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With the explosion of digital world, the dramatically increasing data volume is expected to reach 175 ZB (1 ZB = 1012 GB) in 2025. Storing such huge global data would consume tons of resources. Fortunately, it has been found that the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule is the most compact and durable information storage medium in the world so far. Its high coding density and long-term preservation properties make itself one of the best data storage carriers for the future. High-throughput DNA synthesis is a key technology for "DNA data storage", which encodes binary data stream (0/1) into quaternary long DNA sequences consisting of four bases (A/G/C/T). In this review, the workflow of DNA data storage and the basic methods of artificial DNA synthesis technology are outlined first. Then, the technical characteristics of different synthesis methods and the state-of-the-art of representative commercial companies, with a primary focus on silicon chip microarray-based synthesis and novel enzymatic DNA synthesis are presented. Finally, the recent status of DNA storage and new opportunities for future development in the field of high-throughput, large-scale DNA synthesis technology are summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) level has been associated with various age‐related diseases and its pharmacological modulation emerges as a potential approach for aging intervention. But human NAD+ landscape exhibits large heterogeneity. The lack of rapid, low‐cost assays limits the establishment of whole‐blood NAD+ baseline and the development of personalized therapies, especially for those with poor responses towards conventional NAD+ supplementations. Here, we developed an automated NAD+ analyzer for the rapid measurement of NAD+ with 5 μL of capillary blood using recombinant bioluminescent sensor protein and automated optical reader. The minimal invasiveness of the assay allowed a frequent and decentralized mapping of real‐world NAD+ dynamics. We showed that aerobic sport and NMN supplementation increased whole‐blood NAD+ and that male on average has higher NAD+ than female before the age of 50. We further revealed the long‐term stability of human NAD+ baseline over 100 days and identified major real‐world NAD+‐modulating behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) is the direct precursor and a major booster of NAD + with increasing applications in NAD + - and aging-related pathologies. However, measuring live cell NMN dynamics was not possible, leaving key questions in NMN uptake and intracellular regulation unanswered. Here we developed genetically encoded bioluminescent and fluorescent sensors to quantify subcellular NMN in live cells by engineering specific NMN-responsive protein scaffolds fused to luciferase and fluorescent proteins. The sensor dissected the multimechanistic uptake of exogenous NMN and nicotinamide riboside (NR) in live cells and further measured the NMN levels across different subcellular compartments, as well as the perturbed NMN/NAD + ratios by external supplements. Moreover, we measured the NMN regulation by NAD(H) hydrolase Nudts and peroxisomal carrier Pxmp2 and identified Slc25a45 as a potential mitochondrial NMN regulator for its unique fingerprint on the local NMN/NAD + ratio. Collectively, the genetically encoded sensors provide a useful tool for visualizing NMN metabolism., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests:Qiuliyang Yu, liuqing chen has patent pending to China. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) level has been associated with various age-related diseases and its pharmacological modulation emerges as a potential approach for aging intervention. But human NAD + landscape exhibits large heterogeneity. The lack of rapid, low-cost assays limits the establishment of whole-blood NAD + baseline and the development of personalized therapies, especially for those with poor responses towards conventional NAD + supplementations. Here, we developed an automated NAD + analyzer for the rapid measurement of NAD + with 5 μL of capillary blood using recombinant bioluminescent sensor protein and automated optical reader. The minimal invasiveness of the assay allowed a frequent and decentralized mapping of real-world NAD + dynamics. We showed that aerobic sport and NMN supplementation increased whole-blood NAD + and that male on average has higher NAD + than female before the age of 50. We further revealed the long-term stability of human NAD + baseline over 100 days and identified major real-world NAD + -modulating behaviors., (© 2023 The Authors. Aging Cell published by Anatomical Society and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Mapping NAD + dynamics in live cells and human is essential for translating NAD + interventions into effective therapies. Yet, genetically encoded NAD + sensors with better specificity and pH resistance are still needed for the cost-effective monitoring of NAD + in both subcellular compartments and clinical samples. Here, we introduce multicolor, resonance energy transfer-based NAD + sensors covering nano- to millimolar concentration ranges for clinical NAD + measurement and subcellular NAD + visualization. The sensors captured the blood NAD + increase induced by NMN supplementation and revealed the distinct subcellular effects of NAD + precursors and modulators. The sensors then enabled high-throughput screenings for mitochondrial and nuclear NAD + modulators and identified α-GPC, a cognition-related metabolite that induces NAD + redistribution from mitochondria to the nucleus relative to the total adenine nucleotides, which was further confirmed by NAD + FRET microscopy.

We introduce a general method to transform antibodies into ratiometric, bioluminescent sensor proteins for the no-wash quantification of analytes. Our approach is based on the genetic fusion of antibody fragments to NanoLuc luciferase and SNAP-tag, the latter being labeled with a synthetic fluorescent competitor of the antigen. Binding of the antigen, here synthetic drugs, by the sensor displaces the tethered fluorescent competitor from the antibody and disrupts bioluminescent resonance energy transfer (BRET) between the luciferase and fluorophore. The semisynthetic sensors display a tunable response range (submicromolar to submillimolar) and large dynamic range (ΔR max >500 %), and they permit the quantification of analytes through spotting of the samples onto paper followed by analysis with a digital camera., (© 2017 The Authors. Published by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.)

Obtaining patient-specific information through the quantification of small molecules and proteins in bodily fluids is essential for personalized therapies. Point-of-care (POC) diagnostic devices hold the promise of delivering such benefit to a wide range of patients. However, there is a lack of enabling technology, as the majority of newly developed POC devices focus on the same underlying core technologies. Here we provide an overview of a new technology based on highly modular bioluminescent sensors that enables the quantification of small molecules and proteins at the POC with low-cost devices., (© 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

For efficient coupling of droplet-based microfluidics with mass spectrometry (MS), a spyhole drilled on the top of a microchip is used to sample the passing droplets by electrostatic-spray ionization (ESTASI) MS. The technique involves placing an electrode below the chip under the spyhole and applying high-voltage pulses. Electrospray occurs directly from the spyhole, and the droplet content is analyzed by MS without a dilution or oil removal step. To demonstrate the versatility of this technique, we have successfully monitored a droplet-based tryptic digestion, as well as a biphasic reaction between β-lactoglobulin in water and α-tocopheryl acetate in 1,2-dichloroethane, where the protein extracts the antioxidant from the oil phase and becomes reduced., (© 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)