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The objective of the present study was to estimate the influence of tanakan on the duration of the period needed to achieve vestibular compensation in the patients presenting with peripheral vestibular dizziness in the course of vestibular rehabilitation with the use of the post-urographic system. 72 patients at the age varying from 18 to 42 years (46 women and 26 men) suffering from peripheral vestibular dizziness were treated on an individual basis for the purpose of vestibular rehabilitation 3-5 times per week for a total period of 3-6 weeks. 42 of the 72 patients comprising group 1 were given Tanakan for 3 months at a dose of 40 mg thrice daily, the remaining 30 patients (group 2) continued to receive the vasoactive treatment as prescribed by attending physicians of other medical and diagnostic centres (protocols of their treatment recommended at local medical facilities did not include tanakan therapy). It is concluded that the use of tanakan for the treatment of the patients presenting with peripheral vestibular dizziness accelerates vestibular compensation and reduces the time necessary to achieve vestibular rehabilitation. Moreover, the combined treatment with the application of tanakan makes it possible to decrease the medicamental loading.

Clinical signs characteristic for early central choroidal melanoma (42 patients) and late stage age-related macula degeneration according to AREDS (47 patients) were determined in 89 patients. These signs allow to differentiate between tumor and degenerative process thus providing appropriate treatment.

Features of blood flow in ophthalmic artery, central retinal artery, posterior short ciliary arteries were studied using color Doppler mapping (CDM) in 40 patients (40 eyes) with primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) before and after surgery depending on postoperative course. The features of hemodynamic changes were revealed in patients with favorable postoperative course, progression of local and diffuse proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). The risk factors of PVR after surgery were identified. CDM is valuable for predicting of postoperative course after RRD surgery.

Based on detailed study of optical absorption spectra of protein-hydrazones a modification of the spectrophotometric method determination of the protein carbonyl groups has been proposed. For the hydrazone adduct determination we proposed to measure the optical absorption at three wavelengths (320, 370 and 420 nm) instead of only one (at 370 nm). Two additional wavelengths are used for the linear approximation of the background optical spectrum. This modification improves the specificity and reduces the error when determining the content of CO groups in proteins.

21 children with retinoblastoma (32 eyes, 36 lesions) were examined using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Pathognomonic features of initial primary exophytic, endophytic and mixed retinoblastoma were revealed OCT-control allowed to estimate combined treatment efficacy (chemotherapy, brachytherapy, transpupillary thermotherapy) and to reveal signs of latent growth. Thus revealed OCT signs of primary, residual retinoblastoma, retinal scar, zones of latent growth allow early estimation of appropriateness of combined eye-preserving treatment.

The objective of the present retrospective study was to estimate the effectiveness of the treatment of the patients presenting with tympanophonia taking into consideration their specific psychoemotional status. The study included a total of 56 patients (25 women and 31 men) at the age from 18 to 42 years. They were allocated to 4 groups based on the results of relevant testing procedures. The patients exhibiting moderate emotional lability were treated with choline alfoscerate and vitamins of group B supplemented by tanakan. Those characterized by enhanced emotional lability and sleep disorders were given psychotherapy. Hirudotherapy was prescribed to 10 patients to improve venous outflow. The follow-up testing has demonstrated that the best results were achieved in the patients receiving psychotherapy despite minimal changes of the results of acoustimetry. The patients with the duration of the disease described themselves as perfectly healthy after the course of therapy with the use of tanakan. The severity of tympanophonia was reduced more than by half in 73% of the patients and totally disappeared in 27% of those suffering chronic tympanophonia of moderate intensity. In nine of the 10 patients given hirudotherapy, tympanophonia was reduced by one third on the average. It is concluded that correction of the psychoemotional status significantly improves the quality of life in the patients with tympanophonia. The introduction of tanakan into combined treatment of this condition makes it possible to reduce the intensity of tympanophonia and improve its psychoemotional background as was described in an earlier work of N.N. Yakhno and co-workers.

