Search

We retrospectively investigated patients with administration of nucleos(t)ide analogs (NAs) for prevention of or against hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation, and their clinical outcomes after cessation of the NA.We enrolled 180 patients who were positive for HBsAg when they started immunosuppressive therapy or chemotherapy and an NA was administered to prevent HBV reactivation (HBV carrier group), and 82 patients with resolved HBV infection who started administration of an NA after HBV reactivation (de novo HBV group). Cessation of the NA depended on each physician's judgment without definite criteria.A total of 27 patients in the HBV carrier group and 22 in the de novo HBV group stopped NA therapy. In the HBV carrier group, 16 patients experienced virological relapse, which was defined as HBV DNA levels ≥20 IU/ml, and one with hematological disease had an alanine aminotransferase flare after cessation of NA. Of the 16 patients, the NA was reintroduced in three, whereas, the remaining 13 had low levels of HBV DNA and no alanine aminotransferase flare. In the de novo HBV group, virological relapse occurred in six patients, and one with hematological disease had an alanine aminotransferase flare after cessation of the NA. The NA was reintroduced in four of the six patients.We may be able to consider to cease NA therapy proactively in HBV carriers and resolved patients with non-hematological disease, if their primary diseases are under remission after completion of immunosuppressive therapy or chemotherapy. However, careful follow up is necessary after stopping NA therapy.

Shaping the emission pattern of second harmonic (SH) generation from plasmonic nanoparticles is important for practical applications in nonlinear nanophotonics but is rendered challenging by the complex second-order nonlinear-optical processes. Here, we theoretically and experimentally demonstrate that a pair of V- and Y-shaped gold nanoparticles directs the SH emission perpendicularly to an incident light direction. Owing to spatial overlap of two orthogonal plasmonic dipole modes at the fundamental and SH wavelengths of the individual particles, surface SH polarizations induced by the fundamental field is efficiently near-field coupled to the SH plasmon mode, resulting in dipolar SH emission from the individual particles. Moreover, the phase of this emission can be tuned simply by altering the part of the Y-particle shape, which changes the SH plasmon resonance while keeping the fundamental resonance. Our approach is a promising platform for engineering not only directional nonlinear nanoantennas but also nonlinear metamaterials.

Coronavirus disease 2019, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first confirmed in Japan on January 15, 2020. The Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences conducted testing using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for SARS-CoV-2 from January 31 to March 4, 2020. Samples (n = 119) were collected from 81 patients suspected of having SARS-CoV-2 infection, presenting with fever, cough, fatigue, pneumonia, and other symptoms; all the samples tested during that period were negative. To identify the pathogens responsible for these symptoms, we conducted multiplex PCR. Respiratory viruses, human metapneumovirus (hMPV) was detected in 10 patients (12%), human rhinovirus (HRV) in 3 patients (4%), and influenza B virus in 1 patient (1%). In addition, the patients who had the viruses were significantly older than those who did not. Infections with hMPV and HRV have been associated with a risk of severe illness and death among older adults. Therefore, differentiating SARS-CoV-2 from other respiratory viruses, such as hMPV and HRV, is necessary to prevent and control the spread of infection, especially in older adults.

Interactions between epitaxial graphene grown on Si- and C-faces were investigated using Raman imaging and tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS). In the TERS spectrum, which has a spatial resolution exceeding the diffraction limit, a D band was observed not from graphene surface, but from the edges of the epitaxial graphene ribbons without a buffer layer, which interacts with SiC on the Si-face. In contrast, for a graphene micro-island on the C-face, the D band disappeared even on the edges where the C atoms were arranged in armchair configurations. The disappearance of the edge chirality via combination between the C atoms and SiC on the C-face is responsible for this phenomenon. The TERS signals from the C-face were weaker than those from the Si-face without the buffer layer. On the Si-face with a buffer layer, the graphene TERS signal was hardly observed. TERS enhancement was suppressed by interactions on the edges or by the buffer layer between the SiC and graphene on the C- or Si-face, respectively.

