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Abstract Diabetic wounds pose a challenge to healing due to increased bacterial susceptibility and poor vascularization. Effective healing requires simultaneous bacterial and biofilm elimination and angiogenesis stimulation. In this study, we incorporated polyaniline (PANI) and S-Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) into a polyvinyl alcohol, chitosan, and hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan (PVA/CS/HTCC) matrix, creating a versatile wound dressing membrane through electrospinning. The dressing combines the advantages of photothermal antibacterial therapy and nitric oxide gas therapy, exhibiting enduring and effective bactericidal activity and biofilm disruption against methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. Furthermore, the membrane’s PTT effect and NO release exhibit significant synergistic activation, enabling a nanodetonator-like burst release of NO through NIR irradiation to disintegrate biofilms. Importantly, the nanofiber sustained a uniform release of nitric oxide, thereby catalyzing angiogenesis and advancing cellular migration. Ultimately, the employment of this membrane dressing culminated in the efficacious amelioration of diabetic-infected wounds in Sprague–Dawley rats, achieving wound closure within a concise duration of 14 days. Upon applying NIR irradiation to the PVA-CS-HTCC-PANI-GSNO nanofiber membrane, it swiftly eradicates bacteria and biofilm within 5 min, enhancing its inherent antibacterial and anti-biofilm properties through the powerful synergistic action of PTT and NO therapy. It also promotes angiogenesis, exhibits excellent biocompatibility, and is easy to use, highlighting its potential in treating diabetic wounds. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Background It is well known that asymptomatic hyperuricemia and gout play an important role in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the effect of uric acid-lowering therapy (ULT) on the prognosis of CKD patients with asymptomatic hyperuricemia remains controversial. Therefore, we aim to investigate the influence of ULT on renal outcomes in these patients. Methods Comprehensive searches were conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI), and the Cochrane Library, up until January 2024. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the effects of ULT on renal outcomes in CKD patients with asymptomatic hyperuricemia. Results A total of 17 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Compared with placebo or no treatment, ULT preserved the loss of estimated glomerular filtrating rate (eGFR) (Weighted mean difference [WMD] and its 95% confidence intercal(CI): 2.07 [0.15,3.98] mL/min/1.73m2) at long-term subgroup. At the same time, short-term subgroup also proved the preserved loss of eGFR (WMD 5.74[2.09, 9.39] mL/min/1.73m2). Compared with placebo or no treatment, ULT also reduced the increase in serum creatinine (Scr) at short-term (WMD -44.48[-84.03,-4.92]μmol/L) subgroup and long-term (WMD -46.13[-65.64,-26.62]μmol/L) subgroup. ULT was associated with lower incidence of the events of doubling of Scr without dialysis (relative risk (RR) 0.32 [0.21, 0.49], p

Recurrent joint bleeding in hemophilia patients frequently causes hemophilic arthropathy (HA). Drastic degradation of cartilage is a major characteristic of HA, but its pathological mechanisms has not yet been clarified. In HA cartilages, we found server matrix degradation and increased expression of DNA methyltransferase proteins. We thus performed genome-wide DNA methylation analysis on human HA (N=5) and osteoarthritis (OA) (N=5) articular cartilages, and identified 1228 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) associated with HA. Functional enrichment analyses revealed the association between DMR genes (DMGs) and extracellular matrix (ECM) organization. Among these DMGs, Tenascin XB (TNXB) expression was down-regulated in human and mouse HA cartilages. The loss of Tnxb in F8-/- mouse cartilage provided a disease-promoting role in HA by augmenting cartilage degeneration and subchondral bone loss. Tnxb knockdown also promoted chondrocyte apoptosis and inhibited phosphorylation of AKT. Importantly, AKT agonist showed chondroprotective effects following Tnxb knockdown. Together, our findings indicate that exposure of cartilage to blood leads to alterations in DNA methylation, which is functionally related to ECM homeostasis, and further demonstrate a critical role of TNXB in HA cartilage degeneration by activating AKT signaling. These mechanistic insights allow development of potentially new strategies for HA cartilage protection.

