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The emerging photopolymerization-based 3D printing industry has led to a growing concern for the disposal of photocured waste (PCW), which is inevitably generated during the life cycle of photopolymerization-based 3D printing. In order to shed light on suitable thermochemical treatment and utilization approaches of PCW, this work comprehensively investigated the properties and kinetics during PCW pyrolysis via TG-FTIR/GC-MS analysis. The results demonstrated that the main decomposition of PCW sample happened in the range 320-550 °C with a total weight loss of 93.34 wt%. According to the result of four kinetic models, the activation energy of PCW sample was approximately 228.58-245.05 kJ/mol. Finally, the FTIR and GC-MS results manifested that the main components of volatiles released at different heating rates were the same. The volatiles mainly include (S)-(+)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylprop, benzaldehyde, benzophenone (photo-initiator), benzoic acid, benzoylformic acid etc., which have a multitude of potential applications. However, these volatiles produced by PCW pyrolysis have a certain toxicity and potential hazard. This study demonstrates insightful fundamentals for thermochemical disposal of PCW, which appears to be potentially valuable with the rapid development of the photopolymerization-based 3D printing industry.

Thermochemical conversion technology for sewage sludge (SS) management has obvious advantages compared to traditional technologies, such as considerable volume reduction, effective pathogen elimination, and potential fuel production. However, few researchers conducted comparative research on the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission performances of these technologies. This paper evaluates the lifecycle carbon footprints of three SS thermochemical conversion technologies, including hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) (Case 1), pyrolysis (Case 2), and incineration (Case 3) with software OpenLCA and Ecoinvent database. The results show that Case 1 has the smallest carbon footprint (172.50 kg CO2eq/t SS), which indicates the HTL process has the best GHG emission reduction potential compared to other SS disposal routes. The biggest contributor to the carbon footprint of SS thermochemical conversion technologies is indirect emissions related to energy consumption. So the energy consumption ratio (ECR) of the three cases is calculated to assess the energy consumption performances. From the perspective of energy conversion, Case 1 shows the best performance with an ECR of 0.34. In addition, element balance analysis is carried out to deeply evaluate the carbon reduction performance of the three cases. This study fills the knowledge gap regarding the carbon footprints for SS thermochemical conversion technologies and provides a reference for future technology selection and policymaking against climate change in the SS management sector.

Read-through chimeric RNAs are gaining attention in cancer and other research fields, yet current tools often fail in predicting them. We have thus developed the first read-through chimeric RNA specific prediction method, RTCpredictor, utilizing a fast ripgrep algorithm to search for all possible exon-exon combinations of parental gene pairs. Compared with other ten popular tools, RTCpredictor achieved top performance on both simulated and real datasets. We randomly selected up to 30 candidate read-through chimeras predicted from each software method and experimentally validated a total of 109 read-throughs and on this set, RTCpredictor outperformed all the other methods. In addition, RTCpredictor (https://github.com/sandybioteck/RTCpredictor) has less memory requirements and faster execution time.

Flue gas torrefaction (FGT) was proposed as the pretreatment of the municipal solid waste (MSW) combustion process to improve the fuel properties of MSW and achieve better combustion performance. The optimal FGT parameters were obtained at 300 ℃ and 30 min, with the energy-mass co-benefit index (EMCI) reaching the maximum of 23.38. FGT could significantly increase the heating value and energy density of MSW while reducing the H/C and O/C ratio. Then, the pyrolysis and combustion experiments were performed by tube furnace and TG-MS. The results proved the chemical compositions of MSW were altered, and the heat transfer was enhanced. With FGT, NO

The partitioning of twelve trace elements (Be, V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd, Hg and Pb) in combustion products were carried out in this work. Samples of raw coal (RC), bottom ash (BA), fly ash (FA) were collected from China power plants and heating stations. The relative enrichment factors (RE) were calculated, and the influences of temperature, boiler types, coal type and characteristics of trace elements were discussed. The results indicate that only As, Se, Cd, Pb are strongly depended on temperature between 700 °C and 830 °C. As, Se, Hg have low REs in both BA and FA in three kinds of boiler, whereas Cr, Zn, Pb have low REs only in BA. Mass balance suggests that trace elements can be classified into four groups based on their volatility. The results of this study were based on China's actual power plants and heating stations, and the data could be used as a reference to the selection of coal, boiler type and operate temperature.

