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Aggressive collective action online has many negative impacts on the online environment and can even lead to political violence or social panic in the offline world. Although the effect of relative deprivation on aggression toward the compared object is well known, the influence of relative deprivation on aggressive collective action online toward deprivation-related provocateurs within the group has been ignored. Thus, this study attempted to explore the effect, as well as the mediating mechanism underlying it. We found that group relative deprivation manipulated by an employment problem scenario (with the triggering event as a covariable) can enhance aggressive collective action online toward deprivation-related provocateurs within the group, with hostile feelings mediating the effect. These results support and develop the relative deprivation theory, frustration-aggression theory, stress and coping theory, and deepen the understanding of the relationship between relative deprivation and aggression. The findings also suggest that colleges should focus more on graduate employment problems and decreasing the relative deprivation experienced by undergraduate students in efforts to prevent aggressive collective action online., Author(s): Shu Su [sup.1] [sup.2] , Jiachun Zhang [sup.1] [sup.2] , Ling-Xiang Xia [sup.1] [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/01kj4z117, grid.263906.8, 0000 0001 0362 4044, Research Center of Psychology and Social [...]

BackgroundAedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse, 1894) is the main vector of dengue virus in China. The resistance to insecticides is a huge obstacle for the control of this species, and determining its resistance status and mechanisms in China is essential for the implementation of vector management strategies.MethodsWe have investigated the larval and adult resistance status of Ae. albopictus to deltamethrin in eight field populations in China. Mutations at the voltage-gated sodium channel gene, related to the knockdown resistance (kdr) effect, were detected by sequencing of PCR products. The eight field populations were examined for pyrethroid resistance using the World Health Organization standard bioassays, and the association between the mutations and phenotypic resistance was tested.ResultsThe eight field populations of larvae of Ae. albopictus in China exhibited high resistance to deltamethrin; the RR50 values ranged from 12 (ZJ) to 44 (GZ). Adult bioassay revealed that Ae. albopictus populations were resistant to deltamethrin (mortality rate

This study explores the potential medicinal properties of Bletilla striata fibrous roots by comparing their active ingredient contents and antioxidant activity with those in tubers. The study further examines the effects of growth age and origin on the distribution characteristics of medicinal properties in fibrous roots and identifies biomarkers that distinguish these characteristics. The Δ E value of fibrous roots significantly increases with age and is significantly influenced by origin; both the age and origin also significantly affect militarine content and antioxidant activity; a positive correlation exists between appearance quality, active ingredients, and antioxidant activity. The total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of fibrous roots significantly exceed those of tubers. The militarine content in both 1-year-old and 2-year-old fibrous roots complies with the 2020 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, suggesting that the fibrous roots possess medicinal potential. Additionally, this study demonstrates that the OPLS-DA model can differentiate 1-year-old and non-1-year-old fibrous roots of Bletilla striata and distinguish between their origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultra-wideband positioning is based on the marked point distance measured by the base station and a set of non-linear positioning equations to obtain the precise device position by applying Taylor series expansion algorithm, Chan algorithm or least square solution. Among these algorithms, the Taylor series expansion algorithm has high solution accuracy, but has a strong dependence on the initial value. If the initial value is not selected properly, the algorithm will not converge. In order to solve the above problems, a hybrid solution (BSO-Taylor) method combining brain storm optimization (BSO) and Taylor series expansion is proposed. The BSO algorithm is used to solve the optimal solution for minimizing the error function from the mobile station to the base station. The time different of arrival(TDOA) value of the optimal individual is used as the initial value of the Taylor series expansion algorithm to carry out the Taylor expansion solution to obtain the positioning information.This method solves the problem that the Taylor series expansion algorithm requires better initial value. Moreover, the results of Chan algorithm, Taylor series expansion algorithm and the BSO-Taylor hybrid solution method are compared. The results show that the BSO-Taylor hybrid solution method obtains the iterative initial value close to the true position through the global search strategy. The method not only obtains the positioning performance close to the true value, but also solves the sensitivity of the Taylor series expansion algorithm to the bad initial values. Compared with the Chan algorithm, the solution of the BSO-Taylor hybrid solution method is more stable and more accurate. Compared with the Taylor series expansion algorithm, the initial position of which is the true position, the solution error of the BSO-Taylor hybrid solution is slightly larger. The effects of the variation of the positioning distance and the variation of the standard deviation of the TDOA measurements value on the Taylor series expansion algorithm and the hybrid BSO-Taylor solution method are basically the same. However, the effect on the Chan algorithm is greater.

