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A 180° faradaic shift is observed for a completely pre-lithiated Li4Ti5O12 anode when paired with an activated carbon cathode. The optimum range of pre-lithiation certainly enables attaining high energy and high power Li-ion capacitors.

Objective This study standardizes the Parental Stress Scale (PSS) for Republic of Korean parents of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and verifies its reliability and validity.Methods Data from 160 parents of children with ADHD who completed the following self-reported questionnaires were analyzed: the Korean ADHD Rating Scales, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory, the PSS, and the Global Assessment of Recent Stress Scale. All scale items were measured for reliability and validity, and the appropriate factors for measuring stress in Korean parents with ADHD children were extracted.Results Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses derived two sub-factors and 11 items. Goodness of fit was confirmed, and the scale was deemed suitable for explaining stress in parents of children with ADHD.Conclusion In this study, the validity and reliability of the K-PSS-ADHD were investigated. We expect that the K-PSS-ADHD will be used as a basis for future studies on stress in parents of children with ADHD.

The demand for energy storage is exponentially increasing with growth of the human population, which is highly energy intensive. Batteries, supercapacitors, and hybrid capacitors are key energy sto...

The electrochemical performance of graphite recovered from 6H-pencil with the highest content of SiO

The purpose of this review is to examine the clinical use of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders. Many studies have been conducted using objective evaluation tools for psychiatric evaluation, such as predicting psychiatric symptoms and treatment responses. Compared to other tools, fNIRS has the advantage of being a noninvasive, inexpensive, and portable method and can be used with patients in the awake state. This study mainly focused on its use in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder. We hope that research involving fNIRS will be actively conducted in various diseases in the future.

Objective The loudness dependence of the auditory evoked potential (LDAEP) is a reliable indicator that is inversely related to central serotonergic activity, and recent studies have suggested an association between LDAEP and suicidal ideation. This study investigated differences in LDAEP between patients with major depressive disorder and high suicidality and those with major depressive disorder and low suicidality compared to healthy controls. Methods This study included 67 participants: 23 patients with major depressive disorder with high suicidality (9 males, mean age 29.3 ± 15.7 years, total score of SSI-BECK ≥ 15), 22 patients with major depressive disorder with low suicidality (9 males, mean age 42.2 ± 14.4 years, total score of SSI-BECK ≤ 14), and 22 healthy controls (11 males, mean age 31.6 ± 8.7 years). Participants completed the following assessments: Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Beck Depression Inventory-II, Beck Scale for Suicidal ideation, State Anxiety Scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and LDAEP (measured at electrode Cz). Results There were no sex-related differences among groups (p = 0.821). The high-suicidality group exhibited significantly higher LDAEP compared to the low-suicidality group (0.82 ± 0.79 vs. 0.26 ± 0.36, p = 0.014). No significant differences were found between the control and high-suicidality (p = 0.281) or the control and low-suicidality groups (p = 0.236). Conclusion LDAEP was applied to demonstrate the association between serotonergic activity and suicidal ideation and suicide risk in major depression and may be a candidate of biological marker for preventing suicide in this study.

An immense effort has been put into developing high-performance electrodes to commercialize sodium-ion batteries, but research on developing an efficient electrolyte is lacking. This study aims to find the best carbonate-based electrolyte systems by incorporating the existing ideas reported in this field. The sodium superionic conductor (NASICON) type Na3V2(PO4)2F3-C (NVPF-C) was chosen as a cathode, and its compatibility with four different carbonate-based electrolyte solutions was studied in the half-cell assembly. Additionally, full-cell assembly with hard carbon as an anode is also explored. Binary and ternary combinations of the solvents ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, and dimethyl carbonate were employed with and without fluoroethylene carbonate as an additive. A systematic study was performed, including the in-situ impedance technique, and to determine the compatibility. Detailed galvanostatic studies for NVPF-C based half-cells, as well as hard carbon/NVPF-C full-cells, are performed, which shows that 1 M NaClO4 in propylene carbonate:dimethyl carbonate + fluoroethylene carbonate is a better electrolyte composition for this assembly. Subsequently, a temperature study was carried out on this electrolyte to test its performance.