The objective of the present study was to estimate the therapeutic efficacy and safety of myrtol standardized (gelomyrtol forte) and acetylcysteine given to 11 and 13 patients respectively presenting with sinobronchial syndrome. Dynamics of clinical and roentgenological signs and symptoms in these patients was investigated throughout the period of therapy. The best clinical results were obtained using myrtol standardized. Specifically, the summary score characterizing the change of clinical symptoms decreased from the initial value of 32 to 0.73 on the 7th day after the initiation of therapy and to 0.18 after its termination. The decrease of the same parameter in the group of the patients treated with acetylcysteine to 1.3 and 0.38 (mean score for the group) was documented on days 7 and 10 after the beginning of therapy respectively.

The objective of the present work was to study epidemiology of congenital stridor as a leading symptom of laryngeal malformation. The continuous sampling method was employed to perform the retrospective analysis of the growth charts of the patients attending three children's polyclinics in Moscow (9.625 patients born between 2005 and 2009). In addition, the medical histories of 4.623 newborn and breast-fed babies under the age of 1 year admitted to the Department of Newborn and Neonatal Pathology, Saint Vladimir City Children's Clinical Hospital, and 347 patients of the Department of Reconstructive Laryngeal Surgery were analysed. The children with the history of tracheal intubation in the preceding period were excluded from the study. The frequency of congenital stridor annually diagnosed in the aforementioned polyclinics varied from 0.17 to 5.8% compared with 1.5% in the general population. It was 2.21 to 3.14% (mean 2.47%) among the children treated at the Clinical Hospital. In the children under the age of 1 year, congenital malformations accounted for 90.8% of all laryngeal diseases. The principal cause of stridor was shown to be laryngomalacia. This pathology was diagnosed in 91.9% of the cases included in this study. In 11.2% of the patients, this condition occurred in combination with other congenital pathologies. It is concluded that the diagnosis of congenital stridor is an indication for laryngeal endoscopy regardless of the children's age starting from the first day of life. Meeting this recommendation allows the cause of stridor to be established and the treatment strategy to be developed on an individual basis.

Allergic rhinitis is a common disease of great socio-economic significance. The treatment of this condition is carried out on an individual basis depending on the clinical course of the disease; it includes prevention of contacts with the allergen, medicamental and immunotherapy. The principal pharmaceuticals used to treat the patients include oral and intranasal H1 anti-histaminic preparations, intranasal corticosteroids, intranasal cromones, anti-leukotrien agents, and specific subcutaneous immunotherapy. Glencet (levocetirizine) is one of the modern antihistaminic preparations of the second generation having an advantage over other drugs for the treatment of allergic rhinitis in that it may be prescribed to the patients presenting with concomitant bronchial asthma and cardiac diseases.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of introduction of milgamma and milgamma compositum in the treatment of 52 patients with cochleovestibular disorders of different etiology. Thirteen patients enrolled in the study received standard therapy and 39 others were given its combination with milgamma preparations. Combined therapy with milgamma and milgamma compositum ensured faster vestibular compensation including posturographic characteristics than the standard treatment (within 3-4 weeks compared with 5 weeks in controls). The results of the study give reason to recommend milgamma and milgamma compositum as neurotropic medicines in addition to standard therapy for the management of the patients presenting with cochleovestibular disorders for the acceleration of the vestibular compensation.

There is performed in vivo morphological study of the White Sea heteronemerteans belonging to the type of pilidium pyramidale (conussoidale). Based on the layer-by-layer microshooting with subsequent computer processing, development of the pilidium digestive, nervous, and muscle systems is described from the stage following at once the gastrula to the premetamorphose larva. Peculiarities of structural organization of the main functional systems are revealed depending on the larva size and the stage of formation of imaginal discs. It is first shown that even in the not completely formed pilidium, neurons are located not only in integuments and wall of the digestive tract, but also in the depth of cupola along the central muscle retractor. Their processes are distributed between the main body parts and organs by seeming to perform connections of the apical organ and central muscle retractor with the digestive tract, blades, and the nerve plexus of the cupola wall. In the digestive tract between pharynx and stomach in the formed pilidium, the sphincter is first revealed. It has been shown that in the course of larva development, the non-orderly arranged and poorly developed muscle fibers gradually form in the blade the fan-like, whereas in the cupola wall, the net-like structure.

