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Background: In Ethiopia, many young girls face numerous challenges in managing their menstruation. However, community-based studies on the use of menstrual sanitary pads and associated factors are limited. Therefore, this community-based study aimed to identify factors associated with utilization of menstrual sanitary pads among young girls in a rural setting. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in June 2018 among youths aged 15?24 years in the rural eastern zone of the Tigray region, northern Ethiopia. This study included 330 girls aged 15?24 years who had started menses. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the determinants of menstrual sanitary pad utilization. Results: In this study, 82.4% (95% CI 78.3?86.1%) of the girls utilized menstrual sanitary pads. The remaining (17.6%) used nothing or unhygienic homemade sanitary pads to maintain their menstrual hygiene. Being single (AOR?=?2.89; 95% CI 1.21?6.87), being Afar ethnicity (AOR?=?0.18; 95% CI 0.05?0.72), had road access to marketplace (AOR?=?2.46; 95% CI 1.28?4.71), and receiving pre-menarcheal information on menstruation (AOR?=?2.86; 95% CI 1.34?6.08) were the independent predictors of menstrual sanitary pad utilization. Conclusions: Our study revealed that a significant number (17.6%) of young girls used nothing or unhygienic homemade sanitary pads to maintain their menstrual hygiene. Provision of information on menstruation during the pre-menarcheal period in young girls could improve their utilization of menstrual sanitary pads. Therefore, young girls should receive appropriate information about menstruation early before menarche through formal and informal means of communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study explores the psychosocial challenges encountered by young girls with β-thalassemia major, emphasizing the critical role of social support in their well-being. • Positive factors influencing their quality of life include education and family support, while impediments such as depression and healthcare access challenges were identified. • Gender-specific data highlights the unique struggles faced by women with β-thalassemia, underscoring the need for tailored healthcare interventions. ß-Thalassemia, a genetic condition which influences both the physical and emotional facets of individuals specially females while also exerting substantial financial strain on families and healthcare systems. Recognizing the pivotal influence of social support, particularly on mental well-being, this study endeavors to delve into the shared psychosocial challenges experienced by females grappling with ß-thalassemia major. Employing a qualitative-descriptive methodology and purposive sampling, this study conducted in-depth interviews with forty-two young girls, 18.64 ± 4.27, diagnosed with ß-thalassemia major and representing diverse academic backgrounds, using a semi-structured in-depth interview guide. NVIVO-12 software facilitated extended data analysis, encompassing coding, categorization, theme development, and mind-mapping techniques to unravel nuanced insights from the collected data. This groundbreaking study delves into the psychosocial factors that impact the well-being of female ß-thalassemia patients. The research highlights the key factors that positively contribute to their quality of life by conducting thorough inductive content analysis. These include receiving an education, having robust family support, experiencing overall life satisfaction, and making meaningful societal contributions. The findings of this study can be used to improve the lives of female ß-thalassemia patients and enhance their overall well-being. Contrariwise, notable impediments encompassed depression, social isolation, limited access to insurance services, challenges in educational and employment spheres, as well as difficulties in nurturing social relationships. These findings underscore the multifaceted influences shaping the quality of life for girls navigating ß-thalassemia, shedding light on empowering and challenging elements within their experiences. In conclusion, psychosocial factors supporting or hindering the well-being of young girls with ß-thalassemia major in Pakistan include an inductive environment at homes, organizations, education, institutions with adequate knowledge of thalassemia disease among patients, and society. More research is needed to understand their needs and advocate for societal support and acceptance. Family and friends support are crucial for improving their quality of life, necessitating focused efforts to provide understanding and aid within the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. This study aimed to examine the peculiarities of strength effort assessment in girls aged 10, 11, and 12 years. Specifically, it sought to understand how these age groups evaluate effort at different percentages of their maximum strength (1/3, 1/2, and 2/3). Materials and methods. The study involved 75 girls divided into three age groups: 10 years (n = 20), 11 years (n = 25), and 12 years (n = 30). Participants’ maximum hand strength was measured using a dynamometer, and their ability to assess effort at 1/3, 1/2, and 2/3 of this maximum was recorded. Results. The error of effort assessment was calculated and analyzed using paired and independent samples t-tests. Statistical significance was set at α = 0.05. The analysis revealed no significant age-related differences in hand maximum strength or strength effort assessment among the different age groups. The most accurate assessment of effort occurred at 2/3 of maximum strength for all age groups. Significant differences were found in effort assessment between 1/3 and 1/2 of maximum strength, and between 1/3 and 2/3 of maximum strength, with improvements noted as the effort percentage increased. However, no significant differences were observed between effort levels at 1/2 and 2/3 of maximum strength. Conclusions. The study indicates that the ability to assess strength effort remains stable across the age range of 10 to 12 years, with the most precise assessment occurring at 2/3 of maximum strength. The findings suggest that while overall strength assessment abilities are consistent, targeted training may enhance precision at different effort levels. This contributes to the understanding of motor function development and highlights the need for interventions to improve effort assessment skills in young girls.