In this paper, we proposed a simple complex amplitude modulated holographic data storage（HDS）system and retrieved both the amplitude and phase data by deep learning from a single-shot intensity image. The complex amplitude of signal beam is modulated by a single spatial light modulator (SLM) based on double phase hologram method, and one object intensity image is captured by the detector. Two convolutional neural networks (CNN) are used to build the relationships between the captured intensity and complex amplitude data pages, respectively. After training the neural networks, both the amplitude and phase information can be directly decoded from one intensity image.

Over the past few decades, techniques for improving the surface properties of various materials have been actively researched. In particular, water repellency is an important factor for controlling...

Recently, clinics installing a photovoltaic (PV) in combination with an emergency generator (EG) on energy saving and/or the power blackout measures have been more. It's hard for medical staff to plan an optimum capacity of energy storage system (ESS) according to a purpose of serve as the clinic, assuming energy saving and/or long-term power blackout. As a first study, it focuses on the peak load for planning ESS capacity in combined with the PV without the EG in the clinic. This paper presents a proposed model for an optimum facility design in a clinic. The proposed method for the facility design is to estimate the optimal ESS capacity with the PV to provide medical services in a normal period. As a result, it is clarified that the peak of net demand is reduced using the PV and the ESS.

A 26-year-old woman complained of upper abdominal pain. Computed tomography (CT) showed acute pancreatitis, a left adrenal tumor and solitary right pulmonary metastasis. She underwent left adrenalectomy; the adrenal tumor was diagnosed as adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). When preparing to resect the pulmonary metastasis, she suffered a second acute pancreatic attack. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) showed that the proximal main pancreatic duct (MPD) was dilated, and the distal MPD was diminished; however, no pancreatic tumor was observed on CT or MRCP. Endoscopic ultrasonography revealed a solitary pancreatic mass, which was diagnosed as pancreatic metastasis from ACC by endoscopic ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration.

Wavelength conversion using plasmonic nanostructures has been attracting attention as a novel nonlinear optical effect occurred in nano-sized regions. In general, the second order nonlinear polarization does not occur in the isotropic metal, while the breaking symmetry on the metal surface is considered to permit the SHG (second harmonic generation). The radiation control of the SHG signal is essential in order to apply plasmonic nanostructures as wave conversion devices. However, its radiation control has been difficult because the second order nonlinear polarization on the metal surface is sensitive to the surface roughness. In this study, we demonstrated the control of the SHG radiation pattern and phase by the unique idea that the second order nonlinear polarization couples to the dipole plasmon mode.

6 pags., 4 figs., Optical force is a powerful tool to actuate micromachines. Conventional approaches often require focusing and steering an incident laser beam, resulting in a bottleneck for the integration of the optically actuated machines. Here, we propose a linear nanomotor based on a plasmonic particle that generates, even when illuminated with a plane wave, a lateral optical force due to its directional side scattering. This force direction is determined by the orientation of the nanoparticle rather than a field gradient or propagation direction of the incident light. We demonstrate the arrangements of the particles allow controlling the lateral force distributions with the resolution beyond the diffraction limit, which can produce movements, as designed, of microobjects in which they are embedded without shaping and steering the laser beam. Our nanomotor to engineer the experienced force can open the door to a new class of micro/nanomechanical devices that can be entirely operated by light., This work was supported by JST PRESTO grant JPMJPR15PA, Japan, and JSPS KAKENHI grant nos. JP19H02533 and JP19H04670 in Scientific Research on Innovative Areas “nanomaterial optical manipulation.” Preliminary studies were performed at Imperial College London, under support of the EPSRC Active Plasmonics Programme (EP/H00917/2). P.A acknowledges Ramon y Cajal Fellowship RYC-2016-20831 and MICINN project PGC2018- 096649-B100. M.R. acknowledges support from the Royal Society and the Wolfson Foundation.

Spin and orbital angular momenta are separately observable properties of light. Both of them can interact with matter, causing an exchange between each other and generating an optical torque on the matter. However, thus far, we have been unable to separately discuss the transfer of the spin and orbital angular momenta or the origin of the optical torques with regard to them. Here, we consider the optical chirality density and propose an approach to analyzing the transfer of spin and orbital angular momenta separately by considering this property. Our approach is based on a continuity equation for spin angular momentum density. This equation is derived from an extended proportional relation between the chirality flux density and spin angular momentum density in sources-added space. Our findings will greatly facilitate the study of angular momentum interaction between light and matter.