BackgroundWhile the pericapsular nerve group (PENG) block has become increasingly popular for managing pain after hip surgery, its efficacy remains controversial.MethodsWe systematically searched Pubmed, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for randomized controlled trials to assess current evidence about the efficacy of the PENG block. Patients who received PENG block were compared to those who received sham/no block in terms of opioid consumption and pain within 24h after surgery, time to first opioid requirement, functional recovery, risk of nausea and vomiting, and patient dissatisfaction. The quality of evidence was assessed using the "Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation" (GRADE) system.ResultsWe meta-analyzed six trials involving 416 patients who received preoperative PENG block and 415 who received sham/no block. Patients did not receive any other type of multimodal analgesia. Within 24 h after hip surgery, PENG block significantly reduced postoperative opioid consumption (MD = -12.03, 95% CI: -21.47 to -2.59, P < 0.01, I2 = 97%), particularly in subpopulations undergoing hip replacement, hip fracture, or who had spinal anesthesia, and it significantly decreased dynamic pain scores, but not static scores, without increasing risk of nausea or vomiting or patient dissatisfaction. Individual studies suggested that the PENG block can prolong the time to the first opioid requirement and can improve functional recovery. Most meta-analyses provided evidence of moderate quality according to the GRADE system.ConclusionsThe available evidence indicates that preoperative PENG block can significantly decrease opioid consumption and pain early after hip surgery, and it may also promote early functional rehabilitation. However, the limited number of included studies and sample size make it difficult to draw firm conclusions. The decision on whether to apply the PENG block should take into account the patient's age and the type of surgery and anesthesia.

Abstract Infection after fracture is a significant problem for the healing of fractures. Antimicrobial peptides combined with PLGA (poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres can open new horizons for treating bone infections. Twenty rats in the control group were treated with physiologic saline solution after surgery, and 20 rats in the treatment group were treated with OP-145 PLGA microspheres and vancomycin after surgery. The biofilms from treatment and control groups were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy. Blood samples were collected at 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h. OP-145 PLGA microspheres showed significant inhibitory effects on clinically isolated strains (P

Abstract Background The rate of failure of internal fixation for femoral neck fractures has remained largely unchanged over the past 30 years. The current study attempted to identify the controllable variables influencing the failure of internal fixation of femoral neck fractures. Methods The study included 190 patients aged from 20 to 65 with femoral neck fracture caused by low energy violent injuries (fall from standing height), who were treated with multiple cannulated screws over the period 2005–2019 at a single centre. Kaplan–Meier (KM) survival analysis was firstly utilized to evaluate the potential interaction between each variable and cumulative rates of reoperation. If P

PurposeTo propose and evaluate a comprehensive modeling approach combing radiomics, dosiomics and clinical components, for more accurate prediction of locoregional recurrence risk after radiotherapy for patients with locoregionally advanced HPSCC.Materials and methodsClinical data of 77 HPSCC patients were retrospectively investigated, whose median follow-up duration was 23.27 (4.83-81.40) months. From the planning CT and dose distribution, 1321 radiomics and dosiomics features were extracted respectively from planning gross tumor volume (PGTV) region each patient. After stability test, feature dimension was further reduced by Principal Component Analysis (PCA), yielding Radiomic and Dosiomic Principal Components (RPCs and DPCs) respectively. Multiple Cox regression models were constructed using various combinations of RPC, DPC and clinical variables as the predictors. Akaike information criterion (AIC) and C-index were used to evaluate the performance of Cox regression models.ResultsPCA was performed on 338 radiomic and 873 dosiomic features that were tested as stable (ICC1 > 0.7 and ICC2 > 0.95), yielding 5 RPCs and DPCs respectively. Three comprehensive features (RPC0, P

Magnesium (Mg) is a promising biodegradable metal for orthopedic applications, and plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) has been widely studied as a corrosion protection coating on Mg-based implants. However, the porous structures and easily formed cracks in fluid are disadvantageous for long-term corrosion protection. In this study, a SiO2 layer was deposited on PEO-treated Mg to inhibit the formation of cracks on the PEO layer and prevent the permeation of corrosive fluid. The SiO2 layer did not alter the surface morphology of the PEO layer but considerably enhanced its corrosion resistance. The in vitro culture of MC3T3-E1 cells demonstrated the good cytocompatibility and osteogenic induction ability of SiO2-coated PEO-treated Mg, which could be attributed to Mg and Si ions released from the coating. The coating also favored the angiogenesis behaviors of HUVEC. Furthermore, with the continuous release of Mg and Si ions, the as-prepared implant showed a superior osseointegration ability in a rat bone implantation model. In summary, this newly designed Mg-based implant shows promising potential for orthopedic applications.

