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ZSM-5 `is a porous zeolite material that reveals good activity for the adsorption of heavy metals and other contaminants for effluent purification. In this scientific research, we synthesized the novel CaO-CdO/ZSM-5 zeolite nanocomposite adsorbent and studied the effects of different parameters on the adsorption of Pb2+ ions from water media for the first time. About 99.2% adsorption removal efficiency was obtained after a contact time of 60 min and an adsorbent amount of 0.1g/L for an initial Pb2+ concentration of 200mg/L at pH 8 and temperature of 60oC. The adsorption kinetic fit well via the pseudo-second-order model. Furthermore, the adsorption results were reproduced using the Langmuir isotherm with a maximum adsorption capacity of mg/g. The thermodynamic data displayed that the adsorption of Pb2+ ions over the CaO-CdO/ZSM-5 nanocomposite was endothermic and spontaneous.

The drug delivery application of Porous metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have been investigated due to their unique structures which are built of inorganic nodes and organic ligands. In present study, zsm-5-5-FU was successfully prepared by applied for delivery of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Using variety of analytical methods including FTIR, FESEM, EDS, and the prepared nanostructure was characterized. Results revealed the placement of the drug in zeolite is well done and also the in vitro loading and releasing studies, for 5-FU was evaluated. In addition, Based on the in vitro cytotoxicity results, zsm-5-5Fu was able to increase cytotoxicity compared to that of 5-Fu on HT-29 cancerous cells indicating the highlighted role of this drug delivery system.

The drug delivery application of Porous metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have been investigated due to their unique structures which are built of inorganic nodes and organic ligands. In present study, Uio-68-5-FU was successfully prepared by applied for delivery of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Using variety of analytical methods including FTIR, FESEM, EDS, and the prepared nanostructure was characterized. Results revealed the placement of the drug in zeolite is well done and also the in vitro loading and releasing studies, for 5-FU was evaluated. In addition, Based on the in vitro cytotoxicity results, Uio-68-5Fu was able to increase cytotoxicity compared to that of 5-Fu on HT-29 cancerous cells indicating the highlighted role of this drug delivery system.

The drug delivery application of Porous metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have been investigated due to their unique structures which are built of inorganic nodes and organic ligands. In present study, Uio-68-doxorubicin was successfully prepared by applied for delivery of doxorubicin. Using variety of analytical methods including FTIR, FESEM, EDS, and the prepared nanostructure was characterized. Results revealed the placement of the drug in zeolite is well done and also the in vitro loading and releasing studies, for doxorubicin was evaluated. In addition, based on the in vitro cytotoxicity results, Uio-68-doxorubicin was able to increase cytotoxicity compared to that of doxorubicin on HT-29 cancerous cells indicating the highlighted role of this drug delivery system.

In pursuit of development of a drug carrying platform for delivery of Podophillotoxin, an anti-cancer drug, a porous metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), ZSM-5, was synthesized and used. The unique structure of ZSM-5 which are built of inorganic nodes and organic ligands lead to successful encapsulation of different ions and molecules. Following our recent study, ZSM-5was prepared and characterized using variety of analytical methods containing FTIR, FESEM, and EDS. The loading and releasing profile of Podophyllotoxin in the synthesized platform ZSM-5were evaluated.The in vitro cytotoxicity results revealed ZSM-5- Podophyllotoxin was able to increase cytotoxicity compared to that of Podophyllotoxin on HT-29 cancerous cells indicating the remarkable role of this drug delivery system.

The drug delivery application of Zeolites as a drug carrying platforms have been investigated due to their unique structures which can encapsulated different ions and molecules. In present study, UIO-66 was successfully prepared by applied for delivery of Quercetin. Using variety of analytical methods containing FTIR, FESEM, and EDS the synthesized nanostructure was characterized. Based on the in vitro cytotoxicity results, Uio-66-Quercetin was able to increase cytotoxicity compared to that of Quercetin on A549 cancerous cells indicating the remarkable role of this drug delivery system.

Until recently, the environment was considered a fantasy topic and beyond the basic human needs. And the result has been a vital and universal issue from the point of view of the inhabitants of the earth. This process has grown in the context of international interactions and has become a source of human demands. This platform has taken a strong shape in the framework of diplomacy and has responded to many concerns. But in the meantime, although valuable moves have been made, environmental hazards are still a problem facing the international community today, and these environmental problems can be attributed to a social crisis that poses a threat to peace and security. In this regard, climate change is one of the emerging or new threats that include many challenges such as global warming, greenhouse gas instability, ozone depletion, ice melting, rising sea levels, oceanic phenomena and acid rain

During drug development, standard or average dosages are determined. However, people react differently to drugs. Many factors, including weight, genetic makeup, and the presence of other disorders, affect response to medication. These factors need to be taken into account when a doctor determines the dosage for a particular person. Rational design strategies used to develop multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitors (MTKIs), which were an emerging model when first published in early 2000, became one of the hottest topics in drug discovery in 2019, providing opportunities for innovative drug discovery and development. The current review provides a comprehensive presentation of the application of high throughput, in silico screening, and knowledge-based techniques in MTKI design, including machine learning, structure-based, sieving virtual-based, de novo-based, fragment-based, ligand-based, and other related design approaches. After presenting the basic principles, this review outlines the possibilities and limitations of the methods and addresses studies conducted by the drug discovery community both within academia and pharmaceutical companies. products, especially on multi-targeted drugs already on the market. The rationale used behind the design and results achieved through these adoption strategies were clearly discussed in the hope of presenting a "big picture" of the adoption of strategic approaches. Recent and successful examples attract the attention of researchers working in this field.

Plasma is one of the four fundamental states of matter. It contains a significant portion of charged particles – ions and/or electrons. The presence of these charged particles is what primarily sets plasma apart from the other fundamental states of matter. It is the most abundant form of ordinary matter in the universe,[2] being mostly associated with stars,[3] including the Sun.[4][5] It extends to the rarefied intracluster medium and possibly to intergalactic regions.[6] Plasma can be artificially generated by heating a neutral gas or subjecting it to a strong electromagnetic field. The presence of charged particles makes plasma electrically conductive, with the dynamics of individual particles and macroscopic plasma motion governed by collective electromagnetic fields and very sensitive to externally applied fields.[7] The response of plasma to electromagnetic fields is used in many modern technological devices, such as plasma televisions or plasma etching.[8] Depending on temperature and density, a certain amount of neutral particles may also be present, in which case plasma is called partially ionized. Neon signs and lightning are examples of partially ionized plasmas.[9] Unlike the phase transitions between the other three states of matter, the transition to plasma is not well defined and is a matter of interpretation and context.[10] Whether a given degree of ionization suffices to call a substance 'plasma' depends on the specific phenomenon being considered.Plasma is the clear, straw-colored liquid portion of blood that remains after red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and other cellular components are removed. It is the single largest component of human blood, comprising about 55 percent, and contains water, salts, enzymes, antibodies and other proteins. Plasma is superheated matter -so hot that the electrons are ripped away from the atoms forming an ionized gas. It comprises over 99% of the visible universe. In the night sky, plasma glows in the form of stars, nebulas, and even the auroras that sometimes ripple above the north and south poles. That branch of lightning that cracks the sky is plasma, so are the neon signs along our city streets. And so is our sun, the star that makes life on earth possible. Plasma is often called “the fourth state of matter,” along with solid, liquid and gas. Just as a liquid will boil, changing into a gas when energy is added, heating a gas will form a plasma- a soup of positively charged particles (ions) and negatively charged particles (electrons). Because so much of the universe is made of plasma, its behavior and properties are of intense interest to scientists in many disciplines. Importantly, at the temperatures required for the goal of practical fusion energy, all matter is in the form of plasma. Researchers have used the properties of plasma as a charged gas to confine it with magnetic fields and to heat it to temperatures hotter than the core of the sun. Other researchers pursue plasmas for making computer chips, rocket propulsion, cleaning the environment, destroying biological hazards, healing wounds and other exciting applications. Composed of 90% water, plasma is a transporting medium for cells and a variety of substances vital to the human body. Plasma carries out a variety of functions in the body, including clotting blood, fighting diseases and other critical functions. Source plasma is plasma that is collected from healthy, voluntary donors through a process called plasmapheresis and is used exclusively for further manufacturing into final therapies (fractionation). Source plasma donors may be compensated for their time and effort. Recovered plasma is collected through whole blood donation in which plasma is separated from its cellular components. Recovered plasma may be used for fractionation. &nbsp

