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ObjectivesWHO recommended strengthening the linkages between various HIV prevention programmes and adolescent sexual reproductive health (ASRH) services. The Smart-LyncAges project piloted in Bulawayo city and Mt Darwin district of Zimbabwe established a referral system to link the voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) clients to ASRH services provided at youth centres. Since its inception in 2016, there has been no assessment of the performance of the referral system. Thus, we aimed to assess the proportion of young (10–24 years) VMMC clients getting ‘successfully linked’ to ASRH services and factors associated with ‘not being linked’.DesignThis was a cohort study using routinely collected secondary data.SettingAll three VMMC clinics of Mt Darwin district and Bulawayo province.Primary outcome measuresThe proportion of ‘successfully linked’ was summarised as the percentage with a 95% CI. Adjusted relative risks (aRR) using a generalised linear model was calculated as a measure of association between client characteristics and ‘not being linked’.ResultsOf 1773 young people registered for VMMC services, 1478 (83%) were referred for ASRH services as they had not registered for ASRH previously. Of those referred for ASRH services, the mean (SD) age of study participants was 13.7 (4.3) years and 427 (28.9%) were out of school. Of the referred, 463 (31.3%, 95% CI: 30.0 to 33.8) were ‘successfully linked’ to ASRH services and the median (IQR) duration for linkage was 6 (0–56) days. On adjusted analysis, receiving referral from Bulawayo circumcision clinic (aRR: 1.5 (95% CI: 1.3 to 1.7)) and undergoing circumcision at outreach sites (aRR: 1.2 (95% CI: 1.1 to 1.3)) were associated with ‘not being linked’ to ASRH services.ConclusionLinkage to ASRH services from VMMC is feasible as one-third VMMC clients were successfully linked. However, there is need to explore reasons for not accessing ASRH services and take corrective actions to improve the linkages.

Cette étude vise à comprendre le phénomène de la violence physique vécue par les éducateurs oeuvrant dans dix Centres Jeunesse (CJ) du Québec. Pour ce faire, un sondage de victimisation a été administré à 586 éducateurs en internat. En premier lieu, la prévalence de cette problématique sera établie. Par la suite, les facteurs individuels et environnementaux prédisposant aux agressions physiques seront identifiés. Des éducateurs sondés, 53,9 % rapportent avoir été victimes de violence physique au cours de la dernière année. Sur le plan individuel, être affecté par les manifestations agressives des clients et la fréquence des violences psychologiques subies augmentent les risques de victimisation physique. Quant au contexte, l’âge de la clientèle et le motif de l’intervention (basé sur la loi justifiant le placement) auprès de l’enfant ou de l’adolescent influencent l’occurrence des actes violents dirigés contre les éducateurs. Nos analyses montrent également que les violences physiques dont sont victimes les éducateurs affectent autant l’individu que l’institution. L’identification de facteurs permettant de prédire les risques de victimisation pourrait notamment servir à orienter les programmes de prévention de la violence dans les CJ, mais aussi à cibler les éducateurs les plus à risque afin de leur fournir un soutien adapté., The aim of this study is to understand violence directed against behaviour technicians in juvenile rehabilitation centres. The findings are based on a survey conducted among 586 educators working in one of ten youth centres across Quebec. In this article we will first assess the occurrence of violent acts. Then, we will examine individual and contextual factors that predict physical aggression. More than half (53.9 %) of the educators surveyed reported to have been physically assaulted at least once in the past year. Regarding individual factors, being affected by the exposure to aggressive behaviours and the frequency of psychological aggression increase the risk of victimization. With respect to situational factors, the age of the clientele and the legal basis for placement (i.e. civil or criminal) influence the occurrence of violent acts towards staff members. Our analyses also show that physical violence not only affects staff members but also the institution. The identification of predictors of violence can guide prevention programs in youth centres. Moreover, they can help target behaviour technicians who are at risk of being assaulted in order to prevent their victimization., El presente estudio busca comprender el fenómeno de la violencia física vivida por los educadores de diez institutos de menores de Québec (Centres Jeunesse du Québec-CJ-). Para ese fin, una encuesta de victimización ha sido administrada a 586 educadores de dichos institutos. En primer lugar, se establecerá la prevalencia de dicha problemática. A continuación, serán identificados los factores individuales y ambientales que predisponen a las agresiones físicas. De eso se desprende que 53,9 % de los educadores encuestados reportan haber sido victimas de violencia física en el curso del último año. En cuanto al plano individual, el verse afectado por manifestaciones agresivas de los pacientes y la frecuencia de la violencia psicológica sufrida aumentan los riesgos de victimización física. En relación al contexto, la edad de los pacientes y el motivo de la intervención (basado en la ley que justifica la internación) sobre el niño o el adolescente influencian la aparición de actos violentos dirigidos hacia los educadores. Nuestros análisis, demuestran igualmente que las violencias físicas de las cuales son victimas los educadores afectan tanto al individuo como a la institución. La identificación de factores que permiten predecir los riesgos de victimización, podrían servir especialmente a orientar los programas de prevención de la violencia en los institutos de menores (CJ) como así también a distinguir los educadores en riesgo, con el fin de proporcionarles un sostén adaptado.

