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Red crown rot caused by Calonectria ilicicola, a soil-borne fungus, is one of the main soybean diseases in Japan. In field surveys to understand the present status of the disease in Akita, Fukushima, Niigata, Toyama, and Nagano prefectures, survey data included the cultivation history and conditions as well as the disease ratings for each field. The disease was confirmed to occur in all five prefectures, and the percentage of diseased fields ranged from 38.9 to 100%. Generalized linear mixed model analyses using the data from Akita, Fukushima, and Niigata prefectures revealed the explanatory variables conducive to the disease from the cultivation history, cropping system, and field conditions. Four factors significantly affected disease incidence and severity: past disease incidence in field, number of years with continuous soybean cultivation, sowing date, and number of intertillage ridging applications. Analysis of Niigata Prefecture data revealed additional factors affecting the disease: the use of agrochemical-treated seeds and field drainage-related variables. Early implementation of intertillage ridging was associated with greater disease severity, indicating that the disease was affected not only by the number but also by the timing of intertillage ridging application. Careful planning of cultivation and management methods to avoid these risk factors may reduce damage caused by the disease. To our knowledge, this is the first comparative analysis of the incidence and severity of red crown rot and the factors influencing the disease using a comprehensive data set from five Japanese prefectures.

The functional flow equation and the Quantum Master equation are consistently solved in perturbation for the chiral symmetric QED with and without four-fermi interactions. Due to the presence of momentum cutoff, unconventional features related to gauge symmetry are observed even in our perturbative results. In the absence of the four-fermi couplings, one-loop calculation gives us the Ward identity, $Z_{1}=Z_{2}$, and the standard results of anomalous dimensions and the beta function for the gauge coupling. It is a consequence of regularization scheme independence in one-loop computation. We also find a photon mass term. When included, four-fermi couplings contribute to the beta function and the Ward identity is also modified, $Z_{1} \neq Z_{2}$, due to a term proportional to the photon mass multiplied by the four-fermi couplings., 14 pages

In the growing degree days (GDD) model for plants, 0°C or 5°C have been empirically used as base temperature (BT) for the GDD model, without experimental determination. In this study, developmental periods for bud break and leaf opening of mizunara oak, Quercus crispula were determined by using samples from locations separated by 900 km, cut branches from central Japan and potted saplings from northern Japan. The samples from each location were then grown in growth chambers under the four constant temperatures in different years. The relationships between the developmental rate and temperature were determined, BTs were calculated by regression analyses, and the required GDDs were determined. Multiple regression was applied to compare model fittings for bud break and leaf opening. Observational data were fitted with a logistic curve to empirically determine the BT and GDD for bud break. Better fitting was obtained for bud break than for leaf opening, in the growth chamber experiment as well as in the multiple regression, probably because bud break was controlled by the GDD accumulation, while the rate of leaf opening was directly and exponentially influenced by temperature. The BT for bud break obtained by the growth chamber experiments varied from 0.09°C–4.88°C between the two locations, and also within one location by year. A large variation in the GDD accumulation was recognized in the field observation at each location. These results indicate additional environmental factors not included in the GDD calculation likely influenced the leafing phenology of Q. crispula.

Betula chichibuensis is a critically endangered limestone birch confined to the Chichibu and Kitakami mountains in central and northeastern Japan, respectively. In this study, we assembled and char...

We show, explicitly within perturbation theory, that the quantum master equation and the Wilsonian renormalization group flow equation can be combined such that for the continuum effective action, quantum BRST invariance is not broken by the presence of an effective ultraviolet cutoff $\Lambda$, despite the fact that the structure demands quantum corrections that naïvely break the gauge invariance, such as a mass term for a non-Abelian gauge field. Exploiting the derivative expansion, BRST cohomological methods fix the solution up to choice of renormalization conditions, without inputting the form of the classical, or bare, interactions. Legendre transformation results in an equivalent description in terms of solving the modified Slavnov–Taylor identities and the flow of the Legendre effective action under an infrared cutoff $\Lambda$ (i.e. effective average action). The flow generates a canonical transformation that automatically solves the Slavnov–Taylor identities for the wavefunction renormalization constants. We confirm this structure in detail at tree level and one loop. Under flow of $\Lambda$, the standard results are obtained for the beta function, anomalous dimension, and physical amplitudes, up to the choice of the renormalization scheme.