Localization and peculiarities of NO-ergic elements were studied for he first time throughout the entire length of digestive tract of the marine gastropod mollusc Achatina fulica (Prosobranchia) and the terrestrial molusc Littorina littorea (Pulmonata) by using histochemical method of detection of NADPH-diaphorase (NADPHd). NO-ergic cells and fibers were revealed in all parts of the mollusc digestive tract beginning from pharynx. An intensive NADPHd activity was found in many intraepithelial cells of the open type and in their processes in intra- and subepithelial nerve plexuses, single subepithelial neurons, granular connective tissue cells, and numerous nerve fibers among muscle elements of he digestive tract wall as well as in nerves innervating the tract. NADPHd was also present in receptor cells of he oral area and in the central A. fulica ganglia participating in innervation of the digestive tract. The digestive tract NO-ergic system ofA. fulica has a more complex organization that that of L. littorea. In the A. fulica pharynx, stomach, and midgut, directly beneath epithelium, there is revealed a complex system of glomerular structures formed by thin NADPHd-positive nerve fibers coming from the side of epithelium. More superficially under the main groups of muscle elements, small agglomerations of NADPHd-positive neurons are seen, which could be considered as primitive, non-formed microganglia. Peculiarities of distribution and a possible functional role of NO-ergic elements in the digestive tract of molluscs are discussed as compared with other invertebrate and vertebrate animals.

With the use of the histochemical procedure for the demonstration of acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity, the distribution cholinergic regulatory elements was studied in the esophagus, the pharynx, the stomach, the liver (the digestive gland) and the intestine in sea and terrestrial gastropod molluscs that differed in their general organization level, lifestyle, habitat and feeding type. In both molluscs, all the parts of the digestive tract contained the significant amount of intraepithelial AchE-positive cells of the open type, single subepithelial neurons and the nervous fibers localized among the muscle cells of the wall of the organs. The basal processes of the AchE-positive intraepithelial cells were shown to form the intraepithelial nerve plexus and to pass under the epithelium. The peculiarities and common principles in the distribution of the nervous elements detected, their possible function and the regulatory role in the digestion in gastropod molluscs and other animals are discussed.

The paper evaluates the clinical effectiveness of Vitrum Vision ("Unifarm") that contains a complex of carotenoids, vitamins, and trace elements, which is adapted to ocular tissue metabolic features, in the tired eye syndrome and senile macular degeneration. The use of Vitrum Vision in patients with the tired eye syndrome improved the basic parameters of photosensitivity and increased the reserve of relative accommodation and in those with myopia enhanced uncorrectable visual acuity, ameliorated the magnitude of subjective visual and ocular symptoms, and increased the duration of a visual load until sensations of eye tiredness appeared. The administration of the drug in all clinical forms of senile macular degeneration increased visual acuity, improved the basic parameters of photosensitivity, enhanced the functional activity of neurons in the central portions of the retina (as shown by electrophysiological studies) while that in the subretinal neovascular membrane diminished retinal edema, improved the patients' general condition, far vision, and increased comfort on reading.

Corticosteroids are the preparations in the treatment of optic neuritis at multiple sclerosis. The doses and methods of introduction of corticosteroids are chosen individually for the adults and children. A maximum effect is registered in a majority of cases of optic neuritis, when methylprednisolone is prescribed with the pulse-dose introduction, as compared to parabulbar injections or administration of corticosteroids per os. The recovery of vision at relapsing optic neuritis sets on faster and is of a more prolonged nature as compared to other variants of the introduction of corticosteroids. Therefore, the prescription of methylprednisolone as pulse-doses is more effective in both adults and children.