The mechanism of biochar remediation of heavy metal contamination in soils has been studied quite a lot, but there are still many uncertainties about the effect of interaction between biochar and functional bacteria that adsorb and leach heavy metals. In this paper, we conducted a pot experiment to investigate in depth the effects of biochar, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, and their combined treatment on heavy metal contents (Cr, As, Cd, and Pb) in soil and lettuce by using biochar and A. ferrooxidans. The results showed that biochar, A. ferrooxidans, and combined treatment increased soil pH by 42.55 ~ 51.06% and decreased the content of heavy metals in soil (0.07 ~ 60.80%). The average decrease was as follows: combined treatment (28.42%) > biochar (22.35%) > A. ferrooxidans (18.94%). All three treatments reduced the content of heavy metals in lettuce (26.19–84.42%), and the average size was combined treatment (60.82%) > biochar (52.55%) > A. ferrooxidans (44.00%). Biochar and A. ferrooxidans inhibited the enrichment of heavy metals in lettuce and promoted the growth of lettuce and the increase of nutrients. The combination of biochar and A. ferrooxidans can effectively control soil heavy metal pollution. The combined treatment can reduce the heavy metal content of lettuce and promote its growth, which is an excellent material for soil heavy metal deterrent control and has distinguished application prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abies fanjingshanensis trees are the only remaining Abies species in a type of subtropical forest of southwest China and are in imminent danger. Previous studies suggested that the massive death of Abies was caused by the unbalanced chemometrics and nutrients in the soil. To the best of our knowledge, for the first time, we evaluated the microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE) in the rhizospheric topsoil and subsoil of A. fanjingshanensis, at high elevation, middle elevation, and low elevation as well as investigated their physicochemical indices, soil enzyme activities, bacteria, fungi, and microbial biomass. The results showed that the physicochemical parameters (TP, SOC, AK, AP, MC, TN, NO3-N, NH4-N and cation exchange capacity) of the topsoil were higher than those of the subsoil. Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria, Planctomycetes, and Actinobacteria were the dominant phyla in the two soil layers. Candidatus_Koribacter was the main indicator species in the rhizospheric topsoil and subsoil. The positive correlation in the bacterial co-occurrence networks implied that cooperation was dominant between the bacteria in four soil types, and the same phenomenon was found in the co-occurrence networks of fungi. A structural equation model confirmed that pH was the most important factor affecting microbial CUE in the topsoil and subsoil. We inferred that the microorganisms in the acidic soil environment were forced to consume more energy to maintain cellular pH, while less energy was used for growth. The increased solubility of some toxic metals in the acidic soil affected the microbes, resulting in a lower microbial CUE in the A. fanjingshanensis rhizospheric soil. Our results highlight that pH values in soil mainly affected microbial CUE, and a lower microbial CUE may be another important factor in the death of large numbers of A. fanjingshanensis. Several measures must be carried out to improve the microbial CUE in the rhizospheric soil of A. fanjingshanensis by the department of forest management, such as adding the appropriate biochar and nitrogenous fertilizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the relationship between the characteristics of quality components and trace elements of Niaowang tea from Guizhou Province in mountainous plateau areas. The contents of catechin monomers and eight other trace elements were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), respectively. The results showed that the tender summer leaves of Niaowang tea in Guizhou Province had the highest content of catechins at 3558.15~2226.52 μg·g−1. The content of ester catechins was the highest in summer, amounting to 69.75~72.42% of the total catechins. The content of non-ester catechins was the highest in autumn, reaching 52.54~62.28% of the total catechins; among ester catechins, the mass fraction of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) showed a pattern of mature summer leaves > tender summer leaves > mature autumn leaves > tender autumn leaves, and the mass fractions of gallocatechin gallate (GCG) and epicatechin gallate (ECG) were larger in autumn than in summer; gallocatechin (GC) had no significant correlation with different trace elements, and Mn had no significant correlations with different catechin monomers. EGCG was significantly negatively correlated with As, Se, Hg, Pb, Ni, and Zn. Additionally, gallic acid (GA) was significantly negatively correlated with As, Hg and Ni. Other catechin monomers were largely significantly positively correlated with trace elements. The biochemical indicators of the phenotype of Niaowang tea show that the summer and autumn buds are suited for making high-quality green tea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yellow soil is a type of soil rich in hydrated iron oxide that is extensively distributed in the typical karst areas of Guizhou Province, southwest China. Concomitantly, the higher contents of metal(oid)s are observed in the soil of karst areas in Guizhou Province, and there are few reports to study the inner relationship between local soil and metal(oid)s in the here. Hence, the present study mainly aimed to understand the adsorption and desorption characteristics of metal(oid)s in yellow soils of a typical karst area using kinetics and adsorption isotherms. The effects of temperature, pH and electrolytes on adsorption were also examined. The