Youth is a turbulent period of physiological and biological changes as well as spiritual changes and developments. In this period when the individual questions his/her environment and himself/herself and constructs his/her individual identity, young people face many problems. Depending on the society in which they live, youth have some general problems. Social, psychological, biological, cultural, etc. problems can be encountered. It is not possible to ignore the troubles and social problems faced by young people, who are the architects of our future; it is not possible to break the bond of communication with them and leave them alone with their own problems. Youth is the future of society and should never be neglected. Many governmental and non-governmental organizations have not remained insensitive to the problems and needs of young people; they have put forward activities for the youth and to revive the young generation. The Presidency of Religious Affairs, the official non-formal religious education institution in Turkey, also provides religious services for young people in various fields. There is no comprehensive academic study that qualitatively examines the religious officials who organize scientific, social and cultural activities for young people within the Presidency. This study aims to evaluate the characteristics of religious officials who organized activities for young girls between 2018- 2020 within the Presidency. Research data can guide the youth coordinatorship activities within the organization and contribute to the introduction of new regulations. This study is a qualitative research. Case study method was used. In line with maximum diversity sampling, a total of 70 participants, 30 female religious officials and 40 young girls, were selected from Nevşehir and Aksaray. Ethics committee permission was obtained and individual interviews were conducted with the participants over a two-month period (July and August). In line with the data obtained from the interviews with the participants, the characteristics of religious officials who organize youth activities were determined. These characteristics are discussed and interpreted under the relevant heading. Some suggestions have been made for more effective and efficient execution of the activities. As a result of the research, the issues that should be considered in the assignments made among religious officials in order to organize activities in line with the interests, needs and expectations of young people were revealed. It was recommended to allocate a special cadre of religious officials for youth activities. There is a need for pre-service and in-service trainings to improve the positive personality traits, communication skills and educational competencies of religious officials in charge of youth activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumer purchase intentions determine the process of developing green consumption behavior. The demand for environmentally friendly goods has stayed divisive, multifaceted, and particular to each societal setting. In order to examine this, this paper applied Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior as a theoretical framework with modification of some factors to investigate the effect of subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, environmental responsibility, and self-efficacy on the purchase intention of Bangladeshi female students toward green consumption. A self-administered questionnaire is used to collect data from the respondents. Based on convenience and snowball sampling, 280 questionnaires were analyzed in this study, received from participants aged 18 to 25. The SPSS 22.0 and Smart-PLS were employed to analyze the model and estimate the parameters by considering a 95% confidence interval. The results indicate that all factors (p values < α = 0.01) had an overall significant and strong positive influence. Self-efficacy has a slight specific indirect effect (p = 0.051 > α = 0.05) on the purchase intention toward green consumption among university girls in Bangladesh. Additionally, this study explored a significant correlation between five independent variables and the dependent variable. The strongest correlation (r = 0.849) between green consumption behavior and environmental responsibility was discovered. Also, the t-test demonstrates that the intention to engage in green consumption significantly (tcal = 3.684 > tcri = 1.96) influences actual green consumption.

Introduction: To reduce the cervical cancer burden, many governments have emphasized the Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine as an important prevention strategy. Despite its effectiveness in preventing human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and free HPV immunization programs, vaccine acceptance is not guaranteed as some cultures are still against it due to various reasons. This study was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude, and perception of human papillomavirus vaccination (HPV) among parents of young girls (aged 8 – 12) in Mbarara City. Methodology: The study was cross-sectional employing both qualitative and quantitative approaches for data collection and analysis. Information was collected from a sample of 288 respondents and 12 key informants using questionnaires and interviews. Data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel and STATA Version 18.0 Results: The study discovered that the level of Knowledge on HPV vaccination among parents of young girls was relatively low (41.3%) despite most respondents revealing to have heard about HPV and its associated infections like cervical cancer and genital warts. The study also found out that a large portion of community members (62.1%) still had negative attitudes towards the vaccine which has negatively affected their perceptions. Negative attitudes and perceptions equally played a big role towards vaccination leading to low vaccine acceptability in the area. The study further discovered a wide knowledge gap about HPV infection and HPV vaccine uptake (42%) and this has to be addressed. Conclusion: In conclusion, the study confirmed that knowledge about human papillomavirus vaccination (HPV) was low and attitude and perception of human papillomavirus vaccination (HPV) was poor among parents of young girls (aged 8 – 12). Recommendations: Tailored community-based interventions and sensitization programs are a viable means to achieve this for multiple reasons. There is a need for specific training for healthcare workers who are the first contact point for patients.

