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Background and Objective: Leptin-deficient obesity is associated with various systemic diseases including diabetes and low bone mass phenotype. However, the periodontal status of leptin-deficient obese individuals is still unclear. In this study, we aimed to analyze the periodontal status, alveolar bone phenotype, and oral microbiome status in leptin-deficient obese mice (ob/ob mice). Methods: This study used 12-week-old wild-type and ob/ob male mice. The alveolar bone phenotype and periodontal status in the maxilla were analyzed by micro-CT and histological analysis. Osteoclasts in alveolar bone were visualized by TRAP staining. Expressions of inflammatory markers (MMP-9, IL-1β, and TGF-β1) and osteoclastogenic markers (RANKL and OPG) in periodontium were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and RT-qPCR. The oral microbiome was analyzed by 16 S rDNA sequencing. Results: CEJ-ABC distance in maxillary molars (M1-M3) of ob/ob mice was significantly higher compared with that of wild-type. The alveolar bone BV/TV ratio was reduced in ob/ob mice compared with wild-type. Higher numbers of osteoclasts were observed in ob/ob mice alveolar bone adjacent to the molar root. Epithelial hyperplasia in gingiva and disordered periodontal ligaments was observed in ob/ob mice. RANKL/OPG expression ratio was increased in ob/ob mice compared with wild-type. Expressions of inflammatory markers MMP-9, IL-1β, and TGF-β1 were increased in ob/ob mice compared with wild-type. Oral microbiome analysis showed that beneficial bacteria Akkermansia and Ruminococcaceae_UCG_014 were more abundant in the wild-type mice while the inflammation-related Flavobacterium was more abundant in ob/ob mice. Conclusion: In conclusion, ob/ob mice showed higher expressions of inflammatory factors, increased alveolar bone loss, lower abundance of the beneficial bacteria, and higher abundance of inflammatory bacteria in the oral cavity, suggesting leptin-deficient obesity as a risk factor for periodontitis development in ob/ob mice.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to compare differences in facial soft tissue thickness in three-dimensional (3D) images before and after orthognathic surgery in patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion and to obtain a better understanding of the relationship between hard and soft tissue changes after surgery. Materials and method The present retrospective study included 31 patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion with mandibular chin deviation greater than 4 mm who had undergone cone-beam computed tomography before and 6 months after surgery. Seven bilateral points were established. Measurements were taken from software-generated multiplanar reconstructions. The predictor variables were timing (pre- and postoperatively) and side (deviated vs. nondedicated). A regression model and correlation analysis were conducted for statistical analysis. Results The difference of bilateral facial soft tissue thickness was statistically significantly different between deviated and nondeviated sides (P < 0.05), with lower values observed on the deviated side. The soft tissue thickness has become nearly symmetric at local regions of the lower thirds of the face after orthognathic surgery. However, most measurements showed a negative correlation between changes in soft tissue thickness and changes in bone tissues. Conclusions Skeletal Class III malocclusion with facial asymmetry is accompanied by differences in soft tissue thickness when comparing Dev and N-Dev sides of the posterior region of the mandible, where soft tissues are thinner on the Dev side. Soft tissue thickness can compensate for or camouflage the underlying asymmetric mandible. In addition, the asymmetric soft tissue thickness on the lower third of the face can be partially improved by orthognathic surgery, but the amount of soft tissue thickness change is not consistent with that of hard tissue positional change.

BACKGROUND It is a consensus that symptomatic impacted mandibular third molars (MTMs) need to be removed. Although the prophylactic extraction of asymptomatic impacted MTMs remains controversial. This study aims to investigate the effects of MTMs on themselves and adjacent teeth pathophysiology and provide the evidence for prophylactic extraction of impacted MTMs. METHODS A retrospective study of panoramic radiographs of patients visited the Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University from April 2014 to May 2018 was conducted to investigate the dental and periodontal lesions in MTMs and adjacent mandibular second molars (MSMs), as well as the correlation of tooth lesion severity with patient age. RESULTS Among the 2650 impacted MTMs, 6.98% dental lesions and 37.81% periodontal lesions were found, as well as 24.63% dental lesions and 35.30% periodontal lesions in the distal of adjacent MSMs. 9.27%, 2.02%, 0.47%, and 13.33% dental lesions and 48.81%, 17.31%, 5.19%, and 10% periodontal lesions were observed in MTMs with mesioangular, horizontal, inverted and distoangular impaction types, respectively. For the adjacent MSMs, 31.98%, 11.82%, 1.94%, and 13.33% distal dental lesions and 45.74%, 16.95%, 2.91%, and 23.33% distal periodontal lesions were found in mesioangular, horizontal, inverted and distoangular impaction types, respectively. In mesioangular MTMs, the severity of the distal dental and periodontal lesions in the adjacent MSMs showed a high-positive correlation with patient age (P

