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Tomoko Fujitani,1 Kumiko Ohara,1 Katsuyasu Kouda,2 Tomoki Mase,3 Chiemi Miyawaki,4,5 Katsumasa Momoi,1,6 Yoshimitsu Okita,7 Maki Furutani,1 Harunobu Nakamura1 1Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, 2Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, 3Faculty of Human Development and Education, Kyoto Women’s University, 4Department of Early Childhood Education, Heian Jogakuin College, Kyoto, 5Kagoshima University Research Field in Education, Education, Law, Economics and the Humanities Area, Kagoshima, 6Faculty of Health and Welfare, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, 7Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, College of Engineering, Academic Institute, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan Purpose: Recent studies have shown that perceived social support is associated with gratitude and sense of coherence, but evidence for this concept remains scarce. In the present study, we investigated relationships between social support, gratitude, and sense of coherence, focusing on the construct of and source of social support among young women. Methods: The study was conducted in 2014 in Japan. Participants comprised 208 female university students (aged 19.9 ± 1.1 years), who completed a self-administered anonymous questionnaire regarding perceived social support, gratitude, and sense of coherence. Results: Emotional and instrumental social support from acquaintances were found to be lower than those from family and friends. Gratitude was positively correlated with all forms of social support except instrumental social support from acquaintances. However, sense of coherence was positively correlated with both emotional and instrumental social support from family and only emotional social support from acquaintances. Multiple regression analysis showed that ­emotionalsupport from family and emotional support from acquaintances were positively associated with gratitude whereas emotional support from family was associated with sense of coherence. Conclusion: These results indicate that emotional social support from family was related to both gratitude and sense of coherence. Keywords: social support, gratitude, sense of coherence, well-being, female

The management of eating behavior plays an important role in health maintenance. In this study, we investigated the relationship between eating behavior and effortful control in female young adults. Participants completed the questionnaire measures of effortful control and eating behaviors and Stroop cognitive interference task. The results showed that restrained eating was positively correlated with activation control; emotional eating was negatively correlated with inhibitory control and attentional control; external eating was negatively correlated with inhibitory, activation, and attentional control. The scores for activation control and restrained eating were higher for participants with a low Stroop error rate than for those with a high Stroop error rate. These results indicate that restrained eating has a different association with effortful control than doing emotional and external eating.

Purpose: Heart rate variability (HRV) is acknowledged as a useful tool to estimate autonomic function. Fast Fourier transform (FFT) and autoregressive model (AR) are used for power spectral analysis of HRV. However, there is little evidence of agreement between FFT and AR in relation to HRV following food intake in females. In the present study, we applied both FFT and AR after food intake during the follicular and luteal phases, and compared raw low-frequency (LF) and high- frequency (HF) powers, and LF/HF ratio obtained with the two power-spectral analytical methods. Methods: All subjects participated in two sessions: follicular phase session and luteal phase session. In each session, R-R intervals were continuously recorded before and after meals, and power spectral analysis of heart rate variability was performed. We analyzed low-frequency power (LF: 0.04 - 0.15 Hz) and high-frequency power (HF: 0.15 - 0.40 Hz) by using FFT and AR. LF and HF power were computed for each 30 sec, 1 min, 2.5 min, and 5 min of the 5-min R-R data before meal intake and at 20, 40, 60 and 80 min after meal intake. The LF/HF ratio was calculated as an index of sympathovagal balance. Results: In the present study, after 30 sec and 1 min of segment analysis, there was little interchangeability between AR and FFT in LF, HF, and LF/HF ratio in both follicular and luteal phases. In 2.5 min or 5 min of segment analysis, there was interchangeability between FFT and AR in LF and HF, but not in the LF/HF ratio in both follicular and luteal phases. Additionally, FFT underestimated HRV compared with AR, and the extent of underestimation increased with increasing AR value. Conclusion: FFT underestimated HRV compared with AR, and FFT correlated poorly with AR when the analysis segment was shortened.

Abstract. Psychological responses to two kinds of sound stimuli (scary and soothing), as assessed by the Anterior Asymmetry and Emotion (AAE) and Comfort Vector (CV) models which are based on the prefrontal alpha wave, were investigated and the relation between their results is discussed. For the scary sound stimulus, subjects who showed greater withdrawal motivation (AAE) displayed a decreased pleasant state (CV), while subjects who showed higher approach motivation displayed opposite affective direction. There was a correlation between the AAE and CV models for the scary stimulus, but no correlation for the soothing stimulus. Both motivational and affective states could be evaluated by a combination of AAE and CV models. We suggest that joint consideration of these two models could lead to the multifaceted evaluation of a psychological state.