Carbon (C), nonmetallic chemical element in Group 14 (IVa) of the periodic table. Although widely distributed in nature, carbon is not particularly plentiful -it makes up only about 0.025 percent of Earth’s crust- yet it forms more compounds than all the other elements combined. In 1961 the isotope carbon-12 was selected to replace oxygen as the standard relative to which the atomic weights of all the other elements are measured. Carbon-14, which is radioactive, is the isotope used in radiocarbon dating and radiolabeling. Properties and uses On a weight basis, carbon is 19th in order of elemental abundance in Earth’s crust, and there are estimated to be 3.5 times as many carbon atoms as silicon atoms in the universe. Only hydrogen, helium, oxygen, neon, and nitrogen are atomically more abundant in the cosmos than carbon. Carbon is the cosmic product of the “burning” of helium, in which three helium nuclei, atomic weight 4, fuse to produce a carbon nucleus, atomic weight 12. Know about carbon and why it is called the element of life In the crust of Earth, elemental carbon is a minor component. However, carbon compounds (i.e., carbonates of magnesium and calcium) form common minerals (e.g., magnesite, dolomite, marble, or limestone). Coral and the shells of oysters and clams are primarily calcium carbonate. Carbon is widely distributed as coal and in the organic compounds that constitute petroleum, natural gas, and all plant and animal tissue. A natural sequence of chemical reactions called the carbon cycle—involving conversion of atmospheric carbon dioxide to carbohydrates by photosynthesis in plants, the consumption of these carbohydrates by animals and oxidation of them through metabolism to produce carbon dioxide and other products, and the return of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere—is one of the most important of all biological processes. Carbon as an element was discovered by the first person to handle charcoal from fire. Thus, together with sulfur, iron, tin, lead, copper, mercury, silver, and gold, carbon was one of the small group of elements well known in the ancient world. Modern carbon chemistry dates from the development of coals, petroleum, and natural gas as fuels and from the elucidation of synthetic organic chemistry, both substantially developed since the 1800s.