Abstract Background Traditional tension band wiring and plate fixation represent the commonest methods for treating olecranon fractures. However, there is no agreement on which method provides the best outcome. The aim of this retrospective study is to compare the outcomes of tension band wiring (TBW) and plate fixation (PF) for treating displaced olecranon fractures. This is the first study to use propensity score matching analysis to compare treatment methods for olecranon fracture. Method A total of 107 patients aged between 18 and 85 had acute isolated and displaced olecranon fractures. The patients were divided into either TBW (n = 49) or PF (n = 58) groups. To conduct propensity score matching for the treatment method (TBW versus PF), 58 patients were analyzed by logistic regression (29 patients in each group). Various demographic and treatment-related variables were examined and analyzed to determine their correlation. Results Functional effects between two groups are similar (in terms of Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS), the patients’ range of elbow motion (ROM) and forearm rotation (RFR), the time return to work (RTW)). The total adverse events rate and metalwork removal events rate are higher in TBW than that in PF. After propensity score matching analysis, similar primary treatment efficacy (indicated by MEPS> 90) in 2 groups and more primary adverse events (indicated by metalwork removal) were perceived in TBW than that in PF. Logistic regression analysis revealed that fracture type was an independent factor that affected the efficacy of a treatment (regression coefficient = − 1.24 0, OR = 10.77, P

Abstract Background Rheumatic arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease with bad effects. Recent researches have shown that circular RNAs (circRNAs) could affect the progress of RA, but the mechanism still indistinct. In this work, we explored the roles of circ_0025908 in RA. Methods The levels of circ_0025908, microRNA-137 (miR-137), and mRNA of homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2) were detected by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in RA tissues. Meanwhile, the level of HIPK2 was quantified by Western blot analysis. Besides, the cell functions were examined by CCK8 assay, EdU assay, flow cytometry assay, ELISA, and Western blot. Furthermore, the interplay between miR-137 and circ_0025908 or HIPK2 was detected by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Results The levels of circ_0025908 and HIPK2 were upregulated, and the miR-137 level was decreased in RA tissues in contrast to that in normal tissues. For functional analysis, circ_0025908 deficiency inhibited cell vitality, cell mitotic cycle, cell proliferation, and immunoreaction in RA cells, whereas promoted cell apoptosis. Moreover, miR-137 was confirmed to repress the progression of RA cells by suppressing HIPK2. In mechanism, circ_0025908 acted as a miR-137 sponge to regulate the level of HIPK2. Conclusion Circ_0025908 facilitates the development of RA through increasing HIPK2 expression by regulating miR-137, which also offered an underlying targeted therapy for RA treatment.

The aim of this study was to explore the role of hsa_circRNA_0000205 (circ_0000205) in chondrocyte injury in osteoarthritis (OA) and the underlying mechanism. Expression of circ_0000205, microRNA (miR)-766-3p and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motif (ADAMTS)-5 was detected by quantitative real time (qRT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot assays. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis were examined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and 5-ethynyl-2-deoxyuridine assays, flow cytometry, and qRT-PCR and Western blot assays. The target relationship between miR-766-3p and circ_0000205 or ADAMTS5 was confirmed by luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation. IL-1β treatment could attenuate cell viability of primary chondrocytes and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and collagen II type alpha-1 (COL2A1) levels, and elevate apoptosis rate and cleaved caspase-3, ADAMTS5 and matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP13) levels, suggesting that IL-1β induced chondrocyte apoptosis and ECM degradation. Expression of circ_0000205 was up-regulated in OA tissues and IL-1β-induced primary chondrocytes, accompanied with miR-766-3p down-regulation and ADAMTS5 up-regulation. Knockdown of circ_0000205 could mitigate IL-1β-induced above effects and improve cell proliferation. Moreover, both depleting miR-766-3p and promoting ADAMTS5 could partially counteract circ_0000205 knockdown roles in IL-1β-cultured primary chondrocytes. Notably, circ_0000205 was verified as a sponge for miR-766-3p via targeting, and ADAMTS5 was a direct target for miR-766-3p. Silencing circ_0000205 could protect chondrocytes from IL-1β-induced proliferation reduction, apoptosis, and ECM degradation by targeting miR-766-3p/ADAMTS5 axis.