Purpose We investigated the relationship between eating behavior measured by the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ) and perception of body shape, examining the current physical status and ‘ideal’ physical parameters in females and males. Methods The participants, 548 Japanese university students (age 19.2 ± 0.9 years, mean ± SD; 252 males, 296 females), completed a questionnaire which asked for their current physical status (e.g., weight and height), their ideal physical parameters, their perception of their current body shape, their ideal body shape, and their eating behaviors. Results The ideal weight and ideal body mass index (BMI) were significantly higher than the current weight and BMI in the males, but significantly lower in the females. Among the females, the ideal body shape was smaller than their perception of current body shape. The DEBQ scores for restrained, emotional, and external eating were higher in the females than the males among the normal-weight participants, and among the underweight participants, the restrained eating and external eating scores were higher in the females than the males. Restrained eating was negatively associated with the discrepancy between the current and ideal weight, BMI, and body shape in both the males and females. Emotional eating was negatively associated with the discrepancy in current/ideal BMI and body shape only in the females. Conclusions At least in Japanese university students, the gender differences in ideal body shape are related to eating behavior.

This paper proposes an application that analyzes and displays electrocardiograms (ECG; electrical activity of the heart over time) and plethysmograms (PTG; pulse waves produced by the heart pumping blood to the periphery) measured simultaneously. Recently in developed countries, chronic conditions typified by lifestyle-related diseases have become the leading cause of death. Simplified monitoring of the condition can be an effective approach to disease prevention and health promotion. We have focused on autonomic nervous system activity (ANSA) because it responds to stress as well as to changes in dietary patterns, and is correlated with hypertension, the source of some diseases, such as coronary disease. In this paper, we deal with both ECGs and PTGs as part of the biological data that reflects ANSA. The proposed application enables doctors to seamlessly negotiate analyzed waveforms and index charts of ECGs and PTGs in sync with each other. It also helps them comprehend the transition of ANSA. It offers a user interface (UI) that enables doctors to observe the two measures and the relationship between them for a quick assessment of ANSA; the sonification function of the ECG indices is implemented for providing the multi-modality of the UI. An experiment was conducted to confirm the feasibility of the analysis method of the application.

We investigated the relationships between the existence of exercise partners and exercise habits among Japanese university students. Subjects were 650 university students (539 males, 111 females; age range 18 - 27 years). They responded to an anonymous questionnaire asking about current and past exercise habits, preference for exercise (i.e., like or dislike of exercise), and the existence of one or more exercise partners. In the results, the existence of exercise partners had a significant association with exercise habits at each school stage in both genders. Exercise preference had a significant association with exercise habits during high school in both genders; during primary and middle school, however, this association was significant only in males. In males, exercise habits and the preference for exercising in high school affected current exercise habits. In females, only exercise habits in high school affected current exercise habits. Our results suggest that the existence of one or more exercise partners is important for the practice of exercise, as well as the preference for exercise. They also suggest that continuity of exercise habits is different between males and females.