Chimeric RNAs are transcripts that are generated by gene fusion and intergenic splicing events, thus comprising nucleotide sequences from different parental genes. In the past, Northern blot analysis and RT-PCR were used to detect chimeric RNAs. However, they are low-throughput and can be time-consuming, labor-intensive, and cost-prohibitive. With the development of RNA-seq and transcriptome analyses over the past decade, the number of chimeric RNAs in cancer as well as in rare inherited diseases has dramatically increased. Chimeric RNAs may be potential diagnostic biomarkers when they are specifically expressed in cancerous cells and/or tissues. Some chimeric RNAs can also play a role in cell proliferation and cancer development, acting as tools for cancer prognosis, and revealing new insights into the cell origin of tumors. Due to their abilities to characterize a whole transcriptome with a high sequencing depth and intergenically identify spliced chimeric RNAs produced with the absence of chromosomal rearrangement, RNA sequencing has not only enhanced our ability to diagnose genetic diseases, but also provided us with a deeper understanding of these diseases. Here, we reviewed the mechanisms of chimeric RNA formation and the utility of RNA sequencing for discovering chimeric RNAs in several types of cancer and rare inherited diseases. We also discussed the diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic values of chimeric RNAs.

Power Internet of Things [1] is the application of Internet of Things in smart grid. By effectively integrating power system and communication infrastructure resources, the information level of power system and the utilization rate of existing resources are improved. Thus, important technical support is provided for power grid generation, transmission, transformation, distribution and electricity consumption. The Power Internet of Things contains a large number of terminal equipment, which involves the data interaction frequency of 100 million levels per second. Therefore, how to avoid the access of invalid data is an important topic in the construction process of power Internet of Things. In response to the detection requirements of abnormal devices, this paper, based on existing Intelligent IoT System architecture, designs a real-time detection framework that integrates a two-level control mechanism, which is universal, extensible, and supports multiple protocols, using the data interaction specifications formulated by the State Grid Corporation as the basic detection basis. As a result, the framework realizes the effective interception of abnormal devices in power Internet of Things.

Co-pyrolysis is a promising approach to recover energy from sewage sludge (SS) and municipal solid waste (MSW). Hg emission during this process has serious environmental risks. To reduce the environmental impact, orthogonal experiments on the blending ratio, heating rate, pyrolysis temperature, and residence time were conducted during SS and MSW co-pyrolysis. Variance analysis was used to determine the influence and synergetic effects of these factors. Multivariate nonlinear, neural network, random forest, and support vector machine models were used to simulate the Hg distribution based on four parameters, which were later optimized to optimize the Hg fixing ratio in pyrolysis char. The Hg was mainly distributed in the pyrolysis gas and char. The variance analysis results indicate that the blending ratio is the key factor influencing Hg distribution, and there is little synergetic effect among the four factors. Further experiments showed that a blending ratio of 87.5 SS wt% could enhance Hg fixation in char. The neural network model shows the best simulation performance with a mean relative error of 8.92%. The optimal parameters are a heating rate of 7 °C/min, pyrolysis temperature of 300 °C, and residence time of 10 min, resulting in a Hg fixing ratio of 25.68 wt% in pyrolysis char. The simulated Hg fixation characteristics correlate with the experimental results. This study provides insights into Hg distribution under various conditions during co-pyrolysis of SS and MSW. It is hoped that this work can contribute to the control of Hg during the waste treatment and utilization process.

