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Objectives: To investigate the association of polygenic risk score (PRS) and bladder cancer (BC) risk and whether this PRS can be offset by a healthy lifestyle. Methods: Individuals with BC (n = 563) and non-BC controls (n = 483 957) were identified in the UK Biobank, and adjusted Cox regression models were used. A PRS was constructed based on 34 genetic variants associated with BC development, while a healthy lifestyle score (HLS) was constructed based on three lifestyle factors (i.e., smoking, physical activity, and diet). Results: Overall, a negative interaction was observed between the PRS and the HLS (P = 0.02). A 7% higher and 28% lower BC risk per 1-standard deviation (SD) increment in PRS and HLS were observed, respectively. A simultaneous increment of 1 SD in both HLS and PRS was associated with a 6% lower BC risk. In addition, individuals with a high genetic risk and an unfavourable lifestyle showed an increased BC risk compared to individuals with low genetic risk and a favourable lifestyle (hazard ratio 1.55, 95% confidence interval 1.16–1.91; P for trend

In order to improve the wear resistance of aluminum matrix composites and reduce the cost at the same time, the Al2O3/Al composite powder was prepared by hydrothermal method in this experiment, and the material properties of the Al2O3/Al metal matrix composite powder material were studied. It can be seen from the results that the encapsulation degree of Al2O3/Al-based composite powder material first increases and then decreases with the increase of ammonia concentration, and first increases and then decreases with the increase of PH value. The optimal molar ratio of salt and alkali is 1:1. Through the optimization of process parameters, the ratio of aluminum nitrate and ammonia water is obtained as: 1:1, the slurry stirring speed is 1500r/min, the stirring time is 10min, and the heating temperature is 200°C, the obtained composite powder is relatively uniform, has a larger specific surface area, and has better powder properties.

Research shows that redox complementarity and synergism among the ingredients of heterogeneous catalysts can enhance the performance of the catalyst.

The development of electrode materials with a high specific capacitance, power density, and long-term stability is essential and remains a challenge for developing supercapacitors.

The development of electrode materials with a high specific capacitance, power density, and long-term stability is essential and remains a challenge for developing supercapacitors. Cobalt sulfides (CoS

Liangshan Prefecture, located in Sichuan Province in Southwest China, is the largest inhabited area of the Yi ethnic group and is also known as a contiguous impoverished area in the country. Therefore, poverty needs to be addressed through rural revitalization. The purpose of this study is to explore the strategic objectives and achievements of rural revitalization in Liangshan Yi Area through the construction of demonstration villages, to explore the current situation and problems of cultural and creative tourism development, and to provide Suggestions for improvement through literature collection and empirical investigation. The research finds that the problems of cultural and creative tourism development in the case model village include the strengthening of infrastructure construction, the adjustment and upgrading of industrial structure, the lack of downward publicity and external publicity, and the low cognition and acceptance of cultural and creative tourism. Finally, this study suggests that to develop cultural and creative tourism in the model village, the government must make relevant improvements, such as strengthening policy support, actively promoting and guiding the development of cultural and creative tourism in the model village, and increase the link with colleges and universities. For the demonstration villages, this study suggests that the professional quality of cultural and creative tourism of village leaders, the establishment of cultural and tourism seed teachers, and the establishment of village organization and manpower training should be improved.

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the allergen sensitization pattern among 4,203 children in the Shanxi region of China and to provide guidance for diagnosis and prevention of allergic diseases. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on the allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) results of 4,203 children aged 0–12 years from January to December in 2019. SIgE antibodies to 19 allergens in the serum sample were detected by enzyme ALLERGO-SORBENT testing. Results: In total, 49.70% (2,089/4,203) of children with allergic diseases were positive for sIgE, and the top 5 allergens were egg white 18.63% (783/4,203), artemisia 14.47% (608/4,203), milk 13.04% (548/4,203), ragweed 8.66% (364/4,203), and poplar/willow/elm 8.52% (358/4,203). Significant differences in the positive rate of food allergens and aeroallergens in different ages were found (p < 0.05). 50.98% (1,065/2,089) patients were sensitive to 2 or more allergens. The high sensitization rate in the >3-year group was significantly higher than the ≤3-year group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Egg white and artemisia are the most common allergens in children in northern China. This study provides allergic sensitization pattern of children and clinical epidemiological data in the region.