In clinical practice, it is risky to extract bone-impacted teeth and they're prone to a variety of complications, such as pathological fracture, adjacent tooth fracture, maxillary sinus perforation, and so on, making it difficult for clinicians to decide whether to extract them.In order to illustrate our opinions on the possibility of extracting full third molars (M3), 360 examples of complete third molars were analyzed in this study.We investigated 2189 patients, and 261 of them provided CBCT images of 360 teeth. assessing the degree of second molar(M2) root absorption in connection to age, impacted relationship, contact part, calculating the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval using the Logistic regression analysis equation.Bone-impacted M3 occurred in 11.92% (261/2189) of patients with "impacted teeth" diagnoses. There was a significant difference between the occurrence of M2ERR and the contact parts (P value0.001), and only the type of vertical impaction differed significantly from Level 3 (P 0.05).1) M3 should be removed if root resorption has not occurred in M2. 2) Root resorption is more likely to occur when M3 crown and M2 apical contact. 3) Enough experience, precise preoperative assessment can reduce the dangers to a minimum.

PurposeThis study aimed to investigate the clinical diagnosis and effect of marsupialization for radicular cysts in children. MethodsA retrospective analysis of a 3-year database was performed to evaluate both clinical and radiological features of 26 children with radicular cysts of the jaws. ResultsPediatric jaw cysts are rarely symptomatic and often difficult to differentiate on the basis of clinical presentation and radiologic features alone. When some of these patients first came to the pediatric dentistry department or orthodontics department because of jaw swelling or unerupted teeth, and a decayed tooth could sometimes be found on the lesion. The results of pathological examinations after marsupialization revealed radicular cysts in all cases. The postoperative follow-up period was 12-27 months. All 26 children showed good results with permanent teeth eruption, and seven patients required orthodontic treatment. Conclusions The diagnosis of radicular cysts of the jaws in children depends on correct interpretation of clinical, radiographic, and pathological data. Marsupialization can have a good therapeutic effect with a low risk of surgical complications, and can protect vital anatomical structures such as the roots of the teeth, inferior alveolar nerve, maxillary sinus, and permanent tooth germs.

The main complications of tooth extraction include jaw fracture, maxillary sinus damage, adjacent teeth damage, nerve damage, root fracture, infection, bleeding, and swelling. Despite the theoretical possibility that tooth extraction could result in nasolacrimal duct obstruction, to the best of our knowledge, no cases have yet been reported. In the present study, we describe a case in which the nasolacrimal duct was partially obstructed after extraction of an impacted maxillary canine, causing paranasal discomfort and lower eyelid swelling.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate short- and long-term postoperative changes of both morphology and transverse stability in mandibular ramus after intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy (IVRO) in patients with jaw deformity using three-dimensional (3D) orthognathic surgery planning treatment software for measurement of distances and angles. Study design This retrospective study included consecutive patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion who had undergone intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy and computed tomography images before (T0), immediately after (T1), and 1 year after (T2) surgery. Reference points, reference lines and evaluation items were designated on the reconstructed 3D surface models to measure distances, angles and volume. The average values at T0, T1, T2 and time-dependent changes in variables were obtained. Results After surgery, the condylar length, ramal height, mandibular body length and mandibular ramus volume were significantly decreased (P P P P Conclusion Changes in the morphology of the mandibular ramus caused by IVRO do not obviously bring negative effect on facial appearance. Furthermore, despite position and angle of mandibular ramus changed after IVRO, good transverse stability was observed postoperatively. Therefore, IVRO technique can be safely used without compromising esthetic results.

This article describes how basing on the future behavior of microgrid system, forecasting renewable energy power generation, load and real-time electricity price, a model predictive control (MPC) strategy is proposed in this article to optimize microgrid operations, while meeting the time-varying requirements and operation constraints. Considering the problems of unit commitment, energy storage, economic dispatching, sale-purchase of electricity and load reduction schedule, the authors first model a microgrid system with a large number of constraints and variables to model the power generation technology and physical characteristics. Meanwhile the authors use a mixed logic dynamical framework to guarantee a reasonable behavior for grid interaction and storage and consider the influences of battery life and recession. Then for forecasting uncertainties in the microgrid, a feedback mechanism is introduced in MPC to solve the problem by using a receding horizon control. The objective of minimizing the operation costs is achieved by an MPC strategy for scheduling the behaviors of components in the microgrid. Finally, a comparative analysis has been carried out between the MPC and some traditional control methods. The MPC leads to a significant improvement in operating costs and on the computational burden. The economy and efficiency of the MPC are shown by the simulations.