Environment can be referred to the surroundings within which humans exist. These are made up of: the land, the water and the atmosphere of the earth; microorganisms, plant and animal life; any part or combination of the first two items on this list and the interrelationships among and between them and the physical, chemical, aesthetic and cultural properties and conditions of the foregoing that influence human health and well-being. It is also characterized by a number of spheres that influence its behavior and intrinsic value. The most important sphere of the environment is the biosphere because it harbors the living organisms. This is the sphere where you find living organisms (plants and animals) interacting with each and their nonliving environment (soil, air and water). In the late centuries, industrialization and globalization have impaired pristine environments and their ability to foster life. This has introduced components that compromise the holistic functioning of the environment and its intrinsic values [1]. An environment can be polluted or contaminated. Pollution differs from contamination; however, contaminants can be pollutants, and pose detrimental impact on the environment. From literature, pollution is defined as the introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of substances or energy into the environment resulting in such deleterious effects as harm to living resources, hazards to human health, hindrance to environmental activities and impairment of quality for use of the environment and reduction of amenities. Contamination on the other hand is the presence of elevated concentrations of substances in the environment above the natural background level for the area and for the organism. Environmental pollution can be referred to undesirable and unwanted change in physical, chemical and biological characteristics of air, water and soil which is harmful for living organisms—both animal and plants. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light [2]. Pollutants, the elements of pollution, can either be foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants. Environmental pollutants continue to be a world concern and one of the great challenges faced by the global society. Pollutants can be naturally occurring compounds or foreign matter which when in contact with the environment cause adverse changes. There are different types of pollutants, namely inorganic, organic and biological. Irrespective of pollutants falling under different categories, they all receive considerable attention due to the impacts they introduce to the environment. The relationship between environmental pollution and world population has become an inarguable directly proportional relationship as it can be seen that the amount of potentially toxic substances released into the environment is increasing with the alarming growth in global population. This issue has led to pollution being a significant problem facing the environment. Industrial, agricultural and domestic wastes contribute to environmental pollution, which cause adverse harm to human and animal health. From such sources, inorganic pollutants are released. Inorganic pollutants are usually substances of mineral origin, with metals, salts and minerals being examples [2]. Studies have reported inorganic pollutants as material found naturally but have been altered by human production to increase their number in the environment. Inorganic substances enter the environment through different anthropogenic activities such as mine drainage, smelting, metallurgical and chemical processes, as well as natural processes. These pollutants are toxic due to the accumulation in the food chains [3]. Organic pollution can be briefly defined as biodegradable contaminants in an environment. These sources of pollution are naturally found and caused by the environment, but anthropogenic activity has also been contributing to their intensive production to meet the human needs. Some of the common organic pollutants which have been noted to be of special concern are human waste, food waste, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pesticides, petroleum and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) [4]. Organic pollutants have gained attention as they have become a major problem in the environment. Properties of organic pollutants, amongst others, such as high lipid solubility, stability, lipophilicity and hydrophobicity have recently made organic pollutants termed persistent. These properties give organic pollutants the ability to easily bioaccumulate in the different spheres of the environment, thus causing toxicological effects. Biological pollutants are described as pollutants which exist as a result of humanity’s actions and impact on the quality of aquatic and terrestrial environment. This type of pollutants include bacteria, viruses, moulds, mildew, animal dander and cat saliva, house dust, mites, cockroaches and pollen. Studies have documented different sources of these pollutants, including pollens originating from plants; viruses transmitted by people and animals; bacteria carried by people, animals, and soil and plant debris. Although there is no specific definition of a heavy metal, literature has defined it as a naturally occurring element having a high atomic weight and high density which is five times greater than that of water. Among all the pollutants, heavy metals have received a paramount attention to environmental chemists due to their toxic nature. Heavy metals are usually present in trace amounts in natural waters but many of them are toxic even at very low concentrations. Metals such as arsenic, lead, cadmium, nickel, mercury, chromium, cobalt, zinc and selenium are highly toxic even in minor quantity. Increasing quantity of heavy metals in our resources is currently an area of greater concern, especially since a large number of industries are discharging their metal containing effluents into fresh water without any adequate treatment. Heavy metals become toxic when they are not metabolized by the body and accumulate in the soft tissues. They may enter the human body through food, water, air or absorption through the skin when they come in contact with humans in agriculture, manufacturing, pharmaceutical, industrial or residential settings. Industrial exposure accounts for a common route of exposure for adults. Ingestion is the most common route of exposure in children. Natural and human activities are contaminating the environment and its resources, they are discharging more than what the environment can handle Heavy metals are naturally occurring elements that have a high atomic weight and a density at least 5 times greater than that of water. Their multiple industrial, domestic, agricultural, medical and technological applications have led to their wide distribution in the environment; raising concerns over their potential effects on human health and the environment. Their toxicity depends on several factors including the dose, route of exposure, and chemical species, as well as the age, gender, genetics, and nutritional status of exposed individuals. Because of their high degree of toxicity, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, and mercury rank among the priority metals that are of public health significance. These metallic elements are considered systemic toxicants that are known to induce multiple organ damage, even at lower levels of exposure. They are also classified as human carcinogens (known or probable) according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. This review provides an analysis of their environmental occurrence, production and use, potential for human exposure, and molecular mechanisms of toxicity, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity. Heavy metals in drinking water pose a threat to human health. Populations are exposed to heavy metals primarily through water consumption, but few heavy metals can bioaccumulate in the human body (e.g., in lipids and the gastrointestinal system) and may induce cancer and other risks. To date, few thousand publications have reported various aspects of heavy metals in drinking water, including the types and quantities of metals in drinking water, their sources, and factors affecting their concentrations at exposure points, human exposure, potential risks, and their removal from drinking water. Many developing countries are faced with the challenge of reducing human exposure to heavy metals, mainly due to their limited economic capacities to use advanced technologies for heavy metal removal. This paper aims to review the state of research on heavy metals in drinking water in developing countries; understand their types and variability, sources, exposure, possible health effects, and removal; and analyze the factors contributing to heavy metals in drinking water. This study identifies the current challenges in developing countries, and future research needs to reduce the levels of heavy metals in drinking water. When a person consumes excessive amount of arsenic or arsenicosis, it leads to poisoning. The semi- metallic chemical is found in groundwater all over the world. Arsenic poisoning leads to a number of health problems and at times may cause death if not treated on the right time. Considering the risks associated with arsenic poisoning, it is essential to install the best RO water filter for your home which can remove arsenic so that you drink safe and healthy water. In this blog, we discuss in detail the causes, health effects, symptoms and ways to prevent arsenic poisoning. Water pollution is the contamination of water sources by substances which make the water unusable for drinking, cooking, cleaning, swimming, and other activities. Pollutants include chemicals, trash, bacteria, and parasites. All forms of pollution eventually make their way to water. History has shown that advancements in materials science and engineering have been important drivers in the development of sensor technologies. For instance, the temperature sensitivity of electrical resistance in a variety of materials was noted in the early 1800s and was applied by Wilhelm von Siemens in 1860 to develop a temperature sensor based on a copper resistor. The high resonance stability of single-crystal quartz, as well as its piezoelectric properties, have made possible an extraordinarily wide range of high performance, affordable sensors that have played an important role in everyday life and national defense. More recently, a new era in sensor technology was ushered in by the development of large-scale silicon processing, permitting the exploitation of silicon to create new methods for transducing physical phenomena into electrical output that can be readily processed by a computer. Ongoing developments in materials technology will permit better control of material properties and behavior, thereby offering possibilities for new sensors with advanced features, such as greater fidelity, lower cost, and increased reliability. As noted in the preface, the Committee on New Sensor Technologies: Materials and Applications was asked to identify novel sensor materials that could benefit the manufacture and operation of advanced systems for the Department of Defense and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and to identify research and development (R&D) efforts that could accelerate the development and incorporation of these emerging sensor materials in particular applications with potentially high payoff. To provide a foundation for its recommendations in these areas, the committee began by assessing the current status of sensor technologies. Early in this assessment, the committee found that applications, not materials, drive new sensor development. Therefore the committee identified a conceptual framework that could relate sensor materials to application needs within which the importance of particular sensor materials could be determined. Given the extensive body of published work relating to the broad, multidisciplinary subject of sensor technologies, the committee prepared a summary bibliography drawn from the recent literature. The bibliography includes review articles, books, and monographs relating to the wide range of sensor technologies. These references can form a basis from which a more detailed study of any particular sensing technology, principle, or application can be initiated. Several key journals dealing with sensing have been included in the bibliography; they are suggested as starting points for investigating the most recent developments and trends in sensor technologies. Additional information is available from the reference list at the end of each chapter. Despite the extensive published literature that treat the fundamentals of sensor technology, considerable ambiguity exists in sensor definition and classification, as illustrated by a recent buyer's guide for sensors in which two lists of sensor suppliers are provided, one based on properties sensed and the other on technologies used (Sensors, 1992). The latter list includes both physical phenomena (for example, acoustic, electrochemical, Hall Effect and infrared sensors), and material types (such as bimetallic, fiberoptic, thick-and thin-film, and zirconium oxide sensors). Understanding the physical or chemical effects that yield useful transduction is important in selecting and designing sensors. However, these effects by themselves are usually not sufficient to establish an unambiguous sensor classification, since typical sensors may use more than one effect. A simple example is a diaphragm pressure gauge. The diaphragm uses one form of mechanical energy to create another (pressure generates displacement and strain); however, the creation of an electrical signal from the displacement or strain can be accomplished using many approaches. The diaphragm could be made of a piezoelectric material, in which the air would induce an electrical charge; an inductive or capacitive effect could be employed to measure the charge related to the strain and the deflection and thereby infer the pressure. Thus understanding all of the possible field effects and features of transducer materials behavior provides the most complete set of sensor design options. In order to accelerate the incorporation of emerging sensor materials in new applications, it is critically important that the sensor materials community be able to readily identify sensing needs that candidate materials could fulfill. The formal study of sensor technology is plagued by ambiguity in definitions and terminology. This evolving field of endeavor is extraordinarily broad with nearly every scientific and technical discipline playing an important role. Thus, it should not be surprising that there is no unanimous concept of a sensor. Given the impossibility of presenting a universally accepted definition for sensors, the committee used terms and definitions that are generally accepted in the current technical literature to provide the basis for discussion in this report. (A complete tutorial on sensors and their transduction principles is beyond the scope of the present report.) The terms "sensor" and "transducer" have often been used as synonyms. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard MC6.1 defines a transducer as "a device which provides a usable output in response to a specific measurand" (Instrument Society of America, 1975). An output is defined as an "electrical quantity," and a measurand is ''a physical quantity, property, or condition which is measured." In 1975, the ANSI standard stated that "transducer" was preferred to "sensor." However, the scientific literature has not generally adopted the ANSI definitions, and thus currently "sensor" is the most commonly used term. Therefore, the term "sensor" will be used throughout this report. The committee recognizes that, for the purpose of this report, the output of a sensor may be any form of energy. Many early sensors converted (by transduction) a physical measurand to mechanical energy; for example, pneumatic energy was used for fluid controls and mechanical energy for kinematic control. However, the introduction of solid-state electronics created new opportunities for sensor development and control, with the result that sensors today almost exclusively produce an electrical output for use in such applications as computer-based controls, archiving/recording, and visual display. This need for electrical interfacing is causing a broadening in the definition of a sensor to include the systems interface and signal conditioning features that form an integral part of the sensing system. With progress in optical computing and information processing, a new class of sensors, which involve the transduction of energy into an optical form, is likely. Also, sensors based on microelectromechanical systems may enable fluidic elements to operate as controls and actuation devices in the future. Thus the definition of a "sensor" will continue to evolve. The definition of a sensor does not precisely define what physical elements constitute the sensor. For example, what portion of a thermocouple is the sensor? Is it solely the bimetallic junction? Does it include the wires used for transmission purposes? Does it include any packaging or signal processing? On the basis of information in the current technical literature, the committee chose to adopt the following definitions: Sensor element: The fundamental transduction mechanism (e.g., a material) that converts one form of energy into another. Some sensors may incorporate more than one sensor element (e.g., a compound sensor). Sensor: A sensor element including its physical packaging and external connections (e.g., electrical or optical). Sensor system: A sensor and its assorted signal processing hardware (analog or digital) with the processing either in or on the same package or discrete from the sensor itself. In order to describe and characterize the performance of a sensor, a large and specific vocabulary is required. Several excellent references, which provide a basic review of transducer characteristics, are cited in the bibliography. Lion (1969) introduced a classification of principles according to the form of energy in which sensor signals were received and generated, which yielded a matrix of effects. In this book, we intend to investigate water pollution by heavy metals. Finally, we will review the methods for characterizing heavy metals by chemical sensors. So Ladies and gentlemen! Welcome to the age of pollution. &nbsp