Background and Aim: Self-objectification is a psycho-social phenomenon that is affected by the beauty ideals of society and its daily changes, leading young girls to assess their physical appearance, beauty, and sexual attractiveness from an external perspective, guided by cultural norms and standards. This study aimed to investigate the social factors related to self-objectification of young girls in Kerman city. Methods and Data: The data of the present research has been collected using the survey technique. The research population included all young girls within the age range of 18 to 35 in Kerman City. Based on Cochran's formula, a sample of 300 was selected using the multi-stage cluster sampling technique. Findings: The results showed that the relationship between self-objectification and narcissistic variables, gender stereotypes and family is statistically significant and direct (P <0.05). Path analysis revealed that gender stereotypes had the most substantial impact, accounting for 43% of the influence. Results: It can be concluded that gender stereotypes, narcissism, and gender stereotypes are among the social factors affecting the increase in girls' self-objectification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Riwayat: Educational Journal of History & Humanities is the property of Riwayat: Educational Journal of History & Humanities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mediterranean Journal of Sport Science (MJSS) is the property of Mediterranean Journal of Sport Science (MJSS) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Despite recent noticeable changes in women's educational opportunities in developing countries such as Iran, there is still much controversy surrounding the common assumption that a direct relationship exists between women's empowerment and formal literacy. According to the social semiotic method, the present research explores the hidden side of the female educational experience and its relationship with empowerment. In the current study, we conducted 39 interviews and analyzed the collected data using Van Leeuwen's semiotic approach. The results are based on the analysis of three semiotic sources, all of which are ubiquitous in the daily life of Iranian students: uniforms, queues, and homework. The findings indicate that the emphasis on the ideological aspects of educational experiences, in the form of a ritualistic approach by the educational system's agents, causes a gradual semantic break between students and educational goals. Such an emphasis also instills an ambiguous and contradictory understanding in the student's mind, of which the final result is the alienation and internalization of passive patterns of social action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cadernos PAGU is the property of Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Portal de Periodicos Eletronicos Cientificos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sexualidad, Salud y Sociedad: Revista Latinoamericana is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Several symptoms are typically experienced after a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Worldwide, a lot of women are reporting irregularities in their menstrual cycles post-COVID-19 infection. The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of menstrual pattern among young girls during the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic and to determine the risk factors related to lifestyle among young girls. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a self-designed questionnaire encompassing details of the menstrual pattern, features of hyperandrogenism, lifestyle, and comorbidity among young girls aged 16-24 years. Results: The data from 508 girls fulfilling the inclusion criteria were analyzed. The prevalence of irregular menstrual cycle was found to be 29.1%. Further analysis revealed that a significant percentage of girls with irregular menstrual cycle suffer from depression (14.9%) and are often staying stressed (40.5%) in comparison to the girls having regular menstrual cycle. Also, a total of 58 girls out of 508 were diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Among various comorbid conditions, obesity was found in 60% of girls having PCOS followed by an eating disorder. Conclusions: A significant increase in irregular menstrual cycle in young girls was found during the second wave of COVID-19. The risk factors for causing the irregular menstrual cycle were found to be insomnia, stress, and depression.

Background: Several symptoms are typically experienced after a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Worldwide, a lot of women are reporting irregularities in their menstrual cycles post-COVID-19 infection. The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of menstrual pattern among young girls during the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic and to determine the risk factors related to lifestyle among young girls. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a self-designed questionnaire encompassing details of the menstrual pattern, features of hyperandrogenism, lifestyle, and comorbidity among young girls aged 16-24 years. Results: The data from 508 girls fulfilling the inclusion criteria were analyzed. The prevalence of irregular menstrual cycle was found to be 29.1%. Further analysis revealed that a significant percentage of girls with irregular menstrual cycle suffer from depression (14.9%) and are often staying stressed (40.5%) in comparison to the girls having regular menstrual cycle. Also, a total of 58 girls out of 508 were diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Among various comorbid conditions, obesity was found in 60% of girls having PCOS followed by an eating disorder. Conclusions: A significant increase in irregular menstrual cycle in young girls was found during the second wave of COVID-19. The risk factors for causing the irregular menstrual cycle were found to be insomnia, stress, and depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Body image is a multidimensional construct and refers to a Person's Perception and attitudes, including feeling, thoughts and behaviours regarding their own body and appearance. The link between weight status and body image is complex, that body image might be affected by overweight through psychological distress, which has an impact on quality of life. Body image is an essential aspect of young girl's self-definition and individual identity which is influenced by various biological, psychological and social factors. Excessive concern about body image, body image misconception are leading to dissatisfaction, disturbed eating patterns, affecting the nutritional status and also leading to depression and anxiety disorders. This research study therefore sought to assess the level of anxiety among overweight and obese young girls with body image disturbance. Material and Methods: A quantitative descriptive study was conducted to assess the level of anxiety related to body image disturbance among study participants. A structured self-administered questionnaire was used to assess the baseline data. Total of 248 young girls were screened for body mass index and among that 50 overweight and obese girls with body image disturbance (using body image disturbance scale) were selected using convenient sampling technique and also the anxiety level of the girls with body image disturbance were measured using Hamilton anxiety scale. Informed consent was obtained from all the participants. Result: The study unveiled that among 248 young girls 12 were obese, 38 were overweight and 198 girls were in normal weight and underweight. Hence it showed that every 1 in 5 young girls are overweight and obese. The study also revealed that 4(8%) of young girls had mild body image disturbance, 27(54%) of them had moderate body image disturbance and 19(38%) of them had severe body image disturbance. It also showed that 18(36%) had mild anxiety, 15(30%) had moderate anxiety, 17(34%) had severe anxiety. The mean score of body image disturbance was 22.06+8.50 and the mean score of anxiety was 21.08 +12.22. The calculated Karl Pearson's correlation value of r=0.590 shows a moderate positive correlation which was found statistically significant at P < 0.001 level. It also revealed that only education of demographic variable (p=0.038) had shown significant association with level of anxiety. Conclusion: The study revealed that every 1 in 5 young girls had higher BMI more than 25kg/m2 and all the girls with higher BMI had body image disturbance and it also shows that all the girls with higher BMI had anxiety towards their body image. It also shows the moderate positive correlation between body image disturbance and the level of anxiety. This clearly infers that when body image disturbance increases then the anxiety level of the young girls also increases. This need to increase awareness and importance of healthy dietary pattern and regular physical activity to improve the physical appearance, self-esteem, perception and satisfaction among young girls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Entering puberty, a young girl will experience various changes. One of them is having menstruation. Menstruation is one of the critical events in life that girls should know. It happens because menstruation does not come once and then disappears in a woman's life, but there is a menstrual cycle that comes every month. Young girls need adequate information to deal with menstruation for the first time. Knowledge should be given to the young girl to deal with menstruation, such as physical and psychic changes. This study aimed to determine the effect of health promotion through animated videos on increasing the knowledge and attitudes of elementary school children facing menarche Methods: This quantitative study used a quasi-experimental design. The population in this study was all 5th-grade elementary school students who had not had menstruation. The sample size was 38 respondents for each group, intervention, and control Result: The results showed a difference in knowledge scores between the intervention and control groups with a p-value of 0.000. There was a difference in attitude scores in the control and intervention groups with a p-value of 0.031. Conclusion: There is an increase in knowledge scores and attitudes before and after the intervention. The difference in the intervention group's knowledge and attitude level scores and the control group and the animated video preparation of menarche influence knowledge and attitude.