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in the progression of tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC). Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively investigate the role of lncRNAs in TSCC.In this study, RNA sequencing was performed to examine the expression profiles of lncRNAs and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) of patients with TSCC. The expression of selected lncRNAs in TSCC and paired adjacent tissues as well as in cell lines was validated via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The cell function of lncRNA iodothyronine deiodinase 2 antisense RNA 1 (DIO2-AS1) overexpression was assessed through 5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4.5-dimethyl-thiazoly)-3-(4-sulfophenyl) tetrazolium inner salt and Transwell assays.A total of 342 lncRNAs and 6392 mRNAs were differentially expressed in TSCC tissues compared with paired adjacent tissues. qRT-PCR revealed the increased expression of AC093818.1 and reduced expression of CYP4F35P and DIO2-AS1 in TSCC. Furthermore, DIO2-AS1 overexpression inhibited Cal-27 cell proliferation, migration, and invasion.We provide evidence that DIO2-AS1 is involved in TSCC progression. This study provides a direction for subsequent research.

The purpose of this study was to combine polydioxanone and concentrated growth factor extracts to enhance the stimulation of fibroblast collagen synthesis by polydioxanone in facial plastic. In thi...

Aim To compare the anaesthetic effect of combination of inferior alveolar nerve block anaesthesia and local infiltration anaesthesia with nerve block anaesthesia techniques in the extraction of mandibular third molars.Materials and methods One hundred and fifty healthy adult volunteers were divided into three groups and were administered three different local anaesthetic techniques before tooth extractions: group A (inferior alveolar nerve, lingual nerve and buccal nerve block anaesthesia with lidocaine), group B (inferior alveolar nerve, lingual nerve and buccal nerve block anaesthesia with mepivacaine) and group C (inferior alveolar nerve block anaesthesia with lidocaine and infiltration anaesthesia with mepivacaine). The patients' reported pain on anaesthesia injection and tooth extraction, the surgeon's assessment of anaesthetic effect, the severity of intra-operative bleeding and post-operative complications were evaluated.Results There was no significant difference in visual analogue scale (VAS)-pain of anaesthesia among the three groups. Compared with groups A and B, group C had reduced VAS-pain of tooth extraction scores. Additionally, the surgeon's assessment of anaesthetic effect improved and intra-operative bleeding decreased.Conclusions The combination of inferior alveolar nerve block and infiltration anaesthesia provides a stronger anaesthetic effect in the extraction of mandibular third molars.

The purpose of this study was to compare the changes of the condylar axis, the anteroposterior condylar position relative to the glenoid fossa, after intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy (IVRO).21 patients diagnosed as skeletal class III malocclusion underwent IVRO and were followed according to the authors' postoperative management regimen. The three-dimensional positions of the condyles were evaluated by cone-beam computerized tomography (CBCT) at pre-op, post-op, and at follow-up. CBCT images were referenced to assess the condylar axis change and the anteroposterior condylar position in the glenoid fossa. A repeated-measures analysis of variance (P0.05) also was performed.After surgery, both the axial condylar angles and the anteroposterior condylar position were significantly different (P0.05). The coronal condylar axis rotated outwardly. The anteroposterior condylar position in the glenoid fossa had moved from the concentric to the anterior position. But the condyle changes between post-op and follow-up (P0.05) were insignificant.With postoperative intermaxillary elastic traction, the condyles changed their positions physiologically for newly established jaw movement after IVRO.

The epithelial disintegration and the mesenchymal bridging are critical steps in the fusion of facial prominences during the upper lip development. These processes of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and programmed cell death are mainly influenced by Wnt signals. Axis inhibition protein2 (Axin2), a major component of the Wnt pathway, has been reported to be involved in lip development and cleft pathogenesis. We wanted to study the involvement of Axin2 in the lip development, especially during the epithelial disintegration of facial prominences. Our results show that Axin2 was expressed mainly in the epithelium of facial prominences and decreased when the prominences were about to contact each other between Hamburger-Hamilton stages 27 and 28 of chicken embryos. The epithelial integrity was destructed or kept intact by the local gain or loss of Axin2 expression, resulting in morphological changes in the facial processes and their skeletal derivatives including the maxilla, nasal, premaxilla bone, and their junctions without cleft formation. These changes were related to expression changes in nuclear β-catenin, pGSK3β, Slug, Smad3, E-cadherin, and p63. All these data indicate that Axin2 participates in the regulation of epithelial integrity and fusion by promoting epithelial disassociation, basement membrane breakdown, and seam loss during the fusion of facial prominences in lip development.