We have demonstrated a linear nanomotor employing lateral optical force exerted on a plasmonic nanoparticle, in which the force direction is determined by the orientation of the nanoparticle rather than a field gradient or propagation direction of the incident light beam. The arrangements of the nanoparticles provide the lateral force distributions with nanoscale precision and resolution, resulting in not only linear but also rotational movement of a micrometer-sized object. Our nanomotors would provide a paradigm shift in optical manipulation as it removes the need for oblique incidence, focusing and steering of the light beam.

We report that localized surface plasmon resonance allows a single-element nanostructure to induce an extrinsic angular momentum of light in its interaction with a propagating plane wave. The recoil of the angular momentum results in an optical torque on the structure along an axis perpendicular to the optical axis, and the characteristics of this transverse torque depend on the incident polarization state, including the spin direction. Our results suggest that the designed dark plasmon mode can provide a new degree of freedom for optical manipulation of nanoparticles smaller than the diffraction limit.

This paper presents to propose a modelling for virtual power plant with renewable energy system installed in a hospital, which is applied to demand response (DR) using emergency generators (EGs). In our previously works, in a hospital with one EG with output of 1000 kVA at rated, assuming an islanded operation in the event of a disaster, the conventional EG will be miniaturized and distributed power source by considering the installation planning of renewable energy. We have proposed an optimization method that minimizes fuel consumption by operating EGs and evaluated the power balance during islanding from the actual total load in the hospital assuming combined use of photovoltaic (PV). Therefore, this paper proposes a modelling that can apply the hospital as a virtual power plant (VPP) connecting with the utility grid based on the results of the previous works. The model can contribute to the stabilization of the power grid by supporting demand response while preventing EG depletion. It is confirmed that the proposed model can scale the actual load measured at the disaster base hospital and the measured PV output and give it to the model to grasp the state of the purchased power from the power system and support DR. As a result, it was found that it can also be applied to contract power planning.

In this study, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) wavelength shifts due to molecular electronic absorptions in the far-ultraviolet (FUV, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) significantly increased the SPR wavelength shift of Al film. On the other hand, no such shift enhancement was observed in the visible region for Au film because DMF does not have absorbance compared to non-absorbing materials such as water and alcohols. The enhanced SPR wavelength shift, caused by the overlap between SPR and molecular resonance wavelengths in FUV-DUV region, is expected to result in high sensitivity for resonant materials.

Gastrointestinal decompression is generally applied to a non-strangulated acute small bowel obstruction (NSASBO). Although long tube (LT) placement and administration of Gastrografin through a nasogastric tube (NGT-G) have shown advantages over NGT alone in previous studies, no studies appear to have compared LT and NGT-G. In this multicenter, randomized controlled trial, patients with NSASBO were randomly assigned to receive LT or NGT-G between July 2016 and November 2018 at 11 Japanese institutions. The primary endpoint was non-inferiority of NGT-G compared to LT for non-surgery rate, and the lower limit of the 95% confidence interval for the non-surgery rate (−15%) was set as the lower margin for inferiority of NGT-G compared to LT. In total, 223 patients (LT group, n = 111; NGT-G group, n = 112) were analyzed in the present trial. The non-surgery rate was 87.4% in the LT group and 91.1% in the NGT-G group, with a 3.7% difference between NGT-G and LT (95.3%CI − 5.55 to 12.91; non-inferiority P = 0.00002923). On the other hand, the non-surgery rate with pure NGT-G alone (76.8%) that represents non-cross-over NGT-G without subsequent LT was significantly lower than that with LT (P = 0.039). Median procedure time was significantly shorter with NGT-G (1 min) than with LT (25 min; P

We present a numerical study of optical torque between two twisted metal nanorods due to the angular momentum of the electromagnetic field emerging from their plasmonic coupling. Our results indicate that the interaction optical torque on the nanorods can be strongly enhanced by their plasmon coupling, which highly depends on not only the gap size but also the twisted angle between the nanorods. The behaviors of the optical torque are different between two plasmon coupling modes: hybridized bonding and anti-bonding modes with different resonances. The rotations of the twisted nanorods with the bonding and anti-bonding mode excitations lead to mutually parallel and perpendicular alignments, respectively. At an incident intensity of 10 mW/μm2, the rotational potential depths are more than 30 times as large as the Brownian motion energy, enabling the optical alignments with angle fluctuations less than ∼±10°. Thus, this optical alignment of the nanoparticles with the plasmon coupling allows dynamic control of the plasmonic characteristics and functions.

