evaluated 25,000 adults residing in Wuwei. We collected baseline characteristics, GC risk indicators, including trefoil factors (TFF1–3), endoscopy diagnosis, and pathological information. We analyzed the data to determine the association of risk biomarkers with the progression of GC and the prediction capacities of these biomarkers using odds ratio (OR)-adjusted models and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses. Results: TFF1 and TFF2 serum levels showed incremental changes from the PMLs to the GC group, with the highest serum TFF3 levels reported in the intestinal metaplasia group. TFF1 and TFF2 had significant predictive values in the PMLs and GC in the three OR-adjusted models but not in the non-atrophic gastritis group. Similar results were obtained after adjusting for all biomarkers and risk factors wherein the ORs (95 % confidence intervals) of TFF1 and TFF2 in the GC group were 2.71 (1.57–4.67) and 2.87 (1.75–4.71), respectively (P

Objective This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of Helicobacter pylori infection across all age groups in Wuwei City, a high-risk area for gastric cancer in Northwest China. Methods We conducted this study from 2016 to 2017 in an urban and a rural community in Wuwei City. Stool antigen tests targeted individuals aged 0 to 3 years old, and 13 C-urea breath tests targeted individuals aged above 3 years. We selected participants based on hierarchical cluster sampling. We assessed the association between variables and H. pylori infection based on logistic regression models. Results Ultimately, the results of 2,163 participants (age: 0 to 77 years old) were included (1,238 minors and 925 adults) in the analysis. The overall prevalence of H. pylori infection was 35.6%. It increased with age, reaching the peak in the 30 to 39 age group, and then began to decline. In multivariate analysis, age was positively associated with prevalence of H. pylori infection, and factors negatively associated with the prevalence were drinking running water, the frequency of yoghurt consumption, and an annual household income of Renminbi (¥) 30,000-100,000 or 100,000 above. In the subgroup analyses, however, the same variables associated differently in different age groups. Additionally, we interestingly noticed that boarding, eating at school cafeterias over six times per week, and frequently drinking untreated water were independent predictors of H. pylori infection in junior and senior high school students. Conclusion The prevalence of H. pylori infection is moderate and closely associated with the socioeconomic conditions of Wuwei City, as well as the sanitary situations and dietary habits of the participants in the city. Boarding, eating at school, and drinking untreated water are the main factors explaining the rising infection rate in junior-senior high school students.

This article reviewed inhibitory activities of green tea catechins (GTCs) against various tumorigenesis and their suppressive effects on cancer cell progression, metastasis, and angiogenesis according to a great number of kinds of literature, and then summarized the mechanisms of tea catechins-mediated cancer prevention in various cancer types. Special emphasis was placed on summarizing recent research highlighting the related techniques in improving GTCs’ effectiveness in the prevention of tumor progression and/or treatment of cancers. Synergistic effects of catechins when combined with other phytochemicals and drugs, nanostructure- based delivery system, and molecular modifications of EGCG and catechins as means were discussed, and thus provide the basis to better utilize GTCs as the main ingredient of functional foods to reduce the risk of human cancer.

As a non-camellia tea with a rich history in Chinese culture that spans several centuries, Apocynum venetum L. tea is a brewed beverage made from the leaves of the Apocynum venetum L. plant. Despite its long history, little research on the polysaccharides in Apocynum venetum L. leaves has been conducted. In this study, polysaccharide conjugates were extracted from Apocynum venetum L. tea residue under alkaline conditions, referred to as ATPC-A. The conjugates comprised polysaccharide moieties covalently bound to protein. Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions were prepared from the mixtures of the ATPC-A in water and medium-chain triglycerides (MCT). The mean particle diameter (MPD) (d3,2) of the ATPC-A-stabilized emulsions containing 2.00 wt% and 3.00 wt% ATPC-A increased from 0.47 μm to 1.94 μm and 0.37 μm–1.48 μm after storage at 25.0 °C for 10 days. The zeta potentials of the emulsions were also stable around −40.00 mV. Compared to a 5.00 wt% gum arabic (GA)-stabilized emulsion, the ATPC-A-stabilized emulsion containing 1.00 wt% ATPC-A and higher featured smaller particle sizes and stabilities compared to at lower ATPC-A concentrations. Between pH 2.0 and 8.0, the MPD (d3,2) of the ATPC-A emulsions ranged from 21.05 to 5.67 μm, while the zeta potentials ranged from −25.47 to −44.88 mV. Under different concentrations of metal ions (Na+ and Ca2+), the MPD (d3,2) of the ATPC-A emulsion increased from 13.61 to 29.55 μm between 0.10 and 0.50 mol/L Na+) and from 26.60 μm to 43.72 μm between 0.01 and 0.05 mol/L Ca2+. The absolute zeta potential dropped from 35.07 to 32.53 mV (Na+) and from 33.33 mV to 17.63 mV (Ca2+). These results highlighted the utilization of polysaccharide conjugates derived from Apocynum venetum L. leaves and provided a basis for the high-value utilization of Apocynum venetum L. tea residues.

