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Despite the burgeoning literature on adolescent internet addiction (IA), the majority of studies have relied on cross-sectional designs and variable-centered analytical approaches. Therefore, little is understood about the heterogeneous developmental trajectories of adolescent IA as well as its antecedents and outcomes. This longitudinal study adopted growth mixture modeling (GMM), a person-centered approach, to identify the distinct trajectories of IA among adolescents during a three-year period. We further examined the interpersonal predictors along with a series of outcomes of different trajectories. Participants included 1,365 Chinese adolescents (M

Background Esophageal cancer (EC) is one of the leading contributors to the global burden of cancer, and the underlying mechanism is still unknown. Recently, there has been a growing interest in understanding modifiable psychosocial risk factors, particularly depression, to prevent EC and reduce morbidity and mortality. However, related research is sparse and has been ignored. The study was designed to assess the association between depression and EC in China. Methods From 2017 to 2019, a population-based multicenter study was conducted in high-risk regions of EC. Participants underwent a free endoscopy screening. If the endoscopic results were suspicious, a pathological biopsy was applied to confirm. Depression was measured with Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). In addition, information on demographic characteristics and risk factors was collected from participants by trained interviewers using uniform questionnaires. Results After Endoscopy and pathologic diagnosis, 15,936 participants in high-risk regions of EC (ECHRRs) were enrolled, 10,907 (68.44%) of which were diagnosed health, 4048 (25.40%) with esophagitis, 769 (4.83%) with low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (LGIN), 157 (0.99%) with high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (HGIN), and 55 (0.35%) with EC, respectively. The overall prevalence of depression symptoms of participants was 4.16% (health: 4.63%, esophagitis: 2.99%, LGIN: 2.99%, HGIN: 5.73%, and EC: 9.09%). Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that the unadjusted OR (95% CI) between depression and each esophageal pathology grades were esophagitis 0.93 (0.92-0.95), LGIN 0.97 (0.94-0.99), HGIN 1.05 (1.00-1.10), and EC 1.04 (0.97-1.14), respectively. However, after adjustment for potential confounders (age, gender, region, alcohol consumption, BMI), no statistically significant associations between depression and EC (adjusted OR = 1.10, 0.99-1.21) and esophageal lesions (esophagitis: adjusted OR = 1.02, 0.99-1.04; LGIN: adjusted OR = 0.98, 0.95-1.01; HGIN: adjusted OR = 1.04, 0.98-1.11) were observed in this study. Conclusions No significant association was observed between depression and EC in the study. Future prospective cohort studies are needed to verify this preliminary finding.

Previous studies have confirmed that depression among residents in high-altitude areas is more severe, and that depression may be more persistent and disabling in older adults. This study aims to identify the symptom structure of depression among older adults on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (the highest plateau in the world) from a network perspective. This cross-sectional study enrolled 507 older adults (ages 60–80 years old) from the Yushu Prefecture, which is on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, China. Depressive symptoms were self-reported using the shortened Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression Scale (CES-D-10). Then, a Gaussian graphical model (GGM) of depression was developed. Poor sleep, fear, and hopelessness about the future exhibited high centrality in the network. The strongest edge connections emerged between unhappiness and hopelessness about the future, followed by hopelessness about the future and fear; hopelessness about the future and poor sleep; fear and unhappiness; and then poor sleep and unhappiness in the network. The findings of this current study add to the small body of literature on the network structure and complex relationships between depressive symptoms in older adults in high-altitude areas.

Sepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. However, how this dysregulation occurs remains unclear. Herein, we used scRNA-seq to define the immune landscape of infection and found that when sepsis occurred, adaptive immunity was acutely and strongly suppressed, which manifested as a striking increase in the number of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), a decrease in the number of lymphocytes and drastic downregulation of the expression levels of B-cell-related genes and MHC class II molecules. Transcriptomic analysis showed that systemic immunosuppression occurred not only in the peripheral blood but also in all other immune compartments, including the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow. Patients diagnosed with infection in the emergency department with extremely low expression levels of adaptive immunity-related genes had a high risk for developing sepsis. CD47 was identified as the key molecule that triggered this immunosuppression by inducing the production of amyloid-β precursor protein (App), which caused adaptive immunosuppression via B-cell suppression. Our study outlines a framework for how the dysregulated host response occurs and provides translational opportunities for sepsis immunotherapies.