Background: In spinal cord injury (SCI), systemic inflammation and the death of nerve cells in the spinal cord are life threatening. The connection between gut microbiota and signaling pathways has been a hot research topic in recent years. The Toll-like receptor 4/Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (TLR4/MyD88) signaling pathway is closely related to the inflammatory response. This study explored whether the gut microbiota imbalance could affect the TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway to regulate SCI to provide a new basis for SCI research and treatment.Methods: An SCI model was constructed to study the influence on the injury of gut microbiota. 16S amplicon sequencing was used to identify the diversity and abundance of gut microbes. Fecal microbiota transplantation was performed in mice with SCI. ELISA was used to detect the serum levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors in mice. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to observe SCI in mice. Immunofluorescence was used to detect the rates of loss glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), neuronal nuclear protein (NeuN), and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA1) in the spinal cord as indicators of apoptosis. The expression of the TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway was detected by qRT-PCR and western blotting.Results: Significant differences were observed in the gut microbiota of SCI mice and normal mice. The gut microbiota of SCI mice was imbalanced. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 in SCI mice were increased, as was the level of the toxic induced nitric oxide synthase. The levels of anti-inflammatory factors IL-4, transforming growth factor-β, and IL-10 were decreased, as was the level of arginase-1. The apoptosis rates of GFAP, NeuN, and IBA1 were increased. The TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway was activated. In the SCI group, inflammation increased after fecal transplantation, apoptosis of GFAP, NeuN, and IBA1 increased, and SCI was more serious.Conclusion: The TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway promotes the death of nerve cells by inducing inflammation. Gut microbiota dysregulation can lead to aggravated SCI by activating the TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway.

PurposeFrequency of conventional kV-image guidance is sometimes sacrificed to reduce concomitant risk, leaving deviations of unguided fractions unknown. MV-imaging and treatment dose can be collectively optimized on Halcyon, where fractional MVCBCT provides complete anatomic records for course-wide dose reconstruction. By retrospective dose accumulation, this work simulated the impact of imaging frequency on patient treatment dose on the platform of Halcyon.MethodsFour hundred and sixteen MVCBCT image sets from 16 patients of various tumor sites treated with radiotherapy on Halcyon were retrospectively selected. After applying the image-guided couch shifts of the clinical records, deformable image registration was performed using Velocity software, to deform the planning CTs to the corresponding MVCBCTs, generating pseudo CTs representing the actual anatomies on the treatment day. Fractional treatment dose was reconstructed on pseudo CTs for accumulation, representing the actual patient dose (Ddaily). To simulate weekly image guidance, fractional dose was reconstructed and accumulated by incorporating 1 CBCT-guided corrections and 4 laser-guided setups of each week (Dweekly). Limited by partially imaged volumes and different organs-at-risk of various sites, only target dose-volume parameters were evaluated across all patients.ResultsGTV_D98%, CTV_D98%, PTV_D90%, PTV_D95%, PGTV_D90%, and PGTV_D95% were evaluated, where Dx% means the minimal dose received by x% volume. Pairwise comparisons were made between plan dose and Ddaily, Ddaily and Dweekly respectively. PGTV_D95% of accumulated Dweekly were significantly lower than those of accumulated Ddaily by up to 32.90% of prescription dose, suggesting that weekly-guidance may result in unacceptable under dose to the target. The broad distribution of fractional differences between Ddaily and Dweekly suggested unreliable patient positioning based on aligning surface markers to laser beams, as a popular approach broadly used on conventional Linac systems. Slight target under-dose was observed on daily reconstructed results compared with planned dose, which provided quantitative data to guide clinical decisions such as the necessity of adaptive radiotherapy.ConclusionFractional image guided radiotherapy on Halcyon provides more reliable treatment accuracy than using sacrificed imaging frequency, which also provides complete anatomic records for deformable dose reconstruction supporting more informed clinical decisions.