This study investigates three young Chinese girls’ active play on TikTok as a way to engage in global communication during the Covid-19 lockdown in China. In particular, this paper aims to navigate how the girls position themselves in TikTok multimodal literacy play, as well as to inquire into how they practice literacy to deny, negotiate, and/or accept the beauty norms in TikTok virtual space. Situating and exploring these young girls’ stories, the author shares findings from multiple rounds of virtual interviews during the pandemic that highlight the girls’ creativity through multimodal literacy engagement on TikTok; their playful thinking that adopted the pandemic as a way of life and empowered the girls despite uncertainties, doubts, and tensions; and their complex beauty values negotiations embedded in the experiences of the girls’ vibrant interactions on TikTok. Inspired by the girls' literacy practices and gender negotiations, TikTok’s influences on norms of beauty and feminine appearance are discussed. Interrogating the limits of this platform, this work recognizes the possibilities of young girls’ multimodal literacy experiences while encouraging further negotiations, reimaginations, and growth in their celebrations of social media like TikTok. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urethral Prolapse (UP), first described by Solinger in 1732, is a rare condition characterized by the circular protrusion of the distal urethral mucosa through the external meatus, forming a hemorrhagic, sensitive vulvar mass. This condition is most commonly observed in prepubertal black females. This case report details the clinical manifestations and surgical management of UP in three young girls. Three girls, aged 4, 5, and 6 years, were admitted with symptoms of vaginal blood spotting. Physical examinations revealed moderate bleeding and a red ring of congested, edematous tissue prolapsing through the urethral meatus. Diagnostic procedures confirmed UP, and surgical management was undertaken. The surgical approach involved the complete excision of the prolapsed tissue and mucosal-to-mucosal anastomosis under general anaesthesia. Postoperative follow-up over a mean period of 11 years showed no recurrence or urethral stricture. UP is a rare benign condition primarily affecting the female urethra, with several hypothesized etiologies, including weak pelvic floor structures and increased intraabdominal pressure. The typical presentation includes vaginal bleeding and a doughnut-shaped mass around the urethral meatus. Conservative management may be considered for mild cases, but surgical excision is recommended for severe cases, offering a safe and effective solution with low recurrence rates. UP in children, although rare, should be considered in cases of unexplained vaginal bleeding. Diagnosis is primarily clinical, and surgical resection provides a definitive and cost-effective treatment. • Urethral prolapse (UP) was identified in three young girls, aged 4, 5, and 6, who presented with vaginal blood spotting. Physical examinations revealed a red ring of congested, edematous tissue prolapsing through the urethral meatus, confirmed by diagnostic procedures. • All patients underwent successful surgical management involving complete excision of the prolapsed tissue and mucosal-to-mucosal anastomosis under general anaesthesia. Postoperative follow-up over 11 years showed no recurrence or urethral stricture, demonstrating the effectiveness and safety of the surgical approach. • Despite its rarity, urethral prolapse should be considered in the differential diagnosis of vaginal bleeding in young girls. The typical presentation and clinical assessment are crucial for diagnosis, with surgical intervention providing a definitive treatment option with low recurrence rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Today, regular physical activity and sports are widely supported by the medical and sports community. Since the intensity of activity is an important factor in the secretion of cardiovascular risk factors, the present study examined the relationship between the intensity of activity and cardiovascular risk factors in young girls. Materials & Methods: A total of 45 female students with average values of age (20.7 ± 1.3 years), weight (58.4 ± 1.3 kg), height (164.1 ± 0.9 cm), and body mass index (23.1 ± 0.5 kg/m2) participated voluntarily in the project. Participants were divided into three groups of high-intensity (70-90% of one-repetition maximum or 1RM) and low-intensity (40-60% of 1RM) resistance training, with a control group without exercise. The two experimental groups were subjected to resistance training for 6 weeks. To measure the desired indices, blood samples were taken before and 24 h after the end of the research protocol. Results: Results of one-way analysis of variance indicated a significant difference in hs-CRP and non-significant differences in lactate, glucose, fibrinogen, growth hormone to insulin-like growth factor ratio, and levels of LDL, HDL, and TC between the three groups. According to a post hoc test, the hs-CRP level in the high-intensity resistance training group showed a significant decrease compared to that of the control group. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated no significant differences between high- and low-intensity resistance training in terms of affecting the levels of cardiovascular risk factors in young girls.