To extend our understanding of the development of adolescent grit, we examined the relationships between social support and the two facets of grit (i.e., perseverance of effort and consistency of interest) and whether the relations were moderated by age and gender. Our sample was composed of 1475 Chinese adolescents with ages ranging from 10.65 to 19.24 years old (Mage = 14.98, SDage = 1.66). The results showed that social support was positively related to perseverance of effort but not significantly related to consistency of interest. However, these relations were moderated by age. Specifically, the effect of social support on perseverance of effort declined as age increased, but remained positive among late adolescents. Nevertheless, the effect of social support on consistency of interest was positive only among early adolescents, and the effect decreased and even became marginally negative among late adolescents. Gender difference was further examined, and the results show that the moderating role in the relationship between social support and perseverance of effort was only significant among males rather than females. That is, the positive effect of social support on perseverance of effort did not change with age among females. Theoretic and practical implications are discussed.

Previous studies have shown that bullying and victimization can be experienced simultaneously by an individual and can change over time. Understanding the joint longitudinal development of the two is of great significance. We conducted a 4-year longitudinal study to examine the joint developmental trajectories of bullying and victimization, gender and grade differences in trajectory group membership, and changes in specific forms of bullying and victimization (verbal, relational, and physical bullying /victimization) in each trajectory group. A total of 775 children from China participated in our study. The average age of participants at the first wave was 10.90 years ( SD = 1.12), and boys accounted for 69.5% of the sample. Based on mean scores, four distinct joint developmental trajectories of bullying and victimization were found: the involvement group (both bullying and victimization increased from low to high over time, accounting for 7.6% of the total), the desisted group (both bullying and victimization decreased from high to low over time, 6.1%), the victimization group (victimization remained at a high level, whereas bullying remained at a low level for 3 years, 13.2%), and the noninvolved group (bullying and victimization remained at a stable low level, 73.1%). Boys were more likely than girls to belong to the involvement group, desisted group, and victimization group, whereas girls were more likely than boys to belong to the noninvolved group. There was no significant grade difference in the trajectory group. All forms of bullying/victimization were consistent with the overall trend and showed similar levels. These results have important implications for the prevention of and interventions for school bullying.

The increasing prevalence of sleep disorders among university students should be taken seriously. Group counseling involving a mindfulness-based strategy may help prevent students from developing insomnia and subsequent mental health disorders. This study aimed to evaluate the ameliorating effects of a mindfulness-based group intervention on sleep problems and emotional symptoms in university students in China. Twenty-one university students (16 females, 22.71 ± 4.28 years) who were not on medication were recruited and assigned to the intervention group based on the criterion of high levels of sleep problems. Additionally, twenty-four university students (19 females, 24.50 ± 0.93 years) were included as a nonrandomized control group. Individuals in the intervention group participated in a two-hour group intervention once a week for eight sessions. All participants completed self-reported questionnaire baseline tests, postintervention tests, and one-month follow-ups on mindfulness, sleep quality, anxiety and depressive symptoms. Repeated-measures ANOVA was performed. The results revealed significant intervention effects, with significant differences observed between the two groups in mindfulness and sleep quality. However, there was no significant effect of the intervention on anxiety and depressive symptoms. This study contributes to a better understanding of the effectiveness of mindfulness-based intervention in addressing sleep problems in university students.

Biogenic amines (BAs) play an important role in the aggressive behavior of crustaceans. In mammals and birds, 5-HT and its receptor genes (5-HTRs) are characterized as essential regulators involved in neural signaling pathways during aggressive behavior. However, only one 5-HTR transcript has been reported in crabs. In this study, the full-length cDNA of the 5-HTR1 gene, named Sp5-HTR1, was first isolated from the muscle of the mud crab Scylla paramamosain using the reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and rapid-amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) methods. The transcript encoded a peptide of 587 amino acid residues with a molecular mass of 63.36 kDa. Western blot results indicate that the 5-HTR1 protein was expressed at the highest level in the thoracic ganglion. Furthermore, the results of quantitative real-time PCR show that the expression levels of Sp5-HTR1 in the ganglion at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 h after 5-HT injection were significantly upregulated compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the behavioral changes in 5-HT-injected crabs were analyzed with EthoVision. After 0.5 h of injection, the speed and movement distance of the crab, the duration of aggressive behavior, and the intensity of aggressiveness in the low-5-HT-concentration injection group were significantly higher than those in the saline-injection and control groups (p < 0.05). In this study, we found that the Sp5-HTR1 gene plays a role in the regulation of aggressive behavior by BAs, including 5-HT in the mud crab. The results provide reference data for the analysis of the genetic mechanism of aggressive behaviors in crabs.