In order to improve the performance of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) sensors, lattice plasmons of plasmonic nanoparticle (NP) arrays are often used. The lattice plasmon sensors based on coupling between LSPR of each NP and diffraction of the NP array generally have a higher ability to detect local refractive index changes than conventional LSPR sensors based on random NP ensembles. However, the surface selectivity of the lattice plasmon sensors is lower than that of the LSPR sensors because the local electric field of the former extends far from the particle array surface. In this work, we develop a novel plasmonic–diffractive hybrid sensor that can simultaneously determine both local and bulk refractive indices from two output signals, namely, extinction dip and peak, the wavelengths of which are differently dependent on those indices. The hybrid sensor can evaluate the refractive index changes in the immediate vicinity of the sensor surface by canceling the difference in the bulk refractive...

The purpose of this paper is to propose a facility design model for an optimizing distributed generation (DG) planning in combined between an emergency generator (EG) and a photovoltaic (PV) in a large hospital. Even if a power failure occurs due to a natural disaster or utility-grid troubles, the large hospitals installed with EGs can keep up medical services. However, the actual operating days of EG depend on fuel consumption, it is hard to respond to long-term power failure more than three days, which is the standard operating days. In previous work, we have developed an energy management system (EMS) algorithm for the DG for a combination of the EGs with the PV using mathematical programing due to minimization of fuel consumption for operating EGs as long as possible assuming for a long-term power failure. Our proposed algorithm on the EMS has been evaluated a power management strategy for one week in an islanded operation mode using an emulation system. So, we modify our developed hospital grid model to hospitals with various load sizes and utilize it for facility design methods for an optimizing DG planning. A proposed method to the facility design is to estimate the DG capacity with the optimal EGs and PV combination from the fuel consumption rate in order to plan an efficient EMS to provide medical services in long-term power failure. This paper presents a proposal and verification of the facility design model that can predict the fuel consumption rate of EGs without regard with installed capacity by using our developed hospital grid model incorporated with the EMS algorithm. As a result, it is clarified that the fuel consumption rate can be predicted with an error of 2 % or less.

Cyanobacteria have been attracting great interest in the research area of biofuel production. All Cyanobacteria contain C15 -C19 hydrocarbons, but physiological roles of hydrocarbons remain to be clarified. Recently, two universal but mutually exclusive hydrocarbon production pathways in Cyanobacteria were discovered. In this study, we constructed a deletion mutant of alkane synthesis genes in fresh water cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongates PCC 7942. The mutant was incapable to produce alkanes and exhibited normal growth phenotype at low salinity. But, the mutant became salt sensitive. Overexpression of alkane synthesis genes from halotolerant Aphanothece halophytica in Synechococcus PCC7942 restored the growth defect. The alkane synthesis gene from halotolerant cyanobacterium A. halophytica was salt induced and produced a significant amount of alkanes at high salinity. These results indicate the requirement of alkanes for salt tolerance, and the alkane synthesis genes from A. halophytica could be a promising candidate for future biofuel application. Significance and impact of the study Cyanobacteria have been attracting great interest in the research area of biofuel production. All Cyanobacteria contain C15 -C19 hydrocarbons, but physiological roles of hydrocarbons remain to be clarified. In this study, it was found that the deletion mutant of alkane synthesis genes in fresh water cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongates PCC 7942 was incapable to produce alkanes and salt sensitive. The alkane synthesis gene from halotolerant cyanobacterium Aphanothece halophytica was salt induced and produced a significant amount of alkanes at high salinity. These results demonstrate the alkane synthesis genes from A. halophytica could be a promising candidate for future biofuel application.