The possibility of using ultrasonic scanning in differential diagnosis of optic neuritis (ON) and anterior ischemic neuropathy (AIN) and the prognostic significance of the results were evaluated. The thickness of retrobulbar part of the optic nerve directly behind the eye was measured by echographic B method in patients with ON and AIN. The thickness of the retrobulbar part of the involved and paired optic nerve was more than 0.7 mm in 90% patients with ON, which can be considered as an additional clinical sign of ON. Thickening of the retrobulbar part of the optic nerve is not characteristic of AIN. In patients with disseminated sclerosis ON is associated with less pronounced thickening of the retrobulbar part of the optic nerve than in idiopathic ON, which agrees with the pathogenesis and pathomorphology of disseminated sclerosis. The degree of optic nerve thickening in ON in patients with disseminated sclerosis is prognostically insignificant, while in idiopathic ON more than 2 mm asymmetry of the retrobulbar part of the involved and paired optic nerve is a sign predicting a long course of the disease and maybe incomplete recovery of vision. Thickening of the involved optic nerve by less than 1.7 mm is associated with a better prognosis as regards the time and completeness of vision restoration.

Results of comparative investigation into morphological specifics of the receptor and nervous cells and their interrelations in walls of various Prosobranchia molluscs' mantle cavity. Structural specifics and evolutionary regularities of the visceral nervous system's afferent portion in gastropods are discussed.

The efficiency of garasone (Schering-Plau) in preoperative and postoperative treatment was evaluated in 50 patients. Controls (48 pts) were treated by combinations of antibiotics (0.25% levomycetin and 20% sodium sulfacyl solutions) and antiinflammatory drugs (0.1% dexamethasone and maxidex). The postoperative inflammatory reaction ceased much sooner in the patients treated with garasone than in the controls. Conjunctival edema, corneal edema, and descemetitis completely disappeared on days 4-5 after the operation in the study group and only on day 6 in the control. Higher efficiency of garasone can be attributed to the advantages of its components: wide-spectrum gentamicin and its high bioavailability for the eyeball tissues and an effective steroid betamethasone. One more advantage of garasone is that it is convenient to use (a single flask, no need in repeated instillations). The results recommend garasone for wide use for prevention and treatment of postoperative inflammatory diseases of the eyes.

The invasion of land by gastropods independent and repeated in the course of their evolution, was shown to be accompanied by appearance of organisationally similar olfactory tentacular organs and special integrative centres. The majority of primary and secondary water gastropods in different phylogenetic groups had a different, more primitive organisation of the tentacular sensory system as compared to the terrestrial species. Regularities of the phylogenetic adaptations of mollusks to the habitat media and lifestyle are discussed.

Using silver nitrate impregnation after Golgi and Colognier, staining with methylen blue and HRP labelling organization of peripheral and central regions of statocyst sensory system in nudibranch mollusc Coryphella rufibranchialis was investigated. Ramification of processes of the majority of statocyst receptor cells in its wall, adjacent optic and both cerebropleural ganglia was demonstrated. Special attention was drawn to structural bases of possible intersensory interactions between statocyst. Common zone of distribution of afferent fibres from statocysts, eyes, rhinophores and neuron processes of optic ganglia were distinguished and neurons innervating these zones and pedal ganglia were discovered.

Combined bronchological and otorhinolaryngological examinations with bacteriological tests were performed in 67 children with chronic nonspecific pulmonary disease (CNSPD) associated with ENT trouble. These patients comprised 69.6% of overall number of children with CNSPD treated by the authors. Bacteriological tests have shown almost absolute identity of microflora from chronic infection foci in the upper and lower airways. Coccal flora predominated, especially pmeumococcal and Streptococcus viridans. The response to treatment was observed both from the lower respiratory tracts and the ENT system. Both ENT and respiratory system benefited from the combined treatment which reduced frequency and duration of the exacerbations. Thus, combined therapy has proved more effective than pulmonological or otorhynolaryngological alone.