Premise of the study: Microsatellite markers were developed and characterized for the critically endangered birch Betula chichibuensis (Betulaceae) to investigate the genetic structure of this species for conservation purposes. Methods and Results: Sixteen microsatellite markers with di-, tri-, and tetranucleotide repeat motifs were developed and optimized using MiSeq paired-end sequencing. Of these, 14 were polymorphic, with two to five alleles per locus, in 47 individuals from two newly discovered populations of B. chichibuensis in Japan. Observed and unbiased expected heterozygosities per locus ranged from 0.000 to 0.617 and from 0.000 to 0.629, respectively. These markers were tested for cross-species amplification in B. maximowicziana, B. platyphylla var. japonica, and B. schmidtii. Conclusions: This set of microsatellite markers, the first developed for B. chichibuensis, will help elucidate spatial patterns of gene flow and levels of inbreeding in this species to aid its conservation.

In the functional renormalisation group approach to gauge theory, the Ward-Takahashi identity is modified due to the presence of an infrared cutoff term. It take the most accessible form for the Wilsonian effective action. In the present work we solve these identities, partially, for the Wilson effective action of QED. In particular, we compute the longitudinal part of the photon two point vertex function as a momentum- dependent function in the presence of the cutoff k. The resultant Wilsonian effective action carries form factors that originate from the modified Ward-Takahashi identity. We show how this result carries over to the one-particle-irreducible effective action., Comment: 15 pages

The construction of massless Majorana fermions with chiral Yukawa couplings on the lattice is considered. We find topological obstructions tightly linked to those underlying the Nielsen-Ninomiya no-go theorem. In contradistinction to chiral fermions the obstructions originate only from the combination of the Dirac action and the Yukawa term. These findings are used to construct a chirally invariant lattice action. We also show that the path integral of this theory is given by the Pfaffian of the corresponding Dirac operator. As an application of the approach set-up here we construct a CP-invariant lattice action of a chiral gauge theory, based on a lattice adaptation of charge conjugation and parity transformation in the continuum., Comment: 8 pages, typos removed, literature added, discussion of CP invariance in chiral gauge theories extended

The infra-red cutoff used in the Wilsonian RG is often incompatible with standard realization of symmetries. We consider a new realization of the chiral symmetry in a fermionic self-interacting system with a regularization that breaks the symmetry. The cutoff dependent symmetry is characterized by the master equation in the Batalin–Vilkovisky antifield formalism. We also explain how the Polchinski RG flow equation respects symmetries. In particular, we discuss the properties of the Polchinski equation under the cutoff dependent chiral symmetry.

In a tree expansion of the Wilson effective action, reduction of the Polchinski flow equations to their 1PI part is performed. We extract a certain subset of the connected cutoff Green functions that determines the renormalization group flow of the 1PI part of the Wilson effective action. 1. Introduction In the exact renormalization group (RG) approach to continuum field theories, there are two types of flow equations for the effective actions: the Polchinski flow equations (PFE) 1) for the Wilson effective action Seff ,a nd the fl ow equations 2), 3) for the Legendre effective actions Γeff . We call the latter “Legendre flow equations” (LFE). Although these two types of the flow equations are formally equivalent for exact effective actions Seff and Γeff, there is a clear distinction in their structure when used with some approximation method, such as truncation in a field polynomial expansion of the effective actions. Consider, for example, a NambuJona-Lasinio type model. In LFE, 4-fermi flow equations are not affected by higherdimensional multi-fermi operators. By contrast, the PFE requires the contribution of 6-fermi operators in order to determine the RG flow of 4-fermi operators. This difference originates from the fact that the action is 1PI in one case but not in the other. Furthermore, the Wilson effective action is known to have a strong cutoff scheme dependence, as pointed out in Ref. 4). In spite of these disadvantages, the Wilson effective action plays an important role in symmetry considerations. In particular, even if the standard realization of a symmetry is incompatible with the RG regularization, an effective but exact symmetry may be realized along the RG flow. The regularization-dependent symmetry which has attracted interest in recent years is characterized by the quantum master equation for the Wilson effective action. 5) It is not at all obvious if the realization of this symmetry is preserved under the Legendre transformation. Therefore, it is worth considering the RG approach based upon the Wilson effective action to which the PFE applies. The purpose of this note is to investigate the structure of Seff and the PFE in detail. Using a tree expansion, we extract a certain subset of the connected cutoff Green functions that determines the RG flow of the 1PI part of Seff , precisely in the same manner as the LFE. This is the 1PI reduction of the PFE. The entire set of PFE is shown to be decomposed into infinitely many sets of equations generated by the reduced PFE we have obtained. As an application of our formalism, we obtain the 6-fermi operators needed to describe the 4-fermi flow equations.

