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Regarding the rheological properties of fluids, certain nanoparticles can markedly modify the rheological behavior of low surface tension solutions by interacting with surfactant molecules. In this work, a low surface tension fluid with cetyltrimethylammonium chloride was prepared, and the silica nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed into it by ultrasonic dispersion. By adjusting the size, shape, and concentration of nanoparticles, the fluid behavior can be changed from Newtonian to non-Newtonian with finely tuned viscosity and characterized by a shear-thinning rheological behavior. In addition, this work explored how variations in environmental temperature and solution pH affect the rheological responses of the low surface tension suspension system. The experimental findings revealed that increasing the temperature substantially decreases the system's viscosity and induces a shear-thickening behavior. It is particularly significant that, under extreme pH conditions (either strongly acidic or alkaline), the viscosity of the nanoparticle suspensions was markedly enhanced at a particle concentration of 10 000 ppm. This interesting result coincided with a notable reduction in the zeta potential and an increase in the average particle size, suggesting an intensified aggregation of particles within the suspension system. A mechanism detailing the interaction between silica nanoparticles and surfactant micelles was proposed. This work indicates that the incorporation of nanoparticles into surfactant solutions offers a powerful approach to modulating fluid rheology across various conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of ultraviolet-C light (UVC) photofunctionalization treatment time on the biologic activity of airborne particle-abraded and acid-etched (SLA) titanium surfaces and to analyze its physical and chemical mechanisms. Materials and Methods: SLA titanium was treated with UVC light for different lengths of time (10 minutes, 20 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, and 24 hours), and then changes to its surface characteristics were evaluated via electron microscope scanning, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), water contact angle measurement, and zeta potential measurement. The effect of UVC photofunctionalization on the biologic processes of SLA titanium surfaces was assessed by analyzing the bovine serum albumin adsorption, adhesion, proliferation, morphology, and alkaline phosphatase activity of MG-63 cells. Results: UVC irradiation did not change the topography of SLA titanium surfaces. As treatment times increased, the water contact angle decreased from 120 degrees to 0 degrees, and the hydrocarbon content decreased. Zeta potential testing showed increased surface potential of photofunctionalized titanium. In vitro testing showed that cell adhesion, proliferation, morphology, and alkaline phosphate (ALP) activity on titanium surfaces were significantly improved by UVC photofunctionalization. Conclusions: UVC photofunctionalization can improve the biologic activity of SLA titanium surfaces by removing hydrocarbons and increasing the surface potential of titanium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New design techniques are required to improve the stability of vitamin C (VC), which is essential for human health but is sensitive to environmental factors, in the stomach and its release in the body. The purpose of this study is to develop and characterise a fibre interlaced liposome (FIL) as a vehicle for better delivery of VC, with fruit fibres providing surface protection against degradation, which was confirmed by various studies. The optimised formulation was evaluated for its structural and surface morphological properties through zeta potential, FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM, and DSC analyses. In vitro release studies were also conducted, and FIL-VC displayed a sustained release of VC (19.31%) compared to the control (67.54%) during the period of 8 h. FIL-VC demonstrates better release in simulated intestinal fluids (95.34%) than in gastric fluids (21.15%), indicating better stability and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. In a randomized, double-blind, active-controlled, two-way crossover clinical study, FIL-VC showed 5.77-fold higher relative oral bioavailability in comparison with the unformulated VC. The AUC0−t for VC in FIL-VC (23.80 μg mL−1) was found to be significantly higher compared to unformulated VC (4.13 μg mL−1) after the oral administration of a single dose. These data show that FIL formulation resulted in a sustained release of VC with increased bioavailability, which could be beneficial for extended-release applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studying specific subpopulations of cancer-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) could help reveal their role in cancer progression. In cancer, an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) happens which results in lipid peroxidation with a major product of 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE). Adduction by HNE causes alteration to the structure of proteins, leading to loss of function. Blebbing of EVs carrying these HNE-adducted proteins as a cargo or carrying HNE-adducted on EV membrane are methods for clearing these molecules by the cells. We have referred to these EVs as Redox EVs. Here, we utilize a surface tension-mediated extraction process, termed exclusion-based sample preparation (ESP), for the rapid and efficient isolation of intact Redox EVs, from a mixed population of EVs derived from human glioblastoma cell line LN18. After optimizing different parameters, two populations of EVs were analyzed, those isolated from the sample (Redox EVs) and those remaining in the original sample (Remaining EVs). Electron microscopic imaging was used to confirm the presence of HNE adducts on the outer leaflet of Redox EVs. Moreover, the population of HNE-adducted Redox EVs shows significantly different characteristics to those of Remaining EVs including smaller size EVs and a more negative zeta potential EVs. We further treated glioblastoma cells (LN18), radiation-resistant glioblastoma cells (RR-LN18), and normal human astrocytes (NHA) with both Remaining and Redox EV populations. Our results indicate that Redox EVs promote the growth of glioblastoma cells, likely through the production of H2O2, and cause injury to normal astrocytes. In contrast, Remaining EVs have minimal impact on the viability of both glioblastoma cells and NHA cells. Thus, isolating a subpopulation of EVs employing ESP-based immunoaffinity could pave the way for a deeper mechanistic understanding of how subtypes of EVs, such as those containing HNE-adducted proteins, induce biological changes in the cells that take up these EVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of sustainable development is driving shell biorefineries to develop a cost-effective and environmentally benign approach to transform chitin into high-value products. This study describes a green, simple, and flexible shell biorefinery process for producing two kinds of nanochitins (NCh), chitin solid residues (ChSRs) and chitin nanocrystals (ChNCs), by using p-toluenesulfonic acid-assisted hydrothermal treatment. The ChSR is a bundled nanocrystal with a long length ranging from 100 nm to 450 nm and a width ranging from 10 nm to 30 nm. It has an excellent interfacial behavior between the water and oil phases due to its amphiphilic nature; thus, a foodstuff-related emulsion has been successfully fabricated from soybean oil and a ChSR suspension without the addition of any synthetic surfactants. The further hydrolysed ChNC with a length and width range of 25–225 nm and 15–30 nm, respectively, and a high zeta potential of 41 mV exists as an individual nanocrystal. Owing to the abundance of positively charged groups distributed on its surface, ChNC enables self-assembly to a highly ordered hierarchical structure. Hence, ChNCs show promising results in fabricating large-area photonic films, e.g. for application in bright and vivid automobile painting. Altogether, we provide a novel approach to produce NCh materials from crustacean shell waste and bridge the gap from process engineering to high-value product development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This analysis theoretically investigates the transport phenomena of mixed convection flows in an enclosure of rectangular geometry saturated with a permeable medium filled with an electrically conducting nanofluid. An inclined magnetic field is taken into consideration. Buongiorno's model is utilized to characterize the nanoliquid. The enclosure has adiabatic walls and hot slits. A uniform cold temperature is maintained at the enclosure's lower and upper walls. The enclosure's vertical walls are thermally insulated with hot slits at the center of the walls. This kind of analysis on mixed convective, electrically conducting nanofluid flows in enclosures finds applications in smart nanomaterial processing systems and hybrid electromagnetic nanoliquid fuel cells. The Marker-And-Cell (MAC) method is utilized to solve the transformed nondimension system of governing equations subject to the fitted boundary conditions. The effects of key physical parameters on streamlines, isotherms, iso-concentration contour plots and the heat transmission rate are examined. The simulations demonstrate that the Richardson number has a predominant impact on the thermo-solutal features of nanofluid flow in the rectangular enclosure. Variations in magnetic field and buoyancy ratio parameters exert a notable influence on the iso-concentrations and isotherms. An increase in the Darcy number values exhibits a tendency to magnify the local heat transfer rate. Higher Grashof number values reduce the local Nusselt number profiles. The effect of porous parameter is significant in the streamlines, isotherms and iso-concentrations. Thus, the porous medium can significantly control the transport phenomena in the enclosure. The