Objective:Premature thelarche (PT) is defined as isolated breast development in girls before eight years of age. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulation test is sometimes used to distinguish between PT and central precocious puberty (CPP), although the interpretation of the test at early ages is challenging. The objective of this study was to determine the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) responses to GnRH stimulation in girls with PT below 3 years of age.Methods:A standardized GnRH stimulation test, bone age and pelvic ultrasound were evaluated and those without pubertal progression after a minimum of one-year follow up were included in the study.Results:On GnRH stimulation test, the median (range) baseline LH was 0.29 (0.10-0.74) IU/L, baseline FSH was 4.96 (3.18-7.05) mIU/mL, and the peak median LH was 5.75 (3.31-8.58) IU/L with the peak mean±standard deviation FSH was 40.38±20.37 mIU/mL. Among the patients, 33.3% (n=10) had baseline LH >0.3 IU/L, 67% (n=20) had peak LH >5 IU/l and 16.6% (n=5) >10 IU/L. The mean peak LH/FSH ratio was 0.17±0.09 and was ≤0.43 in all participants.Conclusion:Although consensus statements usually define baseline LH >0.3-0.5 IU/L, peak LH >5 IU/L, and LH/FSH ratios >0.66-1.0 as diagnostic cut-offs for CPP, in children below 3 years of age, the baseline and peak LH values may be similar to pubertal values, possibly due to mini-puberty. A dominant FSH response on GnRH stimulation test is more valuable than the peak LH response in the diagnosis of PT.

Based on a survey carried out in CAP hairstyling classes in both a training centre for apprentices and a vocational school, in this article we examine body work and transformations in appearance during training in a trade aimed at beautifying others, which mainly attracts and recruits young women of working-class origin. We first analyse the contents of this body socialisation and methods for exercising it in schools and enterprises. We then show that youth sociabilities provide a sounding board for body socialisation. Finally we look at how these young people appropriate the aesthetic standards they are confronted with and provide an account of the conditions of effectiveness of this socializing programme.

Introduction: Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is a psycho-neuroendocrine disorder in which biological, psychological, and social parameters are involved. Recently, regular and fun sports exercises and the use of some herbal medicines have been considered by researchers as the recommended treatment options for this syndrome. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of a selected period of exercise training and consumption of Vitex Agnus Castus extract on the psychological and physical symptoms of premenstrual syndrome in young girls. Method: This research was a quasi-experimental study conducted among female students living in Gachsaran Azad University dormitories. In this study, out of 75 female students with PMS who had the conditions to enter the study, 40 people were randomly selected and divided into 4 groups of 10 people, including:1) Aerobic Training, 2)Vitex extract consumption, 3)Aerobic Training+ Vitex, and 4) control. The training group performed 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks and 35 to 45 minutes each session at a maximum intensity of 55 to 65% of maximum heart rate. The Vitex group took 40 drops of Vitex Agnus Castus before breakfast with juice and six days before menstruation up to menstruation for two consecutive cycles. At the end of the eighth week, the PMS questionnaire was completed again by the subjects and the data analysis was performed in SPSS using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA)at P≤0.05. Results: Eight weeks of aerobic training and consumption of Vitex extract had a significant effect on the psychological (P≤0.05) and physical (P≤0.05) symptoms of intervention groups compared to the control group (P≤0.05), but there was no significant difference between some intervention groups in terms of reducing physical symptoms(P≤0.05). Also, the effects of treatment in the Vitex+ Training group and the Vitex consumption group were higher than the Aerobic Training group (P≤0.05). Conclusion: Regarding the fun nature of exercises and low cost and low side effects of Vitexextract, it is recommended that young girls use aerobic training and Vitexextractas as an alternative treatment to treat and reduce PMS symptoms.

Objective: To identify the human factors contributing to traffic accidents with a special focus on psychosocial factors amongst young girls of Tehran, Iran.Methods: In a descriptive study conducted in Tehran, Iran in 2013, 108 girls aged 18-24 were enrolled by using a stratified cluster sampling method. Participants filled a wide range of validated questionnaires about traffic psychology.Results: The developed psychological model about behaviors of drivers’ factors as well as agreeable and aggressive personality trait with B coefficient of 0.25% and 0.37% were able to predict violation, driving style, perception of police laws, and off hook scheme and the mistrust with B coefficient of 0.33%, 0.23% and 0.28% in the level of 0.1 were able to predict violations and lapses of sample group, respectively. Extroversion with B coefficient of 0.27% also predicted unintentional violations of girls. B coefficient for perception of police laws was 0.22%. This was 0.25% for openness to experiences. Concerning driving accidents, the perception ofpolice rules has the highest predictability.Conclusion: According to the results of the current research amongst girls in Tehran, a gender-sensitive interventional model can be designed for reduction of traffic accidents for this population group.