risk of metal(oid)s in soil was also evaluated by geoaccumulation and tomlinson pollution load indexes. The results showed that the pH value of yellow soil collected from Guizhou Province was 6.41, making it a weakly acidic soil, and the average concentrations of organic matter and CaCO3 were approximately 1.12% and 0.88%, respectively. The adsorption of metal(oid)s did not significantly vary with an increase in the CaCO3 concentration in the yellow soil. The metal(oid)s adsorption of the yellow soil improved with an increasing clay content. The Hg content in the yellow soil far exceeded the standard value (GB 15618–2018), with a corresponding cumulative evaluation of grade 1 according to the geoaccumulation index. Tomlinson pollution load indexes exhibited that the comprehensive score of the selected metal(oid)s in the yellow soil was 0.60, corresponding to no pollution. The adsorption behavior of As onto the yellow soil can be interpreted through pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Langmuir model, where the maximum adsorption was observed at 1318 mg/kg. The adsorption of most metal(oid)s increased with increasing temperature. The adsorption of Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn and As did not obviously fluctuate with an increasing NaNO3 concentration. Notably, local related departments should take measures to decrease the Hg content in this soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the spatial distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon (SOC) coupled with rocky desertification, 1212 soil samples from 152 soil profiles were sampled from different karst landforms, including karst low hills/virgin forest (KLH) in Libo County, a karst peak-cluster depression (KPCD) in Xingyi County, a karst canyon (KC) in Guanling County, a karst plateau basin (KPB) in Puding County and a karst trough valley (KTV) in Yinjiang County. The spatial distribution characteristics of the responses of SOC, SOC density (SOCD), rocky desertification and soil bulk density (SBD) to different influencing factors were analyzed. The relationships among SOC, SOCD, rocky desertification and SBD were analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis. The SOC storage capacity was characterized by using SOCD, and then the SOC storage capacity in different evolution stages of karst landforms was assessed. The SOC contents of KLH, KPCD, KC, KPB and KTV ranged from 6.16 to 38.20 g·kg−1, 7.42 to 27.08 g·kg−1, 6.28 to 35.17 g·kg−1, 4.62 to 23.79 g·kg−1 and 5.24 to 37.85 g·kg−1, respectively, and their average SOCD values (0–100 cm) were 7.37, 10.79, 7.06, 8.51 and 7.84 kg·m−2, respectively. The karst landforms as ordered by SOC storage capacity were KPCD > KPB > KLH > KTV > KC. The SOC content was negatively correlated with the SBD; light rocky desertification may lead to SOC accumulation. The rocky desertification degree and SBD were closely associated with slope position and gradient. Rocky desertification first increased, then decreased from mountain foot to summit, and increased with increasing slope gradient. However, the SBD decreased from mountain foot to summit and with increasing slope gradient. The SOC contents on the northern aspect of the mountains were generally higher than the other aspects. In summary, rock outcrops controlled the SOC contents in the studied regions. The slope position, gradient and aspect influenced the composition and distribution of vegetation, which influenced the evolution of rocky desertification. Therefore, these factors indirectly affected the SOC content. Additionally, the SOCD decreased with increasing rocky desertification. During the different evolution stages of karst landforms, the SOC storage capacity first decreases, then increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Low-altitudinal soil had a wider niche for specialists and generalists. • pH had the greatest impact on soil bacterial community in the three altitudinal soils. • The species turnover rate was ranked as low->middle->high-altitudinal soils. • Low-altitudinal soil was more suitable for the growth of soil bacterias on Fanjing Mountain. Recent evidence suggests that Abies fanjingshanensis , endemic to China's Fanjing Mountain—a UNESCO World Heritage site—is facing a worrying decline. It is postulated that this decline is intricately linked to soil conditions. In response, this study has categorized microbial communities as generalists or specialists within soils from varying altitudes and has examined their relationship with soil nutrient status, as well as their implications for species extinction and diversification rates. Our findings indicate that low-altitude soils provide a more expansive and significant ecological niche for both specialist and generalist species compared to those from mid- and high-altitudes. Moreover, microbial diversity was markedly higher in the low-altitude soils. Soil pH emerged as the predominant factor influencing microbial communities across all elevations. In accordance with pH variations, species turnover rates followed an ascending order from low to high altitudes, corroborated by the specialization rates of generalists, which were 16.83, 1.50, and 3.06 times higher in low-, mid-, and high-altitude soils, respectively. Network stability analysis revealed that low-altitude soils exhibited greater robustness compared to their higher altitude counterparts. These results suggest that low-altitude soils on Fanjing Mountain present a more favorable environment for soil bacterial growth, potentially elucidating the marked decline of rare plant species in the mid- and high-altitude regions. This research contributes to a more nuanced understanding of the interplay between microbial communities and soil nutrition on Fanjing Mountain, with broader implications for the conservation of rare montane flora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]