concentration, temperature and velocity contours are strongly modified by the variations in the Grashof number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The brittleness and limited plastic deformation of ceramics restrict their applications. In this work, the effects of pristine (CNT P), functionalized (CNT OH , CNT COOH) and silanized MWCNTs on the mechanical properties of Silicon Carbide obtained by pyrolyzing polycarbosilane SMP-10 were studied. Functionalization with 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxy was analyzed through dispersion stability, zeta potential, and EDS analyses, revealing increased silicon content and colloidal stability in silanized MWCNTs. However, silanized MWCNTs led to reduced mechanical properties in composites, while untreated MWCNTs (CNT P , CNT OH , CNT COOH), showed a substantial increase in modulus by 74.2 %, 86.9 %, and 30.5 %, respectively. The observed enhancement in mechanical properties exceeded the outcomes predicted by the rule of mixtures, suggesting notable morphological changes induced by MWCNTs. Potential underlying factors including toughening mechanisms and changes in porosity were evaluated and discussed in depth. Composites with untreated MWCNTs showed nearly a two-fold increase in fracture toughness. This work shows a streamlined approach for the development of ceramic nanocomposites (CNCs), achieving significant improvement in mechanical properties through pyrolysis, surpassing traditional methods reliant on densification processes. These findings demonstrate the substantial potential of CNCs, enhancing their suitability for advanced engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work reports a synthesis of octahedron (A55NO) and cube-shaped (A55NC) Mn 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 ferrite nanoparticle dispersion in distilled water. The crystal structure analyzed using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows the crystallite sizes of 17.7 ± 0.4 nm and 11.9 ± 1.0 nm, respectively, for the A55NO and A55NC particles. The morphology as seen from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirms 17.8 ± 0.3 nm (σ = 0.27) and 8.7 ± 0.3 nm (σ = 0.33) edge lengths, respectively, for octahedron and cube-shaped particles. The thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy are used to confirm the chemical binding of the surfactant with a sharp transition at 208.67 °C and 218.32 °C, respectively, for octahedron and cube-shaped particles, indicating the removal of the surfactant due to its decomposition from the particle surface. Both the particles are highly magnetic and have 75.32 Am2/kg and 72.93 Am2/kg saturation magnetization, as revealed by their M − H loops using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The stability of the sample is confirmed using the particle size analyzer (DLS) and the Zeta potential analyzer. The induction heating capacity of the fluid was investigated using the Embrell Easy Heat model LA6310 at 330 kHz. The heating response shows that even a minimum concentration of 1 mg/mL is sufficient to achieve the hyperthermic window temperature of 42 °C for both samples, which, unlike the same composition prepared by other routes, makes it impossible to go beyond 38 °C. Moreover, octahedron particle dispersion can reach this window temperature within 10 min, whereas cube particle dispersion requires only 15 min. The findings of this study hold significant practical value since it confirms that Mn 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 composition with tuneable shape has the potential to work as a temperature-controlled magnetic switch for magnetic fluid hyperthermia under the defined safety limit with the minimum concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The zinc doped calcium phosphate biomaterials have recently attracted much attention. In this study, we have investigated the bioactivity, cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of zinc doped calcium phosphate-sulfate hydroxyapatites Ca 9-x Zn x Na(PO 4) 5 (SO 4)(OH) 2 (x = 0, 0.2, 0.5). The samples have been synthesized by the solid-state reaction at high temperature and then have been characterized using X-ray diffraction, Infrared spectroscopy and Raman scattering spectroscopy. The surface analysis was conducted by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in combination with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) and Zeta-potential measurements. The bioactivity investigation involved immersing the samples in a simulated body fluid (SBF), providing valuable insights into the samples capability to stimulate the formation of an apatite layer similar to that found in bones. The antibacterial activity of the materials was studied using pathogenic bacteria. The assessment of sample cytotoxicity was involved using artemia salina as the experimental model. X-ray diffraction patterns reveal that the samples crystallize in the hexagonal system with the P 6 3 / m space group. The x = 0.2 material exhibited the best crystallinity and the highest negative Zeta potential, making it the most bioactive sample when immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF). SEM analysis confirmed that this sample effectively promotes the formation of a new apatite layer, highlighting its promising potential for biomedical applications. The results of the study highlight the significantly beneficial effect of doped hydroxyapatite (x = 0.2) on the biological properties, compared to the other samples analyzed in this study, thus underscoring the strong potential of this material for promising applications in the fields of bioengineering and tissue regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovative applications of foam are the need of time which fundamentally depends on the stability of the foam. In the present research work, the static foam behavior of the nonionic surfactant Tween-20 in the presence and absence of Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) was investigated. The role of TiO2-NPs on foaming power based on foam height and foamability was studied at different temperatures. At 29 ± 1 0C, maximum foam height for Tween 20 (5% surfactant solution in distilled water) without and with TiO2-NPs was increased from 45.60 to 60.30 cm exhibiting 32.25% increase. In view of studying foam stability, axial dye displacement rate (ADDR) test was performed without and with nanoparticles where TiO2-NPs resist liquid drainage. TiO2 -NPs and Tween-20 form intermolecular hydrogen bonding which helps to enhance the foam stability as revealed by the density functional theory (DFT) studies. However, TiO2 -NPs have tendency to agglomerate if zeta potential value is low that severely affect the foaming power and foamability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research aims to improve oral bioavailability, reduce the variability in absorption, and decrease GI intolerance of Nitrofurantoin (NFT) by presenting in a lipid-based liquid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (L-SNEDDS). L-SNEDDS formulations were developed using a thermosolvency technique. Physicochemical properties including in-vitro drug diffusion were exercised to optimize the formula, further, comparative ex-vivo permeability, in-vitro cell line, in-vitro anti-microbial, and in-vivo pharmacokinetic evaluation of optimized formulation was carried out. Based on the highest saturation solubility, soybean oil, oleoyl polyoxyl-6-glycerides, and diethylene glycol monoethyl ether were selected as oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant, respectively. A Smix ratio of 1:2 was selected based on pseudoternary phase diagrams. The formulation prepared with an equal ratio of oil and Smix exhibited the lowest globule size (59.4 ± 0.8 nm), optimum zeta potential (−21.3 ± 1.1 mV), and faster drug release (95.4 ± 4.2 % in 30 min), and hence was selected for further evaluation. Optimized formulation (SF5) was found stable and showed improved membrane permeability against pure drug suspension (1.84 times) and marketed suspension formulation (1.15 times). SF5 exhibited similar % cell viability and % cell toxicity in Caco-2 cell lines compared to the marketed suspension. However, it showed the highest zone of inhibition against both the gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. The relative bioavailability of NFT-loaded L-SNEDDS was enhanced by 1.46 and 1.55 times compared to the marketed and pure drug, respectively. Thus, it can be concluded that the variability of oral absorption is minimized, and oral bioavailability is improved by the novel lipid-based nanocarrier system of NFT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on synthesis of anionic magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) immobilized with a bisphenol A (BPA)-specific peptide aptamer for selective BPA adsorption. The MNP surface was coated with anionic poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid) (PAMPS) to provide water dispersibility and stability. These nanosorbents, with a saturation magnetization value of 47 emu/g, responded well to the change in zeta potential and hydrodynamic size with varying dispersion pH. The aptamer loading capacity of particles was 0.12 mg/mg MNPs, and the nanosorbents exhibited a 47% BPA adsorption capacity. Importantly, they shown high selectivity in capturing BPA over structurally similar molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the application of carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as a label in immunochromatographic assay for morphine detection. MWCNTs were carboxylated using nitric acid and characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, field emission scanning microscopy (FESEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The optimum concentration of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) as a surfactant for homogenous dispersion of MWCNTs was determined by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy to be 0.5 mg/mL. The zeta potential of MWCNTs before adding PVP was −41.9 ± 1.02 mV, and after adding PVP, −54.1 ± 0.25 mV. On the surface of MWCNTs, the anti-morphine antibody (AM antibody) had a binding effectiveness ranging from 91.1% to 95.5%. The AM antibody-MWCNTs were conjugated to create immunochromatographic test strips. The visual limit of detection (vLOD) was 1.0 ng/mL and the cutoff concentration (COC) was 10.0 ng/mL. Compared to previous study, carboxylated-MWCNTs as a one-dimensional nanomaterial improved the sensitivity of immunochromatographic assay strips and may be utilized to develop the sensitive immunochromatographic assays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel sanitizer tablet containing clove essential oil (CO) microemulsion was developed. A preformulation study using nuclear magnetic resonance and thermal analyses showed component compatibility. The main components of the samples remained intact despite a color change, probably due to a strong acid-base interaction between eugenol and diethanolamine. The CO microemulsion showed acaricidal and larvicidal activities superior to the commercial product, with product efficacy of 99.9% and larvae mortality of 94%. Optimal spray-drying conditions were achieved with inlet and outlet temperatures of 50°C and 40°C, respectively, an aspiration rate of 1 m3 min⁻1, and a 0.25 L h⁻1 injection flow. The feed suspension comprised 50% (v/v) liquid soap, 37.5% (v/v) water, 12.5% (v/v) ethanol, and 5.0% (w/v) silica. This formulation and processing parameters allowed for successful free-flow powder formation, providing a suitable matrix for incorporating the CO microemulsion via wet granulation without heating. Finally, sanitizer tablets produced from such granules resulted in a uniform product with low weight variation (coefficient of variation of 0.15%), eugenol content of 95.5% ± 3.3, and friability of 0.58%. Furthermore, the tablets showed rapid aqueous dispersion, forming a colloidal system with particle sizes of 221 nm and a zeta potential of -17.2 mV. Antimicrobial activity tests demonstrated the effectiveness of the sanitizer tablet against bacteria and fungi, exhibiting comparable antimicrobial potency to isolated CO. Hence, the sanitizer tablet developed represents a promising candidate as a practical and efficient solution for pest control, offering strong antimicrobial and acaricidal activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports the synthesis of an ordered mesoporous network of heterophase TiO2 monoliths as a visible light-responsive photocatalyst using tri-block copolymers of Pluronic F108, P123 and F127 as structure-directing agents (SDAs) and temperature-controlled calcination (450–650 °C) has been carried out by direct templating-assisted hydrothermal approach. The structural/surface morphology and topographical properties of the photocatalyst are characterized using FE-SEM-EDAX, HR-TEM-SAED, p-XRD, VB-XPS, PLS, TG/DTA, UV-Vis-DRS, BET/BJH and zeta potential analysis. The undoped heterophase mesoporous TiO2 monoliths with in-built lattice/surface defects exhibit visible light photocatalytic properties, successfully dissipating Reactive Brown 10 (RB-10) dye. The influence of physicochemical parameters, such as SDAs, temperature, pH, dye concentration, catalyst dosage, photosensitizers and light intensities, are optimized for maximum photocatalytic performance at a shorter timespan. The F127-assisted mesoporous TiO2 monolith (550 °C) exhibits superior degradation kinetics (15 min) for RB-10 dye solution (20 ppm) at pH 2.0–3.0 using a photocatalyst dosage of 50 mg and 2 mM of KBrO3, irradiated with 150 W/cm2 tungsten lamp. The photocatalysts are fabricated without complicated chemical modifications and display topmost efficiency in quickly decontaminating persistent pollutants. The photoproducts from RB-10 photocatalytic degradation are investigated using HR-MS analysis. The photocatalyst can be reused efficiently for six cycles, even under extreme conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two strategies were employed to modify the performance of the nano-niosome drug delivery system. Initially, the surface of the nano-niosomes underwent modification through the inclusion of polyethylene glycol, thereby altering its properties. Additionally, the core of the nano-niosomes was equipped with Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles to impart magnetic characteristics to the system. This study presents the development of PEGylated magnetic nanoniosomes (PMNios) for the co-delivery of artemisinin (ART) and metformin (MET) in cancer therapy, highlighting significant advancements in chemotherapeutic efficacy. The magnetization of the nano-niosomes facilitated the targeted delivery of drugs to specific tissues, while PEGylation improved the bioavailability of the nano-niosomes. These PEGylated magnetic niosomes (PMNios) were then loaded with artemisinin and metformin drugs. The synthesized PMNios were thoroughly evaluated in terms of zeta potential, size, morphology, and entrapment efficiency. The PMNios achieved a drug loading efficiency of 88%. They exhibited an average size of 298 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.32, and a zeta potential of − 19 mV, indicating the complete stability. SEM and TEM images of the PMNios revealed a spherical morphology. Subsequently, the PMNios were compared with other forms of nano-niosomes, including empty niosomes, non-magnetic niosomes, and non-PEGylated niosomes. The encapsulation of the nano-niosomes with magnetic nanoparticles allows for faster delivery of the encapsulated drugs to the tumor site, while PEGylation improved the stability, bioavailability, and controlled release of the PMNios. Furthermore, the in-vitro effectiveness of various formulations of the PMNios against A549, a lung cancer cell line, demonstrated that the PMNios exhibited appropriate toxicity towards cancer cell lines in the presence of an external magnetic field. Gene expression level of Bcl2 were lower for the PMNios-ART-MET system, whereas the level of Bax were higher than the other group. The PMNios-ART-MET system also demonstrated well internalization into the A549 cells and preponderant endocytosis. These findings underscore the novelty and potential of PMNios as a robust platform for the targeted co-delivery of hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, promising a new frontier in cancer therapy by enhancing the therapeutic index and minimizing side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Adding plant extracts to sausage and other meat products is very important to improve their quality, safety, and durability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbiological properties of beef sausage enriched with roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) sepal extract. The total content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in hydroalcoholic extract of Roselle sepals was measured by Folin‐Ciocalteu test and aluminum chloride colorimetric method, and antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH method. Pectin was used to encapsulate the extract. The characteristics of capsules, including particle size, zeta potential, and capsule efficiency were measured. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of extracts were performed by tube dilution method. Microbial tests were performed on sausage treatment samples. Analysis of the obtained data was done using SPSS and Excel software. The study revealed that the total phenolic and flavonoid compounds in the extract were 174.6 mg of gallic acid per gram and 16.8368 mg of quercetin, respectively. The extract displayed the highest antioxidant activity at elevated concentrations. Particle size ranged from 16.833 to 640.534 μm. The zeta potential and capsule efficiency were found to be satisfactory. Compared to the encapsulated extract, the free roselle extract better inhibited Staphylococcus aureus (s. aureus), Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium), and Escherichia coli (E.coli). During storage until day 20, these bacteria did not grow in the free or encapsulated extract groups. However, S. aureus appeared in the free extract group from day 25 and the encapsulated extract group from day 20. Roselle extract has antimicrobial properties that can improve the quality and safety of beef sausage during storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study aimed to prepare cholesterol and stearic acid-based solid lipid nanoparticles of gabapentin (GAB-SLNs) for protection against streptozotocin (STZ)-induced retinal injury in rats. Methods: We prepared four preparations of GAB-SLNs using a hot high-shear homogenization ultrasonication process, and the best formulation was selected and tested for biological activity. The retinal injury was brought in male adult albino rats while gabapentin doses continued for 6 weeks. Six groups of rats were assigned as the vehicle, diabetic, diabetic + gabapentin (10–20 mg/kg), and diabetic + GAB-SLNs (10–20 mg/kg). GAB-SLN#2 was selected as the optimized formulation with high entrapment efficacy (EE%, 98.64% ± 1.97%), small particle size (185.65 ± 2.41 nm), high negative Zeta potential (−32.18 ± 0.98 mV), low polydispersity index (0.28 ± 0.02), and elevated drug release (99.27% ± 3.48%). The TEM image of GAB-SLN#2 revealed a smooth surface with a spherical shape. Results: GAB-SLNs provided greater protection against retinal injury than free gabapentin as indicated by the histopathology data which demonstrated more organization of retinal layers and less degeneration in ganglion cell layer in rats treated with GAB-SLN#2. Further, GAB-SLN#2 reduced the inflammatory proteins (IL-6/JAK2/STAT3) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Conclusion: The preparation of GAB-SLNs enhanced the physical properties of gabapentin and improved its biological activity as a neuroprotectant. Further studies are warranted to validate this technique for the use of oral gabapentin in other neurological disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research involved the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) using an aqueous extract of Helichrysum cymosum shoots, and