Toxicology is a scientific discipline, overlapping with biology, chemistry, pharmacology, and medicine that involves the study of the adverse effects of chemical substances on living organisms [1] and the practice of diagnosing and treating exposures to toxins and toxicants. The relationship between dose and its effects on the exposed organism is of high significance in toxicology. Factors that influence chemical toxicity include the dosage, duration of exposure (whether it is acute or chronic), route of exposure, species, age, sex, and environment. Toxicologists are experts on poisons and poisoning. There is a movement for evidence-based toxicology as part of the larger movement towards evidence-based practices. Toxicology is currently contributing to the field of cancer research, since some toxins can be used as drugs for killing tumor cells. One prime example of this is ribosome-inactivating proteins, tested in the treatment of leukemia. Toxicology is a field of science that helps us understand the harmful effects that chemicals, substances, or situations, can have on people, animals, and the environment. Some refer to toxicology as the “Science of Safety” because as a field it has evolved from a science focused on studying poisons and adverse effects of chemical exposures, to a science devoted to studying safety. Toxicology uses the power of science to predict what, and how chemicals may cause harm and then shares that information to protect public health. When talking about toxicology it is important to keep a few things in mind. Not everyone will respond to substances in exactly the same way. Many factors, including the amount and duration of exposure, an individual’s susceptibility to a substance, and a person’s age, all impact whether a person will develop a disease or not. There are times in a person’s life when he or she may be more susceptible to chemicals. These times may include periods of active cell differentiation and growth in the womb and in early childhood, as well as during adolescence, when the brain is continuing to develop. Just because someone is exposed to a harmful substance, does not always mean they will get sick from it. The dose of the chemical or substance a person is exposed to is another important factor in toxicology. All substances have the potential to be toxic if given to humans and other living organisms in certain conditions and at certain doses or levels. For example, one or two aspirins may be good for you, but taking a bottle of aspirin may be harmful. The field of toxicology tries to understand and identify at what dose and through what exposure a substance poses a hazard. Toxicologists also realize that even low-dose exposures that may seem insignificant may have biological meaning or lead to an adverse health effect if the exposure is continuous or happens during a critical window of development. So Ladies and gentlemen! Toxicology is a serious issue To counter the joke of human irresponsibility&hellip

Atomic physics is the field of physics that studies atoms as an isolated system of electrons and an atomic nucleus. Atomic physics typically refers to the study of atomic structure and the interaction between atoms.It is primarily concerned with the way in which electrons are arranged around the nucleus and the processes by which these arrangements change. This comprises ions, neutral atoms and, unless otherwise stated, it can be assumed that the term atom includes ions. The term atomic physics can be associated with nuclear power and nuclear weapons, due to the synonymous use of atomic and nuclear in Standard English. Physicists distinguish between atomic physics -which deals with the atom as a system consisting of a nucleus and electrons- and nuclear physics, which studies nuclear reactions and special properties of atomic nuclei. As with many scientific fields, strict delineation can be highly contrived and atomic physics is often considered in the wider context of atomic, molecular, and optical physics. Physics research groups are usually so classified. Atomic physics primarily considers atoms in isolation. Atomic models will consist of a single nucleus that may be surrounded by one or more bound electrons. It is not concerned with the formation of molecules (although much of the physics is identical), nor does it examine atoms in a solid state as condensed matter. It is concerned with processes such as ionization and excitation by photons or collisions with atomic particles. While modelling atoms in isolation may not seem realistic, if one considers atoms in a gas or plasma then the time-scales for atom-atom interactions are huge in comparison to the atomic processes that are generally considered. This means that the individual atoms can be treated as if each were in isolation, as the vast majority of the time they are. By this consideration atomic physics provides the underlying theory in plasma physics and atmospheric physics, even though both deal with very large numbers of atoms. Electrons form notional shells around the nucleus. These are normally in a ground state but can be excited by the absorption of energy from light (photons), magnetic fields, or interaction with a colliding particle (typically ions or other electrons). Electrons that populate a shell are said to be in a bound state. The energy necessary to remove an electron from its shell (taking it to infinity) is called the binding energy. Any quantity of energy absorbed by the electron in excess of this amount is converted to kinetic energy according to the conservation of energy. The atom is said to have undergone the process of ionization. If the electron absorbs a quantity of energy less than the binding energy, it will be transferred to an excited state. After a certain time, the electron in an excited state will "jump" (undergo a transition) to a lower state. In a neutral atom, the system will emit a photon of the difference in energy, since energy is conserved. If an inner electron has absorbed more than the binding energy (so that the atom ionizes), then a more outer electron may undergo a transition to fill the inner orbital. In this case, a visible photon or a characteristic x-ray is emitted, or a phenomenon known as the Auger effect may take place, where the released energy is transferred to another bound electron, causing it to go into the continuum. The Auger effect allows one to multiply ionize an atom with a single photon. There are rather strict selection rules as to the electronic configurations that can be reached by excitation by light — however there are no such rules for excitation by collision processes. One of the earliest steps towards atomic physics was the recognition that matter was composed of atoms. It forms a part of the texts written in 6th century BC to 2nd century BC such as those of Democritus or Vaisheshika Sutra written by Kanad. This theory was later developed in the modern sense of the basic unit of a chemical element by the British chemist and physicist John Dalton in the 18th century. At this stage, it wasn't clear what atoms were although they could be described and classified by their properties (in bulk). The invention of the periodic system of elements by Mendeleev was another great step forward. The true beginning of atomic physics is marked by the discovery of spectral lines and attempts to describe the phenomenon, most notably by Joseph von Fraunhofer. The study of these lines led to the Bohr atom model and to the birth of quantum mechanics. In seeking to explain atomic spectra an entirely new mathematical model of matter was revealed. As far as atoms and their electron shells were concerned, not only did this yield a better overall description, i.e. the atomic orbital model, but it also provided a new theoretical basis for chemistry (quantum chemistry) and spectroscopy. Since the Second World War, both theoretical and experimental fields have advanced at a rapid pace. This can be attributed to progress in computing technology, which has allowed larger and more sophisticated models of atomic structure and associated collision processes. Similar technological advances in accelerators, detectors, magnetic field generation and lasers have greatly assisted experimental work.

Zeolites are microporous, aluminosilicate minerals commonly used as commercial adsorbents and catalysts. The term zeolite was originally coined in 1756 by Swedish mineralogist Axel Fredrik Cronstedt, who observed that rapidly heating a material, believed to have been stilbite, produced large amounts of steam from water that had been adsorbed by the material. Based on this, he called the material zeolite, from the Greek ζέω (zéō), meaning "to boil" and λίθος (líthos), meaning "stone". The classic reference for the field has been Breck's book Zeolite Molecular Sieves: Structure, Chemistry, and Use. Zeolites occur naturally but are also produced industrially on a large scale. As of December 2018, 253 unique zeolite frameworks have been identified, and over 40 naturally occurring zeolite frameworks are known. Every new zeolite structure that is obtained is examined by the International Zeolite Association Structure Commission and receives a three letter designation. Zeolites have a porous structure that can accommodate a wide variety ofcations, such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+and others. These positive ions are rather loosely held and can readily be exchanged for others in a contact solution. Some of the more common mineral zeolites are analcime, chabazite, clinoptilolite, heulandite, natrolite, phillipsite, and stilbite. An example of the mineral formula of a zeolite is:Na2Al2Si3O10·2H2O, the formula fornatrolite. Cation exchanged zeolites possess different acidity and catalyse different reactions. Natural zeolites form wherevolcanicrocks andashlayers react withalkalinegroundwater. Zeolites also crystallize in post-depositional environments over periods ranging from thousands to millions of years in shallow marine basins. Naturally occurring zeolites are rarely pure and are contaminated to varying degrees by other minerals, metals,quartz, or other zeolites. For this reason, naturally occurring zeolites are excluded from many important commercial applications where uniformity and purity are essential. Zeolites are thealuminosilicatemembers of the family of microporous solids known as "molecular sieves", and mainly consist of silicon, aluminum, oxygen, and have the general formula MxAlxSi1−xO2·yH2O where M is either a metal ion or H+. The value of x is between 0 and 1 and y is the number of water molecules in the formula unit. Although there are a wide range of possible structures a commonality is that they are formed by the linking of the corner oxygen atoms of AlO4and SiO4tetrahedra to form covalent network structures. The termmolecular sieverefers to a particular property of these materials, i.e., the ability to selectively sort molecules based primarily on a size exclusion process. This is due to a very regular pore structure of molecular dimensions. The maximum size of the molecular or ionic species that can enter the pores of a zeolite is controlled by the dimensions of the channels. These are conventionally defined by the ring size of the aperture, where, for example, the term "eight-ring" refers to a closed-loop that is built from eight tetrahedrally coordinated silicon (or aluminum) atoms and eight oxygen atoms. These rings are not always perfectly symmetrical due to a variety of causes, including strain induced by the bonding between units that are needed to produce the overall structure or coordination of some of the oxygen atoms of the rings to cations within the structure. Therefore, the pores in many zeolites are not cylindrical. Ladies and Gentlemen! Welcome to the realm of hard frames empire!