In this paper we consider uniform stabilization of the wave equation with variable coefficients in a bounded domain. The nonlinear damping is put partly on the interior of the domain and partly on ...

In Mainland China and Hong Kong, health authorities utilizeData were extracted from the Donghua Hospital Information System. Comparison of the two groups of patients - who used antivenom (GPUA) and who did not use antivenom (GPNUA) were performed using stratified analysis, univariate and multivariate ordered logistic regression models to evaluate the coagulation parameters normalization time. Univariate and multivariate ordered logistic regression models were used to explore independent risk factors of patient prognosis.Between the GPUA and GPNUA groups, there is no significant difference in the coagulation parameters normalization time with the treatment ofThe therapeutic effect of

20–30% of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) develop distant metastasis or recurrence leading to poor survival, of which the underlying key molecular events have yet to be addressed. Here alternative splicing events in 85 NPC samples are profiled using transcriptome analysis and it is revealed that the long isoform of GOLIM4 (‐L) with exon‐7 is highly expressed in NPC and associated with poor prognosis. Lines of evidence demonstrate the pro‐tumorigenic function of GOLIM4‐L in NPC cells. It is further revealed that RBFOX2 binds to a GGAA motif in exon‐7 and promotes its inclusion forming GOLIM4‐L. RBFOX2 knockdown suppresses the tumorigenesis of NPC cells, phenocopying GOLIM4‐L knockdown, which is significantly rescued by GOLIM4‐L overexpression. High expression of RBFOX2 is correlated with the exon‐7 inclusion of GOLIM4 in NPC biopsies and associated with worse prognosis. It is observed that RBFOX2 and GOLIM4 can influence vesicle‐mediated transport through maintaining the organization of Golgi apparatus. Finally, it is revealed that RAB26 interacts with GOLIM4 and mediates its tumorigenic potentials in NPC cells. Taken together, the findings provide insights into how alternative splicing contributes to NPC development, by highlighting a functional link between GOLIM4‐L and its splicing regulator RBFOX2 activating vesicle‐mediated transport involving RAB26., Alternative splicing events are profiled in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) using transcriptome analysis, and a high expression of the long isoform of GOLIM4 containing exon‐7 (GOLIM4‐L) to be associated with poor survival of NPC is identified. A functional link between GOLIM4‐L and its splicing regulator RBFOX2 is also revealed, which activates vesicle‐mediated transport through maintaining Golgi complex integrity involving RAB26.

This paper deals with boundary exact controllability for the dynamics governed by the wave equation with variable coefficients in time and space, subject to Dirichlet or Neumann boundary controls. The observability inequalities are established by the Riemannian geometry method under some geometric conditions.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the highest volume industrial products worldwide and has been widely used to make various products as the intermediates of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Inevitably, general population has been widely exposed to BPA due to extensive use of BPA-containing products. BPA has similar chemical structure with the natural estrogen and has been shown to induce a variety of estrogen-like endocrine effects on organism in vivo or in vitro. High doses of BPA tend to act as antagonist of estrogen receptors (ERs) by directly regulating the genomic transcription. However, BPA at environmentally relevant low-dose always disrupt the biological function via a non-genomic manner mediated by membrane receptors, rather than ERs. Although some studies had investigated the non-genomic effects of low-dose BPA, the exact molecular mechanism still remains unclear. Recently, we found that membrane G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 and integrin αvβ3 and its relative signal pathways participate in the induction of male germ cell proliferation and thyroid transcription disruption by the low-dose BPA. A profound understanding for the mechanism of action of the environmentally relevant BPA exposure not only contributes to objectively evaluate and predict the potential influence to human health, but also provides theoretical basis and methodological support for assessing health effects trigged by other estrogen-like environmental endocrine disruptors. Based mainly on our recent findings, this review outlines the research progress of molecular mechanism on endocrine disrupting effects of environmental low-dose BPA, existing problems and some consideration for future studies.