Background Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) is a highly malignant tumor and oral disease. We intended to identify the function and mechanism of lncRNA H19 in TSCC. Methods Twenty-two TSCC samples were obtained, and expression levels of lncRNA H19 were measured by quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR). After experimentally upregulating expression of lncRNA H19 in TSCC cells, proliferation, invasion and migration were assessed. Further, dual-luciferase reporter gene assays were used to examine the relationship between lncRNA H19 and GPR55. Results LncRNA H19 was expressed at lower levels in TSCC tissues than in normal tissues. When lncRNA H19 was overexpressed, miR-675-5p expression levels were also upregulated, leading to reduced proliferation, invasion and migration of CAL27 and SCC9 cells. Dual-luciferase reporter gene assays revealed that miR-675-5p binds to GPR55, which might promote growth in TSCCs. Conclusions The lncRNA H19/miR-675-5p/GPR55 axis might inhibit cell proliferation, invasion and migration in TSCC.

Over the past four decades, it has become accepted that periodontal disease is caused by specific bacterial infections and that individuals are uniformly susceptible neither to these infections nor to the damage caused by them. The specific bacterial infections and the composition of the environment in which these bacteria easily settle cause an immune response. The immune cells involved in pathogenesis of periodontitis migrate into the periodontitis lesion and advance the disease. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the correlation between immune cell migration and progression of periodontal disease by inducing estrogen deficiency through ovariectomy (OVX) to mimic postmenopausal women and treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The LPS derived from Porphyromonas gingivalis induced periodontitis and absorption of the alveolar bone dose-dependently. However, the alveolar crest level reduction after LPS injection between OVX and Sham operated mice did not show a significant difference. Matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9), which is known to be able to detect the progression of periodontitis in general, was not significantly different between OVX and Sham groups. However, immune cells such as T-lymphocytes and neutrophils migrated less overall in OVX groups than Sham operated groups. These findings can be a topic of debate on the old controversy regarding the relationship between periodontal disease and hormonal change. Currently, in clinical practice, menopause is not a major consideration in the treatment of periodontal disease. This study suggests that treatment methods and medication should be considered in the treatment of infectious periodontal disease in postmenopausal women.

Concentrated growth factor (CGF) is an autogenuous product that contains highly concentrated number of platelets and can be derived from venous blood by selective centrifugation. It has been speculated that local growth factors in human platelets (insulinlike growth factor, IGF; transforming growth factor, TGF-b; platelet derived growth factor, PDGF) would enhance healing of grafts and also counteract resorption. The osteogensis effect of CGF and acellular dermal matrix (ADM) for alveolar cleft defects was evaluated in this study. Twenty alveolar cleft patients were divided randomly into two groups. One group underwent guided bone regeneration (GBR) using acellular dermal matrix film combined with alveolar bone grafting using iliac crest bone grafts (GBR group), while the other group underwent alveolar bone grafting combined with CGF (CGF group). Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were obtained at 1 week and 6 months following the procedure. Using Mimics 17.0 software, the bone resorption rate and bone density improvement rate were calculated and compared between the two groups. Although not significant between ADM and CGF in bone resorption rate, the bone density improvement in cases with CGF(61.62 ± 4.728%) was much better than in cases with ADM (27.05 ± 5.607%) (p = 0.0002). Thus, CGF could be recommended to patients with alveolar cleft as a better choice.

Regenerative orthopedics needs significant devices to transplant human stem cells into damaged tissue and encourage automatic growth into replacements suitable for the human skeleton. Soft biomaterials have similarities in mechanical, structural and architectural properties to natural extracellular matrix (ECM), but often lack essential ECM molecules and signals. Here we engineer mineralized polysaccharide beads to transform MSCs into osteogenic cells and osteoid tissue for transplantation. Bone morphogenic proteins (BMP-2) and indispensable ECM proteins both directed differentiation inside alginate beads. Laminin and collagen IV basement membrane matrix proteins fixed and organized MSCs onto the alginate matrix, and BMP-2 drove differentiation, osteoid tissue self-assembly, and small-scale mineralization. Augmentation of alginate is necessary, and we showed that a few rationally selected small proteins from the basement membrane (BM) compartment of the ECM were sufficient to upregulate cell expression of Runx-2 and osteocalcin for osteoid formation, resulting in Alizarin red-positive mineral nodules. More significantly, nested BMP-2 and BM beads added to a non-union skull defect, self-generated osteoid expressing osteopontin (OPN) and osteocalcin (OCN) in a chain along the defect, at only four weeks, establishing a framework for complete regeneration expected in 6 and 12 weeks. Alginate beads are beneficial surgical devices for transplanting therapeutic cells in programmed (by the ECM components and alginate-chitosan properties) reaction environments ideal for promoting bone tissue.