A combination of upgrading and gasification process seems quite promising to cleanly utilize low-rank coal (LRC). The distribution of trace elements in this process has rarely been researched. In this study, four upgrading methods for LRC (evaporative drying, pyrolysis upgrading, microwave drying and hydrothermal dewatering (HTD)) were used and then the upgraded coal (UC) was gasified with investigation on the distribution and emissions of 13 trace elements (beryllium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, arsenic, selenium, cadmium, mercury and lead). The relative enrichment factors (RE) were introduced to quantitatively compare four different upgrading methods. The results show that gasification of UC helps controlling trace element of LRC by reducing its contents in feedstock and enhancing the ash enrichment. Different upgrading methods have their specific effects on different trace elements, respectively. Microwave drying presents to be best for most trace elements enriched to ash, in particular for beryllium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, copper. Majority of 13 elements could reduce roughly 50% of the content through microwave drying method, and the reduction of lead reaches 72.5%. It seems the upgrading is quite effective in controlling emissions of trace elements from coal gasification.

We compared the clinical efficacy and toxicity of stereotactic body radiotherapy with induction chemotherapy and concurrent radiochemotherapy vs stereotactic body radiotherapy with subsequent chemotherapy in patients with clinical stage T1-3N0M0 non-small cell lung carcinoma.We retrospectively analyzed 38 patients with c-stage T1-3N0M0 non-small cell lung carcinoma who received stereotactic body radiotherapy. All patients received six cycles of chemotherapy. Fifteen of the patients were treated with three cycles of induction chemotherapy, one cycle of concurrent radiochemotherapy, and then two cycles of consolidation chemotherapy, while 23 patients received Sequential Radiotherapy/Chemotherapy.Patients in the induction chemotherapy group experienced a longer duration of esophagitis (median 2 vs 0, range 0-6 vs 0-3.6 weeks, p = 0.04). We divided the patients into two groups based on their median pre-treatment tumor volume (cmSimultaneous SBRT and chemotherapy can result in a longer duration of esophagitis. However, for patients with large tumor volume, ICT combined with concurrent radiochemotherapy may result in better local tumor response as well as longer LPFS and progression-free survival. To better elucidate the best treatment, further clinical trials are needed.

Co-incineration is promising for disposal of sewage sludge (SS) and municipal solid waste (MSW) with energy recovery, although mercury (Hg) emission in this process is non-negligible. In this work, a series of experimental and simulation works was conducted to provide knowledge about the distribution, ecological toxicity, and transformation of Hg during co-incineration of SS and MSW. The experimental results show that co-incineration can increase the Hg content in incineration ash and reduce the amount of Hg released into the atmosphere. The optimal blending ratio for Hg enrichment was 54 wt% SS and 46 wt% MSW. A modified three-step sequential extraction method was used to investigate the chemical species of Hg in incineration ash. It was found that when SS accounted for 50 wt% ∼75 wt% of the feedstock, the direct toxicity risk of Hg in incineration ash was reduced because of the presence of less hazardous chemical forms of Hg. Thermodynamic equilibrium simulation was also conducted on incineration flue gas. The results show that co-incineration caused more gaseous Hg0 to be oxidized to Hg2+ during the cooling process, leading to less environmental risk to the atmosphere. It is hoped that this work can help develop better co-incineration strategies and guide downstream Hg control technology, to dispose of and recover energy from SS and MSW with a cleaner approach.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the use and value of maximum standardized uptake value (SUV max) on positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) images as a prognostic marker for patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC).The medical records of all consecutive patients who underwent PET/CT examination in our institution were retrospectively reviewed. Inclusion criteria were histologically or cytologically proven LAPC. Patients with distant metastasis were excluded. For statistical analysis, the SUV max of primary pancreatic cancer was measured. Survival rates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and multivariable analysis was performed to determine the association of SUV max with overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) using a Cox proportional hazards model.Between July 2006 and June 2013, 69 patients were enrolled in the present study. OS and PFS were 14.9 months [95% confidence interval (CI) 13.1-16.7] and 8.3 months (95% CI 7.1-9.5), respectively. A high SUV max (5.5) was observed in 35 patients, who had significantly worse OS and PFS than the remaining patients with a low SUV max (P = 0.025 and P = 0.003). Univariate analysis showed that SUV max and tumor size were prognostic factors for OS, with a hazard ratio of 1.90 and 1.81, respectively. A high SUV max was an independent prognostic factor, with a hazard ratio of 1.89 (95% CI 1.015-3.519, P = 0.045).The present study suggests that increased SUV max is a predictor of poor prognosis in patients with LAPC.