RNA binding motif proteins (RBMs) have been widely implicated in the tumorigenesis of multiple human cancers but scarcely studied in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Here, we compare the mRNA levels of 29 RBMs between 87 NPC and 10 control samples. We find that RBM47 is frequently upregulated in NPC specimens, and its high expression is associated with the poor prognosis of patients with NPC. Biological experiments show that RBM47 plays an oncogenic role in NPC cells. Mechanically, RBM47 binds to the promoter and regulates the transcription of BCAT1, and its overexpression partially rescues the inhibitory effects of RBM47-knockdown on NPC cells. Moreover, transcriptome analysis reveals that RBM47 regulates alternative splicing of pre-mRNA, including those cancer-related, to a large extent in NPC cells. Furthermore, RBM47 binds to hnRNPM and cooperatively regulates multiple splicing events in NPC cells. In addition, we find that knockdown of hnRNPM inhibits proliferation and migration of NPC cells. Our study, taken together, shows that RBM47 promotes the progression of NPC through multiple pathways, acting as a transcriptional factor and a modulator of alternative splicing in cooperation with hnRNPM. Our study also highlights that RBM47 and hnRNPM could be prognostic factors and potential therapeutic targets for NPC.

There are defects in the processing and allocation of teaching resources in the current learning system, which leads to the phenomenon that the teaching information display is stuck and collapsed when the number of concurrent users is high. Therefore, a hybrid learning system of tourism planning course based on mobile terminal is designed. The overall framework of the system is designed from hardware and software. In hardware, the circuit board of single-chip microcomputer is designed. The power supply between modules is realized and the communication network architecture is optimized by changing the starting mode by setting different step sizes. In software design, database, system encryption technology and file data allocation mechanism are designed and optimized respectively. This completes the system design. In the system test performance experiment, the system test environment is built in the laboratory to simulate the multi-user login system at the same time to test the system performance. Experimental results show that the designed system can effectively improve the number of concurrent users and reduce the stuck situation.

At present, the spoken English long-distance teaching training system has not designed a dynamic dictionary for spoken English teaching training, which leads to a high occupancy rate of the system server hardware during the operation of the system. A virtual reality technology-based remote teaching training system for spoken English is designed. In terms of hardware design, adopt the cloud-based MVC architecture model, design the system architecture, consider the system design purpose, and system functions, individually design the system I/O module, and complete the system hardware design. In terms of software design, it sets up voice recognition function, simulates the remote teaching environment, sets up a dynamic oral English teaching training vocabulary, increases the system vocabulary, sets up remote oral English teaching training rules, and the transformation system has the function of remote teaching and training oral English. The experimental results show that: comparing the three groups of systems, operating performance and server hardware performance, the English spoken remote teaching training system designed this time has a faster operating speed and a usable server utilization rate.

Sepsis is a life-threatening clinical condition demanding accurate and rapid diagnosis of the culprit pathogen, thereby to improve prognosis. Pathogen determination through blood culture is the gold standard for diagnosis but has limitations due to low sensitivity. Recently, circulating DNAs derived from pathogenic organisms were found in the plasma of patients with sepsis and were further proved to be more sensitive biomarkers for the diagnosis of the pathogen origin in sepsis. However, the fundamental molecular characteristics of circulating DNA in patients with sepsis remain unclear. Here, we used specific PCR and Sanger sequencing to verify the microbiology culture results via the corresponding plasma circulating DNA. We analyzed the composition and molecular characteristics of circulating DNA in septic patients using next-generation sequencing technology. We showed the presence of pathogen-derived circulating DNA in the plasma of patients with sepsis. The sizes of circulating DNA fragments derived from pathogenic bacteria showed a skewed unimodal distribution, while those derived from host cells showed a normal unimodal distribution. Lengths of fragments at peak concentration for both origins ranged from 150 bp to 200 bp, and reads mapping to pathogenic bacteria genome distributed uniformly on the reference. Our findings have improved our understanding of microbial circulating DNA in patients with sepsis as a potential methodology for the accurate diagnosis of sepsis, especially in light of an urgent need for such a diagnosis associated with the COVID-19 infection.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is prevalent among populations from southern China and is influenced by both genetic and environmental risk factors. The monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), a member of cysteine-cysteine chemokine family, plays critical roles in cancers. A polymorphism within the MCP-1 promoter, rs1024611, has been shown to be significantly associated with the risk of several cancers. Our purpose was to assess the role of rs1024611 in NPC susceptibility. By polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method, we genotyped rs1024611 in 593 patients with NPC (cases) and 480 cancer-free subjects (controls) among Guangxi population from southern China. We observed that the G allele of rs1024611 was significantly associated with the increased risk of NPC in an additive model and dominant model, respectively (P = 0.018 and 0.010, odds ratio = 1.25 and 1.41, respectively). No appreciable variation of the effects was found across the subgroups stratified by age, sex, nationality, smoking and drinking status, and smoking level. In addition, significantly higher messenger RNA (mRNA) expression level of MCP-1 was observed in NPC tissues than that in normal nasopharyngeal tissues, and the G allele of rs1024611 was significantly associated with elevated mRNA expression level of MCP-1 in Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphocytes. In conclusion, our findings suggested that rs1024611 at the MCP-1 promoter may be a risk factor for NPC. Further studies with larger sample size are necessary to confirm these findings.