The results of the survey are very positive about strength of impact of youth information and counselling services on youth lives, but also provide a strong background for further improvement of functioning of these services. The users of the youth information and counselling services believe very often that the work of the services have impacted positively their lives. They are very often satisfied with the information received from the youth information and counselling services and would recommend to their friends to use them. Young respondents indicated diverse areas where they received help from the youth information and counselling services, still there are areas in which respondents did not receive much help. The question appears if this is because they did not search for help about the specific topic or rather they did not think they could receive help about some areas of their interest. Youth information and counselling services are more effectively reaching the youngest age groups of young people. They seem to be most often users of the services, more often perceive information as reliable, they claim to receive most help from them, even if they also have not been using the services so long and have not made as many contacts with the services as the older age groups. The offer of youth information and counselling services appears to be less attractive to those of older age, or those with higher education degree, they are also less trustful towards prospective support e.g. in case of looking for work, or perceive information provided as less reliable. The youth information needs to reconsider how to reach the oldest group of young people and to what extent this is an important target group for their work. Further insights will be needed, as the results show that age is the characteristic that most often differentiates the opinions in the survey, among others, on information accessibility or on information preference. It would be interesting to run the research about young people aged 25-29 not using youth information and counselling services to see what support and what information they might expect from these facilities, if any. Youth Information Centres appear to be the most successful in information provision. In many aspects of the following study, youth information centre’s users appeared to be most satisfied – they are most satisfied with the information received from such facilities and e.g. they are most often sure that these centres can support them in need, such as in case of looking for work. Furthermore, information provided through YICs are considered more often as reliable compared to the information from other sources. One reason why the YIC are successful might be very high importance of face-to-face contact to youth information users, which in fact is realised through such services. Face-to-face approach was the preferred method for receiving advice or information by the respondents of the survey. Even if the Internet is becoming most often used source of information for young people, young persons in our study prefer the persons, face-to face contact for obtaining information. The search in Internet is the second preferred option. The study revealed that the person-to-person contact is also a guarantee of reliability – young people judged information from centres and youth workers, or even from parents and other young people as more reliable than information received from the diverse media (including Internet). Interestingly enough, even if Internet is not perceived as reliable source of information and half of researched young people believe that it is difficult to judge information available on the Internet, it is second preferred option in receiving information. This indicates how important is to improve young people’s skills in judging the correctness, reliability and accuracy of information obtained online. Already, the knowledge of young people that this information might not be reliable is a good step in learning how to use Internet sources efficiently, but the youth information and counselling services should provide more learning opportunities for young people about the usage of on-line information. The positive outcome from the research shows that young people usually use services for extended amount of time. This would indicate that the services are important and useful at different points of their lives. What have to be assured is the constant inflow of new persons into the youth information system, as it seems that once persons enters s/he stays in and continues to use the services. Moreover, persons who use services for longer are also more satisfied with them. This finding can be interpreted in two ways: only those who are satisfied stay longer in the ‘system’ (dissatisfied persons might have dropped out from the system beforehand and this is why the study does not