Background and purpose: To evaluate the feasibility of dose-guided adaptive radiotherapy (ART) based on deformable image registration (DIR) using fractional megavoltage cone-beam CT (MVCBCT) images from Halcyon system that uses identical beams for treatment and imaging and to retrospectively investigate the influence of anatomic changes on target coverage and organ-at-risk (OAR) sparing across various tumor sites.Materials and Methods: Four hundred twenty-two MVCBCT images from 16 patients (three head and neck, seven thoracic, three abdominal, and three pelvic cases) treated in a phase II clinical trial for Halcyon were selected. DIR between the planning CT and daily MVCBCT image was implemented by Velocity software to create pseudo CT. To investigate the accuracy of dose calculation on pseudo CT, three evaluation patients with rescanned CT and adaptive plans were selected. Dose distribution of adaptive plans calculated on pseudo CT was compared with that calculated on the rescanned planning CT on the three evaluation patients. To investigate the impact of inter-fractional anatomic changes on target dose coverage and dose to OARs of the 16 patients, fractional dose was calculated and accumulated incrementally based on deformable registration between planning CT and daily MVCBCT images.Results: Passing rates using 3 mm/3%/10% threshold local gamma analysis were 93.04, 96.00, and 91.68%, respectively, for the three evaluation patients between the reconstructed dose on pseudo CT (MVCBCT) and rescanned CT, where accumulated dose deviations of over 97% voxels were smaller than 0.5 Gy. Planning target volume (PTV) D95% and D90% (the minimum dose received by at least 95/90% of the volume) of the accumulated dose could be as low as 93.8 and 94.5% of the planned dose, respectively. OAR overdose of various degrees were observed in the 16 patients relative to the planned dose. In most cases, OARs' dose volume histogram (DVH) lines of accumulated and planned dose were very close to each other if not overlapping. Among cases with visible deviations, the differences were bilateral without apparent patterns specific to tumor sites or organs.Conclusion: As a confidence building measure, this simulation study suggested the possibility of ART for Halcyon based on DIR between planning CT and MVCBCT. Preliminary clinical data suggested the benefit of patient-specific dose reconstruction and ART to avoid unacceptable target underdosage and OAR overdosage.

The fermentation medium of Micromonospora Y15 was optimized to enhance the production of antimicrobial metabolites with the antimicrobial activity tested against Listeria monocytogenes. First, the optimal medium components (carbon source, nitrogen source and inorganic salt) were determined by the single factor experiment. Second, the Plackett–Burman experiment was used to screen significant factors. Third, the steepest ascent experiment was undertaken to figure out the optimal region of the significant factors. Finally, the central composite experiment was conducted to optimize the final medium components. The single factor experiment results suggested that the optimal medium components were soluble starch, beef extract, peptone, NaCl, K2HPO4, MgSO4, and FeSO4, while the Plackett–Burman experiment demonstrated that beef extract, K2HPO4 and soluble starch were significant factors affecting antimicrobial activity. The steepest ascent experiment results further showed the central point of three significant factors were 1.00 g/L of K2HPO4, 25.00 g/L of soluble starch and 18.00 g/L of beef extract, respectively. Response surface analysis revealed that the optimum values of the tested significant variables for the production of antimicrobial metabolites were 1.03 g/L of K2HPO4, 27.67 g/L of soluble starch and 18.30 g/L of beef extract, accordingly. Under this optimal condition, the antimicrobial activity of the fermented medium was 1236.79 ± 14.56 AU/mL, which increased 3.86 times compared with the initial medium. We thus concluded that the medium composition optimized in the study would be helpful for the production of antimicrobial metabolites by Micromonospora Y15.

A reduced-scale (1:4) building corridor model was prepared to investigate the heat release rate (HRR) and smoke diffusion in a building corridor. Trays with heptane as fuel were used as fire sources. Three different sizes of trays were involved in this study to investigate the different HRRs. The results revealed that fire associated with larger trays exhibited a steeper power-law growth and decay. The temperature distributions in the corridor for the three cases showed similar tendencies. The temperature in the upper part of the corridor was relatively high, which decayed sharply along the corridor. However, the temperature in the lower part of the corridor was approximately the ambient temperature. Numerical simulation was also introduced to obtain more details regarding the temperature. The ceiling temperature was studied by using dimensionless parameters. The correlation between the ceiling temperature and the distance was fitted by using an exponential equation, and significant fitting results were obtained. Moreover, the vertical average temperatures in the corridor were also studied. The result indicated that greater HRRs led to higher vertical average temperatures with steeper growths and decreases.