It is widely known that the β-adrenergic receptor (AR) blocker (propranolol) inhibits human endothelial cell (EC) angiogenesis in vitro, but how the α-AR antagonist (phentolamine) affects human EC angiogenesis has not yet been studied. Here, we show for the first time that both human dermal microvascular ECs (HDMECs) and human brain microvascular ECs (HBMECs) express α-ARs. Moreover, our results indicate that phentolamine inhibits the proliferation, migration, and tubulogenesis of HDMECs and HBMECs. Finally, VEGFR-2 and Ang1/2 expression of HDMECs was suppressed by phentolamine. Together, these results indicate that phentolamine impairs several critical events of neovascularization, and α-ARs, as well as the VEGF/VEGFR-2 and Ang/Tie-2 signaling pathways, may be involved in these processes. Our results suggest a novel therapeutic strategy for the use of α-blockers in the treatment of human angiogenesis-dependent diseases.

Kang Y. H., Kim B. C., Park K. R., Yon J. Y., Kim H. J., Tak H. J., Piao Z., Kim M. K., Lee S. H. Visual pathway-related horizontal reference plane for three-dimensional craniofacial analysis Orthod Craniofac Res 2012;15:245–254. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S Structured Abstract Authors – Kang YH, Kim BC, Park KR, Yon JY, Kim HJ, Tak HJ, Piao Z, Kim MK, Lee SH Objectives – To construct three-dimensional (3D) horizontal reference planes based on visual pathway and to determine their stability and reliability by analyzing the structural patterns of normal and dysmorphology for 3D craniofacial analysis. Setting and Sample Population – Thirty-six subjects with maxillofacial dysmorphology and malocclusion, and eight normal controls. Materials and Methods Population – On the 3D computed tomographic images of the subjects, the visual pathway-based planes, including the orbital axis plane (OAP), visual axis plane (VAP), and the optical axis plane (OpAP), were constructed and evaluated. Results – The OAP, but not the VAP and OpAP, showed the ideal relationship between the midsagittal and posterior maxillary plane, and properly described the different patterns of maxillofacial dysmorphology with craniofacial plane 1 of Delaire’s analysis and the occlusal plane. Conclusions – The proposed visual pathway-related horizontal reference planes, and in particular the OAP, seem to correctly express the visual axis and the position of the head in natural head position and can be used as a horizontal reference plane for the 3D analysis of craniofacial dysmorphology and anthropology.

The aim of this study was to present a systematic sequence for three-dimensional (3D) measurement and cephalometry, provide the norm data for computed tomography-based 3D architectural and structural cephalometric analysis, and validate the 3D data through comparison with Delaire's two-dimensional (2D) lateral cephalometric data for the same Korean adults. 2D and 3D cephalometric analyses were performed for 27 healthy subjects and the measurements of both analyses were then individually and comparatively analyzed. Essential diagnostic tools for 3D cephalometry with modified definitions of the points, planes, and measurements were set up based on a review of the conceptual differences between two and three dimensions. Some 2D and 3D analysis results were similar, though significant differences were found with regard to craniofacial angle (C1-F1), incisal axis angles, cranial base length (C2), and cranial height (C3). The discrepancy in C2 and C3 appeared to be directly related to the magnification of 2D cephalometric images. Considering measurement discrepancies between 2D and 3D Delaire's analyses due to differences in concept and design, 3D architectural and structural analysis needs to be conducted based on norms and a sound 3D basis for the sake of its accurate application and widespread adoption.

Objectives The three-dimensional (3D) asymmetric structure of the mandible makes it necessary to analyze both its size and angle. Currently the developing 3D analysis techniques are not able to perform the simultaneous linear and angular measurements. Our aim was to evaluate mandibular asymmetry using a vector-based system by constructing 3D vectors for the mandibular functional units. Material and methods We analyzed the 3D computed tomography images of normal control ( N = 27) and asymmetric mandibles ( N = 40). We created 3D vectors for the condylar, coronoid, body, gonial, and symphyseal functional units and compared the corresponding pairs of 3D vectors by calculating vector operations. Results The vector difference and other vector components represented the individual 3D architectural pattern and severity of the asymmetric mandible. The body unit contributed most to mandibular asymmetry followed by the condylar unit. Conclusions The results indicate that 3D vector analysis can improve our understanding of the 3D architecture of asymmetric mandibles. This type of 3D vector analysis can be a useful tool for the comprehensive evaluation of its asymmetric mandibular structure.