reveal their opinions), or, the youth information and counselling services demand time to be appreciated by young people (for example it might take time to really recognise by workers what are the real needs of a young person). In the light of such results, youth information services need to make sure that the users will be taken care of in their first contacts with the services, so they do not drop out from the services. Rural areas appear as an important areas where stronger impact can be expected from the youth information and counselling services. Young people from these areas noted more often that these services improved their lives and that they create a sense of assurance that they will be able to find necessary information if needing it. On the other hand we noticed that young people from smaller towns and rural areas in smaller number replied to the survey what can imply that they are less often using youth information and counselling services – this is why it is critical that more efforts are put in creation and promotion of such services outside big cities. Furthermore, the personal contact with professional youth information workers can be provided to young people from the rural areas using diverse communication tools. This is why phone contact was indicated as important more often compared to other groups by the group of young people from small towns. Possibly also other innovative solutions, such as private chat rooms with youth workers, could be a way to reach young people in the localities with no functioning youth centres. It would provide them opportunity of the personal, individualised contact with a youth information professional no matter their location. Young people received help on diverse topics within youth information. Employment and housing, international mobility, violence and relationships in the family and with friends were the areas where the information was evaluated as least easily accessible for young people. Still, even if information on education and training is perceived as rather easily accessible, young people in all age groups and of all socio-professional statuses stress the need for more information on education and training. More, the group of unemployed youth chooses it as a priority area (before employment). Widening the outreach is also important from the point of view of further development in this youth policy area. Even if the youth information and counselling services seem to reach mostly young people in education, or working, as well as connecting both activities, it also appears to reach rather successfully young people who are looking for work. It can be foreseen that this group might be a very important group in the future work of the youth information facilities, as youth unemployment appears to be a very burning issue in many European countries. Youth information and counselling services might appear a support system for those young people who cannot find work besides the official employment services. What is interesting is that respondents who are unemployed are mostly in need of more information about education and training, leisure and free time, while employment comes at the third place. That shows that youth information and counselling services can feed the diverse needs of the group of youngsters looking for work, as it does provide support not only concerning the employment but also other areas of young person’s life. The group of young people who are not working, nor studying, nor looking for work also appears as a group which needs more attention from youth information and counselling services – they need to be attracted to the services offered by these centres. The holistic individualised approach of youth information centres might be a good tool to engage these young people into active participation in society. In conclusion, the research has confirmed the important role of youth information and counselling services in provision of reliable and multi-thematic information tailored to the needs of each individual, but also in providing young people with more skills in evaluating information they have obtained. Youth information centres besides their daily job in information provision constitute also an important point of reference for young people, giving them sense of information safety – after having known the youth information and counselling services young people become more assured that they will find necessary information in case of need. This is an important background for young people who make life decisions in today’s world where multitude of information more often hinders access to it, rather than make it easy.

This chapter deals with the period of creation of youth centre work in the fifties and the developments of this work in Flanders till the eighties. This chapter is mainly based on the analysis of texts from the period 1953 to 1981.