Evaluation of psychological stress or state of mind remains an important problem. The anterior asymmetry and emotion model (AAE model) is a conventional and widely used method to sort baseline affective styles (approach or withdrawal) based on asymmetry of the activity in prefrontal cortices. Another method is to use alpha wave fluctuations at the frontal poles, as proposed by Yoshida. This method estimates state of mind as one point on a comfort level surface with pleasant-unpleasant and excited-calm axes that are normal to each other. The aim of this paper is to investigate the validity of the Yoshida method through the psychological responses to sound stimuli. Twenty-two healthy graduate students listened to two kinds of sound clips (scary and soothing) to induce negative and positive emotional states. The results showed that there are significant differences between the responses to scary and soothing sound stimuli in both unpleasant and excited mood states. Compared with baseline, increases in unpleasant and excited mood states were found in response to scary stimuli. However, no significant changes from the baseline state were observed in response to the soothing sound stimulus. These results suggest that the fluctuation of alpha waves recorded at both frontal poles is a valid index for the evaluation of psychological state of mind, especially for negative stimulation. Future study plans include investigating a possible relationship between the AAE model and the Yoshida method.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the single intake of a high-energy and high-fat meal, of that of a moderate-energy and high-carbohydrate meal, and of fasting, which are major global eating patterns involving the combination of various levels of energy and nutrients, on heart rate variability in healthy young males. Participants were assigned to three groups: the high-energy and high-fat meal group, the moderate-energy and high-carbohydrate meal group, and the fasting group (no meal) in a randomized crossover design. The R-R intervals were continuously recorded before and after meals. Physiological and psychological data were obtained before and 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after meal intake. The main results were: (1) decreased sympathetic modulation of the heart and increased parasympathetic modulation of the heart in the fasting group, indicated by an unchanged heart rate, a decreased lowfrequency/high-frequency ratio, and increased high-frequency power of heart rate variability in the fasting group; (2) cardiac sympathetic activation or parasympathetic withdrawal after the intake of either a high-energy and high-fat meal or a moderate-energy and high-carbohydrate meal, indicated by increases in the heart rate and the low-frequency/high-frequency ratio of heart rate variability, and a decrease in the high-frequency power of heart rate variability in both the high-energy and high-fat meal group and the moderate-energy and high-carbohydrate meal group; and (3) the high-energy and high-fat meal group and the moderate-energy and high-carbohydrate meal group showed similar movement in physiological and psychological measurements after the meal intake. In conclusion, the intake of the high-energy and high-fat meal and the moderate-energy and high-carbohydrate meal similarly activated sympathetic modulation of the heart, whereas fasting suppressed sympathetic modulation of the heart compared with the other two eating groups in healthy young males.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of vegetable tablets containing Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) intake on cardiovascular response and the autonomic nervous system in young adults. In a double-blind, randomized controlled trial, 7 healthy subjects were assigned to take vegetable tablets (10 g/trial) or control tablets (10 g/trial). We measured heart rate (HR), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, stroke volume, cardiac output, total peripheral resistance index, and the low- and high-frequency oscillatory components of heart rate variability (HRV). Two major spectral components were examined at low-frequency (LF: 0.04-0.15 Hz) and high-frequency (HF: 0.15-0.4 Hz) bands to indicate HRV. There were significant interactions in HR (p

To study brain mechanisms of memory scan, we have measured event-related potentials (ERPs) during the execution of a Sternberg task concerned with movement directions of random dot patterns (RDPs). Five healthy male subjects participated in the experiment. Event-related potentials were recorded at 20 electrode positions over the entire head. A prominent positive ERP component peaking at 380–390 ms known as P300 was observed in the parietal region after the presentation of the probe moving random dot pattern, whereas the P300 was not observed after the presentation of a control stationary RDP. On the other hand, a positive ERP component peaking at 127 ms was commonly observed in the occipital region after the presentation of both moving and control stationary RDPs. These findings suggest that P300 may reflect cortical activities related to the memory scan of movement directions of RDP.

We introduce a precise analytical method for computing the temporal changes in concentration and fluxes of gene-regulating repressor protein particles. The temporal changes in repressor particle concentration is described by an integral-differential diffusion equation in cylindrical coordinates. The equation consists of the memory-less first-time-arrival probability and the integration of the return probability of the particles to the operator region of the DNA. By using the Laplace transformation, we could derive analytical forms of the temporal changes in concentration and flux in a radial direction, the total flux, and the first-time-arrival probability. We also computed the impulse responses of the first-time-arrival probability of the repressor to the sink. The computed diffusion of the repressor particles decreased rapidly from the onset of the reaction. As the diffusion constant in the medium around the DNA increased, the first-time-arrival probability, the diffusion, and the flux of the particles decreased, while the total flux into the target sink increased. As the chemical factor became predominantly a diffusion factor, the first-time-arrival probability, the diffusion, and the flux of the particles decreased. As the dissociation rate of the particles increased, the flux into the sink increased. The number of dissociated particles was significantly more influenced by the chemical factor than by the diffusion. The first-time-arrival probability oscillated significantly at the onest of the reaction. When this method has been extended, it will be available for predicing genetic expression and creating artificial life.

The channel gating process of neural cells is the first step of neural information transmission. We have proposed a kinetic model for state transitions for a sodium (Na) ion gating channel under H2 control. The channel state consisted of an open state, three closed but activated states, and four inactivated but not closed states. This modeling was based strictly on molecular biological observations. Three charged amino acid helixes of the specific subunits of the Na channel hole act as activating gates. Another helix of the subunit having membrane voltagesensing properties behaves as an inactivating particle that invades the Na channel hole after membrane depolarization. This particle blocks the free movements of the three activating gates and inactivates the Na channel gating function. In total there are eight channel states, which consist of four inactivated states, three closed states, and one open state. We expressed the transitions among these states by eight linear differential equations using the law of conservation. For the control principle, the channel system is always exposed to a biological mimetic that is a false transmitter and competes for the channel sites with Na ions. Hence, we regarded such biological agencies as noises in the system that disturb the effective transmission of information, i.e., rapid transitions through the channel gating systems. The physiological Na gating is understood to minimize influences from the disturbing noises on the transition of the channels states, and we have proposed the H2 control principle. The computed results of temporal changes in the amount of channel species per unit membrane area showed rapid changes and then termination. This behavior was strongly dependent on the membrane potential. Our modeling could describe the rapid excitation and resetting of the Na ion channel gating function of the neural system. These results strongly reflect the digital nature of the neural system. The present investigation could be used to evaluate the function of neural systems that minimizes the influences of noises on the information transmission process by the transitions of the Na ion channel gating state.