Cet article vise à comprendre la situation hors école des jeunes filles commerçantes au marché Belleville de la commune de Treichville à Abidjan, malgré l’adoption en 2015 d’une loi en Côte d’Ivoire qui prescrit la scolarisation obligatoire. L’étude qualitative a ciblé tant des jeunes filles que des parents d’élèves, des membres de la Direction des actions sociales de la mairie que les représentants de l’administration scolaire, dont ceux de la direction régionale de l’éducation nationale et le corps de conseillers d’orientation scolaire. Il ressort de l’analyse de contenu des données recueillies que la présence hors école des jeunes filles en âge scolaire est liée à des perceptions contradictoires de la Politique de Scolarisation Obligatoire, à la primauté des cultures spécifiques sur le droit général et à la défiance des lois face au laxisme de l’État.

Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) as a form of gender-related violence continues to thrive within communities and across borders, with (under)reported prevalence among communities in the diaspora. Reports of FGM/C among communities in the diaspora speak to the socio-cultural and religious factors which promote its prevalence. Successful interventions offer alternatives such as rites of passage to the socio-cultural-religious prospects offered by FGM/C to practicing communities. This suggests the need for a critical approach to research methods that engage intimately with the worldview of communities practicing FGM/C while inferring implications for designing health-promotion interventions in specific contexts. This paper draws on the insider and outsider approach to positionality to assess the factors accounting for the prevalence of FGM/C in Pusiga (3.8% nationally and 27.8% in Pusiga) in the Upper East Region of Ghana while inferring lessons for designing health promotion interventions. Applying a phenomenological qualitative design guided by focus groups and interviews, we draw on the insider approach to present a contextually and culturally sensitive report of five survivors, five non-survivors, and ten religious leaders on factors that account for the prevalence of FGM/C. Next, we assume an outsider approach to infer implications based on participants’ perspectives for designing health promotion interventions to curb FGM/C. The findings suggest shifting from socio-cultural-religious factors to economic undertones underpinning FGM/C. Inter-generational differences also vary attitudes toward FGM/C. We recommend a systematic approach to health promotion that addresses FGM/C’s deep socio-cultural and economic, religious underpinnings of FGM/C in Pusiga. The insider–outsider continuum in feminist research provides a powerful approach to producing knowledge on contextual factors that account for FGM/C in particular settings.