Betaine (trimethylglycine) is an important compatible solute that accumulates in response to abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity. Biosynthetic pathways of betaine have been extensively studied, but it remains to be clarified on algae. A diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana CCMP1335 is an important component of marine ecosystems. Here we show that the genome sequence of Thalassiosira suggests the presence of two biosynthetic pathways for betaine, via three step methylation of glycine and via two step oxidation of choline. The choline oxidation via choline dehydrogenase was suggested and its sequential characteristics were analyzed. A candidate gene TpORF1 for glycine methylation encodes a protein consisted of 574 amino acids with two putative tandem repeat methyltransferase domains. The TpORF1 was expressed in E. coli, and the purified protein was shown to synthesize betaine via three step methylation of glycine and designated as TpGSDMT. The proteins containing C-terminal half or N-terminal half were expressed in E. coli and exhibited the methyl transferase activities with different substrate specificity for glycine, sarcosine and dimethylglycine. Upregulation of TpGSDMT transcription and betaine levels were observed at high salinity, suggesting the importance of TpGSDMT for salt tolerance in T. pseudonana cells.

Multimodality therapies are used to manage patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), although advanced HCC is incurable. Oncolytic virus therapy is probably the next major breakthrough in cancer treatment. The third-generation oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) T-01 kills tumor cells without damaging the surrounding normal tissues. Here we investigated the antitumor effects of T-01 on HCC and the host's immune response to HCC cells. The cytopathic activities of T-01 were tested in 14 human and 1 murine hepatoma cell line in vitro. In various mouse xenograft models, HuH-7, KYN-2, PLC/PRF/5 and HepG2 human cells and Hepa1-6 murine cells were used to investigate the in vivo efficacy of T-01. T-01 was cytotoxic to 13 cell lines (in vitro). In mouse xenograft models of subcutaneous, orthotopic and peritoneal tumor metastasis in athymic mice (BALB/c nu/nu), the growth of tumors formed by the human HCC cell lines and hepatoblastoma cell line was inhibited by T-01 compared with that of mock-inoculated tumors. In a bilateral Hepa1-6 subcutaneous tumor model in C57BL/6 mice, the growth of tumors inoculated with T-01 was inhibited, as was the case for contralateral tumors. T-01 also significantly reduced tumor growth. T-01 infection significantly enhanced antitumor efficacy via T cell-mediated immune responses. Results demonstrate that a third-generation oncolytic HSV-1 may serve as a novel treatment for patients with HCC.

The chiroptical response of most naturally occurring chiral materials is generally very weak, which discourages further studies and limits applications. Recently, chiral plasmonic structures have received significant attention because of their large chiroptical response. Note that the interaction between the constituents is extremely important and indispensable to the chiroptical response in a chiral plasmonic system. Here, we extend the study of chiroptical response concerning the interaction between the constituents to a strong plasmon coupling regime based on the dimer of twisted metal nanorods. To this end, we realize the fabrication of twisted nanorods with a small gap size of ~15 nm to ensure that we can observe the separated hybridized modes generated by the plasmon coupling between the twisted nanorods. The dependence of the plasmon coupling and dissymmetry factor on the gap size and twisted angle clearly demonstrates that the plasmon coupling followed by the hybridization strongly enhances the chiroptical response. The dissymmetry factor of the experimentally optimized structures reached values of up to ~1.03, which is much larger than other nano-plasmonic systems of the same order of dimension. Furthermore, the chiroptical response, as well as the plasmon coupling, is very sensitive to the configuration of the structure, which means that they are precisely controlled by tuning the gap size and twisted angle. Our study that is based on the plasmon coupling provides a further understanding of the study of chiroptical response and will assist in the future design and improvement of chiral plasmonic structures for metamaterial applications.

The unique properties of graphene plasmons show great potential for plasmonic nanodevice applications such as sensors and modulators. Graphene plasmon launching, propagation control, and ultimately launching with directional control are therefore crucial for the development of such devices. However, previous studies have used foreign objects or external influencing factors to attain directional plasmon launching on graphene, which introduce defects and add complexity to the system. This study introduces a theoretical framework for a graphene-only approach to direction-controlled plasmon launching. We use graphene nanoridges, a defect-free natural structure of graphene, as a plasmon launcher. Through proper arrangement of the nanoridges, unidirectional, bidirectional, and wavelength-sorted plasmon launching with normal illumination can be achieved.