We present a method to solve the master equation for the Wilsonian action in the antifield formalism. This is based on a representation theory for cutoff dependent global symmetries along the Wilsonian renormalization group (RG) flow. For the chiral symmetry, the master equation for the free theory yields a continuum version of the Ginsparg-Wilson relation. We construct chiral invariant operators describing fermionic self-interactions. The use of canonically transformed variables is shown to simplify the underlying algebraic structure of the symmetry. We also give another non-trivial example, a realization of SU(2) vector symmetry. Our formalism may be used for a non-perturbative truncation of the Wilsonian action preserving global symmetries., 11 pages

Premise of the study: Microsatellite markers were developed and characterized for the critically endangered birch Betula chichibuensis (Betulaceae) to investigate the genetic structure of this species for conservation purposes. Methods and Results: Sixteen microsatellite markers with di-, tri-, and tetranucleotide repeat motifs were developed and optimized using MiSeq paired-end sequencing. Of these, 14 were polymorphic, with two to five alleles per locus, in 47 individuals from two newly discovered populations of B. chichibuensis in Japan. Observed and unbiased expected heterozygosities per locus ranged from 0.000 to 0.617 and from 0.000 to 0.629, respectively. These markers were tested for cross-species amplification in B. maximowicziana, B. platyphylla var. japonica, and B. schmidtii. Conclusions: This set of microsatellite markers, the first developed for B. chichibuensis, will help elucidate spatial patterns of gene flow and levels of inbreeding in this species to aid its conservation.

Recently we made a proposal for realization of an effective BRS symmetry along the Wilsonian renormalization group flow. In this paper we show that the idea can be naturally extended for the most general gauge theories. Extensive use of the antifield formalism is made to reveal some remarkable structure of the effective BRS symmetry. The average action defined with a continuum analog of the block spin transformation obeys the quantum master equation (QME), provided that an UV action does so. We show that the RG flow described by the exact flow equations is generated by canonical transformations in the field-antifield space. Using the relation between the average action and the Legendre effective action, we establish the equivalence between the QME for the average action and the modified Ward-Takahashi identity for the Legendre action. The QME remains intact when the regularization is removed., Comment: 19 pages

A system of first-order differential-difference equations with time lag describes the formation of density waves, called as quasi-solitons for dissipative systems in this paper. For co-moving density waves, the system reduces to some exactly solvable lattice models. We construct a shock-wave solution as well as one-quasi-soliton solution, and argue that there are pseudo-conserved quantities which characterize the formation of the co-moving waves. The simplest non-trivial one is given to discuss the presence of a cascade phenomena in relaxation process toward the pattern formation., REVTeX, 4 pages, 1 figure

We establish self-duality of super D3-brane theory as an exact symmetry of the action both in the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalism. In the Lagrangian formalism, the action is shown to satisfy the Gaillard-Zumino condition. This algebraic relation is recognized in our previous paper to be a necessary and sufficient condition for generic action of U(1) gauge field strength coupled with gravity and matters to be self-dual. For the super D3-brane action, SO(2) duality transformation of a world-volume gauge field should be associated with SO(2) rotation of fermionic brane coordinates in N=2 SUSY multiplet. This SO(2) duality symmetry is lifted to SL(2,R) symmetry in the presence of a dilaton and an axion background fields. In the canonical formalism, we show that the duality rotation is described by a canonical transformation, and the Hamiltonian of the D3-brane action is invariant under the transformation., Comment: Latex, 15 pages