subsequent characterization via different analytical methods, such as UV–Vis spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission electron microscope (TEM), and zeta potential. The biological effects of the ZnO-NPs were then tested against C3A hepatocyte cells and L6 myocyte cell lines via series of analysis, including cytotoxicity, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic effect via enzymatic inhibition. The UV–Vis analysis showed a maximum absorption spectrum at 360, and the TEM analysis reveals a spherical and hexagonal structures, with an average dimension of 28.05–58.3 nm, and the XRD reveals a crystalline hexagonal structure. The zeta potential evaluation indicated that the ZnO-NPs are relatively stable at − 20 mV, and the FTIR analysis identified some important functional group associated with phenolics, carboxylic acid, and amides that are responsible for reducing and stabilizing the ZnO-NPs. The synthesized ZnO-NPs demonstrated cytotoxic effects on the cell lines at higher concentrations (125 µg/mL and 250 µg/mL), complicating the interpretation of the results of the inflammatory and antioxidant assays. However, there was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the inhibitions of pancreatic lipase, alpha-glucosidase, and alpha-amylase, indicating beneficial antidiabetic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sluggish rate of the anode oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a major bottleneck for green hydrogen production, making a room-temperature alkaline water electrolyser critical to unlocking the full potential of this technology. Using a perovskite oxide as an electrochemical matrix and forming a self-assembled oxyhydroxide (OOH) layer on the surface via a self-reconstruction activation process (SRAP) is a promising strategy to enhance OER catalytic activity. However, the mechanistic details and long-term impact of SRAP, especially its relationship to catalytic activity, oxygen collection efficiency, and catalyst dissolution, are not fully understood. To address this knowledge gap, we used layered double perovskite (LDP) PrBa 0 · 75 Ca 0 · 25 Co 1 · 5 Fe 0 · 5 O 5+δ (PBCCF) and PrBa 0 · 75 Ca 0 · 25 Co 1 · 5 Fe 0 · 4 Ni 0 · 1 O 5+δ (PBCCFN) as model electrochemical catalysts and then triggered SRAP. Subsequently, chronoamperometry (CA), rotating ring disk electrode (RRDE) and in-situ electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) were used to study the effect of the Ni-doping on PBCCF SRAP in terms of catalytic activity, oxygen collection efficiency and catalyst stability. The results showed that the OER catalytic current of the LDP PBCCF and PBCCFN was enhanced via SRAP and the oxygen collection efficiency can be maintained, suggesting that the increase in catalytic current is attributed to OER catalytic activity increase rather than electrochemical catalyst dissolution. Additionally, the effect of the catalytic activity enhancement was more significant in PBCCFN. More importantly, the stability of the LDP PBCCF and PBCCFN after SRAP are higher than simple perovskite Ba 0 · 5 Sr 0 · 5 Co 0 · 8 Fe 0 · 2 O 3-δ (BSCF) because of the increase in the redeposition rate. The observations suggest that using LDP PBCCF and PBCCFN as matrices followed by triggering SRAP can provide valuable insights for designing LDP based OER electrocatalysts. Synopsis: The influence of Ni-doping on DLP SRAP was studied in terms of catalytic activity, faradaic efficiency and stability. [Display omitted] • I nnovative DLP Catalyst: Developed a novel Ni-doped DLP catalyst for enhanced OER efficiency and stability. • Mechanistic Understanding: Utilized in-situ techniques to investigate the catalyst's structural changes and OER pathways. • Dual OER Improvement: Achieved both increased activity and durability, addressing the trade-off in OER catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to apply biosilica nanoparticles from renewable resources for improving soil quality as a type of fertilizer carier. The silica particles having a purity of about 98 % were extracted from rice husk at the calcination temperatures of 550 °C, 600 °C, 650 °C, and 700 °C. The required materials properties were investigated by advanced measurement techniques. All samples showed the amorphous structure with Si–O–Si bond and the particles' agglomeration with the average size of 10–50 nm and principle electronic structures with the typical spectra of Si and O 2. When the synthesized silica was used as the medium to release absorbed nutrients in a controlled manner, surface properties, including the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller area and the average pore diameter were evaluated between 179 m2/g to 570 m2/g, and 4 nm–40 nm, respectively. The measured electrokinetic potential of the synthesized particles was between −20 mV and −36 mV guaranteeing the stability when they are dispersed in the aqueous environment. The experimental results showed that the silica particles calcinated at 650 °C had the best properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of nanosized particles is becoming more popular for the topical treatment of skin conditions. In this research work, we created and investigated the effects of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) containing hyaluronic acid and tretinoin. Solvent emulsification diffusion method was used to prepare the SLN formulation and characterized for their physicochemical properties. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to confirm that hyaluronic acid and tretinoin were incorporated in the SLN. Furthermore, X-ray diffractogram, thermal analysis including DSC and TGA and in vitro dissolution, permeation tests were also performed along with microbial assessment. Clinical studies in human were performed to evaluate the effect of the SLN on skin wrinkles. The SLN was 750 ± 31.29 nm in size, with a zeta potential of 13.07 ± 0.75 mV and a narrow polydispersity index of 0.24 ± 0.12. The entrapment efficiency of tretinoin was found to be 90.07 ± 4.79%. Clinical studies in healthy human volunteers demonstrated that 90% of the tested individuals had improved skin conditions (reduction in wrinkles), by at least one grade after 4 weeks of treatment. Regarding the development on SLN, it was found that the internal phase concentration did not considerably affect the physicochemical and microbiological properties. Therefore, Hyaluronic acid has potential for the development of SLN applicable to cosmetic formulations, especially for skin. These findings show that the developed SLN have potential for use as cosmetics in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paclitaxel (PTX), a naturally occurring diterpenoid isolated from Taxus brevifolia, is a first-line drug for the treatment of glioblastoma; however, it suffers from the disadvantages of poor water solubility and nonspecific biodistribution, which cause serious side effects in the human body. The marketed formulation suffers from serious side effects, such as allergic reactions, neutropenia, and neuropathy, which require safe and effective formulations of PTX. In the present study, PTX was entrapped in a solid–liquid lipid mixture with the aid of a surfactant using a modified solvent evaporation technique. Higher entrapment of the impressive stability of the formulation was achieved by employing quality design-based strategies. Optimized levels by employing a numerical optimization technique for each factor, that is, surfactant concentration (X1), lipid concentration (X2), and amount of organic solvent (X3) were 0.3%, 0.76% & 8.3 ml respectively. The resultant formulation exhibited a particle size of 121.44 nm, entrapment efficiency of 94.27%, and zeta potential of −20.21 mV with unimodal size distribution. A reduction in the % crystalline index from 48 to 3.4% ensured the amorphous form of the entrapped drug inside the formulation, which precludes the fear of leakage and instability of the formulation. Cell line studies conducted on U87MG Cell lines also suggested that the NLC of paclitaxel are more effective than those of pure PTX. In summary, PTXNLC seem to be a superior alternative carrier system for the formulation industry to obtain higher entrapment with excellent stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Berberine hydrochloride (BH) extracted from Coptis chinensis (CC) and Matrine (MT) separated from Sophora flavescens (SF) are alkaloids with potent anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor effects. Motivated by the clinical practice of using CC and SF together, we aimed to demonstrate that the synergistic application of the natural compounds BH and MT could enhance therapeutic effects and minimize side effects. Two types of liposomes, liposomes containing only BH (BH-LP) and liposomes containing both BH and MT (BH-MT-LP), were successfully prepared via the reverse evaporation method. The liposome preparation process was optimized by single-factor screening and the Box–Behnken experimental design method. The results showed that the liposomes had particle sizes in the range of 222.7 to 235.4 nm, polydispersity indicated in the range of 11.8% to 23.3%, and zeta potentials in the range of −35.9 to −31.1 mv. BH-MT-LP showed superior anti-tumor activity against MDA-MB-231, HepG-2, and HGC-27 cells in vitro. The incorporation of MT effectively promoted the anti-tumor effect of BH, while the controlled release from liposomes further enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of BH. Furthermore, based on the flow cytometry results, we speculated that BH-MT-LP might promote apoptosis by blocking the G1 phase of cells and inducing cell death. In conclusion, BH-MT-LP provides evidence for the combined use of natural compounds as a stable, safe, and practical drug delivery system for the treatment of potential cancers. Meanwhile, the successful preparation for BH-MT-LP also provides a new approach to the combined use of traditional Chinese medicine ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan (Ch), a natural polysaccharide, is known for its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and various beneficial properties, including antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The objective of this study is to investigate the functionalization of zinc oxide (ZnO) with chitosan to develop a novel ZnO@Ch adduct for use in cosmetic formulations, specifically as a sun protection agent. The functionalization was achieved through ionotropic gelation, which enhanced the stability and reduced the photocatalytic activity of ZnO, thereby improving its safety profile for skin applications. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the successful functionalization, while TGA and DSC characterized the thermal properties and stability. The Zeta potential and particle size analyses demonstrated improved stability of ZnO@Ch across various pH levels compared to uncoated ZnO. The structure of the obtained adduct was also confirmed by SEM analysis. The ZnO@Ch adduct exhibited enhanced stability at neutral and slightly alkaline pH values, reduced photocatalytic activity compared to pure ZnO, and had lower cytotoxicity in 3T3 cells compared to pure ZnO, particularly at higher concentrations. The ZnO@Ch adduct provided a higher Sun Protection Factor (SPF) and UVA Protection Factor (UVA-PF) than pure ZnO, indicating enhanced UV protection. The adduct's ability to provide higher SPF at lower ZnO concentrations offers economic and environmental benefits, aligning with sustainable product design principles. Future studies will focus on optimizing the formulation and testing the efficacy and safety at higher concentrations to fully realize its potential as a natural, eco-friendly sunscreen ingredient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To solve the downhole problems correlated with clay hydration swelling and dispersion under high‐temperature conditions, a 1‐aminoethyl‐3‐vinylimidazolium bromide ([NVim]Br) and a [NVim]Br/acrylamide copolymer (poly([NVim]Br‐co‐AM)) are synthesized and used as inhibitors. The molecular structures of [NVim]Br and poly([NVim]Br‐co‐AM) are characterized by FT‐IR and 1H‐NMR. The inhibition properties of [NVim]Br and poly([NVim]Br‐co‐AM) are evaluated by free swelling and dispersion tests, linear swelling, hot roll recovery experiments and thermogravimetric analyses.The inhibition mechanisms were revealed by X‐ray diffraction, zeta potential, wettability analysis and ESEM observation. The results showed that both [NVim]Br and poly([NVim]Br‐co‐AM) has significantly superior inhibition performance compared with the common inhibitors KCl, polyether amine D230 and polyquaternium‐7. Both [NVim]Br and poly([NVim]Br‐co‐AM) can resist 250 °C. [NVim]Br performed excellently in inihibiting both crystalline and osmotic swelling, which depended on the strong electrostatic adsorption and hydrogen bonds of imidazole cations and primary amine in [NVim]+. Poly([NVim]Br‐co‐AM) exerted excellent inhibition by minimizing osmotic swelling, reducing hydrophilicity and increasing clay bonding. The results are important for understanding the rational design of novel efficient inhibitors for drilling high‐temperature shale formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant-derived nanovesicles represent a novel approach in the field of plant-derived biomaterials, offering a sustainable and biocompatible option for various biomedical applications. The unique properties of these vesicles, such as their ability to encapsulate bioactive compounds, make them suitable for therapeutic, cosmetic, and nutraceutical purposes. In this study, we have, for the first time, successfully bio-fabricated vesicles derived from Opuntia ficus-indica (FicoVes) using an efficient and cost-effective method. Characterized by a size of approximately of 114 nm and a negative zeta potential of −20.9 mV, FicoVes exhibited excellent biocompatibility and hemocompatibility, showing no reduction in the viability of human and animal cells. Our results showed that FicoVes possess significant antioxidant properties as they reduced ROS generation in TBH-stimulated cells. FicoVes displayed anti-inflammatory properties by reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Il 1β, TNF α) and enhancing the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL4, IL10) following an inflammatory stimulus. Furthermore, FicoVes accelerated epithelial wound closure in L929 fibroblast monolayers in a dose-dependent manner, highlighting their potential role in tissue repair. This study establishes FicoVes as a promising candidate for nutrigenomic applications, particularly in the context of inflammation-related disorders and wound healing. Further research, including in vivo studies, is essential to validate these findings and fully explore their therapeutic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biopolymer chitosan sub-micron particles (CSMPs) were prepared by the ionic gelation technique crosslinked with sodium tripolyphosphate co-loaded with trans-cinnamaldehyde (TCIN), and either curcumin (CUR) or paclitaxel (PTX). The size of the spherical CSMPs increased from 118 nm to 136 nm and 170 nm after the loading of TCIN and CUR, whereas the loading of PTX led to a slight decrease (114 nm). Polydispersity indexes of all the samples were smaller than 0.4, indicating monodisperse particles. Zeta potential values higher than +40 mV were determined, which is direct proof of the high stability of these nanoparticles. TCIN and PTX release studies in vitro, at pH 6.5 and 7.4, showed a pH dependence on the release rate with a higher value at pH 6.5. However, CUR was not released from CSMPs probably due to strong interactions with CS biopolymer chains. Cytotoxicity studies showed that the systems loaded with TCIN and PTX were more cytotoxic for HeLa cancer cells than for MDCK cells. Moreover, a synergistic effect against HeLa cells was observed for the TCIN-PTX-loaded CSMP samples. The Sensitivity Index indicated that the CSMPs loaded with TCIN have a prospective attraction to carry and release conventional or new chemotherapeutic drugs. This study demonstrates the in vitro efficiency of the obtained drug delivery system, but in vivo studies are necessary to confirm its potential for clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes the behavior of sodium polyacrylate (NaPA) as a rheological modifier for clay-based tailings. Special emphasis is placed on the impact of calcium and magnesium ions in industrial water, which are analyzed through rheograms, zeta potential measurements, and molecular dynamics simulations. The results are interpreted as electrostatic interactions, steric phenomena, and cation solvation. This interpretation integrates experimental studies with microscopic analyses, employing molecular dynamics simulations to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. In all cases, a decrease in the yield stress of synthetic slurries is observed as the dosing of NaPA increases due to greater repulsion between tailings particles through an increase in electrostatic repulsion and larger steric forces that hinder agglomeration. However, efficiency is reduced in the presence of divalent cations as zeta potential measurements suggest a reduction in the electrical charges of the particles and the polymer, making its application more challenging. The differences obtained in the presence of calcium compared to magnesium are explained in terms of the solvation of these ions and their impact on the polymer conformation in solution and adsorption on the mineral surfaces. This explanation is reinforced by molecular dynamics studies, which indicate that polymer adsorption on minerals depends on the type of mineral and type of ion. Particularly for quartz, the highest adsorption of NaPA occurs in the presence of calcium, whereas for a kaolinite surface, the highest polymer adsorption is obtained in the presence of magnesium. The competitive effect of these phenomena leads to the rheological behavior of the tailings being dominated by the effects originating in the clay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into the optimization of niosomal production for biological applications, focusing on their emerging role as amphiphilic nanoparticles derived from nonionic surfactants, poised at the forefront of biomedical research. We aimed to formulate and characterize a diverse array of niosomal nanoparticles, with particular emphasis on process‐related parameters and physicochemical characteristics. Critical thresholds for size, polydispersity, and zeta potential were established to identify parameters crucial for optimal niosomal formulations through a comprehensive investigation of concentrations, sonication times, ingredient ratios, and surfactant types. Leveraging MODDE software, we generated 10 optimized formulations from preliminary parameter screening. The proposed experimental model design by the software exhibited acceptable similarity to the obtained experimental results (F‐score: 0.83). The criteria for selection of the predicted experimental model formed based on targeted physicochemical considerations. To enhance half‐life and penetration, especially in higher electrostatic regions like the central nervous system (CNS), we proposed a neutralized surface charge (−10 to 10 mV) while maintaining size within 100–200 nm and polydispersity below 0.5. Extended stability screening revealed periodic and extended Gaussian distributions for size and zeta potential to minimize flocculation and coagulation caused by neutralized surface charge. Notably, the cellular response performance of optimized niosomes was assessed via cellular binding, uptake, and viability in comparison with liposomes. Glioblastoma cell line (U‐87) and granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) containing lymphoblastic leukemia cell line (NFS‐60) were chosen to represent tumors developed in the CNS region and white blood cells, respectively, enabling a comprehensive comparative analysis with liposomes. The meticulous comparison between niosomes and liposomes revealed comparable cellular viability profiles on both U‐87 and NFS‐60 cell lines, highlighting their similarities