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text, We aimed to find some specific pathways that can be used to predict the stage of lung adenocarcinoma. RNA-Seq expression profile data and clinical data of lung adenocarcinoma (stage I [37], stage II 161], stage III [75], and stage IV [45]) were obtained from the TCGA dataset. The differentially expressed genes were merged, correlation coefficient matrix between genes was constructed with correlation analysis, and unsupervised clustering was carried out with hierarchical clustering method. The specific coexpression network in every stage was constructed with cytoscape software. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis was performed with KOBAS database and Fisher exact test. Euclidean distance algorithm was used to calculate total deviation score. The diagnostic model was constructed with SVM algorithm. Eighteen specific genes were obtained by getting intersection of 4 group differentially expressed genes. Ten significantly enriched pathways were obtained. In the distribution map of 10 pathways score in different groups, degrees that sample groups deviated from the normal level were as follows: stage I

We explored and compared the clinical effects of whole-brain radiotherapy (wbrt) with and without elemene liposomes in patients with multiple brain metastases from non-small-cell lung carcinoma (nsclc). We retrospectively analyzed 62 patients with multiple brain metastases from nsclc who received wbrt (30 Gy in 10 fractions) at Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University from January 2012 to May 2013. In 30 patients, elemene liposomes (400 mg) were injected intravenously via a peripherally inserted central catheter for 21 consecutive days from the first day of radiotherapy. Overall survival (os) and nervous system progression-free survival (npfs) for the two groups were compared by Kaplan&ndash, Meier analysis. Factors influencing npfs were examined by Cox regression analysis. Chi-square or Fisher exact tests were used for group comparisons. The median os was 9.0 months in the wbrt plus elemene group and 7.8 months in the wbrt-alone group (p = 0.581), the equivalent median npfs durations were 5.2 months and 3.7 months (p = 0.005). Patient treatment plan was an independent factor associated with npfs (p = 0.002). Tumour response and disease-control rates in the wbrt plus elemene group were 26.67% and 76.67% respectively, they were 18.75% and 62.5% in the wbrt group (p = 0.452). Compared with the patients in the wbrt-alone group, significantly fewer patients in the wbrt plus elemene group developed headaches (p = 0.04), quality of life was also significantly higher in the wbrt plus elemene group both at 1 month and at 2 months (p = 0.021 and p = 0.001 respectively). The addition of elemene liposomes to wbrt might prolong npfs in patients with multiple brain metastases from nsclc, while also reducing the incidence of headache and improving patient quality of life.

Purpose Median survival of patients with brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer is poor. This study was to investigate the radiation-enhancing effect of sodium glycididazole combined with whole-brain radiotherapy of multiple brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer. Patients and methods Sixty-four patients with multiple brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer were included: the study group ( n = 32) received whole-brain radiotherapy combined with sodium glycididazole at a dose of 700 mg/m 2 intravenous infusion 30 minutes before radiotherapy, three times a week; the control group ( n = 32) only received whole-brain radiotherapy. The primary end point was central nervous system (CNS) progression-free survival and overall survival. The treatment-related toxicity was also recorded. Results The CNS disease control rate was better (90.6% vs 65.6%, P = 0.016) in the study group than in the control group at 3 month of follow-up. The median CNS progression-free survival time was longer in the study group than in the control group (7.0 months vs 4.0 months, P = 0.038). There was no significant difference of the median overall survival time between the study group and the control group (11.0 months vs 9.0 months, P = 0.418). On the other hand, the treatment-related toxicity showed no statistically significant difference between these two groups ( P > 0.05). Conclusions The study indicated that sodium glycididazole was an effective, promising radiation-enhancing agent that improved CNS disease control rate, extended the median CNS progression-free survival time and was well tolerated in patients suffering from non-small cell lung cancer with multiple brain metastases.

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.