Background Children and adolescents are in the developmental periods with the highest risk of experiencing multiple types of traumatic experiences (TEs). Immigrant children are more likely than other children to be exposed to TEs and have a higher risk of mental health problems. However, no epidemiological study has reported the prevalence of TEs and the associated development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Chinese children. Methods The present study focused on trauma exposure among rural-to-urban migrant Chinese children. A large-scale ( N = 16,140) cross-sectional survey of rural-to-urban migrant workers’ children in grades 4 to 9 was conducted in Beijing. Lifetime exposure to accidents and injuries, interpersonal violence, and trauma within the social network or witnessing traumatic events were measured along with PTSD. Results Nearly half of the participants (47.06%) had experienced TEs, and 6.68% of those children met the cutoff for PTSD. Trauma exposure was associated with gender, age, quality of life, parents’ marital status, caregivers before the child started school and father's education level. Overall, interpersonal violence was associated with the highest rates of PTSD, and disasters were associated with the lowest rates of PTSD. Limitations The cross-sectional survey design limited the ability to document temporal ordering, and the assessment of lifetime TEs was based on retrospective recall. Conclusions The present study is the first epidemiological study of TEs in Chinese rural-to-urban migrant children. TEs are potentially fairly common among this population. Interventions designed to prevent PTSD should target different TE types according to the victim's gender.

BackgroundA dominant feature of anxiety disorders is familial aggregation. However, the underlying mechanisms of between- and within-generational anxiety resemblance remain poorly understood. By disentangling the genetic v. environmental sources of familial resemblance in anxiety, we can help prevent within-family transmission of anxiety disorders. Therefore, data from both parents and twins are needed to obtain unbiased and detailed estimations of genetic and environmental sources of similarity between family members.MethodsWe examined data from 991 families with same-sex twins. Trait anxiety in twins was assessed via self-report and parent report, while parental trait anxiety was assessed via self-report. We established a nuclear twin family model and estimated genetic and environmental variances using two survey waves.ResultsThe results suggested that additive genetic (A), dominant genetic (D), and non-shared environmental (E) influences significantly contributed to trait anxiety, whereas familial environmental influences (F) and passive gene–environment correlations (rGE) did not. Sibling environmental influences (S) were only found in self-report data, and increased when genetic influences decreased from Wave 1 to Wave 2.ConclusionsOur study highlights the important role of broad heritability in intrafamilial trait anxiety similarity. Parent–child resemblance occurred primarily due to shared genetic makeup rather than direct environmental transmission. Sibling-specific environments, as the only source of shared environments, need further investigation. These findings have both theoretical and practical significance for anxiety disorders. Future research can expand our understanding by examining the gene–environment interplay and sex differences.

Objective This study investigated whether and how perceived school climate was associated with adolescent problematic internet use (PIU). Based on two functions of perceived school climate, psychological insecurity and negative peer affiliation were investigated as mediators. Method A 3-wave longitudinal design (Wave 1 N = 1,365 Chinese adolescents, 53.2% male, Mage = 14.68 years), with 1-year intervals between waves and using adolescent self-report assessment was conducted. Results Path analysis indicated that (a) Perceived school climate was prospectively associated with PIU 2 years later; (b) When the 2 mediators were analyzed in separate models, both psychological insecurity and negative peer affiliation could play a mediating role in such a prospective relationship; and (c) When the 2 mediators were tested in the same model, two indirect pathways emerged, 1 through psychological insecurity only, and the other involving both psychological insecurity and negative peer affiliation serially. All these effects held even when controlling for initial levels of outcomes and demographic covariates. Conclusions These findings suggest that positive perceptions of school climate may equip adolescents with psychological security that is instrumental to their peer affiliation, which ultimately decreases their risk of PIU. These findings point to malleable targets for prevention and intervention of adolescent PIU. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Sepiella maindroni ink, a flavoring and coloring agent in food, has attracted considerable attention due to its various pharmacological activities. Our previous study showed that the melanin of Sepiella maindroni ink (MSMI) can alleviate oxidative damage and delay aging in D-galactose(D-gal)-induced aging mice. This study aimed to reveal the possible mechanisms of the anti-aging effect of MSMI. In this article, a comprehensive analysis of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolomics and microarray-based transcriptomics revealed that 221 mRNAs were differentially expressed and 46 metabolites were significantly changed in the anti-aging progress of MSMI. Integrated analysis of transcript and metabolic profiles indicated that MSMI mainly altered carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, and insulin signaling pathway. MSMI achieved anti-aging effects not only by reducing oxidative damage and sorbitol toxicity but also by regulating lipid metabolism, improving insulin sensitivity, and reducing the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Moreover, our findings firstly demonstrated that MSMI could increase the expression of interferon-induced proteins and might be a potential antiviral compound.