Introduction: The sexual and reproductive health problems such as HIV or AIDS, faced by youths has been largely attributed to insufficiency or lack of necessary information to make informed choices and prevent adverse sexual and reproductive health outcomes. Hence, to reduce these problems, it is expedient that we embrace a potent prevention strategy: Comprehensive Sexuality Education. Therefore, this study seeks to investigate the knowledge of young African girls about comprehensive sexuality education, especially the HIV component. Material and methods: This study made use of secondary data collated by the UNFPA on comprehensive knowledge about HIV among young girls between 15 and 24 years of age in 28 African countries. The data obtained from the UNFPA database was collated and analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2019. Results: Namibia is the only African country surveyed that had more than 50% of young girls between 15 and 24 years of age with comprehensive knowledge about HIV. Chad had the poorest result with only 4% of young girls (15–24 years) with good and comprehensive knowledge of HIV. Four African countries had half or more of young girls between 20 and 24 years of age with comprehensive knowledge of HIV. Only six of the 28 nations surveyed had young girls (15-19 years of age) with very good and intensive knowledge of HIV. Conclusion: There appears to be a poor knowledge of comprehensive sexuality education across African countries. Also, barriers to proper implementation and low effectiveness of CSE at the country level were also presented. These should be appropriately dissected in making youth, sexual, and reproductive health, as well as education policies and programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Premature thelarche (PT) is defined as isolated breast development in girls before eight years of age. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulation test is sometimes used to distinguish between PT and central precocious puberty (CPP), although the interpretation of the test at early ages is challenging. The objective of this study was to determine the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) responses to GnRH stimulation in girls with PT below 3 years of age. Methods: A standardized GnRH stimulation test, bone age and pelvic ultrasound were evaluated and those without pubertal progression after a minimum of one-year follow up were included in the study. Results: On GnRH stimulation test, the median (range) baseline LH was 0.29 (0.10-0.74) IU/L, baseline FSH was 4.96 (3.18-7.05) mIU/mL, and the peak median LH was 5.75 (3.31-8.58) IU/L with the peak mean±standard deviation FSH was 40.38±20.37 mIU/mL. Among the patients, 33.3% (n=10) had baseline LH >0.3 IU/L, 67% (n=20) had peak LH >5 IU/l and 16.6% (n=5) >10 IU/L. The mean peak LH/FSH ratio was 0.17±0.09 and was =0.43 in all participants. Conclusion: Although consensus statements usually define baseline LH >0.3-0.5 IU/L, peak LH >5 IU/L, and LH/FSH ratios >0.66- 1.0 as diagnostic cut-offs for CPP, in children below 3 years of age, the baseline and peak LH values may be similar to pubertal values, possibly due to mini-puberty. A dominant FSH response on GnRH stimulation test is more valuable than the peak LH response in the diagnosis of PT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The mental health of young people has become a public health priority in recent years. Many early symptoms of mental health disorders first appear during adolescence. The aim of this study was to develop a contemporary profile of the mental health of Canadian adolescent girls from farms and determine whether they differed from girls with non-farm backgrounds. Methods: Cross-sectional analyses of an established, school-based survey, the Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (2014) were conducted. Study subjects were adolescent girls who reported living or working (n = 1,346) and not living or working (n = 13,158) on a farm and attending schools in rural, small, medium and large/metropolitan centers. Scales examining positive (prosocial behaviour, life satisfaction) and negative (psychological problems, overt risk-taking) mental health indicators were compared between the two groups of girls by grade and community size. Results: Both farm and non-farm girls in upper grades reported lower life satisfaction scores and higher scores for psychological problems and overt risking-taking compared to girls in lower grades. By community size, girls from farms in the most rural schools reported more positive mental health than non-farm girls, with the exception of overt risk-taking, where girls in grades 9–10 from the most rural backgrounds reported markedly higher levels of risk-taking, particularly girls from farms. Conclusions: This study identified differences in mental health of girls from farms as community size increases, with more positive indicators among girls in the most rural communities. However, across all community sizes, overt risk-taking was higher in girls from farms. Thus, it appears that agrarian culture and norms have both protective and negative effects on the mental health of girls from farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stress is one of the important dimensions of social communication that directly and indirectly affect anxiety management or depression. In the meantime, adolescents and especially girls are more likely to be harmed in poor and vulnerable communities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of group training with non-violence communication (NVC) method on stress, anxiety and depression of young girls. The target community in this research was 50 participants that were randomly selected from the charity centers of Tehran suburbs. Participants were randomly divided and placed equally into the experimental and control groups. The study entry criteria were students aged from 11 to 18 years, the vulnerable socio-economic income and the stress cut off point as 12. Eight training sessions of NVC were presented for the experimental group between the pre-test and post-test intervals, while no intervention was performed for the control group. Data collection instruments were depression, anxiety and stress scale (Dass-21) and participants were followed up after 1 month. After statistical analysis, the effectiveness of the training was investigated through analysis of repeated major variance. Eventually, the results showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups (p <.001). The findings of the study showed that NVC training reduces stress and anxiety levels, but it did not affect depression in young girls who are vulnerable socially and economically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Academy is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To determine the risk with gynecological problems on the health of female university students. Methods: The study was conducted as a descriptive in university in Central Anatolia, Turkey. The research population was composed of 1305 female university students studying at a university in Central Anatolia. The study was conducted between January and March 2017. The data were collected through a questionnaire consisting of 23 questions prepared by the researchers to determine the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants and the risk with gynecological problems they encountered. Numerical and percentage statistics were used to analyze the data. Results: About 65.4 percent of the female students in this study previously had gynecological examination, and 38.8 percent of them were diagnosed with gynaecological problems. It was found that 87.6 percent of the female students had risk with gynecological disorders. the most common ones being dysmenorrhoea (63.2%), premenstrual syndrome (56.7%), urinary tract infection (22.4%), and polycystic ovarian syndrome (13%), respectively. Conclusions: It was found that nearly all the young girls had risk with gynecological problems and nearly half of them were diagnosed with different gynaecological disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of Education Faculty is the property of Mehmet Akif Ersoy Universitesi Egitim Fakultesi Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Roma people represent the second biggest ethnic minority in Romania. In this country, as anywhere else in Europe, they face many prejudices, stereotypes and social representations which stigmatized them, and very often exclude them from the different society areas. School being the first socialising authority, we wished to focus our study on inclusive education. Girls, way more marginalised and with a higher score of school drop-out than boys, are at the heart of our research. More specifically, this analysis points out difficulties that school professionals may experience to include young Roma girls. Through interviews with the school professionals, association staff, politicians, and with Roma and non-Roma children from the city of Craiova, this research provides key reflections. It aims at revealing the issues and tension that may exist between the Roma community and the rest of the non-Roma people in the Romanian society. Social representation, resistance to change, and school inclusion concepts are studied, to submit recommendations in the aim to tend towards a longer period of schooling for girls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background: Cardiac troponin T and creatine kinase are used as biological markers for cardiomyocytes and its levels in serum are used as indicators of myocardial cell injury. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of 3 different training protocols (runing, swimming, and pedaling training) on myocardial cell injury biomarkers in young girls. Materials and Methods: In this semi-experimental study with pretest–posttest design, ten healthy young girls (aged 23.0±1.6 y) were selected in a convenience sampling way. The subjects performed three types of exercise in 7 days interval. Blood sample was assessed before and after the exercise sessions. Data were analyzed using t-test and analysis of variance. Results: Our results indicated that creatin kinase increased significantly after three types of exercise (p0.05). Conclusion: Our data suggest that intensive exercise is associated with cardiac damage in less trained girls and the type of exercise is determinants of the magnitude of myocardial injury biomarkers release.