in cellular interactions. Moreover, selected niosomal formulations demonstrated exceptional cellular uptake, either equaling or surpassing observed liposomal uptake. One of the most promising niosomes was selected and optimized to evaluate drug encapsulation performance of niosomes for further drug delivery adaptations by one of the chemotherapy drugs, paclitaxel (PTX). Cytotoxicity study was established with the most efficiently encapsulated niosomal condition with human‐derived fibroblasts (HDFs) and U‐87 as the representation of healthy and cancerous cell lines. Results demonstrated 1:100 diluted PTX‐loaded niosome in the certain concentration demonstrated favorable toxicity in U‐87 than original PTX at the same concentration while not disturbing healthy HDFs. These findings underscore the potential of niosomes for reliable drug delivery, challenging the dominance of liposomal vehicles and presenting economically viable nanocarriers with significant implications for advancing biomedical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface conductivity can have a significant impact on the determination of the zeta potential, but it is normally not accounted for when applying the Helmholtz-Smoluchowski or Henry models. In this study, we investigate concentrated polymer dispersions using electroacoustics and both standard models. We also pay particular attention to the influence of surface conductivity, which is characterized by conductivity measurements of the dispersion and dispersion medium. The Dukhin number as a measure of surface conductivity is calculated according to Maxwell–Wagner-O'Konski theory. Zeta potentials were determined by means of colloid vibration current (CVI) and electrophoretic light scattering (ELS) methods. It has been found that neglecting surface conductivity in standard electrokinetic models can lead to large measurement errors of up to 100% with increasing particle volume fraction. In this study, the surface conductivity is now correctly taken into account by using the conductivities of the dispersion and the dispersion medium. Alternatively, this influence can also be considered using the Dukhin number. The zeta potentials resulting from the CVI measurement are then in excellent agreement with ELS reference measurements over a wide volume fraction range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To develop turmeric extract-loaded chitosan microparticles for treating gastrointestinal disorders. Methods: The microparticles were prepared using a spray-drying process, optimised the characteristics by biomarker loading, and encapsulation efficiency, and assessed for bioactivities related to gastrointestinal diseases. Results: The optimised microparticles were spherical, with a mean diameter of 2.11 ± 0.34 µm, a SPAN of 4.46 ± 0.68, a zeta potential of +37.6 ± 0.2 mV, loading of 15.7% w/w curcuminoids, 5.4% w/w ar-turmerone, and encapsulation efficiency of 63.26 ± 1.62% w/w curcuminoids and 43.75 ± 1.33% w/w ar-turmerone. Encapsulation of turmeric extract improved release at 6 h by 20 times and mucoadhesion by 3.6 times. The microparticles exhibited high acid-neutralising capacity (1.64 ± 0.34 mEq/g) and inhibited nitric oxide production about twice as effectively as the turmeric extract, while maintaining antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Conclusion: Encapsulation of turmeric extract in chitosan microparticles effectively enhanced therapeutic potential for gastrointestinal disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim(s): This article explores the application of mesalazine-loaded nanoparticles (MLZ-NPs) encapsulated in Abelmoschus esculentus plant polysaccharide-based pellets (MLZ-NPs-Pellets) for ulcerative colitis. Methods: MLZ-NPs were prepared and evaluated for diameter, PDI, and entrapment efficiency. In-vitro efficacy study was conducted on Caco-2 cells. MLZ-NPs were encapsulated in polysaccharides to form MLZ-NPs-Pellets and characterised for efficacy in animals and targeting efficiency in human volunteers. Results: Optimised batch of MLZ-NPs were characterised for diameter, PDI, zeta potential and entrapment efficiency which was found to be 145.42 ± 6.75 nm, 0.214 ± 0.049, −31.63 mV and 77.65 ± 2.33(%w/w) respectively. ROS, superoxide and NF-kβ were well controlled in Caco-2 cells when treated with MLZ-NPs. In-vivo data revealed that some parameters (body weight, colon length, lipid peroxidase, and glutathione) recovered significantly in the DSS-induced mice model treated with oral MLZ-NPs-Pellets. Gamma scintigraphy revealed that the formulation can effectively target the colon within 600 min. Conclusion: MLZ-NPs-Pellets can be effectively used for microbial-triggered colon targeting approach in treating ulcerative colitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanofluids play an important role in machining processes for lubrication and cooling action. However, conventional fluids put the environment and operator health in risk due to its hazardous nature. This paper attempts to develop and characterize a novel sustainable and eco-friendly nanofluids for machining applications. In this study, deionized water-based Al2O3, TiO2 and MWCNT nanoparticles dispersed nanofluids and its hybrids Al2O3–TiO2 (50:50) and Al2O3-MWCNT (90:10) with varying concentration (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 vol%) having sodium lauryl sulfate as surfactant were developed and characterized for rheological, thermal and wettability properties at near room temperature. The experimental results show that nanofluid's thermophysical properties were better than the base fluid. The thermal conductivity of all the nanofluids produced in this study is more than 0.611238 W/m K which is more than the thermal conductivity for deionized water. Similarly, surface tension obtained for various nanofluids is comparatively lower than deionized water, i.e., 0.072 N/m. As the concentration of nanoparticles increases from 0.5 to 1.5 vol%, it leads to an increase in thermal conductivity, but the increase of nanoparticles concentration beyond 2% has a very minimal effect on thermal conductivity. The rate of transmittance % is as follows: 0.5 vol% > 1.0 vol% > 1.5 vol% > 2.0 vol%. It has been observed that zeta potential values are above ± 30 mV, thus indicating a stable formation of nanofluids due to non-agglomeration of nanoparticles. Hence, the following properties of nanofluids will help in high-speed machining applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are fluorescent nanoparticles with diverse applications in multiple fields. The optical and physical properties of CQDs are influenced by several factors, such as the synthesis method, surface passivation and particle size. This study explores how carbon concentration affects the properties of CQDs. The CQDs were synthesized through a carbonization process with carbon concentrations varying from 0.03 to 0.15 g/ml. The samples of CQDs were characterized by using high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, zeta potential, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results indicate that carbon concentration significantly impacts the optical properties and zeta potential of CQDs. Specifically, higher carbon concentrations result in increased fluorescence intensity and larger particle size. HRTEM images reveal that the average size of the CQDs is below 10 nm, consistent with DLS measurements. These findings suggest that carbon concentration can serve as a straightforward and effective parameter for tuning CQDs properties, with potential applications in bioimaging, sensing and optoelectronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Profile control technology as an effective technology has been widely used in oilfield production in recent years. However, the effect of chemical injection in profile control process on the stability of produced liquid is not clear. Therefore, based on the existing technology, this paper studied the influence of residual profile control agent (alkali, surfactant, polymer) in produced liquid on the stability of produced liquid with the subject of an oilfield in the South China Sea(EP). The results showed that due to the interaction between the residual agent and crude oil, the residual drug dose in the produced fluid should be controlled at 2-3 × 10−4wt, and the absolute value of zeta potential increases the fastest, the absolute value of zeta potential is within 5.5 mV and the interfacial tension is greater than 1.75 mN/m. The diameter of oil droplets in water reaches the maximum value of 12.31 μm, and the oil content in water and the water content in oil are lower than 50%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoemulsions are kinetically stable emulsions with droplet size distribution in the range of 10–500 nm. Low interfacial tension (IFT), small droplet size, and wettability alteration properties of nanoemulsions have led to their application for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) EOR. The current study deals with the formulation and characterization of Tergitol 15-S-9 surfactant stabilized oil/water nanoemulsion (NE). Optimal surfactant concentration accompanied by optimal salinity determination was done by observing long-term stability. The stability of the nanoemulsions was analyzed by Turbiscan and Zeta potential analysis. The optimal nanoemulsion was characterized in terms of droplet size, rheology, wettability, miscibility, and IFT. All the prepared nanoemulsion showed particle size < 300 nm. optimized nano emulsion, that is, 0.5 wt.% surfactant +0.5 wt.