Authors own experimental data and data available in literature were summarised to elucidate the influence of the mollusc environment and mode of living on structural organization of tentacular and osphradial systems, receptors of the mouth labia and mantle in typical freshwater mollusc. The similarity between sensory systems of tentacles, mouth and labia was demonstrated based on the findings obtained using silver impregnation, horse radish peroxidase labelling and electron microscopy. Module pattern of organization and peculiarities of sensory organs efferent innervation were demonstrated. Bilateral symmetry and the basis of multichannel structures of sensory systems central regions were described. Specific pattern of structural organization and those common with other animals were shown. The emphasis was made on differences from the olfactory systems of ground gastropods that consist in the lack of olfactory glomeruli, the special olfactory centres, procerebri and specialized chemosensory epithelium in freshwater mollusc.

The general structural organization, receptor and nervous elements of tentacular sensory organs, statocysts, eyes, osphradium as well as receptor elements of skin of body and head were investigated in the land prosobranch mollusk Pomatias elegans. The structure of eyes, statocysts and osphradium of P. elegans, with the exception of some details, does not differ principally from the structure of corresponding sensory organs of the primarily water-dwelling Prosobranchia. The head tentacles are complex, specialized sensory formations, similar to tentacular organs of land pulmonates. They had a specialized sensory area, featured in the apex of the tentacle, and apical and basal tentacular ganglia. The glomerula-like formations are revealed in the neuropile of the apical tentacular ganglion. Almost all the receptor cells in skin and sensory organs of P. elegans are intra-epithelial. The regularities of evolution of chemosensory systems of gastropods arising at multiple land intrusion are discussed.

In the paper are reviewed the author's data on the structure of peripheral nervous system of the body wall, gravitational organs--statocysts, eyes, and organs of distant chemoreception--ommatophors, or posterior head tentacles, of the snails Helix vulgaris and Helix pomatia. Localization in the CNS of central parts of the main sensory systems is shown and some structural characteristics of them are described. The data on the organization of the procerebrum which takes part in processing of information from the receptors of the head tentacles are presented. By some morphological features the procerebrum may be considered as one of the highest associative centers of the snails. The data under consideration were obtained by means of silver impregnation by Golgi, retro- and anterograde infusion of CoCl2, horseradish peroxidase and Lucifer yellow into the nerves, as well as by means of a number of other classical histological techniques.

Extracellular recordings of responses in the cockroach dorsal descending projections to rhythmical light stimulation revealed phasic and tonic types of the responses differing from each other by the latency and lability. Extracellular labelling with cobalt ions revealed branches passing to the motor nucleus in the metathoracic ganglion.

The authors described the principle and algorithms of the separation of a summary radionephrogram into constituents, reflecting the contribution of a radiopharmaceutical, uptaken by neutrons, and RP in the surrounding tissues. The authors proposed a correct method for estimation (using the first constituent) of the efficacy indicator of RP uptake by the kidneys (Q-parameter) and the indicator of the mean time of transit (t) in the kidneys of RP uptaken by their parenchyma. The results of testing of the proposed methods of Q and t calculation were presented. Values of these parameters were determined in health and in essential hypertension, I and II degree, pyelonephritis, chronic nephritis (latent and hypertensive types), stenosis of the renal artery, obstruction of the upper urinary tracts, and in one kidney. These results indicate the physiological adequacy of the employed mathematical models, proving the diagnostic informative value of the calculated indicators.

Informative RNA of interferon and its production repressor were isolated from the cells of the chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF). These 2 RNAs were characterized comparatively. It was found that isolation of the poly A-containing RNAs of interferonand its repressor permits to increase significantly the specific activity of both preparations. Comparative analysis of the sedimentation profiles suggested that the biological activity zones of both preparations in the sucrose density gradient had close sedimentation constants. Accumulation of the repressor RNA in the cells of the CEF was somewhat earlier than that of the interferon RNA. The translation time of the interferon and repressor RNAs amounted to 25-30 and 30-35 minutes respectively.

The methods of induction, isolation and testing of the functional activity of the informative RNA of the interferon production repressor were developed. The repressor informative RNA was found in the cells an hour after the repeated induction of interferon. The minimal time of its translation, i.e. 25--30 minutes was determined. It was shown that the iRNA of the repressor was heterogenous and its major peaks had the sedimentation constants of 10S, 22S and 32S. Poly(A)-containing RNA of the repressor was isolated from the summation compound. It had a high specific activity.