The interactive adjustment of the optimization objectives during the treatment planning process has made it difficult to evaluate the impact of beam quality exclusively in radiotherapy. Without consensus in the published results, the arbitrary selection of photon energies increased the probability of suboptimal plans. This work aims to evaluate the dosimetric impact of various photon energies on the sparing of normal tissues by applying a preconfigured knowledge-based planning (RapidPlan) model to various clinically available photon energies for rectal cancer patients, based on model-generated optimization objectives, which provide a comparison basis with less human interference. A RapidPlan model based on 81 historical VMAT plans for pre-surgical rectal cancer patients using 10MV flattened beam (10X) was used to generate patient-specific objectives for the automated optimization of other 20 patients using 6X, 8X, 10X (reference), 6MV flattening-filter-free (6F) and 10F beams respectively on a TrueBeam accelerator. It was observed that flattened beams produced very comparable target dose coverage yet the conformity index using 6F and 10F were clinically unacceptable (>1.29). Therefore, dose to organs-at-risk (OARs) and normal tissues were only evaluated for flattened beams. RapidPlan-generated objectives for 6X and 8X beams can achieve comparable target dose coverage as that of 10X, yet the dose to normal tissues increased monotonically with decreased energies. Differences were statistically significant except femoral heads. From the radiological perspective of view, higher beam energy is still preferable for deep seated tumors, even if multiple field entries such as VMAT technique can accumulate enough dose to the target using lower energies, as reported in the literature. In conclusion, RapidPlan model configured for flattened beams cannot optimize un-flattened beams before adjusting the target objectives, yet works for flattened beams of other energies. For the investigated 10X, 8X and 6X photons, higher energies provide better normal tissue sparing.

Indoor navigation has been developing rapidly over the last few years. However, it still faces a number of challenges and practical issues. This paper proposes a novel WiFi/MEMS integration structure for indoor navigation. The two-stage structure uses the extended Kalman filter (EKF) to fuse the information from WiFi/MEMS sensors and contains attitude-determination EKF and position-tracking EKF. In the WiFi part, a partition solution called “moving partition„ is originally proposed in this paper. This solution significantly reduces the computation time and enhances the performance of the traditional Weighted K-Nearest Neighbors (WKNN) method. Furthermore, the direction measurement is generated utilizing WiFi positioning results, and a “turn detection„ is implemented to guarantee the effectiveness. The navigation performance of the presented integration structure has been verified through indoor experiments. The test results indicate that the proposed WiFi/MEMS solution works well. The root mean square (RMS) position error of WiFi/MEMS is 0.7926 m, which is an improvement of 20.59% and 36.60% when compared to MEMS and WiFi alone. Besides, the proposed algorithm still performs well with very few access points (AP) available and its stability has been proven.

Our group previously investigated the levels of anti-Gal and anti-nonGal IgM and IgG in a cohort of 75 healthy humans of various backgrounds, and found some significant differences related to factors such as age, gender, ABO blood group, diet, vaccination history, and geographic location during childhood. We have now expanded our cohort (n = 84) to investigate the levels of anti-Neu5Gc and anti-nonGal/nonNeu5Gc antibodies in healthy humans. Anti-nonGal and anti-nonGal/nonNeu5Gc human IgM and IgG binding to pRBCs and pAECs from GTKO/CD46 and GTKO/CD46/Neu5GcKO pigs were measured by flow cytometry. Anti-Gal and anti-Neu5Gc IgM and IgG levels were measured by ELISA. In summary, (i) the great majority (almost 100%) of humans had anti-Neu5Gc IgM and IgG antibodies that bound to pAECs and approximately 50% had anti-Neu5Gc antibodies that bound to pRBCs, (ii) there was significantly less human antibody binding to pig cells that did not express either Gal or Neu5Gc compared with those that did not express Gal alone, (iii) the levels of both IgM and IgG binding to GTKO/CD46/Neu5GcKO pRBCs and pAECs were low, (iv) the level of anti-Neu5Gc IgG was higher in men than women, (v) the level did not change with age or diet, and there was some variability associated with (vi) previous vaccination history and (vii) the geographic region in which the individual spent his or her childhood. Our study confirms that human antibody binding to RBCs and AECs from GTKO/CD46/Neu5GcKO pigs is greatly reduced compared to binding to GTKO/CD46 cells. However, all humans appear to have a low level of antibody that binds to pAECs that is not directed to either Gal or Neu5Gc. Our findings require consideration in planning clinical trials of xenotransplantation.

High-resistive layers were obtained by periodic growth and in situ annealing of InGaN. The effect of the annealing temperature of InGaN on the indium content and the material sheet resistive was investigated. The indium content decreased as the increase of in situ annealing temperature. Additionally, the material sheet resistance increased with the increase of the in situ annealing temperature for the annealed samples and reached 2 × 1010Ω/sq in the light and 2 × 1011Ω/sq in the dark when the in situ annealing temperature reached 970∘C. The acquirement of high-resistive layers is attributed to the generation of indium vacancy-related defects. Introducing indium vacancy-related defects to compensate background carriers can be an effective method to grow high-resistance material.