OBJECTIVE Research on generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and its association with esophageal cancer (EC) is sparse. The study aimed to explore the association between GAD and EC. METHODS A multicenter, population-based study in high-risk regions for EC (ECHRRs) was conducted from 2017 to 2019. All participants received free endoscopy screening. If the esophageal endoscopy results were suspicious, the pathological biopsy was performed to confirm normal, esophagitis, low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (LGIN), high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (HGIN), and EC. Information on participants' exposure to risk factors was collected. GAD was assessed with Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7. RESULTS With esophageal endoscopy, 25,650 participants in ECHRRs were examined, 9586 of whom were suspicious and confirmed by esophageal pathology. The detection rate of EC and precancerous lesions was 6.83% (1751/25,650), with 1377 LGIN (5.37%), 272 HGIN (1.06%), and 102 EC (0.40%) cases. The overall mean GAD score (95% CI) and prevalence among 25,650 participants with endoscopy were 1.96 (1.93-1.99) and 16.90%, respectively. The mean GAD score and prevalence among 9586 participants with pathology were 1.96 (1.91-2.02) and 17.98%, respectively. The mean GAD scores of patients confirmed with normal, esophagitis, LGIN, HGIN, and EC were 1.73 (1.62-1.85), 1.91 (1.85-1.97), 1.94 (1.80-2.08), 3.98 (3.73-4.23). and 2.97 (2.49-3.45), respectively (p < 0.001). The corresponding prevalence of GAD were 5.21%, 18.72%, 17.72%, 43.75%, and 36.27%, respectively (p < 0.001). The age- and gender-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) between GAD and each esophageal lesion type were 1.02 (0.99-1.04), 1.01 (0.98-1.04), 1.27 (1.21-1.33), and 1.16 (1.08-1.24), respectively. The ORs (95% CIs) of the positive associations were 1.08 (1.05-1.12), 1.03 (0.99-1.07), 1.35 (1.29-1.42), and 1.19 (1.10-1.29) after further adjustment for potential confounders (all p < 0.001). Sensitivity analysis showed that the positive association persisted. CONCLUSIONS GAD was significantly higher in patients with EC and precancerous lesions. Focusing on and alleviating anxiety in high-risk groups (including patients with HGIN and EC) may be an effective strategy for EC prevention and control. Further prospective studies are warranted to validate the results.

Background: Since December 2019, China has been affected by a severe outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Frontline medical workers experienced difficulty due to the high risk of being infected and long and distressing work shifts. The current study aims to evaluate psychological symptoms in frontline medical workers during the COVID-19 epidemic in China and to perform a comparison with the general population. Methods: An online survey was conducted from 14 February 2020 to 29 March 2020. A total of 899 frontline medical workers and 1104 respondents in the general population participated. Depression, anxiety, insomnia, and resilience were assessed via the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and abbreviated Connor&ndash, Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10), respectively. Results: Overall, 30.43%, 20.29%, and 14.49% of frontline medical workers in Hubei Province and 23.13%, 13.14%, and 10.64% of frontline medical workers in other regions reported symptoms of depression, anxiety, and insomnia, respectively. In addition, 23.33%, 16.67%, and 6.67% of the general population in Hubei Province and 18.25%, 9.22%, and 7.17% of the general population in other regions reported symptoms of depression, anxiety, and insomnia, respectively. The resilience of frontline medical staff outside Hubei Province was higher than that of the general population outside Hubei Province. Conclusion: A large proportion of frontline medical workers and the general public experienced psychological symptoms during the COVID-19 outbreak. Psychological services for frontline medical workers and the general public are needed.

Background Due to the one-child policy implemented in China, most families have only one child. When parents experience the death of their only child, these parents receive the label ‘Shidu parents’. Shidu is a major public health issue in China. However, the patterns of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive symptoms that are present in this population remain unclear. Objective This study aims to identify profiles of PTSD and depressive symptoms among Shidu parents and to explore the predictors of profile membership. Methods A total of 363 participants (Mage = 61.5 years, SD = 7.5) were asked to complete questionnaires assessing PTSD, depressive symptoms, perceived social support, and demographic information. Latent profile analyses and multivariate logistic regressions were used. Results Three distinct profiles were identified: low (39.4%), moderate (32.8%), and high symptoms (27.8%). Parents who were younger and perceived lower levels of support from family and significant others were more likely to experience higher levels of PTSD and depressive symptoms. Conclusions These results indicate that the severity of PTSD and depressive symptoms tightly cohere, providing evidence for the co-occurrence of PTSD and depressive symptoms after bereavement. The findings provide valuable information for the development of tailored professional interventions for bereaved parents.