Achieving a uniform structure with few defects in heavy steel ingot is of high commercial importance. In this present work, in order to verify the potential of pulsed magneto-oscillation (PMO) applied in the production of heavy ingot, an induction coil was located at the hot top of the steel ingot to develop a novel technique, named hot top pulsed magneto oscillation (HPMO). The influences of HPMO on the solidification structure, macro segregation and compactness of a cylindrical medium carbon steel ingot with the weight of 160 kg were systematically investigated by optical microscope (OM) and laser induced breakdown spectroscopy original position metal analyzer (LIBSOPA-100). The results show that HPMO not only causes significant grain refinement and promotes the occurrence of columnar to equiaxed transition (CET) but also can homogenize the carbon distribution and enhance the compactness of the steel ingot. Therefore, HPMO technique has the potential to be applied in the production of heavy steel ingots on an industrial scale.

Vanadium dioxide (VO2) has wide application prospects in the electronics industry because of its rapid, reversible, and multi-stimulus response phase transition behavior. The development of flexible VO2 films and devices can further promote the development of flexible electronic materials and may play an important role in the next generation of wearable electronics. Here, we directly fabricated flexible VO2 films on mica via a pulsed-laser deposition system. By selection and optimization of the deposited condition, a high-quality flexible VO2 film with excellent metal to insulator (MI) transition properties of about a 3 order resistance variation in magnitude is successfully prepared. The growth competitions with different phases and different epitaxial orientations in the selection of deposited conditions verify the van der Waals (vdW) epitaxial growth mechanism of VO2 films on mica substrates. The invariable sheet resistance of VO2 films under different bending radii and bending cycles indicate their excellent mechanical flexibility and bending stability. Moreover, benefiting from the vdW epitaxy, a millimeter-scale, totally free-standing and transferable VO2 film is further obtained by a simple wet method and it is expected to be integrated into conventional silicon electronics and other systems. The high-quality, flexible, and peelable VO2 film prepared in our work lays a solid foundation for the application of VO2 films in wearable and integrated electronics.

The aim of the paper is to investigate the effect of hot-top pulsed magneto oscillation (HPMO) on the microstructure and dendritic morphology of solidified structure in ingot casting. The experiment indicates that the dendrites located in the center of ingot can be completely changed from dendritic crystals into granular equiaxed crystals, the dendrites located in the 1/2-radius area of ingot can be changed from coarse dendritic crystals into tiny equiaxed crystals that after HPMO treatment. Further, applying the HPMO technology in the solidification process of the ingot under slow-cooling can refine the solidification structure and change the solidified microstructure morphology from dendritic into equiaxed. It is also proved that the prospect of applying the HPMO technology to improve the ingot quality in industrial mold casting is very promising.