Background: Dysmenorrhea is a common gynecological condition with painful menstrual cramps of uterine origin. Prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea is not yet clearly studied in central India. Objective: To study prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea in young girls and to evaluate associated clinical markers of dysmenorrhea. Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional study, data was collected among 310 girls (18-25 years) on age at menarche, presence and absence of dysmenorrhea, dysmenorrhea duration, pre-menstrual symptoms (PMS), family history, menses irregularities, menstrual history, severity grading using visual analogue scale (VAS) using a semi-structured questionnaire. Results: Dysmenorrhea was reported in 84.2% (261) girls and 15.8% (49) reported no dysmenorrhea. Using VAS, 34.2% of girls experienced severe pain, 36.6% moderate and 29.2% had mild pain. Bleeding duration was found to be significantly associated with dysmenorrhea (χ2 = 10.5; P < 0.05), girls with bleeding duration more than 5 days had 1.9 times more chance of getting dysmenorrhea (OR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.7-3). Moreover, girls with the presence of clots had 2.07 times higher chance of having dysmenorrhea (OR: 2.07; 95% CI: 1.04-4.1) (P < 0.05). Almost 53.7% girls who had some family history of dysmenorrhea, 90.9% experience the condition themselves (χ2 = 11.5; P < 0.001). Girls with family history of dysmenorrhea had three times greater chance of having the same problem (OR: 3.0; 95% CI: 1.5-5.8; P = 0.001). Conclusion: Dysmenorrhea is found to be highly prevalent among college going girls. Family history, bleeding duration and presence of clots were significant risk factors for dysmenorrhea.

One of the most important problems in the modern world is the papilloma virus infection. As is known, this is the most widely spread sexually-transmitted infection. The human papilloma virus is responsible for the occurrence of such a terrible disease as cervical cancer, which ranks third after breast cancer and cancer of the body in the structure of oncological morbidity organs of the reproductive system and mammary glands in women. The other manifestations of the papilloma virus infection are pointed condyloma genital warts, which occur frequently both in men and in women. The only reliable method of the prevention of the papilloma virus infection is immunization. The authors present new data regarding the use of bivalent vaccine, including a new scheme of immunization for girls from nine to fourteen years old. Foreign investigations showed that the double scheme of introduction of the vaccine in young girls is as effective as a triple scheme of introduction in the category of women over 15 years of age.

Media exposure among young children has been suggested to influence self-concept and the adoption of social stereotypes regarding body weight, as well as being associated with increased weight. The aim of this study was to examine the role of TV/DVD viewing in the development of positive stereotypes toward thinness, self-esteem and body mass index standardized for child age and gender (BMIz) in very young girls. A sample of 143 girls completed interviews at ages 3, 4, and 5 years old. The interviews assessed positive stereotypes about thinness among girls, as well as age 5 dietary restraint. Parents reported on their daughters' self-esteem and TV/DVD viewing. Objective height and weight were obtained for the children. A cross-lagged model exploring TV/DVD viewing as a predictor of lower self-esteem, greater BMIz, and endorsement of positive stereotypes about thinness was tested, including dietary restraint as an outcome at age 5. Findings revealed partial support for the theoretical model, with relationships emerging most strongly between the ages of 4 and 5 years old. Greater TV/DVD viewing was weakly related to greater endorsement of positive stereotypes about thinness between ages 3 and 4. In addition, greater TV/DVD viewing at age 4 predicted BMIz increases at age 5, as well as greater dietary restraint. Our results suggest that the impact of media exposure on body image and weight-related variables may start at a very early age. Findings contribute to the body of literature suggesting that early childhood may be an important developmental period for media exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since mate selection criteria have important roles in marriage and having a family, the present research aims at answering two questions: 1- What criteria do the young girls in Ahwaz care about considering marriage? 2- Do the mate-selection criteria of Ahwaz young girl students differ considering age, native language, birth order, the family size, parental education, and the educational area? The research population consisted of last year girl students of Ahwaz high schools. 500 were selected randomly. The research instrument was Mate- Selection Criteria of Ahwazi Girl Scale which was made by factor analysis having a high validity and reliability. Also a demographic inventory was used. Both of which were completed by the research sample. The research findings concerning the first question showed that the young girls were familiar with right Mate- selection criteria and their importance. The sample cared about the following criteria: Matching criteria, family criterion, medical criterion, the new family indecency, moral and religions characteristics. Considering the second question, it was found that as to the mate-selection criteria of young girls, there was no significant relationship regarding age, native language, birth order, the family size and parental education. Just there were significant relationships among the mate-selection criteria of girls in four educational areas.

Barbie doll ownership is high among girls in early primary school. It has been suggested that exposure to Barbie impacts negatively on body image. The present study sought to investigate the effect of exposure to Barbie on young girls’ thin-ideal internalisation, body esteem, and body dissatisfaction. Participants were 160 girls (aged 5–8 years) from Adelaide, South Australia. They were randomly allocated one of three Barbie conditions (physical engagement, physical observation, print observation) or to a control toy. Results indicated that exposure to Barbie, irrespective of format, led to higher thin-ideal internalisation than exposure to the control, but had no impact on body esteem or body dissatisfaction. This suggests that interacting with Barbie may encourage girls in early primary school to adopt a preference for a thin body, but with no immediate effect on body image. The long-term impact of Barbie exposure on body image remains unknown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]