Acoordination complexconsists of a centralatomorion, which is usuallymetallicand is called thecoordination center, and a surrounding array ofboundmoleculesor ions, that are in turn known asligandsor complexing agents.Many metal-containingcompounds, especially those that includetransition metals(elements liketitaniumthat belong to thePeriodic Table's d-block), are coordination complexes. Coordination chemistry emerged from the work of Alfred Werner, a Swiss chemist who examined different compounds composed of cobalt (III) chloride and ammonia. Upon the addition of hydrochloric acid, Werner observed that ammonia could not be completely removed. He then proposed that the ammonia must be bound more tightly to the central cobalt ion. However, when aqueous silver nitrate was added, one of the products formed was solid silver chloride. The amount of silver chloride formed was related to the number of ammonia molecules bound to the cobalt (III) chloride. For example, when silver nitrate was added to CoCl3·6NH3,all three chlorides were converted to silver chloride. However, when silver nitrate was added to CoCl3·5NH3, only 2 of the 3 chlorides formed silver chloride. When CoCl3·4NH3was treated with silver nitrate, one of the three chlorides precipitated as silver chloride. The resulting observations suggested the formation ofcomplexorcoordination compounds. In theinner coordination sphere, which is also referred to in some texts as thefirst sphere, ligands are directly bound to the central metal. In theouter coordination sphere, sometimes referred to as thesecond sphere, other ions are attached to the complex ion. Werner was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1913 for his coordination theory.

Microscale Chemistry (often referred to as small-scale chemistry, in German: Chemie im Mikromaßstab) is an analytical method and also a teaching method widely used at school and at university levels, working with small quantities of chemical substances. While much of traditional chemistry teaching centers on multi-gramme preparations, milligrams of substances are sufficient for micro scale chemistry. In universities, modern and expensive lab glassware is used and modern methods for detection and characterization of the produced substances are very common. In schools and in many countries of the Southern hemisphere, small-scale working takes place with low-cost and even no-cost material. There has always been a place for small-scale working in qualitative analysis, but the new developments can encompass much of chemistry a student is likely to meet. Micro-chemical chip is several-centimeter squared glass substrate with channels of few tens to few hundreds micrometer. Chemical manipulations such as mixing, reaction, separation, detection and synthesis can take place in the minute sections of each channel. When chemical processes shift from laboratories and factories to a micro-chemical chip, energy and space is used much more effective. By using the Integrated Chemistry Lab (ICL), an expectation rises to enhance technological advancement. Nanotechnology is already making new materials available that could revolutionize many areas of manufacturing. For example, nanotubes and Nano particles, which are tubes and particles only a few atoms across, and aerogels, materials composed of very light and strong materials with remarkable insulating properties, could pave the way for new techniques and superior products. In addition, robots that are only a few nanometers in length, called Nano-bots, and Nano-factories could help construct novel materials and objects. In 2021, MIT's Department of Materials Science and Engineering (DMSE) announced that they have developed a new class of artificially created 2D molecules that spontaneously assemble Nano-ribbons that are stronger than steel. Previous attempts to create Nano-ribbons had always been dependent on biological processes which would break down over time. These new molecules don't break down, even when they are outside of water. Nanotechnology may transform the ways in which we obtain and use energy. In particular, it's likely that nanotechnology will make solar power more economical by reducing the cost of constructing solar panels and related equipment. Energy storage devices will become more efficient as a result. Nanotechnology will also open up new methods of generating and storing energy. The field of electronics is set to be revolutionized by nanotechnology. Quantum dots, for example, are tiny light-producing cells that could be used for illumination or for purposes such as display screens. Silicon chips can already contain millions of components, but the technology is reaching its limit; at a certain point, circuits become so small that if a molecule is out of place the circuit won't work properly. Nanotechnology will allow circuits to be constructed very accurately on an atomic level. Nanotechnology has the potential to bring major advances in medicine. Nanobots could be sent into a patient's arteries to clear away blockages. Surgeries could become much faster and more accurate. Injuries could be repaired cell-by-cell. It may even become possible to heal genetic conditions by fixing the damaged genes. Nanotechnology could also be used to refine drug production, tailoring drugs at a molecular level to make them more effective and reduce side effects. In 2021, Nonwoven News reported that researchers at the University of Rhode Island have developed a smart bandage that can detect and monitor an infection in wounds using single-walled carbon nanotubes. The nanotubes can identify infections by detecting concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. The bandage is monitored wirelessly with a miniature wearable device, and transmitted to a smartphone to alert the patient or a health care provider when an infection is detected. Some of the more extravagant negative future scenarios have been debunked by experts in nanotechnology. For example: the so-called "gray goo" scenario, where self-replicating Nano-bots consume everything around them to make copies of themselves, was once widely discussed but is no longer considered to be a credible threat. It is possible, however, that there will be some negative effects on the environment as potential new toxins and pollutants may be created by nanotechnology. It is likely that nanotechnology, like other technologies before it, will cause major changes in many economic areas. Although products made possible by nanotechnology will initially be expensive luxury or specialist items, once availability increases, more and more markets will feel the impact. Some technologies and materials may become obsolete, leading to companies specializing in those areas going out of business. Changes in manufacturing processes brought about by nanotechnology may result in job losses. Nanotechnology raises the possibility of microscopic recording devices, which would be virtually undetectable. More seriously, it is possible that nanotechnology could be weaponized. Atomic weapons would be easier to create and novel weapons might also be developed. One possibility is the so-called "smart bullet," a computerized bullet that could be controlled and aimed very accurately. These developments may prove a boon for the military; but if they fell into the wrong hands, the consequences would be dire. Whether we like it or not We are living in the age of nanotechnology! So, Say Hello to Nanotechnology Era! &nbsp

La nanotechnologie permet déjà de disposer de nouveaux matériaux qui pourraient révolutionner de nombreux domaines de la fabrication. Par exemple, les nanotubes et les nanoparticules, qui sont des tubes et des particules de quelques atomes seulement, et les aérogels, des matériaux composés de matières très légères et résistantes dotées de remarquables propriétés isolantes, pourraient ouvrir la voie à de nouvelles techniques et à des produits supérieurs. En 2021, le département de science et de génie des matériaux (DMSE) du MIT a annoncé qu'il avait mis au point une nouvelle catégorie de molécules 2D créées artificiellement qui assemblent spontanément des nano-ribbons plus résistants que l'acier. Les précédentes tentatives de création de nano-ribbons dépendaient toujours de processus biologiques qui se dégradaient avec le temps. Les nanotechnologies pourraient transformer la façon dont nous obtenons et utilisons l'énergie. En particulier, il est probable que les nanotechnologies rendront l'énergie solaire plus économique en réduisant le coût de construction des panneaux solaires et des équipements connexes.

La nanotecnolog��a ya est�� poniendo a disposici��n nuevos materiales que podr��an revolucionar muchos ��mbitos de la fabricaci��n. Por ejemplo, los nanotubos y las nanopart��culas, que son tubos y part��culas de s��lo unos ��tomos de di��metro, y los aerogeles, materiales compuestos por materiales muy ligeros y resistentes con notables propiedades aislantes, podr��an allanar el camino hacia nuevas t��cnicas y productos superiores. Adem��s, los robots de unos pocos nan��metros de longitud, denominados nanorobots, y las nanof��bricas podr��an ayudar a construir nuevos materiales y objetos.En 2021, el Departamento de Ciencia e Ingenier��a de los Materiales (DMSE) del MIT anunci�� que hab��a desarrollado una nueva clase de mol��culas 2D creadas artificialmente que ensamblan espont��neamente nanorobinas m��s fuertes que el acero. Los anteriores intentos de crear nanorobinas depend��an siempre de procesos biol��gicos que se descompon��an con el tiempo. Estas nuevas mol��culas no se descomponen, ni siquiera cuando est��n fuera del agua.La nanotecnolog��a puede transformar la forma en que obtenemos y utilizamos la energ��a. En particular, es probable que la nanotecnolog��a haga que la energ��a solar sea m��s econ��mica al reducir el coste de construcci��n de los paneles solares y el equipo correspondiente.