Growing network approach analyses of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have enhanced the knowledge of PTSD symptomatology. This study aims to explore changes in network patterns of PTSD symptoms among youth survivors following the Zhouqu debris flow through a network approach. A two-year longitudinal study was conducted to follow 1460 children and adolescents at 3, 15, and 27 months after the disaster. Symptoms with high centrality varied at different time points. Sleep problems and nightmares exhibited high centrality at 3 months, and their centrality decreased over time, while the centrality of physiological cue reactivity and flashbacks increased over time and reached a high level at 27 months. The global connectivity of the network was stronger at 27 months than at 3 and 15 months. These findings provide novel insights into youths’ PTSD symptom evolution. Temporal differences in PTSD symptoms merit more attention from researchers. Different core symptoms in acute and chronic PTSD structures should be treated as targets at different stages following trauma in clinical practice.

Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is common among burn patients and their family members. The objective of this study was to document the prevalence of PTSD and explore the sociodemographic and burn-specific associated factors of PTSD among Chinese burn survivors and their family members. Methods: A total of 131 adult patients with unintentional burns and 194 family members of burn patients were recruited from two burn units. All participants completed a general information form and the PTSD Checklist for the DSM-5 (PCL-5). Results: Fifty-five (42.0%) burn victims and ninety-nine (51.0%) family members of burn victims met the criteria for PTSD; the average score of the sample was 31.21 +/- 21.56 and 33.16 +/- 19.30. Logistic regression analysis revealed that middle age (45-55 years), poor economic status, greater total body surface area (TBSA) and longer time since the burn incident positively predicted the PTSD of patients and that female family members had a higher risk of PTSD. Conclusions: Burn patients and their family members are susceptible to PTSD. Suitable and long-term psychological intervention programmes should be executed for burn patients and their family members. (c) 2020 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Background Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression are the most prevalent mental disorders following disasters, and they often co-occur. The current study investigated trajectories of PTSD and depression among children after exposure to the Wenchuan earthquake and identified factors associated with PTSD or depression trajectories. Methods Three hundred children who were exposed to the Wenchuan earthquake reported PTSD and depression symptoms 4, 16, 29, 40 and 52 months after the disaster, and potential predictors (age, earthquake exposure, prequake trauma and parental relationship) were identified. The PTSD and depression trajectories were identified with latent growth mixture modeling (LGMM), and the predictors were explored with multinomial logistic regression. Results Two depression trajectories emerged: resilient (66.2%) and chronic (33.8%). Three PTSD trajectories emerged: resilient (74.9%), recovery (7.5%) and relapsing (17.7%). Overall, 57.3% of the children had low depression and PTSD symptoms over four years. Depression trajectories were significantly predicted by age and parental relationship, while PTSD trajectories were significantly predicted by trauma exposure and prequake trauma experience. Limitations The children's prequake mental health statuses were unknown, and all assessments relied on self-report questionnaires. Conclusion The postdisaster developmental course of depression was more stable than that of PTSD, and PTSD and depression had different risk factors. Previous studies that focus only on PTSD or depression trajectories may overestimate children's resilient responses. Longer-term postdisaster intervention should pay more attention to depression than to PTSD.

Cyber victimization is a serious risk factor for the manifestation of depressive symptoms in adolescents. However, little is known about the mediating and moderating mechanisms underlying the relationship between these factors. The present study sought to determine whether psychological insecurity mediated the relationship between cyber victimization and depressive symptoms in adolescents. Additionally, this study sought to determine whether this mediating process was moderated by perceived social support. A sample of 793 Chinese adolescents (mean age = 14.41 years, SD = 1.70) completed questionnaires regarding their experience with cyber victimization, psychological insecurity, perceived social support, and depression. Results showed that (a) after controlling for demographics and traditional offline victimization, cyber victimization uniquely predicted a greater prevalence of depressive symptoms; (b) psychological insecurity partially mediated the relationship between cyber victimization and depressive symptoms in adolescents; and (c) perceived social support moderated the direct and indirect paths such that the relationship between psychological insecurity and depression was weaker for adolescents with higher levels of perceived social support (i.e., the stress-buffering effect), but the relationship between cyber victimization and psychological insecurity/depression was stronger for adolescents with higher levels of perceived social support (i.e., the reverse stress-buffering effect). This study contributes to research clarifying the mediating and moderating mechanisms involved in the development of depression among adolescents reporting cyber victimization.