The HEp-2 cell mitochondria were found to harbor electronoptically dense subvirus particles with a byouant density of 1.27-1.28 g/cm3 which formed in the mitochondria de novo (experiments on incubation of isolated mitochondria with 32P). The intramitochondrial localization of proteins of oncornavirus type D was proven by different methods of the antigenic analysis (CFT, immune precipitation, autoradiography). The additional evidence of the participation of mitochondria in biosynthesis of this virus was obtained by the use of inhibitory tests (a different effect of chloramphenicol and cycloheximide). The possible role of mitochondria in biosynthesis of oncornaviruses is discussed.

The characteristics of human embryo lung culture spontaneously contaminated with mouse cells (HELCCM) are presented. Changes in the cytological and karyological characteristics of the cells were observed as compared with those of the initial human embryo lung (HEL) cell strain. The culture acquired the resistance to adenovirus type 7; at the same time RNA metabolism in HELCCM culture culture chronically infected with adenovirus practically did not differ from that of the control. Electron microscopic examination of the culture revealed virions of oncornavirus types A and C as well as minimal forms of oncornaviruses which morphologically were close to murine oncornaviruses. The results indicate that in the process of passages the initial diploid cells of HEL were eliminated by mouse cells. Therefore at present, the HELCCM cell line is considered to be a mouse line.

Antiviral activity of a two-spiral RNA (ts RNA), a new natural interferon inductor was studied. It was shown that ts RNA extracted from a phage infected E. coli culture was an active inductor of interferon and resistance to infection with the forestspring encephalitis virus experimental animals. In experiments on 10-12 g mice ts RNA administered in a dose of 50 micrograms/mouse 6 hours after the infection induced up to 1280 units/ml of the serum interferon. When the inductor was administered repeatedly, the experimental animals developed hyporeactivity resulting in a marked decrease in interferon production after the 3rd subsequent injection. The most pronounced effect with respect to the forest-spring encephalitis virus was observed when the inductor was administered intraperitoneally in a dose of 20 micrograms/mouse 4 hours before the infection. The protective effect was less pronounced when the inductor was administered 24 and 48 hours before the infection. A two-fold administration of the inductor did not increase the antiviral effect. When the inductor was administered in a dose of 100 micrograms 14 days before the infection, the animals showed an increase in the nonspecific resistance to the infection resulting in a marked antiviral effect.

The method of differential centrifugation was used for concentration and purification of the minimal form of oncornaviruses type A and C. The structures showed heterogeneous distribution in sucrose density gradient and formed a peak in the zone of 1.135 g/ml. Electron microscope examinations of negatively stained preparations showed that the size of the minimal forms of oncornaviruses type A and C was 25-60 nm, the diameter of nucleoids 10-30 nm.

Studies have been made on the neuronal composition of the central nervous system of the Nudibranch molluscs from the White Sea -- Coryphella rufibranchialis, Dendronotus arborescens and Cadlina laevis -- at various stages of their postlarval development, Localization maps for the largest neurons were composed. For C. rufibranchialis and D. arborescens, about 65--78 neurons were mapped; some of the characteristics of these neurons were investigated, such as age changes in the body size, the shape, pigmentation and neurosecretory activity. Using impregnation of silver nitrate into slices, two types of branching of neuronal processes were revealed (nervous cells with "branching" and "bifurcational" axons).

The results of the study of host antigens in Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus by means of neutralization test in tissue culture using sera containing antibody for the species-specific antigens, Forssman antigen and group A and B antigens are presented. They show the inhibiting effect of the sera to be not uniform. The greatest neutralizing effect on the virus was exerted by immune sera to chick embryo fibroblasts and their fractions (by 0.5-3.9 lg PFU/ML). The lack of the virus neutralizing effect in sera for the Forssman antigen and for group A antigen appears to depend upon their deeper localization in the structure of virion.