To assess the ability of 18F-FDG PET/CT alone or combined with CA19-9 to diagnose pancreatic cancer and to analyze the correlation between maximal standardized uptake value (SUVmax) and clinical characteristics.Ninety-one patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer using 18F-FDG PET/CT before treatment were analyzed. Definite diagnosis was by histology or cytology. The SUVmax of the primary tumor was used for the statistical analysis and, using the best cutoff value, the patients were divided into 2 groups: a high SUVmax group (SUV- max-5.49) and a low SUVmax group (SUVmax≤5.49). Logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis were applied to analyze the effects of SUVmax and/or CA19-9 on the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.Of 91 patients, 80 had pancreatic cancer and 11 had benign conditions. The ROC curve analysis of the SUVmax yielded a best cutoff value of 5.49. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT alone in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer were 67.5, 72.73, 94.74, 23.53, and 68.13%, respectively, while these indices for ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT combined with CA19-9 increased to 96.25, 63.64, 95.06, 70, and 92.31%, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) of the SUVmax combined with CA19-9 was 0.94, which was significantly higher than that of the SUVmax or CA19-9 alone (p0.05). The SUVmax value and CA19-9 levels in pancreatic cancer patients were significantly higher than those with benign conditions (p0.05). Only the SUVmax in the pancreatic cancer patient group was associated with tumor size (p0.05).18F-FDG PET/CT is a common examination for diagnosing pancreatic cancer, and the SUVmax combined with the CA19-9 level can significantly improve the sensitivity and accuracy in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. SUVmax is merely indicative of the volume of pancreatic cancer.

Based on the opposite response of self-defocusing and self-focusing media to the light intensity changes, a novel design is investigated in detail. Numerical analyses show the device can be used at relatively low threshold. At the same time, the analyses also show some factors influence the threshold, such as the nonlinear index coefficient and the linear index difference.

Signal to noise ratio is a fundamental performance of a image intensifier, which shows the photons detection ability from object in low light level, and its determine detection range and image definition. The input illuminated circular area must be 0.2mm in diameter on the photocathode, input illuminance must be 1.02×10-4lx in signal to noise ratio value measurement of Image intensifier . So the paper study a novel illuminance calibration method, which uses PMT photon counting detection technique. The method can directly calibrate illuminance value of very low light sources in signal to noise ratio measurement device of image intensifier. First, we introduce the principle of low light image intensifier S/N tester. Secondly we research illuminance calibration method of 0.2mm in diameter on the photocathode of image intensifier, design quasi-point low light luminometer, which adopts the photon counting detection technique. So we research the radiation characteristic of standard light source with 2856K color temperature and calculate its output photon number, For high accuracy measurement on quasi-point sources, vision function correction and cosine correction is made. Lastly, we research the traceability diagram of this luminometer, which is traceable to our primary photometry metrology standard device. The experimental results indicate the novel illuminance calibration method can accurately directly measure illuminance of quasi-point sources. Comparing with the conventional calibration method this novel method avoids the transfer error. The absolute illuminance calibration uncertainty is analyzed. These analysis results are useful as a evaluating method for improving signal to noise ratio of Image intensifier.

A point matching method in photogrammetry for microwave antenna with non-metric cameras is presented. The method with coded points and epipolar constrain is described. To solve the point matching in large measurement range, the idea of the dividing area is presented. The circular coded points as identifiers are used to identify different subareas, and subarea matching is preformed. Then, the measured points are matched with epipolar constraint in each subarea of left and right images. In order to reduce the influence of lens distortion to epipolar constraint, a control points grid as frame of reference is used to correct all image points using a distortion model. Experimental result indicates that this method is valid and reliable to reduce data processing time, and to improve image matching veracity and automatic degree. The points matching ratio is 100%. This method has provided one excellent solution for point matching problem in large object photogrammetry with non-metric cameras.

In the paper the electric controlled optical tunable filter as a MOEMS device based on the FP resonant cavity on silicon, which will be potentially used in the dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) system, is introduced. It can be used mainly as a wavelength division multiplexer in a DWDM system, and can be used as a optical add-drop multiplexer (OADM) in an all-optical switch system. Its basic operation principle is that one of the two mirrors is made into an elastic membrane structure, then the cavity length is varied under the driving of the electric field force, and the wavelength tuning be realized. The parameters of its characters, the working principle and the basic structure of the device are analyzed and calculated, including the optical properties, for instance, the tunable spectral range, the 3 dB bandwidth, the finesse, and the insertion loss, the structural properties, for instance, the deformation of the elastic membrane under the electric field force, the mechanics property and the couple performance, for instance, the electromechanical couple between the membrane of the FP cavity and the applied electric field. According to the required performances of the device and the subsystem, the preliminary design is performed combining the technique condition. From the analyzed results, the advantages of minuteness volume, low insertion loss, and high adjustment precision are clearly known.