Chemical pollutants often co-occur and can interact to cause unexpected combined toxic effects. Both pentachlorophenol (PCP) and copper-1,10-phenanthroline [Cu(OP)2], used as wood preservatives, coexist in fluids and tissues of ordinary population. Our previous studies demonstrate that a combination of subtoxic PCP and Cu(OP)2 causes synergistic toxicity on Escherichia coli and hepatocarcinoma cells. However, it is not clear whether this effect also occurs in normal hepatocytes; and if so, what are the differences as compared with the hepatocarcinoma cells. We demonstrate that the combination of low-toxic PCP and Cu(OP)2 (0-1.6 µM; PCP/Cu(OP)2 molar ratio: 2:1) induces a concentration-dependent intracellular copper accumulation, apoptosis, caspase-3/9 activation, depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential, and oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species increasing and glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio decreasing) in both normal hepatocytes HL-7702 and hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells. However, HepG2 cells are more susceptible to the above molecular events as compared with HL-7702 cells. Further data reveal that PCP/Cu(OP)2 markedly decreases X chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP), p-ERK-1/2, and p-JNK protein expression in HepG2, but not HL-7702. Overexpression of XIAP gene in HepG2 significantly blocks PCP/Cu(OP)2-induced cytotoxicity, caspase activity, apoptosis, ROS accumulation, and antioxidant genes expression. These results suggest that the combination of low-toxic PCP and Cu(OP)2 preferentially induce synergistic cytotoxicity in human hepatocarcinoma cells by XIAP-ROS-apoptosis pathway, compared with the normal hepatocytes. The present data not only confirm the synergistic toxicity of PCP/Cu(OP)2 combination in normal liver cells, but also suggest a possible opportunity in developing new therapeutic approaches for liver cancer by sensitizing cancer cells to chemotherapy.

The small scale gap test is a very important method to study the sensitivity characteristics of a composite solid propellant under shock waves. In this paper, the small scale gap test is taken as the research object. The theoretical model of shock wave conduction in the small scale gap test is established. The detonation parameters of mixed explosives and the shock wave incident parameters of propellants corresponding to different sizes of inert barriers are calculated. The reliability of the method is verified by classical examples. A numerical model is established for the small scale gap test, and the critical thickness of the partition plate is obtained with a 50% probability of initiation. The results can predict the development and safe use of a high-energy composite solid propellant and provide theoretical support for the establishment of safety standards of high-energy composite solid propellants.

Ploidy differences can occur between and within species. To decipher the genetic structure of a species with different ploidy levels, we investigated an area of China where diploid and triploid individuals of Lycoris radiata co-occur. Twenty-six populations of L. radiata were sampled across its natural range, and SCoT markers were used to assess the genetic diversity and population structure. Chromosome counts revealed that 10 populations were diploid and 16 were triploid, each population showed a single cytotype. SCoT analysis revealed high genetic diversity at the species level ( PPB = 93.1%; H = 0.258; I = 0.396). However, compared to the triploid strains of Lycoris , the diploid strains had a relatively higher genetic diversity. One possible interpretation for these results is that the triploid strains only propagated using bulb division, while the diploid strains reproduced using sexual propagation and bulb division. Our investigation of the genetic structure, based on UPGMA and PCoA cluster analyses, revealed that populations of L. radiata are divided into three genetic groups. In addition, our results indicate that Yangtze River can affect population diffusion, which played an important role in the genetic differentiation of L. radiata . Lastly, our results suggest that the triploid sterile species of L. radiata might possess two origins.

Halogenated quinones are a class of carcinogenic intermediates and newly identified chlorination disinfection byproducts in drinking water. Organic hydroperoxides (ROOH) can be produced both by free radical reactions and enzymatic oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. ROOH have been shown to undergo transition metal-catalyzed decomposition to alkoxyl radicals, which may initiate lipid peroxidation or further decompose to the reactive α, β-unsaturated aldehydes. However, it is not clear whether halogenated quinones react in a similar fashion with ROOH to produce alkoxyl radicals independent of transition metals. By complementary applications of ESR spin-trapping, HPLC/high resolution mass spectrometric and other analytical methods, we found that 2,5-dichloro- 1,4-benzoquinone (DCBQ) could markedly enhance the decomposition of a model ROOH tert -butylhydroperoxide, leading to the formation of t -butoxyl radicals independent of transition metals. Based on the above findings, we detected and identified, for the first time, an unprecedented carbon-centered quinone ketoxy radical, which is the spin isomer of the proposed oxygen-centered quinone enoxy radical. Then we extended our study to the more physiologically relevant endogenous lipid hydroperoxide 13-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid, and found that DCBQ could also markedly enhance its decomposition to produce the reactive lipid alkyl radicals and the genotoxic 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE). Analogous results were observed with other halogenated quinones. In summary, these findings demonstrated that halogenated quinoid carcinogens can enhance the decomposition of ROOH and formation of reactive alkoxyl, quinone ketoxy, lipid alkyl radicals and genotoxic HNE via a novel metal-independent nucleophilic substitution coupled with homolytic decomposition mechanism, which may partly explain their potential genotoxicity and carcinogenicity.