Vivimos en un mundo cuya piedra angular es la econom��a. Aunque el desarrollo sostenible y eficaz de la diplomacia energ��tica ser�� posible despu��s de comprender las tendencias mundiales, los fundamentos econ��micos, el an��lisis y el dominio de las estrategias empresariales, en la situaci��n actual, se pueden prever marcos y estrategias espec��ficas que se aplicar��n a niveles espec��ficos y se dise��ar��n a niveles m��s amplios para estar en la agenda.El marco previsto para el desarrollo de la cooperaci��n incluye tres secciones: ascendente (exploraci��n y desarrollo), intermedia (comercio, transmisi��n y almacenamiento) y descendente (refinado e industrias qu��micas, desde la producci��n hasta la venta al por menor). Cada secci��n requiere un an��lisis empresarial adaptado a sus necesidades, algunas de las cuales se describen a continuaci��n:La diplomacia energ��tica es una forma de diplomacia y un subcampo de las relaciones internacionales. Est�� estrechamente relacionada con su principal, la pol��tica exterior, y con la seguridad nacional en general, concretamente con la seguridad energ��tica. La diplomacia energ��tica se inici�� en la primera mitad del siglo XX y surgi�� como t��rmino durante la segunda crisis del petr��leo para describir las acciones de la OPEP.

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Vivimos en un mundo cuya piedra angular es la econom��a. Aunque el desarrollo sostenible y eficaz de la diplomacia energ��tica ser�� posible despu��s de comprender las tendencias mundiales, los fundamentos econ��micos, el an��lisis y el dominio de las estrategias empresariales, en la situaci��n actual, se pueden prever marcos y estrategias espec��ficas que se aplicar��n a niveles espec��ficos y se dise��ar��n a niveles m��s amplios para estar en la agenda.El marco previsto para el desarrollo de la cooperaci��n incluye tres secciones: ascendente (exploraci��n y desarrollo), intermedia (comercio, transmisi��n y almacenamiento) y descendente (refinado e industrias qu��micas, desde la producci��n hasta la venta al por menor). Cada secci��n requiere un an��lisis empresarial adaptado a sus necesidades, algunas de las cuales se describen a continuaci��n:La diplomacia energ��tica es una forma de diplomacia y un subcampo de las relaciones internacionales. Est�� estrechamente relacionada con su principal, la pol��tica exterior, y con la seguridad nacional en general, concretamente con la seguridad energ��tica. La diplomacia energ��tica se inici�� en la primera mitad del siglo XX y surgi�� como t��rmino durante la segunda crisis del petr��leo para describir las acciones de la OPEP.

A nanotecnologia j�� est�� a disponibilizar novos materiais que podem revolucionar muitas ��reas de fabrico. Por exemplo, os nanotubos e as nanopart��culas, que s��o tubos e part��culas com poucos ��tomos e aerogeles, materiais compostos por materiais muito leves e fortes com propriedades isolantes not��veis, poderiam abrir o caminho para novas t��cnicas e produtos superiores. Em 2021, o Departamento de Ci��ncia e Engenharia de Materiais (DMSE) do MIT anunciou que desenvolveu uma nova classe de mol��culas 2D criadas artificialmente que montam espontaneamente nano-ribbons mais fortes que o a��o. As tentativas anteriores de criar nano-ribbons sempre foram dependentes de processos biol��gicos que se decomporiam ao longo do tempo. Estas novas mol��culas n��o se decomp��em, mesmo quando est��o fora da ��gua. A nanotecnologia pode transformar as formas como obtemos e utilizamos a energia. Em particular, �� prov��vel que a nanotecnologia torne a energia solar mais econ��mica, reduzindo o custo de constru����o de pain��is solares e equipamentos relacionados.

Die Nanotechnologie stellt bereits neue Materialien zur Verf��gung, die viele Bereiche der Fertigung revolutionieren k��nnten. So k��nnten beispielsweise Nanor��hren und Nanopartikel, d. h. R��hren und Partikel mit einem Durchmesser von nur wenigen Atomen, und Aerogele, Materialien, die aus sehr leichten und starken Werkstoffen mit bemerkenswerten Isoliereigenschaften bestehen, den Weg f��r neue Techniken und bessere Produkte ebnen. Dar��ber hinaus k��nnten Roboter, die nur wenige Nanometer lang sind, so genannte Nano-Bots, und Nano-Fabriken bei der Herstellung neuartiger Materialien und Objekte helfen. 2021 gab das Department of Materials Science and Engineering (DMSE) des MIT bekannt, dass es eine neue Klasse k��nstlich hergestellter 2D-Molek��le entwickelt hat, die spontan Nanob��nder zusammensetzen, die st��rker als Stahl sind. Fr��here Versuche, Nanob��nder zu erzeugen, waren immer von biologischen Prozessen abh��ngig, die sich mit der Zeit aufl��sen w��rden. Diese neuen Molek��le zerfallen nicht, selbst wenn sie sich au��erhalb von Wasser befinden.Die Nanotechnologie k��nnte die Art und Weise, wie wir Energie gewinnen und nutzen, ver��ndern. Insbesondere ist es wahrscheinlich, dass die Nanotechnologie die Solarenergie wirtschaftlicher machen wird, indem sie die Kosten f��r den Bau von Solarmodulen und der entsprechenden Ausr��stung senkt.

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Welcome to the timely publication of this book entitled: “Renewable Energy; A direct train towards Sustainable Development”. Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources that are naturally replenished on a human timescale. It includes sources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat. Renewable energy stands in contrast to fossil fuels, which are being used far more quickly than they are being replenished. Although most renewable energy sources are sustainable, some are not. For example, some biomass sources are considered unsustainable at current rates of exploitation. Renewable energy often provides energy in four important areas: electricity generation, air and water heating/cooling, transportation, and rural (off-grid) energy services. About 20% of humans' global energy consumption is renewables, including almost 30% of electricity. About 8% of energy consumption is traditional biomass, but this is declining. Over 4% of energy consumption is heat energy from modern renewables, such as solar water heating, and over 6% electricity. Globally there are over 10 million jobs associated with the renewable energy industries, with solar photovoltaics being the largest renewable employer. Renewable energy systems are rapidly becoming more efficient and cheaper and their share of total energy consumption is increasing, with a large majority of worldwide newly installed electricity capacity being renewable. In most countries, photovoltaic solar or onshore wind are the cheapest new-build electricity. Sustainable development is an organizing principle for meeting human development goals while also sustaining the ability of natural systems to provide the natural resources and ecosystem services on which the economy and society depend. The desired result is a state of society where living conditions and resources are used to continue to meet human needs without undermining the integrity and stability of the natural system. Sustainable development can be defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. While the modern concept of sustainable development is derived mostly from the 1987 Brundtland Report, it is also rooted in earlier ideas about sustainable forest management and 20th-century environmental concerns. As the concept of sustainable development developed, it has shifted its focus more towards the economic development, social development and environmental protection for future generations. The UN-level Sustainable Development Goals (2015-2030) address the global challenges, including poverty, inequality, climate change, environmental degradation, peace, and justice. New energies are expanding rapidly around the world. Cleanliness and cheapness can be considered as the two main indicators of new energy production, as these energies have been able to fill the gaps in fossil fuels in many places due to their high productivity. Energy experts believe that renewable energy should replace conventional energy sources such as oil and gas in the 21st century to reduce the wasteful use of hydrocarbon products and that future energy use depends on a structure in which carbon-free energy sources such as solar energy. Or wind to be used. A way to overcome the energy crisis and the time bomb that seems to be tuned to announce the end of energy at any moment. In the book in front of you, chapter by chapter, the types of renewable energy are examined and finally its advantages and even disadvantages are expressed! Having about 750 citations, all of which are well and completely addressed at the end of the book, shows my meticulousness and accuracy in using all the important sources in writing this book. I hope you like this book. In fact, we should listen to the proposal of the Saudi Minister of Energy in the 1970s, who said: "The Stone Age did not end because the stone ran out. The age of oil must end much sooner than the oil runs out." So Ladies and gentlemen! Welcome to the age of new Energies&hellip