In the Optimal Velocity Model proposed as a new version of Car Following Model, it has been found that a congested flow is generated spontaneously from a homogeneous flow for a certain range of the traffic density. A well-established congested flow obtained in a numerical simulation shows a remarkable repetitive property such that the velocity of a vehicle evolves exactly in the same way as that of its preceding one except a time delay $T$. This leads to a global pattern formation in time development of vehicles' motion, and gives rise to a closed trajectory on $\Delta x$-$v$ (headway-velocity) plane connecting congested and free flow points. To obtain the closed trajectory analytically, we propose a new approach to the pattern formation, which makes it possible to reduce the coupled car following equations to a single difference-differential equation (Rondo equation). To demonstrate our approach, we employ a class of linear models which are exactly solvable. We also introduce the concept of ``asymptotic trajectory'' to determine $T$ and $v_B$ (the backward velocity of the pattern), the global parameters associated with vehicles' collective motion in a congested flow, in terms of parameters such as the sensitivity $a$, which appeared in the original coupled equations., Comment: 25 pages, 15 eps figures, LaTeX

We clarify the relation between the wave function renormalization for Wilson actions and that for the one particle irreducible actions in the exact renormalization group formalism. Our study depends crucially on the use of two independent cutoff functions for the Wilson actions. We relate our results to those obtained previously by Bervillier, Rosten, and Osborn and Twigg.

We provide a status report on the advances in blocking-inspired supersymmetric actions. This is done at the example of interacting supersymmetric quantum mechanics as well as the Wess-Zumino model. We investigate in particular the implications of a nontrivial realisation of translational symmetry on the lattice in this approach. We also discuss the locality of symmetry generators., Comment: 8 pages

The relation among the 2D general covariance, the Weyl invariance, the Virasoro anomaly and the trace anomaly in a conformal field theory coupled to 2D gravity is investigated in canonical formalism. A novel Liouville action, which is a local functional of 2D metric fields, is obtained. The quantization in the conformal and the light-cone gauges is briefly discussed.

We discuss within the framework of the ERG how chiral symmetry is realized in a linear $\sigma$ model. A generalized Ginsparg-Wilson relation is obtained from the Ward-Takahashi identities for the Wilson action assumed to be bilinear in the Dirac fields. We construct a family of its non-perturbative solutions. The family generates the most general solutions to the Ward-Takahashi identities. Some special solutions are discussed. For each solution in this family, chiral symmetry is realized in such a way that a change in the Wilson action under non-linear symmetry transformation is canceled with a change in the functional measure. We discuss that the family of solutions reduces via a field redefinition to a family of the Wilson actions with some composite object of the scalar fields which has a simple transformation property. For this family, chiral symmetry is linearly realized with a continuum analog of the operator extension of $\gamma_5$ used on the lattice. We also show that there exist some appropriate Dirac fields which obey the standard chiral transformations with $\gamma_5$ in contrast to the lattice case. Their Yukawa interactions with scalars, however, becomes non-linear., Comment: 20 pages

The antifield formalism adapted in the exact renormalization group is found to be useful for describing a system with some symmetry, especially the gauge symmetry. In the formalism, the vanishing of the quantum master operator implies the presence of a symmetry. The QM operator satisfies a simple algebraic relation that will be shown to be related to the Wess-Zumino condition for anomalies. We also explain how an anomaly contributes to the QM operator., Comment: 13 pages

Two-dimensional quantum gravity is identified as a second-class system which we convert into a first-class system via the Batalin-Fradkin (BF) procedure. Using the extended phase space method, we then formulate the theory in most general class of gauges. The conformal gauge action suggested by David, Distler and Kawai is derived from a first principle. We find a local, light-cone gauge action whose Becchi-Rouet-Stora-Tyutin invariance implies Polyakov's curvature equation $\partial_{-}R=\partial_{-}^{3}g_{++}=0$, revealing the origin of the $SL(2,R)$ Kac-Moody symmetry. The BF degree of freedom turns out be dynamically active as the Liouville mode in the conformal gauge, while in the light-cone gauge the conformal degree of freedom plays that r{\^o}le. The inclusion of the cosmological constant term in both gauges and the harmonic gauge-fixing are also considered., Comment: 30 pages, KANAZAWA 93-2

The finite-time path-integral representation of the Schrodinger wave functional is considered to find a method for calculating anomalous commutators in terms of anomalous path-integral jacobians. The Jacobi identities for the commutation relations involving the generators for (symmetry) transformations as well as the hamiltonian are formally investigated in our treatment of the anomalous commutators. To illustrate our method we compute Q BRST 2 in a non-flat world-sheet metric in bosonic string theory which reduces to the known result in the orthonormal gauge.