Quartz tuning-fork angular rate sensor (gyroscope) is a new kind of vibratory gyroscope which has a big market. The solid model of the quartz tuning fork is established and finite element method is used in studying its modal characteristics in this paper. The influence of the gyroscope structural dimension on the resonant frequency and structural modes is investigated, which offers reliable basis for the structure design of the micro gyroscope. Software Ansys5.6 is used in this work.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

This paper introduces the functions of collimation and beam shaping of LD can be integrated within a single micro-optical element -- GRIN lens. A symmetric and collimated laser beam can be achieved when the GRIN lens with two different focal lengths is positioned correctly. The design, the fabrication of the GRIN lens are demonstrated respectively. The effect of elliptic mask apertures on the parameters of GRIN lens is analyzed.

Diffractive optical elements (DOEs), especially those used in imaging systems, often have phase distributions of rotational symmetry. A metal mask is designed such that it has different open slit angles on different radii, and the angle on a specific radius is inversely proportional to the phase magnitude there. The substrate is placed immediately under this mask and rotated relative to it during ion etching. The amount of etching on different radii of the substrate is thus modulated by the mask, and the DOE is produced in a single step. Experiments show that this is a practical and low-cost manufacture method when the phase variation along the radius is not too rapid.

A novel structure of a double-H tuning fork for an angular rate sensor, which can detect two-axial angular rates on a single quartz chip, is proposed in this article. Multiple sensing forks, which are separated from driving forks, guarantee the sensitivities of the two-axial effect and suppress couplings among each mode. Simulation with the finite element method (FEM) is used to analyze the resonance frequencies, electrode distributions, and outputs of this structure. The results show that this double-H tuning fork resonator can be used as an angular rate sensor to detect two-axial angular rates effectively.

In the paper , 4—n-butoxy carboyl-methl-urethane was synthesized by the reaction of 5 , 7-dodecadiyn--1 , 1 2-diol-bis-chloro-formate with buthylaminoacetate hydrochloride. High convertion of monomer in solid state into polymerwas obtained by y-irradiation. We fabricated high optical quality waveguiding film and measured the optical limtingeffect of poly-4BCMU in chloride and nonlinear response time of poly-4BCMU. 1. INTRODUCTION The nonlinear optical(NLO) properties of conjugated polywer polydiacetylenes (PADS) are currenly attractinginterest , because of the fairly large third-order electric susceptibity X (3)and ultrafast NLO response timeE12j, Due tothe possible intrest in NLO application, the synthesis and nonlinear optical properties of PDAs have been extensivelystudied. In this paper, we present a novel synthesis method on poly-4BCMU and study on optical limiting using poly-4BCMU and measure its nonlinear optical property. 2. SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES We used 5, 7-dodecadiyn- 1

A number of aluminum—borate glasses has been developed for producing gradient index glasses by exchang-ing. Both positive and negative axial grandient were fabracated in the glasses by exchange of Li+ for Na+ and Na+ for Li , respectively. Index change to 0. 03 and gradient index Abble number larger than + 100 were achieved.The diffusion coefficients of Naand Li in borate glasses were calculated by fitting the profiles of refractive index to complimentary error function. 1. INTRODUCTION Gradient index (GRIN) optics now has made a great progress. The gradient index lens design techniques , in- cluding ray tracing and abrerration theory , are by far the most thoroghly developed , with several researohersshowing advantages of gradient index lenses over their traditional homogeneous counterparts'. Unfortunately the existing GRIN materials are far too little compared with lens designer's requirements. It is necessary to developea serious of new GRIN glasses for the usages of GRIN devices. It is always considered as borates inhibit the ion