Previous studies have documented that peer victimization is a significant risk factor causing Internet addiction among adolescents. However, little is known about the mediating and moderating mechanisms underlying this relation. On the basis of the emotional security theory and the resilience theory, this study examined whether psychological security would mediate the relation between peer victimization and adolescent Internet addiction, and whether teacher-student relationships would moderate the mediating process. Participants comprised 747 Chinese students (mean age = 13.73 years, SD = 1.00) recruited from three middle schools. They provided self-reported data on demographic variables, peer victimization, psychological security, teacher-student relationship, and Internet addiction. After controlling for age, gender, parents' education, and family's financial status, mediation analysis indicated that psychological security fully mediated the association between peer victimization and adolescent Internet addiction. Moderated mediation analysis further demonstrated that positive teacher-student relationships ameliorated the adverse impact of peer victimization on psychological security, thereby mitigating the indirect effect of peer victimization on Internet addiction among adolescents. This study highlights the mediating and moderating mechanisms linking peer victimization to Internet addiction and has important implications for the prevention and intervention of Internet addiction among adolescents.

Accumulating evidence suggests that multiple environmental and individual risk factors are involved in the development of adolescent Internet addiction. However, previous research has primarily relied on variable-centered approaches to examine how each risk factor functions to predict Internet addiction in isolation, ignoring the possibility that there are subgroups of adolescents who may differ in their combined exposure to multiple risk factors. Using a cross-sectional design, we sampled 14 risk factors across multiple socio-ecological levels and used a person-centered approach to identify subgroups of multiple risk exposure and to relate these subgroups to adolescent Internet addiction. A total of 998 Chinese adolescents (Mage = 15.15 years, SD = 1.57) participated in this study by filling out questionnaires regarding 14 family, school, peer, and individual risk factors and Internet addiction. Latent profile analysis identified 4 profiles that evidenced distinct patterns of risk factors: low risk (37%), moderate risk (44%), high risk (15%) and peer risk (4%). The high risk and moderate risk profiles showed higher risk for Internet addiction than the low risk profile. The peer risk profile had higher risk for Internet addiction than the high risk, moderate risk, and low risk profiles. These findings suggest that considerable heterogeneity exists in multiple risk exposure and the multiple risk exposure profiles are differentially associated with adolescent Internet addiction. Results from this study can inform the development of tailored intervention and prevention strategies to reduce adolescent Internet addiction.

A growing body of research has documented that teacher-student relationship is negatively associated with adolescent Internet addiction. However, little is known about the mediating mechanisms underlying this relation. The present study investigated whether psychological security and deviant peer affiliation mediate the link between teacher-student relationship and adolescent Internet addiction. A sample of 747 middle school students (51% male; Mage = 13.73 years, SD = 1.00) completed questionnaires regarding demographics, teacher-student relationship, psychological security, deviant peer affiliation, and Internet addiction. After controlling for demographic covariates, the results revealed that: (a) teacher-student relationship was negatively associated with Internet addiction; (b) both psychological security and deviant peer affiliation partially mediated the link between teacher-student relationship and Internet addition in a parallel fashion; and (c) psychological security and deviant peer affiliation also sequentially mediated the link between teacher-student relationship and Internet addition. These findings have important implications for the prevention and intervention of adolescent Internet addiction.

A growing body of research has documented that interparental conflict is associated with adolescent Internet addiction. However, little is known about the mediating and moderating mechanisms underlying this relation. Based on emotional security theory and diathesis-stress model, the present study examined whether emotional insecurity mediated the relationship between interparental conflict and adolescent Internet addiction, and whether this mediating process was moderated by big five personality traits. Our theoretical model was tested using data collected from 1189 Chinese adolescents (Mage=14.43 years, SD=1.41). Participants completed anonymous questionnaires assessing their perceptions of interparental conflict, emotional insecurity, big five personality traits, and Internet addiction. After controlling for demographic variables, interparental conflict was positively associated with adolescent Internet addiction. Mediation analysis indicated that emotional insecurity partially mediated the association between interparental conflict and adolescent Internet addiction. Tests of moderated mediation further revealed that the mediated path was stronger for adolescents with higher neuroticism or extraversion. Results highlight the significance of identifying the mechanisms that moderate the mediated paths between interparental conflict and adolescent Internet addiction. Interparental conflict (IC) was positively related to adolescent Internet addiction.Emotional insecurity mediated the relation between IC and Internet addiction.Big five personality traits moderated the mediating effect of emotional insecurity.