In this study, Ti-45Al-7Nb-4V alloy protective coating which base on γ-TiAl phase was deposited on the surface of 5803 aluminum alloy by supersonic particles deposition technology. Researchers observed the micro-structure of the TiAl alloy casting and coating by SEM, and researched the electrochemical characteristics and the galvanic corrosion between TA2 titanium alloy and 5083 aluminum alloy or TiAl alloy casting and coating by electrochemical work station. The results show that,the galvanic corrosion current between 5083 aluminium alloy and TA2 titanium alloy declines from 16.2μA to 0.27μA after TiAl protecting coatings are prepared on the substrates, besides, the corrosion susceptibility drops from E degree to A degree. It also manifests that the 5083 aluminium alloy with Ti-45Al-7Nb-4V coatings can be contacted and utilized with TA2 titanium alloy directly, which tackles the issues of gavanic corrosion prevention between aluminium alloys and titanium alloys.

In this study, Gamma TiAl intermetallic alloy protective coating was deposited on the surface of 5803 aluminum alloy by supersonic particles deposition. Researchers observed the surface morphology of the coating by SEM, and researched tribological properties of the substrate material and the coating by CETR friction and wear tester and Talysurf 5P-120 surface morphology tester. The results show that,the bonding mechanism of the Gamma TiAl intermetallic alloy coating and substrate is mechanical interlocking and metallurgical bonding. The abrasion mechanism of Gamma TiAl intermetallic alloy coating is abrasive Wear. The friction coefficients of the coating are all lower than 5083 alumium alloy. The friction volume of coatings reduced 36.7% than 5083 aluminum alloy with the friction loads 50N. TiAl coating has great function to anti-attrition and wearability.

The use of selective metal chelating agents with preference for binding of a specific metal ion to investigate its biological role is becoming increasingly common. We found recently that a well-known copper-specific chelator 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (2,9-Me2OP) could completely inhibit the synergistic toxicity induced by tetrachlorocatechol (TCC) and sodium azide (NaN3). However, its underlying molecular mechanism is still not clear. Here, we show that the protection by 2,9-Me2OP is not due to its classic copper-chelating property, but rather due to formation of a multiple hydrogen-bonded complex between 2,9-Me2OP and TCC, featuring an unusual perpendicular arrangement of the two binding partners. The two methyl groups at the 2,9 positions in 2,9-Me2OP were found to be critical to stabilize the 2,9-Me2OP/TCC complex due to steric hindrance, and therefore completely prevents the generation of the reactive and toxic semiquinone radicals by TCC/NaN3. This represents the first report showing that an unexpected new protective mode of action for the copper "specific" chelating agent 2,9-Me2OP by using its steric hindrance effect of the two CH3 groups not only to chelate copper, but also to "chelate" a catechol through multiple H-bonding. These findings may have broad biological implications for future research of this widely used copper-chelating agent and the ubiquitous catecholic compounds.

The deposition behavior of Al-Si particle on magnesium alloy by supersonic particles deposition was investigated by numerical stimulation. The results demonstrated that critical velocity of sprayed particle reduced as its initial temperature increased; Temperature at interface increased rapidly and reached to the value higher than melting point of Al-Si particle and ZM5 magnesium substrate, which predicts the melting possibility for collision interface. Morphology and microstructure of Al-Si coating on magnesium alloy were analyzed by SEM and TEM. The results indicated that there existed large amount of nano/micro-scale grains produced by sputtering and impacting of the melting Al-Si jet. And obvious interface belt had been formed at brim of the deposited particles, nanocrystalline phase region generated by rapid solidification of melting Al-Si particles, justified the occurrence of interface melting phenomena.

Numerical simulation of sequential collision behavior of multi-particles during dynamic formation of Al-based coating on magnesium alloy by supersonic particles deposition demonstrated that continuous tamping effect from subsequent sprayed particles improved significantly compression ratio of former deposited particle and promote effectively deformation and spread out. Analysis to morphology and microstructure of Al-based coating on magnesium alloy by SEM and TEM elicited that subsequent sprayed particles generated two effects including erosion and compaction to former deposited layer of the coating, induced formation of high density dislocation, grains refinement and re-crystallization, which played work-hardening strengthening effect and fine crystal strengthening effect to Al-Si coating.