High-performance Na-ion capacitor (NIC) was constructed with graphite recovered from spent Li-ion batteries (LIBs) as battery-type negative electrode and high-surface-area activated carbon as a supercapacitor component. Unlike Li-insertion into graphite, Na-insertion into graphite is extremely limited; hence, a "solvent-co-intercalation" mechanism was proposed for high reversibility using ether family solvents. First, the Na-insertion properties were assessed in the half-cell assembly with 0.5 m NaPF6 in tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether as an electrolyte solution and compared with the commercial graphite. The NIC comprised pre-sodiated graphite as a negative electrode and commercial activated carbon as a cathode. This fascinating NIC configuration displayed the maximum energy density of 59.93 Wh kg-1 with exceptional cyclability of 5000 cycles at ambient temperature with approximately 98 % retention. Interestingly, the electrode aging process in the presence of electrolyte resulted in approximately 19 % higher energy density than the routine electrode heat treatment. Further, the electrochemical activity of the NIC at various temperatures was studied, and it was found that the graphite recovered from spent LIBs could be effectively reused towards the construction of high-performance charge storage devices with exceptional performance.

We report the excellent charge storage performance of high-energy Li-ion capacitors (LIC) fabricated from the mesoporous Co3O4 nanosheets as the conversion-type battery component and Jack fruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) derived activated carbon as a supercapacitor electrode, especially at high temperatures (50 and 40 °C). Prior to the fabrication, the electrochemical prelithiation strategy was applied to Co3O4 to alleviate the irreversibility and enrich the Li-ions for electrochemical reactions (Co0 + Li2O). The LIC delivered a maximum energy density of ∼118 Wh kg-1 at a high temperature of 50 °C. The significant difference is observed at a high rate of 2.6 kW kg-1 at 50 °C with excellent cycle stability up to 3000 cycles, with a retention of ∼87% compared with the LIC cycled at room temperature (∼74%). The magnificent electrochemical performance clearly demonstrates that the mesoporous structure and residual carbon synergistically facilitated the Li+/electron transport and hinder undesirable side reactions with electrolytes to realize high-energy density at high temperatures.

Surface modification is one of the impressive and widely used technique to improve the electrochemical performance of sodium-ion batteries by modifying the electrode-electrolyte interface. Herein, we used the atomic layer deposition (ALD) to modify the surface of P2-Na0.5Mn0.5Co0.5O2 by sub-monolayer Al2O3 coating on the prefabricated electrodes. Phase purity is confirmed using various structural and morphological studies. The pristine electrode delivered an initial discharge capacity of 154 mAh g−1 at 0.5C, and inferior rate performance of 23 mAh g−1 at 40C rate. On the other hand, the interfacial modified cathode with 5 cycles of ALD coating delivers a high capacity of 174 and 45 mAh g−1 at 0.5C and 40C rate, respectively. The Co2+/3+ redox couple is utilized for the faradaic process with high reversibility along with suppressed P2-O2 phase transition. The presence of the Al2O3 layer acts as an artificial cathode electrolyte interface by suppressing the electrolyte oxidation at higher cutoff potentials. This is clearly validated by the reduced charge transfer resistance of surface modified electrodes after cycling at various current rates. Even at an elevated temperature condition (50 °C), interfacial layer significantly improves the safety of the cell and ensures the stability of the cathode.

This report explains, (i) the preparation of carbon spheres (CS) from agro-waste through hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) followed by high temperature carbonization, (ii) the decoration of bi-metallic Pt-Pd nanoparticles (Pt-Pd NPs) with different compositions (Pt/C, Pt0.5Pd1/C, Pt1Pd1/C and Pt1Pd0.5/C, Pd/C) on the carbon by ethylene glycol solvated polyol assisted formaldehyde reduction method and (iii) subsequently used as the electrocatalyst for formic acid (FA) and ethylene glycol (EG) electro-oxidation. The structural and morphological properties of the electrocatalysts were studied using advanced physicochemical characterization techniques. The obtained results well evidence the homogeneous dispersion of Pt-Pd NPs on the surface of the carbon. Especially, Pt0.5Pd1/C exhibited excellent electrocatalytic property towards formic acid electro-oxidation reaction (FAOR) with a higher current density (256 mA cm−2) and stability due to “third body effect”. On the other hand, Pt1Pd0.5/C expressed superior electrochemical performance towards ethylene glycol electro-oxidation reaction (EGOR) due to the strong interaction between high Pt content and Pd. Hence, this work reveals the improved electrocatalytic performance of bi-metallic Pt-Pd NPs supported biomass-derived carbon as a promising anodic electrocatalyst towards FAOR and EGOR.

Spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) offer immense potential in the form of resources such as Li, transition metals (Co, Ni, and Mn), graphite, and Cu, which can be recovered through suitable recycling procedures. The Cu-current collector is recovered from spent LIBs and converted as a copper oxide (CuO) anode for Na-ion batteries. The performance of CuO is evaluated with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) (CuO-C), and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) (CuO-P) binders in CuO half-cell and CuO/carbon-coated Na

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) hold great potential for use in large-scale grid storage applications owing to their low energy cost compared to lithium analogs. The symmetrical SIBs employing Na