This study examined the unique associations between big five personality traits and adolescent Internet addiction (IA), as well as the mediating role of coping style underlying these relations. Our theoretical model was tested with 998 adolescents. Participants provided self-report data on demographic variables, big five personality traits, coping style, and IA. After controlling for demographic variables, it was found that agreeableness and conscientiousness were negatively associated with IA, whereas extraversion, neuroticism, and openness to experience were positively associated with IA. Mediation analyses further indicated that conscientiousness had an indirect impact on adolescent IA through decreased emotion-focused coping, whereas extraversion, neuroticism, openness to experience had indirect impacts on adolescent IA through increased emotion-focused coping. In contrast, problem-focused coping had no mediating role. These findings suggest that emotion-focused coping may, in part, account for the association between big five personality and adolescent IA.

Background Exposure to childhood trauma can cause psychopathology and negative psychosocial outcomes across the lifespan. Rural-to-urban migrant children are commonly exposed to traumatic experiences (TEs). However, no study has comprehensively examined patterns of childhood trauma in Chinese culture. The current study aimed to examine patterns of childhood trauma exposure among Chinese rural-to-urban migrant children. Methods A large-scale (N = 15,890) cross-sectional survey of rural-to-urban migrant workers’ children in grades 4 to 9 was conducted in Beijing. Childhood TEs, including accidents and injuries, interpersonal violence, and vicarious trauma, as well as demographics and internalizing and externalizing behaviors, were measured. Results Four patterns of childhood trauma were found: low trauma exposure (60.4%), vicarious trauma exposure (23.9%), domestic violence exposure (10.5%), and multiple trauma exposure (5.3%). Age, gender, parents’ marital status, father's education level, family support and peer support differentiated the four TE patterns. Both internalizing and externalizing behaviors were more severe in patterns with more types of TEs. Conclusions Our findings provide a better understanding of childhood trauma in Chinese culture and the relationship between TEs and mental health. Clinicians and policy makers should tailor prevention and treatment programs according to different patterns of victimization.

Background: Child maltreatment has become a serious public health and social problem worldwide. However, knowledge regarding the status of child maltreatment in western China is limited. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the status of child maltreatment in western China and its relationship with mental health. Participants and setting: The present study evaluated child maltreatment in a sample of 1511 children (Mage = 11.48 years) from western China. Methods: The participants completed questionnaires designed to collect demographic information and assess their experiences with maltreatment and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Results: In total, 12.3%, 14.0%, 1.3% and 28.1% of the children experienced physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse and neglect, respectively, while 186 children (12.3%) experienced multiple types of maltreatment. Boys were more likely to experience maltreatment than girls in most cases. Physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse and neglect had unique effects on depression symptoms. Physical abuse, emotional abuse and neglect, but not sexual abuse, had unique effects on anxiety symptoms. Conclusions: The children who experienced maltreatment had higher levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms. Population-based prevention and educational programs should highlight the serious negative effects of maltreatment, especially emotional abuse and neglect, which have long been ignored in China.

It is well known that women are more vulnerable than men to mental health problems following disasters. However, the patterns of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and posttraumatic growth (PTG) among women are unclear. This study was conducted to investigate the profiles of PTSD and PTG among women after an earthquake and determine the predictors of profile membership. A total of 1487 women (Mage = 40.66 years, SD = 10.39) completed questionnaires assessing PTSD, PTG, trauma exposure during an earthquake, trauma history, and demographic information. A three-step latent profile analysis was used. Five profiles were identified: mild PTSD/mild PTG (12.4% of the sample), moderate PTSD/moderate PTG (39.4%), high PTSD/moderate PTG (9.6%), mild PTSD/high PTG (17.5%) and high PTSD/high PTG (21.1%). Women who were older, had been injured, or felt horrible and those whose houses were severely damaged in the earthquake were more likely to be in profiles characterized by higher levels of PTSD and PTG, whereas women with lower education levels were more likely to be in profiles characterized by higher levels of PTSD but lower levels of PTG. The results of this study provide a foundation for providing psychological assistance for particular groups of women.