We proposed a mathematical method to investigate an integrated property of an idiotype immune network under the time minimum optimal control. The transient changes of amounts of B cell receptor bound antibodies and immune complex in the network system were expressed by detailed differential equations. The rate constant for binding the second Fab arm of antibody was set as a function of coulombic repulsive force to express the influence of redistribution of electrical charges in the ligand–receptor molecular complex. We proposed time minimum optimal control strategy as an organizing principle for rapid reactions of the immune system. Based on the rigorous mathematical foundations of the optimal control theory, we determined the differential equations for co-state variables for the state variables to compute the time minimum transient changes in the amount of the species. Biological parameters in the immune reactions were utilized from the reported experimental data. Numerical computation disclosed that influence of changes in a rate constant extended to all the species of the network. Changes in a rate constant in a different B cell system reinforced the collaborations among the idiotypes and lead them to set in motion the ejection of the antigen. Simulation of reported experimental data by the present method was successful. There were, however, some inevitable dissociations between reported experimental data and computed results. The present method will be available for evaluating the time minimum reaction of the immune network system.

We introduce and allosteric property of enzymes on biological membranes to create a new electronic signal transmission system. In the allosteric enzymes, sequential binding of substrates, activators, and inhibitors induces molecular conformational changes in subunits of the inactive allosteric enzymes. By this binding, the enzyme is partially activated. Successive binding of the substrates accelerates the structural change in the subunits and activates the enzyme progressively. Based on reported biological experimental data, we expressed the complicated activation and inactivation processes of the allosteric enzyme reaction system by 20 rate equations. We proposed a time-minimum optimal control strategy for the allosteric reaction system as a dominating principle. This is because the biochemical, signals have to be transmitted as quickly as possible to achieve their purpose, particularly for life-saving defense, reactions to harmful exogenous disturbances. The present mathematical model describes the complicated sequential, information transmission processes of the biochemical reactions. We can show that the allosteric effect had a marked influence on species conversion. With the increases in allosteric parameters, the concentrations of all species changed more rapidly and in larger amounts than they did at the standard allosteric parameter values. This meant that increasing the allosteric activity of the subunit accelerates the reactions and enhances the reactive production. Hence, the allosteric property is important for high-speed, extensive signal transmission among the components that constitute a complicated network circuit. This property, when it is linked with the time-optimal controller, will create a new signal transmission device.

Preliminary experiments were carried out to investigate the feasibility of using an electroencephalogram and heart rates to evaluate the efficacy of finger acupressure on the key points of planta pedis (both soles). Continuous electroencephalograms were recorded from 19 electrodes based on the International 10-20 electrode placement system on 22 university students (21+/-2.3 years). Spectral power changes were obtained at each electrode site. The power of the alpha1 frequency range (8-10 Hz) increased slightly during acupressure although no statistical significance was observed, while heart rates decreased in all subjects (p

We propose an optimal control principle for active transport across a biological membrane. The modeling of the membrane is based on Hill and Kedem's thermodynamic model. The performance function used to evaluate the optimality of the transport involved the rate of time-dependent changes in the concentration of particles in all the membrane layers as the state variables, and the number of receptor sites on the membrane as the control input. We decided that the optimal transport state is achieved when this cost function has been minimized under the constraints of the system equations characterizing the membrane modeling. The changes in the number of particles in the membrane layer evoked by changes in the kinetic parameters can be explained by the compensatory action of the optimal control strategy in order to prevent excessive decrease or increase of the molecular particles in all the membrane layers. The changes in the number of receptors in the paths of some physiological states can be explained by the optimal control modeling of the membrane transport. This model will be made available to create and evaluate an artificial membrane.