Youth centres- A qualitative study of how midwives relate to the potential ethical dilemma between youths right to integrity and parents right to information The aim of this study was to investigate how midwives at youth centres relate to the potential ethical dilemma between parents’ right to information that young people between 15-17 years share at the centre, vs. youths right to integrity. The study was based on qualitative interviews with six midwives in various youth centres in Stockholm County. We analysed our empirical material according to Blennbergers consequential ethical model and Bronfenbrenners ecological system model. The empirical data was categorized based on categories of information and integrity in relation to midwives' opinions and actions. The results show that midwives are careful to protect the integrity of young people and that parents’ right to information are neglected, unless there is a great risk that the youths will harm their lives or health. Often it is only when the midwives need to report to the social service that the parents are given right to information, which indicates that the ethical decisions that midwives make are based on their beliefs that the best consequence for the youths is for their integrity to be protected. It was revealed that the midwives experienced the decision as difficult, and sometimes even found it to be a dilemma.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Au Québec, les jeunes faisant l’objet d’un double mandat sont ceux suivis en vertu de la Loi sur le système de justice pénale pour adolescents (LSJPA) et ayant vécu à un moment de leur vie une prise en charge en vertu de la Loi sur la protection de la jeunesse (LPJ). Parmi l’ensemble de la clientèle desservie par les Centres Jeunesse (CJ), ces jeunes sont considérés comme les plus vulnérables et sont à risque de récidive. À l’aide d’analyses descriptives et comparatives, cet article brosse un portrait des trajectoires de services, de l’enfance à l’adolescence, de 15 851 jeunes faisant l’objet d’un double mandat. Il détaille la chronologie de leur prise en charge et met en lumière l’enjeu de l’intervention concomittante. Les résultats ont révélé quatre parcours principaux qui se différencient quant à l’historique de victimisation et de délinquance de ces jeunes. Le parcours nommé Entrée LPJ et chevauchement de la LSJPA se distingue comme étant le plus emprunté, et celui marqué par le plus haut taux d’infraction et de récidive. Le parcours nommé Entrée LPJ et inclusion LSJPA se distingue par des taux de victimisation particulièrement élevés et une plus grande instabilité dans les placements; et des taux de judiciarisation moins élevés. Les implications pour l’intervention offerte en CJ, notamment sous l’angle de la coordination des systèmes de protection et de justice juvénile, sont discutées., In Quebec, crossover youth refer to those who are monitored under the Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA) and have, at some point in their life, been under the care of the Youth Protection Act (YPA). Among the population served by Youth Centres (YCs), these young people are considered most vulnerable and are at risk of re-offending. Using descriptive and comparative analyses, this article presents an overview of the service trajectories of 15,851 crossover youth, from childhood through adolescence. It provides a detailed chronology of their care history and services they received under both Acts and highlights the issue of concurrent intervention. The results reveal four main trajectories that differ in terms of history of victimization and delinquency. The trajectory named child protection entry and YCJA overlap is the most frequent service trajectory; but is also one that is marked by the highest rates of infraction and recidivism. The trajectory called child protection entry and YCJA inclusion is composed of youth with the highest rates of reported maltreatment and the highest rates of placement instability but lower rates of recidivism. The implications for intervention in YCs, particularly in terms of coordinating juvenile justice and protection systems, are discussed.

L’« habiter nomade », tel un canevas intellectuel et philosophique, préside à une expérience de participation et de recherche-création en architecture, qui visait à explorer de nouvelles approches à la programmation, la conception et la construction de Maisons des jeunes (et intergénérationnelles) dans les villages du Nunavik. De telles maisons ont été envisagées comme un lieu qui procurerait un sense of home, qui invoquerait l’identité Inuit. Afin d’examiner et d’illustrer comment l’architecture pourrait accompagner les jeunes Inuit dans la réappropriation et la mise en valeur de leur identité, tout en affirmant des traditions significatives, la recherche-création a été convoquée. Dans ce contexte, l’habiter (comme « idée de la maison ») est alors abordé comme une invitation faite à l’architecture, et aux architectes, d’offrir des moments, des lieux et des occasions qui permettront aux habitants d’être leurs propres créateurs de sens. L’ensemble de la réflexion et de la démarche participative portant sur une Maison pour les jeunes inuit est traduite en quelques projets d’architecture qui mettent en lumière diverses aspirations, opportunités et désirs d’« habiter » le Nunavik., “Nomadic dwelling”, as an intellectual and philosophical framework, presides over an experiment in participation and research-creation in architecture, which aimed to explore new approaches to the programming, design and construction of Youth (and Intergenerational) Centres in the villages of Nunavik. Such houses were envisioned as a place that would provide a sense of home, that would invoke Inuit identity. In order to examine and illustrate how architecture could accompany young Inuit in the reappropriation and enhancement of their identity, while affirming meaningful traditions, research-creation was convened. In this context, dwelling (as an “idea of home”) is then approached as an invitation to architecture, and to architects, to offer moments, places and occasions that will allow the inhabitants to be their own creators of meaning. The entire reflection and participatory process on an Inuit Youth Centre is translated into a few architectural projects that highlight various aspirations, opportunities and desires to “inhabit” Nunavik.