Background This study aimed to explore the trajectories of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among child survivors of the Lushan earthquake by using latent category growth analysis. Methods In total, 304 students from a school located in Lushan County were assessed by UCLA PTSD-RI at 1.5, 6, 12, 24 and 48 months after the earthquake. The children ages ranged from 9 to 17 years old at the time of the first assessment, and the sample included 140 males and 164 females. Results Four trajectories of PTSD symptoms were found, namely, resilience (53.8%), low symptoms (32.6%), recovery (7.0%), and chronic dysfunction (6.6%). Then, a logistic regression analysis that controlled for gender and grade showed that compared with the resilience group, children with an injury or probable acute stress disorder (ASD) were likely to be in the recovery group, children with probable ASD were more likely to be in the low-symptoms group, and children with a bad relationship with their father were more likely to be in the chronic group. Limitations The participants were selected by convenience principle. All children received an intervention after the earthquake. Conclusions These findings suggest that increasing children's social support may relieve children's PTSD symptoms. We should consider both perceived threat and object exposure in future studies. The posttraumatic stress response was very high and was unstable during the first month after the earthquake, which suggests that psychological first aid is necessary in posttraumatic events.

There was a small mistake in the sixth paragraph of the Discussion: the positions of two words (“positively” and “negatively”) should be exchanged [...]

Depression in children and adolescents has become a serious public health problem worldwide. The objectives of this study were twofold: first, to investigate the status of depression among children and adolescents on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the highest plateau in the world, with an average altitude of more than 4200 m (13,776 feet), and second, to examine the associations among prosocial behavior, resilience, and depression. A cross-sectional study was conducted among children and adolescents from Yushu Prefecture on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. A total of 11,160 participants aged 10&ndash, 17 years (Mage = 14.34 years, SD = 1.77, 51.4% girls) were included. Self-reported depression, resilience, and prosocial behavior were assessed. The prevalence of depression was 29.2% in the current study. Higher levels of prosocial behavior were significantly associated with lower levels of depression (&beta, = &minus, 0.25, p &lt, 0.001). Furthermore, resilience significantly moderated the relationship between prosocial behavior and depression (&beta, 0.08, p &lt, 0.001), that is, resilience enhanced the protective role of prosocial behavior in depression. These findings indicate that resilience may play an important role in the associations between prosocial behavior and depression, which suggests that improving resilience is essential for the prevention and intervention of depression among children and adolescents on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Although stressful life events have been shown to play an important role in adolescent Internet addiction, little is known about mediating and moderating mechanisms underlying this relation. Based on the integration of self-determination theory and stress-coping theory, the present study investigated (a) the mediating role of psychological needs satisfaction in the relationship between stressful life events and Internet addiction, and (b) the moderating role of coping style in the indirect and direct relationships between stressful life events and Internet addiction. This model was tested with 998 Chinese adolescents (mean ageź=ź15.15 years, SDź=ź1.57). Participants filled out questionnaires regarding stressful life events, psychological needs satisfaction, coping style, and Internet addiction. After demographic variables were controlled, stressful life events were significantly positively associated with Internet addiction. Mediation analysis revealed that psychological needs satisfaction partially mediated the association between stressful life events and Internet addiction. Moderated mediation analysis further indicated that the mediated path was weaker for adolescents with higher levels of positive coping style. These findings underscore the importance of identifying the mechanisms that moderate the mediated paths between stressful life events and adolescent Internet addiction. Stressful life events (SLE) were positively related to adolescent Internet addiction.Psychological needs satisfaction mediated the effect of SLE on Internet addiction.Positive coping moderated the mediation effect of psychological needs satisfaction.

Although recent studies have documented that perceived negative school climate is associated with adolescent Internet addiction, little is known about the mediating and moderating mechanisms underlying this relation. The present study examined whether deviant peer affiliation mediated the relationship between perceived school climate and adolescent Internet addiction, and whether this mediating process was moderated by adolescent effortful control. Our theoretical model was tested using data collected from 2758 Chinese adolescents (mean age?=?13.53 years, SD?=?1.06). After controlling for demographic variables, perceived school climate was positively associated with adolescent Internet addiction. Mediation analyses revealed that deviant peer affiliation partially mediated the association between perceived school climate and adolescent Internet addiction. Tests of moderated mediation further indicated that the mediated path was weaker for adolescents with higher effortful control. Results highlight the significance of identifying the mechanisms that moderate the mediated paths between perceived school climate and adolescent Internet addiction. Perceived school climate is significantly related to adolescent Internet addiction.Deviant peer affiliation mediated the effect of school climate on Internet addiction.Effortful control moderated the mediation effect of deviant peer affiliation.