Welcome to the timely publication of this book entitled: “Renewable Energy; The last chance to survive for Planet”. Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources that are naturally replenished on a human timescale. It includes sources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat. Renewable energy stands in contrast to fossil fuels, which are being used far more quickly than they are being replenished. Although most renewable energy sources are sustainable, some are not. For example, some biomass sources are considered unsustainable at current rates of exploitation. Renewable energy often provides energy in four important areas: electricity generation, air and water heating/cooling, transportation, and rural (off-grid) energy services. About 20% of humans' global energy consumption is renewables, including almost 30% of electricity. About 8% of energy consumption is traditional biomass, but this is declining. Over 4% of energy consumption is heat energy from modern renewables, such as solar water heating, and over 6% electricity. Globally there are over 10 million jobs associated with the renewable energy industries, with solar photovoltaics being the largest renewable employer. Renewable energy systems are rapidly becoming more efficient and cheaper and their share of total energy consumption is increasing, with a large majority of worldwide newly installed electricity capacity being renewable. In most countries, photovoltaic solar or onshore wind are the cheapest new-build electricity New energies are expanding rapidly around the world. Cleanliness and cheapness can be considered as the two main indicators of new energy production, as these energies have been able to fill the gaps in fossil fuels in many places due to their high productivity. Energy experts believe that renewable energy should replace conventional energy sources such as oil and gas in the 21st century to reduce the wasteful use of hydrocarbon products and that future energy use depends on a structure in which carbon-free energy sources such as solar energy. Or wind to be used. A way to overcome the energy crisis and the time bomb that seems to be tuned to announce the end of energy at any moment. In the book in front of you, chapter by chapter, the types of renewable energy are examined and finally its advantages and even disadvantages are expressed! Having about 660 citations, all of which are well and completely addressed at the end of the book, shows my meticulousness and accuracy in using all the important sources in writing this book. I hope you like this book. In fact, we should listen to the proposal of the Saudi Minister of Energy in the 1970s, who said: "The Stone Age did not end because the stone ran out. The age of oil must end much sooner than the oil runs out." So Ladies and gentlemen! Welcome to the age of new Energies&hellip

Porous materials generally refer to solids that contain pores in their structure. One of the most important concepts studied in porous materials is porosity. Porosity is obtained by dividing the volume of cavities by the total volume of the material. Porous materials have attracted the attention of scientists due to their various applications in molecular separation, heterogeneous catalysis, absorption technology, or light and electronics technology. In general, the surface area of porous material is higher than its non-porous material. The cavities in porous materials are divided into two types of open cavities and closed cavities. Open cavities have access to the surface of matter, but closed cavities are trapped within matter. In basic applications such as catalytic processes, separation and filtration, open cavities play an essential role. But the most important applications of closed cavities include the manufacture of thermal, acoustic and low-density devices. Join us on a short journey to the depths of the pores of porous materials!

Energy as one of the most important factors of production, today has a great contribution to the economic growth and development of countries and has played the greatest role in the development of recent human civilization. This role, from transportation to food production and the provision of medical and health services, is becoming more prominent day by day. In order to continue the supply of energy in order to continue to use it, a lot of investment must be made. That is why energy security has been so much the focus of energy policymakers around the world. In this book, we first address the issue of defining and examining the importance of energy security then we talk about fossil fuels. In the following, we will discuss the effects of fossil fuels on the Earth's climate and biosphere. The issue of international agreements, including the Paris Agreement, will also be considered, as well as providing solutions to fossil fuel damage by introducing renewable energy sources, which will be one of the chapters of this book. Finally, we will examine the disadvantages and disadvantages of renewable energy to realize that these energies are not perfect in themselves! Instead of fearing, or sitting and calculating, that there are a few years left until the end of the life of oil reserves, the world needs a policy that thinks about the available alternatives. Much more and better alternatives to the fossil fuels that have driven the world and industry for years. Renewable energy sources are another proposition facing human societies. A way to overcome the energy crisis and the time bomb that seems to be tuned to announce the end of energy at any moment. In fact, we should listen to the proposal of the Saudi Minister of Energy in the 1970s, who said: "The Stone Age did not end because the stone ran out. The age of oil must end much sooner than the end of oil."

Until a few decades ago, there was a general feeling that nature could automatically effectively dispose of hazardous substances and solve this problem.Although human’s today pay more attention to the environment around them, environmental pollution is still a global problem. Researchers estimate that industrial processes generally introduce up to one million different pollutants into the atmosphere and ecosystem of aquatic organisms. One of the fastest, cheapest and most selectable methods for detecting desired factors in the environment, such as heavy metal ions, are sensors. In this book, while getting acquainted with sensors, you will get acquainted with their types as well as their working mechanism! In an aqueous environment, under optimal conditions, with the help of sensors, a test with fast detection, high selectivity and low cost to detect all types of pollution, to avoid wasting time and cost, while facilitating conclusions in the environment, The use of heavy and expensive tools indicates a great leap in the identification of contaminants, and it is not surprising to say: "Welcome to the Age of the Sensor Empire!"

Polyurethanes are used in various forms such as soft foams, hard foams, elastomers, thermoplastic elastomers, resins, paints, coatings, etc. in the world. One of their applications is to be used as a cover for pipes buried in the soil in order to protect against corrosion. The polyurethane used in this method is 100% solid and with two-component raw materials, but one should not expect much adhesion to the surface of the pipe from this coating. Polyurethanes are used in special applications such as high pipeline temperatures or overhaul repairs and are less commonly used as the main coating of transmission lines. The use of polyurethane coatings for the inner coating of transmission lines has a very limited application and is not recommended for the inner coating due to the release of toxic isocyanate compounds. The use of these compounds is also constantly evolving. Polyurethane and silicone compounds have different applications due to their chemical and mechanical properties. For example, they are used in water and sewage canals, water and sewage tanks, flooring of halls, sidewalks, joints of prefabricated parts and all joints that must be protected against the penetration of water and other liquids.

Sonocatalysis is an effective technique for the remediation of effluents and removal of organic dyes. In this work, the ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles were successfully immobilized on the NaA/NaY zeolite for the sonodegradation of methylene blue (MB) dye. The as-synthesized NaA/NaY@ZnFe2O4 zeolite nanocomposite was characterized by FESEM-EDAX, VSM, FTIR and XRD. The effects of various parameters such as initial dye concentration, irradiation time, catalyst dosage and H2O2 concentration have been assessed to obtain the maximum sonocatalytic efficiency. About 99.5% of MB dye was removed under the optimized conditions i.e. 25 mg/L of initial MB concentration and 0.1 g of NaA/NaY@ZnFe2O4 amount after irradiation time of 16 min. According to the obtained findings, the NaA/NaY@ZnFe2O4 zeolite sonocatalyst has a high activity to degrade the MB in the presence of H2O2 and ultrasonic (US). The .OH radicals were also considered as the main reactive species on the degradation of MB under US irradiation. Moreover, the reproducibility of the NaA/NaY@ZnFe2O4 sonocatalyst was implemented, which proved that it can be recycled up to five runs with almost trivial loss of catalytic performance. In addition to this, the MB sonodegradation over the NaA/NaY@ZnFe2O4 zeolite catalyst in the presence of US/H2O2 system demonstrates a great activity to remove the organic pollutants from effluents.