On the basis of the observation that the algebra associated with the local k-supersymmetry in the Green-Schwarz superstring theory in d=2 closes off-shell, Lorentz covariant quantization of the theory is performed using the generalized Hamiltonian formalism of Batalin, Fradkin and Vilkovisky. The conformal algebra of a quantum mechanically consistent, gauge-fixed theory, which can be interpreted as a k-symmetric extension of conformal topological gravity, is discussed

We review the use of the exact renormalization group for realization of symmetry in renormalizable field theories. The review consists of three parts. In part I (sects. 2,3,4), we start with the perturbative construction of a renormalizable field theory as a solution of the exact renormalization group (ERG) differential equation. We show how to characterize renormalizability by an appropriate asymptotic behavior of the solution for a large momentum cutoff. Renormalized parameters are introduced to control the asymptotic behavior. In part II (sects. 5--9), we introduce two formalisms to incorporate symmetry: one by imposing the Ward-Takahashi identity, and another by imposing the generalized Ward-Takahashi identity via sources that generate symmetry transformations. We apply the two formalisms to concrete models such as QED, YM theories, and the Wess-Zumino model in four dimensions, and the O(N) non-linear sigma model in two dimensions. We end this part with calculations of the abelian axial and chiral anomalies. In part III (sects. 10,11), we overview the Batalin-Vilkovisky formalism adapted to the Wilson action of a bare theory with a UV cutoff. We provide a few appendices to give details and extensions that can be omitted for the understanding of the main text. The last appendix is a quick summary for the reader's convenience., Comment: 166 pages, 27 figures

It is shown that the algebra associated with the local κ-supersymmetry in the Green-Schwarz superstring theory in d =2 dimensions closes off shell. We quantize the theory in a Lorentz covariant fashion by using the generalized hamiltonian method of Batalin, Fradkin and Vilkovisky, and derive a quantum mechanically consistent, gauge-fixed theory, which can be interpreted as a κ-supersymmetric extension of conformal topological gravity.

The BRST transformation of wave functional represented in a finite-time path-integral is analyzed in the generalized Hamiltonian formalism of Batalin, Fradkin, and Vilkovisky, and it is shown that the anomalous Schwinger terms that appear in the nilpotency condition and the time development of BRST charge Q BRST can be directly calculated in the path-integral quantization. We explicitly compute [Formula: see text] in a chiral Yang–Mills theory. The method is general in character, and can easily be applied to other theories.

On the basis of the generalized hamiltonian formalism of Batalin, Fradkin and Vilkovisky, we investigate the algebraic structure of the anomalous Schwinger terms that appear in the nilpotency condition and/or the time development of the BRST charge in Yang-Mills theory. These anomalies are shown to satisfy a set of consistency conditions which originate from the (super-)Jacobi identities among (anti-)commutation relations. The consistency conditions are solved in an exhaustive fashion to order h 2 and our results are independent of a wide class of regularization schemes and gauge choices.

In this paper, we address an output synchronization problem in the Special Euclidean group of dimension three (SE(3)) under the situation that rigid-bodies modeled in SE(3) exchange information along strongly connected graphs. We develop a velocity control law, which is defined only by local information i.e. information of neighbors on position errors and relative orientations. The achievement of the output synchronization and hence the convergence of all the rigid- bodies to any prescribed trajectory is proven by using a property called passivity. Our results are also extended to the case with delays in communication among rigid-bodies. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the present input through numerical simulations and experiments.