% salinity showed good IFT reduction and wettability alteration capability. Nanoemulsion also showed good miscibility behavior with actual crude oil at 60 °C. Rheology of the formed emulsion shows a mixed nature that is shear thinning as well as shear thickening nature which is favorable for heterogeneous reservoirs. Core-flooding experiments were conducted at optimized nanoemulsion formulation, and additional oil recovery of 13.93% of the original oil in place was obtained after the conventional water flooding. Highlights: Experimental and mechanistic investigation of nanoemulsions for oil recovery. Enhanced miscibility of Tergitol 15-S-9 stabilized nanoemulsion with crude oil. Viscosity enhancement by macromolecular and supramolecular network structures. Low IFT achieved for the nanoemulsion resulting enhanced oil displacement. Encouraging oil displacement by injection of formulated nanoemulsion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The start-up of filters for NH 4 + and Mn2+ removal by catalytic oxidation was studied. • Different combinations of oxidants and reductants were introduced during the start-up period. • Comparison of catalytic oxidation activity of MnOx follows: Mn7+→MnO x ˃Mn7+→MnO x ←Mn2+ ˃ Mn2+→MnO x. • Potassium permanganate was more conducive to the formation of active species. A pilot-scale filtration system was adopted to prepare filter media with catalytic activity to remove manganese (Mn2+) and ammonium (NH 4 +-N). Three different combinations of oxidants (KMnO 4 and K 2 FeO 4) and reductants (MnSO 4 and FeCl 2) were used during the start-up period. Filter R3 started up by KMnO 4 and FeCl 2 (Mn7+→MnO x) exhibited excellent catalytic property, and the NH 4 +-N and Mn2+ removal efficiency reached over 80% on the 10th and 35th days, respectively. Filter R1 started up by K 2 FeO 4 and MnSO 4 (MnO x ←Mn2+) exhibited the worst catalytic property. Filter R2 started up by KMnO 4 and MnSO 4 (Mn7+→MnO x ←Mn2+) were in between. According to Zeta potential results, the Mn-based oxides (MnO x) formed by Mn7+→MnO x performed the highest pH IEP and pH PZC. The higher the pH IEP and pH PZC , the more unfavorable the cation adsorption. However, it was inconsistent with its excellent Mn2+ and NH 4 +-N removal abilities, implying that catalytic oxidation played a key role. Combined with XRD and XPS analysis, the results showed that the MnO x produced by the reduction of KMnO 4 showed early formation of buserite crystals, high degree of amorphous, high content of Mn3+ and lattice oxygen with the higher activity to form defects. The above results showed that MnO x produced by the reduction of KMnO 4 was more conducive to the formation of active species for catalytic oxidation of NH 4 +-N and Mn2+ removal. This study provides new insights on the formation mechanisms of the active MnO x that could catalytic oxidation of NH 4 +-N and Mn2+. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, food is considered as a source of nutrition. Foods are known as health -giving substances for consumers due to their natural bioactive substances. Phenolic compounds that are found in the peel of pomegranate fruit are among the bioactive compounds. These materials can be used by nanocarriers to enrich food. The purpose of this study is to investigate the phenolic compounds present in five cultivar of Iranian pomegranate peels using the nano method and to further investigate the chemical properties of pomegranate peel extract, including antioxidant, extract extraction efficiency and phenolic properties. This investigation was done by standard curve of gallic acid according to folin -ciocalteu method. Also, the characteristics of the resulting encapsulation were investigated using particle size analysis and zeta potential. The purpose of their comparison is to achieve the highest efficiency among five pomegranate cultivars. The results of the study showed that the peels of the collected pomegranates have significant differences (at the probability level of one percent p<0.05) in terms of physicochemical properties. Examining the results obtained from the physicochemical properties of pomegranate peel extract indicated that white peel pomegranate (Grech Shahwar) had the highest amount of phenolic compounds (78.00±6.72 mg equivalent to gallic acid per 100 grams). It also had the highest antioxidant property of 42%. According to the results obtained from this research, it can be said that the capsules containing pomegranate peel extract (white skin type of Gherch Shahwar) have the best encapsulation efficiency (71%). The use of nanocarriers containing this cultivar of pomegranate in food can have a significant effect on the preservation and stability of compounds sensitive to environmental changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thulium selenite (TmSeO3) has been synthesized by precipitation method. It shows interesting smooth surface with nearly non-symmetric texture similar to water droplets spreading on hydrophobic surface. TmSeO3 is found to be monoclinic structure with lattice parameters a = 5.919±0.01 Å, b = 12.422±0.01 Å, c = 8.717±0.01 Å, α = γ = 90°, β = 106.01° and V = 616.1 Å3. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirms the presence of Tm–Se bonding. X-ray photo emission spectrum confirmed the presence of thulium, selenium and oxygen in the samples in oxide form. Magnetic study between 300 and 20 K, shows decrease of magnetic moment with temperature, then reaches saturation and aligns all thulium spins. This results cooperative interaction of thulium spins. M–H curve at 300 K confirms the paramagnetic nature of sample. Cyclic voltammogram of three electrode system, manifests electric double layer capacitance with a potential window of 0.55 V. Specific capacitance is 102 F/g. Chronopotentiometry analysis shows 75 F/g specific capacitance, 11 Wh kg−1 energy density, and 275 W kg−1 power density. Impedance analysis confirms electric double layer capacitor behavior. Hence, TmSeO3 electrode based symmetric supercapacitor device was successfully fabricated and tested by two electrode configuration in aqueous electrolyte of KOH. A specific capacitance of 64.60 F/g at 1 A/g within a potential window of 1.85 V was achieved. Impedance analysis also confirms electric double layer capacitor nature with low series resistance of 0.2596 Ω and charge transfer resistance of 1.6352 Ω. The improved cycling performance after 4000 cycles is 51.5 % specific capacitance retention. Thus, symmetric supercapacitor electrodes based TmSeO3 materials are expected to have good electrochemical properties and good stability for energy storage and conversion applications. Furthur, optical parameters 5.28 eV energy gap, 0.4924 eV Urbach energy value and 1.959 refractive index are determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste minimization is one of the important issued nowadays. In this study, the usability of waste welding powders (WWPs) was investigated in the Fenton-like process for Cr(VI) and reactive orange 16 (RO16) dye removal from aqueous solution. Solution pH, amount of catalyst, amount of H2O2, initial pollutants concentrations, reaction time and temperature parameters were optimized. 100% RO16 dye removal efficiency was obtained at pH: 2, dye concentration: 100 mg/L, catalyst amount: 1 g/L, and H2O2 amount: 2.5 µL/L. Besides, 99.7% Cr(VI) removal efficiency was obtained at pH: 2, Cr(VI) concentration: 10 mg/L, catalyst amount: 0.25 g/L, and H2O2 amount: 2.5 µL/L. In addition, the characterization of WWP was also carried out by SEM, EDX, XRD, XRF, and zeta potential analyses. WWP can be considered to be a viable catalyst for both dye and Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solution. WWP's effectiveness was also tested in real wastewater. As a result of the experiments with real wastewater, 100% removal efficiency was obtained both textile wastewater for 60 min and Cr(VI) containing wastewater for 45 min. These results have revealed that WWP is a promising catalyst for the treatment of real wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tigecycline is widely used to treat infections in intensive care units. Drugs often need to be delivered to critically ill patients feeding by parenteral nutrition (PN). Before two preparations are administered in the same infusion line, the safety of this combination should be established. The objective of this study was to determine the compatibility of tigecycline with selected multichamber bag PN (MCB‐PN). Methods: Tigecycline was diluted in 0.9% sodium chloride solution and 5% glucose solution to obtain two 0.5 mg/ml solutions. Then the solutions were combined with selected MCB‐PN in appropriate proportions. The samples were visually assessed, and pH, osmolality, turbidity, particle size, and zeta potential were measured. These measurements were made immediately after combining the solutions and after 4 h of storage at 23°C ± 1°C. Results: It was determined that the pH values of the mixtures after combining with tigecycline changed by ≤0.1 unit. An increase in zeta potential was recorded, excluding one combination of tigecycline with the mixture. For all samples tested, the particle size distribution was within the acceptable range immediately after combination and after 4 h of storage. The difference in osmolality did not exceed ±3%, whereas the zeta potential decreased for only one combination. The turbidity of none of the samples exceeded a critical value. Conclusion: The physical compatibility of the tigecycline with five MCB‐PN was proved. They can therefore be administered to patients in one infusion line using the Y‐site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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BACKGROUND: Arsenic contamination can exert severe detrimental effects on the ecological environment and human health. It can cause acute or chronic poisoning, resulting in cell distortion or cancer when humans come into contact with or consume arsenic‐containing water. Adsorption technology is one of the effective methods for arsenic removal. In this study, using attapulgite (ATP) as a support for bimetallic iron–manganese oxides, a series of adsorbents (Fe‐Mn/ATP) with different manganese‐to‐iron molar ratios were prepared via the coprecipitation method. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy mapping, X‐ray diffraction and zeta potential measurements were used to analyze the structure and properties of Fe‐Mn/ATP. In addition, the adsorption performance of the material for arsenic ions was investigated by static adsorption and dynamic adsorption experiments. RESULTS: A novel Fe‐Mn/ATP adsorbent was prepared using ATP as the raw material and manganese‐to‐iron molar ratio was 1:3 by coprecipitation at 60 °C for 1 h. The adsorption efficiency of arsenic ions was optimal at an Fe‐Mn/ATP dosage of 2 g L−1, pH 4 and a contact time of 10 min, reaching a maximum adsorption capacity of 38.27 mg g−1 at room temperature. The adsorption process followed the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm adsorption model, indicating that arsenic ion adsorption by Fe‐Mn/ATP was mainly monolayer chemical adsorption. Furthermore, Fe‐Mn/ATP showed a removal rate for arsenic ions of over 80% after four cycles of regeneration, revealing a great potential for practical application. CONCLUSION: This study offers a promising Fe‐Mn/ATP adsorbent for removal of arsenic ions from wastewater. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose nanofiber (CNF) has attracted a lot of attention because it has the potential to improve the physical and mechanical properties of various nanocomposites. CNF is produced by a number of chemical processes, with bleaching being a crucial step for increasing CNF yield. To better comprehend the delignification process, kinetic studies are therefore crucial. In the present study, a first-order kinetic model was used to explore the kinetics of delignification and lignin solubilisation process. The activation energy of bleaching process was found to be 18.14 kJ/mol. The delignification rate constant (kL) for bleaching process was found to be 0.864 h − 1 at 70 °C. Under experimental conditions, the activation enthalpy and entropy were varied from 15.04 to 15.45 kJ/mol and 121.45 to 122.65 J/Mol/K respectively. In the present investigation, Δ G ∗ was found to be negative (− 39.33 to − 45.19 kJ/mol), which indicates that the reaction is spontaneous. Colloidal behaviour studies of CNF are crucial to determine the most effective CNF application since CNF is often treated in aqueous dispersion before being utilised in a particular application. CNF dispersion was found to be stable at pH 13 in the current investigation. CNF has an average hydrodynamic diameter (Di) of 169 nm and a zeta potential of − 24.2 mV at pH 13. Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO) theory successfully explained the observed behaviour of CNF dispersion. To make CNF production cost-effective, a comprehensive cost–benefit analysis of the entire process is required. The purity of CNF obtained from Imperata cylindrica was 94.36%, with a sellable cost of 117.74 INR (1.55 $) per mg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ionic conductors with the composition SrTi1−xCexO3 (x = 0, 0.02, and 0.04) were synthesized by a high-temperature conventional ceramic route, and their electrical properties were analyzed for use as solid electrolytes in intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs). Scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) was used to analyze the compositional homogeneity and morphology of the samples. The phase analysis was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), followed by Rietveld refinement, confirming the cubic crystal structure under the space group P m 3 ¯ m . The bands at 462 cm−1 and 449 cm−1 in the Raman spectrum confirmed the incorporation of Ce at the Ti-site of SrTiO3. The presence of a negative charge was found from zeta potential analysis, supporting the presence of Ce3+ at the Ce4+site, denoted by C e C e 4 + 3 + ′ , and Ti3+ at the Ti4+ site, denoted by T i T i 4 + 3 + ′ , in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. The total conductivity of samples showed thermal-dependent Arrhenius behavior with two different activation energy values. The activation energy ≥ 1 eV in high-temperature regions indicated the migration of doubly ionized oxygen vacancy and ≤ 0.50 eV reflecting the migration of electrons between the degenerate sites of Ti4+/Ce4+. The impedance spectroscopy studies suggested the presence of bulk contribution in the electrical properties, and similar charge carriers were responsible for both processes. The impact of oxygen vacancy on electrical conduction was also supported by the magnetic properties, which displayed diamagnetic to paramagnetic phase transition with Ce doping. The highest value of total conductivity was obtained around 0.003 S cm−1 at 610°C, making it a potential candidate for solid electrolytes in IT-SOFC applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shale hydration and expansion during drilling can lead to wellbore instability, sticking, and frequent leakage accidents. To prevent these issues, an ionic liquid (IL) inhibitor solution was synthesized using DL‐alanine and 98% concentrated sulphuric acid as raw materials. The optimum composition and effect of the synthesized inhibitor in oilfield water‐based drilling fluids were evaluated through anti‐expansion, linear expansion rate, water washing resistance, and clay hydration dispersion experiments. The inhibition mechanism was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, infrared spectroscopy, zeta potential, contact angle, and X‐ray diffraction analysis. The results show that the optimum IL consists of a 1:1 molar ratio of DL‐alanine to concentrated sulphuric acid synthesized under a reaction temperature and time of 70°C and 18 h, respectively. The resulting DL‐alanine IL exhibited the best inhibitory effect on the hydration, dispersion, and expansion of clay at a concentration of 0.5% in aqueous solution, and its linear expansion rate was only 18.49%. After adding a quantitative amount of clay to different concentrations of DL‐alanine IL aqueous solution, the expansion volume of the clay decreased and the water washing resistance significantly improved. These results provide a theoretical basis for improving the safety and efficiency of shale horizontal well drilling operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research explores the dispersion of SiO2 nanoparticles in compressor lubricant, polyolester (POE) oil for performance enhancement of vapour compression refrigeration system (VCRS). The contribution of SiO2 nanoparticles based nanolubricant was examined for eco-friendly hydrocarbon (HC) refrigerant R600a, retrofitted to hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) compressor based VCRS and also in HC compressor, in governing the performance of VCRS. Wear characteristics improved by the nanolubricants were assessed through pin-on-disc wear testing, using the pins extracted from the actual compressor piston used in VCRS. As compared to POE oil, the average specific wear rate (SWR) and coefficient of friction (COF) of nanolubricant were reduced by about 20% and 29%, respectively. Enhanced average viscosity and average thermal conductivity were observed (35–95 °C), with maximum increases of about 13% at 65 °C and 45% at 95 °C, respectively, in comparison to those of POE oil. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) was utilized to analyze the morphology of SiO2 nanoparticles, while Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyzed their crystal structure. The Zeta potential tests for the prepared nanolubricant were conducted to ensure its long-term stability. An HC compressor based VCRS shows better performance including average refrigeration effect, average power consumption by compressor, and the average coefficient of performance (COP) of 29%, 7%, and 39%, respectively compared to the base lubricant filled retrofitted system. Hence the findings of the present research provide novel perspectives on the potential benefits of incorporating SiO2 nanoparticles and an HC compressor to improve the VCRS performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors explore the electrokinetic properties and electrophoretic deposition (EPD) of non-aqueous suspensions of samarium-doped cerium dioxide Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 (SDC) with added molecular iodine at concentrations of 0 to 1 g/L. The study reveals an inversion of zeta potential in the SDC suspension as the concentration of iodine rises. Notable cathodic deposition is observed under EPD conditions in a suspension with 10 g/L of SDC and 1 g/L of added iodine at voltages above the threshold value (6 V), despite a negative zeta potential of −5.9 mV measured electroacoustically. Findings suggest a potential interpretation related to overcompensating for the charge in the suspension, due to high concentrations of co-ions and counterions within a double electric layer (DEL). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Removing contaminated Arsenazo III dye from contaminated effluent is a challenge and of great interest due to its hazard and environmental impact. Therefore, the biggest challenge was producing highly efficient, easy to recycle, and economically inexpensive adsorbent materials for the contaminated dye. Three chemically stable zirconium nanocomposites with unique properties were synthesized by gel-precipitation technology. The composition, chemical, and physical properties of zirconium molybdate, tungstate, and silicate nanocomposites have been extensively proven using many different and appropriate devices such as XRD, SEM–EDX, TEM, FT-IR, BET, DLS, TGA-DTA, and zeta potential. By utilizing the most effective adsorption techniques, Azo-dye was successfully bound to ZrMo-NPs, ZrW-NPs, and ZrSi-NPs composites. The uptake capacities for these composites were measured at 0.29, 0.79, and 1.61 mmol.g−1, respectively. The sorption parameters were optimized as follows: a feed solution pH of 3 for ZrMo-NPs, a pH of 2.3 for ZrW-NPs, and a pH of 2.3 for ZrSi-NPs. The stirring time was set at 30 min, the metal ion concentration was 1.64 mmol L−1, and the sorbent dose was 7.5 mg. The adsorption results agreed well with the Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo-second-order reaction models and demonstrated the endothermic nature and kinetic improvement by increasing temperatures. The three nanocomposites effectively eliminated tainted dye from lab wastewater, offering promise for their potential applications in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]