The development of antibacterial polymers has been considered as one of the most important strategies to combat pathogenic microorganisms. The need to fight infectious diseases is now increasing in all public and commercial places; Therefore, the demand for antibacterial products has been created by combining an antibacterial agent in a polymer. In the polymer industry, by adding an antibacterial agent, it creates antimicrobial products that prevent the growth of bacteria and improve surface hygiene. These properties can be achieved both by adding active molecules, such as antibacterial compounds, and by coating on packaging materials. Antibacterial polymer nanocomposites have beneficial applications such as reducing the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, increasing the shelf life and maintaining the quality and safety of products. Antibacterial nanocomposites are more effective due to the higher surface-to-volume ratio as well as the higher surface reactivity of the antibacterial nanometer agents. On the other hand, due to the high volume of demand for food and agricultural products, the use of nanotechnology in the packaging sector has become doubly important.

Alexander Volta has been the inventor of the battery since the 19th century, while archaeological finds in parts of Iran and Iraq show that it was about 2,000 years before Volta (200 BC). Battery was made in Iran during the Parthian period. The Parthian Battery, known worldwide as the Parthian Battery and sometimes as the Baghdad Battery, was discovered in 1936 by Wilhelm Koenig in the Khajeh Rabo area near Baghdad, near the ancient city of Ctesiphon. The hypotheses presented by archaeologists have all confirmed that this set of batteries was made for electrochemical applications, including metal plating, and the discovery of plated vessels near the site of the discovery of this battery confirms this; A finding that in turn indicates a historical scientific leap! But what exactly is a fuel cell?

The aim of this research was to fabricate the magnetic MIL-53(Fe)/NaY/NiFe2O4 nanaocomposite catalyst applying a hydrothermal method to be used for the sonocatalytic degradation of malachite green (MG), congo red (CR), methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RhB) organic dyes. The structural and magnetic properties of the nanocomposite was characterized by FESEM, EDX, XRD, FTIR, VSM, AFM, and BET. To study the sonocatalytic performance of the as-fabricated MIL-53(Fe)/NaY/NiFe2O4 catalyst, the H2O2-assisted degradation of MG, CR, MB and RhB in aqueous solution was investigated under ultrasound irradiation. The obtained data illustrated that the MIL-53(Fe)/NaY/NiFe2O4 nanaocomposite catalyst had better activity for the sonodegradation of MG, CR, MB and RhB than MIL-53(Fe)/NaY, NaY/NiFe2O4, MIL-53(Fe)/NiFe2O4, MIL-53(Fe), NaY or NiFe2O4. The enhanced sonocatalytic performance of the MIL-53(Fe)/NaY/NiFe2O4 nanocomposite could be corresponded to the rapid generation and separation of charge carriers (electrons and holes) in MIL-53(Fe) and NiFe2O4 and their transfer to the NaY zeolite surface. Besides, the recyclability of the sonocatalyst from aqueous solution could be easily achieved via an external magnetic field. The effects of several parameters on the sonocatalytic activity such as initial dye concentration and catalyst amount were also evaluated. The trapping experiments demonstrated that •OH radicals are the main active species in the organic dye degradation.

Welcome to the timely publication of this book entitled: Molecularly Imprinted Catalysts. Principles, Synthesis and Applications. In many cases, molecular imprinting is associated with: Existing applications such as selective adsorbent, separation and solid phase mining. In fact, the latter has had many commercial successes. Products available on the market. The next wave of molecular-based products. A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) is a polymer that has been processed using the molecular imprinting technique which leaves cavities in the polymer matrix with an affinity for a chosen "template" molecule. The process usually involves initiating the polymerization of monomers in the presence of a template molecule that is extracted afterwards, leaving behind complementary cavities. These polymers have affinity for the original molecule and have been used in applications such as chemical separations, catalysis, or molecular sensors. Published works on the topic date to the 1930s. Molecular imprinting is the process of generating an impression within a solid or a gel, the size, shape and charge distribution of which corresponds to a template molecule (typically present during polymerization). The result is a synthetic receptor capable of binding to a target molecule, which fits into the binding site with high affinity and specificity. The interactions between the polymer and the template are similar to those between antibodies and antigens, consisting of electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonds, Van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic interactions. One of the greatest advantages of artificial receptors over naturally occurring receptors is freedom of molecular design. Their frameworks are not restricted to proteins, and a variety of skeletons (e.g., carbon chains and fused aromatic rings) can be used. Thus, the stability, flexibility, and other properties are freely modulated according to need. Even functional groups that are not found in nature can be employed in these synthetic compounds. Furthermore, when necessary, the activity in response towards outer stimuli (photo-irradiation, pH change, electric or magnetic field, and others) can be provided by using appropriate functional groups.

In this research, the sonocatalytic performance of the novel magnetically separable MIL-53(Fe)/MIL- 101(Cr)/NiFe2O4 nanocomposite was investigated by the H2O2-assisted ultrasonic system for the degradation of water soluble organic dye contaminants, involving methylene blue (MB), rhodamine B (RhB) and methyl orange (MO). The MIL-53(Fe)/MIL-101(Cr)/NiFe2O4 nanocomposite was synthesized via the ultrasonic-assisted hydrothermal method. The FESEM/EDAX, XRD, FTIR, VSM, and BET were applied for the identification of the morphology and structure of the as-manufactured nanocomposite. Compared with H2O2/sonolysis, the higher degradation of MB dye (25 mg/L) was attained by the sonocatalytic reaction. Plus, by the addition of hydroxyl radical (•OH) and hole quenchers decreased the degradation yield from 97% to 32% and 74% after 20 min, indicating the •OH free radicals as main oxidizing agent of the above-mentioned process. As well, the magnetic feature of the sample helped for quickly separation of the nanocomposite, made it recyclable with a trivial decline in the activity even after 4 sequential cycles.

Perhaps the number one culprit in the pollution crisis in the contemporary world can be considered the rapid and unstoppable trend of energy consumption. Suffice it to say that according to research, humans have consumed as much energy (12 trillion kilowatt hours) from the beginning of creation until 1852 as they did over the next hundred years! But even more troubling is that human energy consumption is projected to reach 120,000 trillion kilowatt-hours in the next 100 years - now 69 years from now - with a 1,000 percent increase. Thus, increasing human needs led him to recognize and control other aspects of energy, including nuclear energy, and thus, radioactive pollution could be considered as one of the six major types of pollution (Pollution) that It is and will be imposed by man on his only habitable habitat. In fact, after air pollution (due to gases emitted from the fuel of cars, factories and also pollution caused by the presence of living particles Micro Organisms or microscopic particles in the ambient air), water and soil pollution (effluents and polluted water consumed by factories and Non-degradable wastes and incompatible with nature, chemical pollution from industrial wastewater, water pollution due to oil and chemical leaks, infectious and microbial pollution, etc.), technogenic pollution (due to any structural changes that are destructive Natural pollution and environmental change), noise pollution and light pollution, should be considered the dangers of the release of radioactive materials, the sixth and perhaps the most threatening type of pollution that threatens all living things in the world. It is not unreasonable to say, "Welcome to the gate of doom;"

In this research, the novel MnFe2O4/MIL-53(Fe)/Y zeolite as a magnetically separable nanocomposite catalyst was successfully synthesized by the ultrasonic-assisted hydrothermal route and identified using FE-SEM, EDAX, XRD, FTIR, VSM, and AFM analyses. Subsequently, the sonocatalytic performance of the MnFe2O4/MIL-53(Fe)/Y nanocomposite was carried out to effective degrade the organic dye contaminants, involving methylene blue (MB), methyl orange (MO) and rhodamine B (RhB) from aqueous solution under ultrasound (US)/H2O2 system. Multiple analytical factors, such as irradiation time, catalyst amount, initial dye concentration, H2O2 concentration, process type, and organic dye type were studied to attain the maximum sonocatalytic efficiency. Based on the obtained outcomes, the degradation efficiency reached to be 100%, 99.2% and 90.8% for MB, RhB and MO, respectively. Plus, the trapping experiments demonstrated that ·OH radicals are the main reactive oxidative species in the degradation of these organic dyes. In conclusion, the sonocatalytic degradation synergizing the US/H2O2 in the presence of MnFe2O4/MIL-53 (Fe)/Y nanocomposite reveals a great potential to evaluate the effective treatment of toxic organic dyes from effluent.