The practical application of pure-silica MFI zeolite membranes for ethanol/water separation by pervaporation is limited by its poor stability. Herein, we present the Si-OH eliminated MFI membranes by a simple dopamine modification, which can effectively prevent the chemical reaction between Si-OH groups and components, endowing the long-term pervaporation stability.

Previous studies have shown that ultra-high pressure (UHP) processing technology to extract, prepare, and sterilize tea beverages (tea infusion) significantly increases the extraction rate of tea polyphenols (catechins), free amino acids, caffeine, and other small molecules in green tea, besides sterilizing and inactivating residual oxidases, such as polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase. UHP avoids the deterioration of color and aroma, as high-quality green tea infusions were obtained with nutritional value and flavor quality close to the original tea. However, the effect of UHP on polysaccharides in green tea infusions is unclear. The water-extracted tea polysaccharide conjugates (TPC-W) and alkali-extracted tea polysaccharide conjugates (TPC-A) from low-grade green tea were subjected to a UHP treatment of 100, 300, and 500 MPa for 5, 12, and 25 min. The circular dichroism (CD) spectra results showed that UHP transformed the secondary structure of the TPC-W and TPC-A from compact and ordered α-helices and β-sheets to disordered β-turns and random coils; one component of TPC-A was dissociated into two components. The absolute values of the zeta potential of TPC-W treated with 100, 300, and 500 MPa increased by 2.4–5.6, 5.3–8.0, and 5.5–9.1 mV, while those of TPC-A increased by 0.5–2.8, 3.5–5.5, and 4.8–6.9 mV, respectively. The stability of TPC-W and TPC-A aqueous solutions treated with 300 and 500 MPa was enhanced during storage at 5°C. These findings will contribute to applying UHP for tea beverage processing and in-depth investigations on the physiochemical properties of TPC, particularly the protein moiety.

Being used as a renewable resource material, waste tea residues are usually applied in pollutants adsorption. However, it is a big challenge to effectively adsorb and degrade the pollutants at the same time in water resources. Herein, we proposed a strategy to prepare green tea residue derived activated carbon (g-AC), which was further used as substrates for loading Ag-TiO2 nanoparticles, forming a complex of Ag-TiO2/g-AC, to adsorb and degrade the dyes in wastewater. The study showed that Ag-TiO2/g-AC complexes behaved an excellent adsorption capacity of 479.5 mg g−1 and a high degradation efficiency of 95.9%. Also, the reusability of Ag-TiO2/g-AC in multiple cycles (n = 4, > 82.9%) revealed its good stability in the degradation process. This work, therefore, provides an alternative to recycle the tea industry-based wastes, offering a waste-to-green method for adsorbing and removing the pollutants in water.

Introduction and importance In surgery, misdiagnosis is not uncommon, usually a result of erroneous image interpretations and pathology diagnosis especially involving a tumor or cancer. Misdiagnosis may cause increased morbidity, mortality and surgical risks. Case presentation A 49-year-old man presented for the second time with a right upper abdominal mass of 7 months. Previous CT scan of abdomen and exploratory surgery made the diagnosis of liver cancer. Two other tertiary hospitals drew the similar conclusions. At a cancer hospital the needle biopsy was suspicious for gastrointestinal stromal tumor, Imatinib was recommended but not started due to high cost. During this re-admission, the diagnosis of liver cancer or GIST was challenged. A high risk surgery was done with successive removal of a giant tumor. A final diagnosis of paraganlioma was made and the patient is now tumor free for 6 years. Clinical discussion There are 4 lessons from this case. First, a paraganlioma may be misdiagnosed. Second, the misdiagnosis may be misled by CT scan and pathology. Third, a misdiagnosis can cause increased morbidity, mortality and surgical risks. Forth, massive intraoperative hemorrhage is a high risk of surgery. Conclusion Careful clinical evaluation combined with pathology diagnosis may reduce the misdiagnosis of some tumor/cancer. Surgical resection may be the only way to reach a diagnosis in patient with paraganlioma. Massive intraoperative hemorrhage is a high risk of surgery in such patients., Highlights • Paraganglioma may be misdiagnosed as other tumor or cancer. • Computed tomography of abdomen is not diagnostic for paraganglioma. • Misdiagnosis can cause increased morbidity, mortality and surgical risks. • Careful clinical evaluation combined with pathological diagnosis can prevent or reduce misdiagnosis of abdominal solid mass. • Massive intraoperative hemorrhage is a high risk of surgery for large garaganglioma.

The oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions were prepared from Scutellaria baicalensis polysaccharide conjugates (SBPC) as an emulsifier and medium-chain triglyceride (MCT). Effects of pH, metal ions and heat treatment on the emulsion stability were investigated. Compared to that of 0.20 1.00 wt% SBPC and 2.00 wt% GA, 2.00 wt% and 3.00 wt% SBPC stabilized emulsion droplets had a smaller particle size and were more stable during 10-day storage at 25 °C. The average particle sizes (d32) of emulsions containing metal ions varied from 4.54 to 6.62 μm (0.100–0.500 mol/L Na+), from 2.63 to 3.86 μm (0.010–0.050 mol/L Ca2+), and from 2.66 to 7.89 μm (0.001–0.030 mol/L Al3+), as well as the zeta potential varying from −17.63 to −19.67 mV (Na+), from −16.50 to −18.13 mV (Ca2+) and from −15.02 to −18.56 mV (Al3+). SBPC emulsion possessed stability under pH 3.0–7.0 and thermal treatment at 70–100 °C during the 10-day storage period. Furthermore, SBPC emulsion inhibited oxidative polymerization of EGC. The average retention rate of EGC was 88.28% on the 10th day. This research provides a new way for development and application of SBPC as an emulsifier.

This research investigated the stabilityof Pu’er tea infusion and Fangbao tea infusion and their contents of biochemical components, such as TP (tea polyphenols), caffeine, water-soluble saccharides, free protein, free amino acids. Compared with green tea, there are a small number of TP and free amino acids in the above two kinds of dark tea and no free amino acids were detected in Fangbao tea. Pu’er tea infusion and Fangbao tea infusion were respectively stored at 2, 30 and 60°C, respectively for 1, 2, 6, 12, 16, 24 and 48 h, respectively to evaluate their stability. The turbidity of Pu’er tea infusion and Fangbao tea infusion began to increase after stored for 6 h and its stability was the worst at 30°C.

The effect of green tea polysaccharide conjugate (gTPC) on the growth of E. coli was evaluated. gTPC has optimal antibacterial concentrations for E. coli DH5α (4.00 mg/mL) and 25,922 (1.00 mg/mL), with the antibacterial rates of 55.75 % and 50.65 % respectively. The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) indicated that gTPC-treated E. coli cells showed obvious morphological changes, part of the cell wall became blurred, and the leakage of cytoplasmic content were observed. The proportion of the propidium iodide (PI) permeable E. coli cells treated using 0.50–2.00 mg/mL gTPC was between 8.79 %–9.49 % as well as 14.10 % (4.00 mg/mL gTPC) and 15.10 % (6.00 mg/mL gTPC). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production of 1.00–4.00 mg/mL gTPC treated E. coli increased by 26.57 %–38.19 % with a significant increase level (p

Influenza epidemics or pandemics can arise for which strain- or subtype-matched vaccines are unavailable. Heterosubtypic immunity (Het-I) targeting conserved influenza A antigens could reduce morbidity and mortality during preparation of matched vaccines. Various vaccines inducing Het-I in animals have been studied separately using different viruses and conditions, but effectiveness for inducing Het-I has not been directly compared. The present studies compared immunization with cold-adapted (ca) viruses to DNA prime-recombinant adenovirus (rAd) boost vaccination to conserved antigens nucleoprotein (NP), matrix-2 (M2), or A/NP+M2. Both ca and DNA-rAd vaccinations induced antibody and T cell responses, and protected against lethal H1N1 challenge. Only A/NP+M2 DNA-rAd protected against challenge with highly pathogenic A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (H5N1); ca vaccine did not. Existing ca vaccines may provide some Het-I, but experimental vaccination focusing on conserved antigens was more effective in this model for protection against a divergent, highly pathogenic virus.

Vaccination of mice with influenza matrix protein 2 induced cross-reactive antibody responses., Changes in influenza viruses require regular reformulation of strain-specific influenza vaccines. Vaccines based on conserved antigens provide broader protection. Influenza matrix protein 2 (M2) is highly conserved across influenza A subtypes. To evaluate its efficacy as a vaccine candidate, we vaccinated mice with M2 peptide of a widely shared consensus sequence. This vaccination induced antibodies that cross-reacted with divergent M2 peptide from an H5N1 subtype. A DNA vaccine expressing full-length consensus-sequence M2 (M2-DNA) induced M2-specific antibody responses and protected against challenge with lethal influenza. Mice primed with M2-DNA and then boosted with recombinant adenovirus expressing M2 (M2-Ad) had enhanced antibody responses that cross-reacted with human and avian M2 sequences and induced T-cell responses. This M2 prime-boost vaccination conferred broad protection against challenge with lethal influenza A, including an H5N1 strain. Vaccination with M2, with key sequences represented, may provide broad protection against influenza A.