We give a functional derivation of the Ward-Takahashi identity for Yang-Mills theory in the framework of the exact renormalization group. The identity realizes non-abelian gauge symmetry nontrivially despite the presence of a momentum cutoff. The cutoff deforms the gauge transformation by introducing composite operators. In our functional method, which is an extension of the method used in our previous work on QED, these composite operators are expressed in terms of the Wilson action that depends on both a UV cutoff and an IR cutoff., Comment: 12 pages

Applying the Batalin-Fradkin formalism to a nonabelian anomalous chiral gauge theory in D=4, we show that the gauge non-invariant chiral theory with a gauge boson mass term included is equivalent to a gauge symmetry theory. From the consideration of how the Wess-Zumino-Witten term as well as the Stueckelberg mass term appear in a BRST gauge-fixed covariant action in the formalism, we suggest that anomalous gauge theories can be regarded as spontaneously broken effective gauge theories which may be consistent, to a certain nontrivial order in ℏ, in describing interactions mediated by massive gauge bosons.

On the basis of the generalized hamiltonian formalism of Batalin and Fradkin for systems under second-class constraints, we propose a systematic treatment of anomalous gauge theories. We derive a BRST gauge-fixed covariant action for the four-dimensional chiral U(1) gauge theory, showing that the unphysical fields introduced in the formalism turn into the Wess-Zumino scalar. We discuss within this context how the conservation of BRST current is connected with the anomalous current divergence. The Nambu-Goto string theory is consistently quantized at the subcritical dimensions in various gauges, and it is shown how the conformal degree of freedom appears in the light-cone gauge.

We quantize non-abelian gauge theory with only a Chern-Simons term in three dimensions by using the generalized Hamiltonian formalism of Batalin and Fradkin for irreducible first-and second-class constrained systems, and derive a covariant action for the theory which is invariant under the off-shell nilpotent BRST transformation. Some aspects of the theory, finiteness and supersymmetry are discussed.

Recently, one of us (H.S.) gave an explicit form of the Ward-Takahashi identity for the Wilson action of QED. We first rederive the identity using a functional method. The identity makes it possible to realize the gauge symmetry even in the presence of a momentum cutoff. In the cutoff dependent realization, the abelian nature of the gauge symmetry is lost, breaking the nilpotency of the BRS transformation. Using the Batalin-Vilkovisky formalism, we extend the Wilson action by including the antifield contributions. Then, the Ward-Takahashi identity for the Wilson action is lifted to a quantum master equation, and the modified BRS transformation regains nilpotency. We also obtain a flow equation for the extended Wilson action., Comment: 15 pages, no figure

In this paper we consider the problem of attitude coordination on balanced graphs, where the kinematics of each rigid-body is modeled on SE(3). We show that the kinematics on SE(3) satisfies a passivity property with a positive definite storage function and we propose an angular velocity control law for each rigid-body that decreases the sum of the storage functions of the individual rigid-bodies. Attitude coordination results if all rigid-bodies' rotation matrices are positive definite in the initial conditions and the communication graph is connected. We show that the speed of convergence in the attitude coordination problem is determined by the second smallest eigenvalue of graph Laplacian. Our results are also extended to the case when there are delays in communication among rigid-bodies, a leader and communication failures. Using the concept of brief instability we show that, for a given failure rate and bound, attitude coordination is still achieved. Finally, the results are validated in simulations and experiments.

The global symmetry generated by K_n is a subgroup of the stringy gauge symmetry. We explore the part of the vacuum manifold related by this symmetry. A strong evidence is presented that the analytic classical solutions to the cubic string field theory found earlier in Refs. [5,6] are actually related by the symmetry and, therefore, all of them describe the same tachyon vacuum. Some remaining subtlety is pointed out., 28 pages; v2: errors and typos corrected

Earlier an analytic approach is proposed for classical solutions describing tachyon vacuum in open string field theory. Based on the approach, we construct a certain class of classical solutions written in terms of holomorphic functions with higher order zeros. Taking the simplest among the new classical solutions, we study the cohomology of the new BRS charge and make a numerical analysis of the vacuum energy. The results indicate that the new non-trivial solution is another analytic candidate for the tachyon vacuum., 13 pages, 1 figure; references corrected

In the optimal velocity model with a time lag, we show that there appear multiple exact solutions in some ranges of car density, describing a metastable uniform flow, a metastable congested flow, and an unstable congested flow. This establishes the presence of subcritical Hopf bifurcations. Our analytical results have implications for continuum traffic flow, such as hysteresis phenomena associated with discontinuous transitions between uniform and congested flow.