Cellular organization of the integumental innervation apparatus was studied in Lymnaea stagnalis and Helix vulgaris by the methods of impregnation with silver nitrate after Golgi, scanning electron microscopy, phase-contrast microscopy and by the technique of semi-thin sections. The integument of the tentacles, mouth lips, head, margins and soles of the foot was subjected to the investigation. In all the areas studied, 6 types of receptors were detected; they varied in number, diameter and form of their peripheral processes, in form of the apical surface, as well as in number, length and position of the receptory cilia. The structure of the subdermal neural plexus was demonstrated. A small number of neurons was present in the distal neural parts and in the subdermal plexus. A possible functional specialization of different receptors and morphological basis for performing peripheral dermal reflexes were discussed.

To study distribution of afferent fibres of all nerves of the cerebral ganglia in the central nervous system (CNS) of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, CoCl2 and horseradish peroxidase solutions were administered. In the CNS certain neurons were revealed which could be considered as primary sensitive according to some signs. It has been stated that the sensitive fibres are situated in neuropil as well formed, definitely localized fasciculi. Most of them terminate immediately in the cerebral ganglion, some - go further through commissures and connectives into the neighbouring ganglia of its own and on the contralateral side of the CNS, sometimes reaching the visceral ganglion. Thus, not only the cerebral, but also all the pleuro-visceral are ganglia can directly get certain sensory information from the primary sensitive receptory cells of the sensory organs and the head skin of the mollusk. The sensitive fibres of every nerve form several clusters - sensitive nuclei, some of them overlapping each other. The CNS neuropil of the L. stagnalis possesses not the dorsoventral differentiation, specific for the truncal brain of all arthropodous forms of the invertebrates, but a nuclear type of the structure peculiar mainly for suprapharyngeal ganglia of the annelides and arthropods.

By means of retrograde transport methods, CoCl2 and horseradish peroxidase, localization and morphological peculiarities of the CNS neurons, that innervate lips and oral area, have been studied in the pond snail (Gastropoda). The neurons, sending their processes into the anterior and middle labial nerves, are found nearly in all ganglia of the parapharyngeal nervous ring on the distal and ventral surface. In the cerebral ganglia they situate as several symmetrical groups. Among the neurons revealed, there are cells with rather local distribution of the terminal branches of the processes in the CNS neuropil and neurons with vast branching areas in the neuropil not only of its own ganglion, but also of the neighbouring ones. The problem concerning the zones of possible intersensory interaction in the cerebral ganglia is discussed and presence in them, together with complex reflectory arches, of bisegmental reflectory arches is considered.

A comparative study of the reproduction of an alphavirus. Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus (VEE), in chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF) and oncornavirus type D (OV-D) produced spontaneously by human continuous cells (HEp-2) was carried out. The differential index of reproduction of both viruses was the yield of RNA-containing virus structures released from the cells. For VEE this index increased in the course of infection 100-150-fold. For OV-D the index changed little during long-term cultivation of the cells and was only 0.2%--1%. The effect of inhibitors, ethidium bromide and cycloheximide, on the RNA synthesis and production of virus structures was studied. Ethidium bromide was shown to inhibit reproduction of both the viruses considerably, whereas the effect of cyclohemimide on them was dissimilar: its effect on VEE virus depended on the time of its addition, while OV-D virus production did not depend on the time of its addition and was even stimulated in the presence of cycloheximide.

Osphradia of freshwater Lamellibranchia Unio pectorum and Anodonta cygnea are paired arcuate torsus situating in the mantle cavity at either side of the visceroparietal ganglion at the base of the gills. The osphradia are formed by folded unistratified epithelium covering the branchial ganglion and its nerves. Ciliary and mucous glandular cells, specific for the surrounding mantle, are nearly absent in the osphradial epithelium. Under the epithelium of the osphradial sensory area several types of bipolar primary-sensitive cells are situated, they have receptory terminals on the epithelial surface. Along the course of the branchial nerve, there are many uni-, bi- and multipolar neurons having, in most cases, several branchings within the nerve dendrite-like processes and one thin axon-like process running to the branchial ganglion. Together with the sensory function, the osphradial neural apparatus in Lamellibranchia is supposed to realize autonomic reflexes.