Aluminum film thickness dependence of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) in the far- and deep-ultraviolet regions (170–300 nm) was revealed using an attenuated total reflectance spectrometer. In the far-ultraviolet region (

Raffinose (sucrosylgalactoside oligosaccharide) is a water soluble carbohydrate and accumulates in response to abiotic stresses in plants. Plant raffinose synthases are poorly characterized, and the genes involved in raffinose biosynthesis are unknown in sugar beet. Here, we report the isolation of two genes encoding raffinose synthase (BvRS1 and BvRS2) as well as a gene encoding galactinol synthase (BvGolS1) from sugar beet. BvRS1 and BvRS2 show high homologies to Arabidopsis raffinose synthase AtRS5. BvRS1 and BvGolS1 were expressed in Escherichia coli. Crude extracts showed the activities of raffinose synthase and galactinol synthase. The K m values of BvRS1 for galactinol and sucrose and the K m values of BvGolS1 for UDP-galactose and myo-inositol were determined. The expression levels of BvRS1 were significantly higher than that of BvRS2. The mRNA for BvRS1 was rapidly induced by cold stress whereas the mRNA for BvRS2 was slowly induced by cold and salt stresses. These data suggest that BvRS1 and BvRS2 encode raffinose synthase genes responsible to cold and salt stress, respectively.

The present study investigated the significance of serine biosynthetic genes for salt stress in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris). We isolated a total of four genes, two each encoding D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (BvPGDHa and BvPGDHb) and serine hydroxymethyl transferase (BvSHMTa and BvSHMTb). mRNA transcriptional expression for BvPGDHa was significantly enhanced under salt stress conditions in both leaves and roots of sugar beet, whereas it was reduced for BvPGDHb. On the other hand, BvSHMTa was expressed transiently in leaves and roots under salt stress, whereas expression level of BvSHMTb was not altered. PGDH activity was high in storage root. After salt stress, PGDH activity was increased in leaf, petiole, and root. Recombinant proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli. The K m values for 3-phosphoglycerate in PGDHa and PGDHb were 1.38 and 2.92 mM, respectively. The findings suggest that BvPGDHa and BvSHMTa play an important role during salt stress in sugar beet.

Silver colloidal nanoaggregates have been widely used for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) measurements. SERS-active nanoaggregates generally show monotone colors, although multicoloured-blinking emissions, which occur at the single-molecule level, have been observed from each Ag colloidal nanoaggregate with poly-L-lysine. For the same single nanoaggregates, SERS peaks of poly-L-lysine were observed at shorter wavelengths than those of the background emission band; thus, their blinking can be measured separately. The background emission is attributed to fluorescence from an Ag atomic cluster. This may be modulated by the surface plasmon enhancement of each Ag nanoaggregate and is the likely cause of multicoloured background emission. Notably, the probability distributions as a function of time for not only the dark events of SERS but also those of the background emission were reproduced via a truncated power law, indicating the same random-walk mechanism for their blinking despite the different illuminants. The power law for the dark background emission events was truncated at a shorter tail than that for the dark SERS events. This result suggests that the fluorescent Ag cluster reaches a junction of the Ag nanoaggregate covered with citrate anions more quickly than the cationic polymer chain. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

We report that localized surface plasmon resonance allows a single-element nanostructure to induce an extrinsic angular momentum of light in its interaction with a propagating plane wave. The recoil of the angular momentum results in an optical torque on the structure along an axis perpendicular to the optical axis, and the characteristics of this transverse torque depend on the incident polarization state, including the spin direction. Our results suggest that the designed dark plasmon mode can provide a new degree of freedom for optical manipulation of nanoparticles smaller than the diffraction limit.

This paper presents a novel bidirectional linear force motor with a movable part that made of permanent magnet. Magnetic circuit analysis method and finite element simulation method is used to analyze the static and dynamic performance. The theory and simulation results agree well with each other. The results show that the motor can produce 40N force output when the ampere turns is 600AT within a stroke of ± 2mm, and output force is proportional to the value of current. The frequency response( -3dB) of the force motor is about 25Hz.