To elucidate the integrated functional properties and organization strategy of the peptide elongation process of ribosomes on messenger RNA, we took a theoretical approach by applying a linear system analysis and optimal hypothesis. The basic theoretical model published by Gerst in 1965 was founded on reported experimental data. We have simplified the mechanism of the peptide elongation process by making the following assumptions. (1) When the left-most site (the 5′ terminal) on the messenger RNA is empty, the newly arrived amino-acyl-transfer-RNA (AT) links to the 5′ terminal even though other sites are empty. (2) When all other sites on the ribosomes except the 5′ terminal are empty and the first ribosome is not yet filled, ATs which arrive subsequently continue to bind to the 5′ terminal site of the first ribosome until the first ribosome has been filled. (3) When a given ribosome has been filled by an amount of product equivalent to the product ofp (amino acid residues) andq ribosomes, the filled ribosome advances to the next ribosomal region (q+1). There, the amino acid attainspq+1. After this transition, theqth ribosomal region becomes empty. (4) When the sites on the ribosomes are not all filled, newly arrived AT binds from the right of the total sequence. By applying the mass action law, the elongation process was expressed by 23 rate equations. The rate constants for the binding ribosome, turn over, peptide bond formation and transitional movement of ribosomes were utilized from reported experimental data. The optimal state was defined when the square of the concentration of all the transitional states and control input were minimized. This means that the elongation process is in the most economical state when there are no excessive changes at any steps of the elongation process and the least energy consumption. Linear system analysis showed that system was stable and controllable. The singular value was depressed by system optimization. The impulse response terminated earlier by a smaller peak amplitude in the optimized system than in those without optimization. The present model under optimal control is available to evaluate the functions of peptide synthesis on a messenger RNA, and to produce artificial protein from the standpoint of system optimization.

The association between normal weight obesity and diet behavior and physical activity in female students was investigated in this study.The subjects were 530 female students aged 18-21 years from 6 universities in the Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. From January to July, 2010, the body fat and walk counts of these students were measured, and they answered a questionnaire. The questionnaire included questions on life environment, perception of body shape, dieting experiences, physical activities, sleeping habits, and diet behaviors. The Eating Attitude Test-26 (EAT-26) was used to evaluate diet behavior. Students with normal weight (18.5or = body mass index25 kg/m2; n = 439) were divided into high (n = 115), middle (n = 213), and low (n = 111) groups according to their percentage of body fat. Further, a comparative analysis was performed among the 3 groups.From the results of the questionnaire, perception of body shape, desire for a particular body shape, reason for weight loss, success or failure in dieting, and time for sleep were significantly different among the 3 groups. Differences in physical activity were not significant among the groups. Factor III (Oral control) of EAT-26 was higher in the high group than in the low group.High body fat was associated with diet behavior and a desire to lose weight in normal weight students. These results indicate that health education is necessary to establish and maintain appropriate body fat composition and dietary habits.

One of the recent problems for pacemaker (PM) patients is an anti-shoplifting system which is called the electronic article surveillance (EAS) system. Electromagnetic field patterns of the two types of EAS system, radio frequency (RF) and electromagnetic (EM) systems, are simulated with in Irnich model which consists of saline and a pacemaker. The voltage differences induced between a PM casing main body and the tips of pacing leads and those between both leads (ventricular and atrium) are estimated. The voltages induced between PM body and the ventricular lead are about 300 mV and 1 mV by RF and EM systems, respectively. Considering the input characteristics of the PM circuit, these voltages will not bring about serious errors in the PM system if the patient goes through the EAS gate at a normal pace. Acousto-magnetic EAS systems which use lower frequencies may be more harmful to the PM system.

Hypothermia is proposed as a treatment for hypoxia-ischemia in newborn infants who suffer serious cerebral injury or die, if they are brought back early. In this treatment the deep brain temperature monitoring which is noninvasive and continuous is required. Multifrequency microwave radiometry (MWR) is one of the promising candidates for that purpose, and we have been developing a five-band microwave radiometer system and appropriate data processing methods. This paper is to describe the current status of a newly designed MWR system which operates in a normal room with various electromagnetic background noise. Temperature resolutions of the five receivers were obtained by a calibration experiment using a temperature-controlled water-bath. The results of a temperature retrieval simulation experiment is also presented.

Recent simulation studies have shown that a technique of multi-frequency microwave radiometry is feasible for non-invasive measurement of deep brain temperatures in the new-born infants. A five-band microwave radiometer system has been developed, and its operation in a normal electromagnetic environment is checked. Five receivers operating with a waveguide antenna and at center frequencies of 1.2, 1.65, 2.3, 3.0 and 3.6 GHz (0.4 GHz bandwidth) are calibrated using a temperature-controlled water-bath. Temperature resolutions obtained for each receiver are 0.183, 0.273, 0.148, 0.108 and 0.118 K, respectively. A temperature retrieval simulation based on these resolutions and the previously proposed algorithm shows that the confidence interval, as produced by thermal noise, is 0.62 K for the retrieved central brain temperature. If the conductivity of brain is estimated wrong by 10 %, this will result in an error of 0.3 - 0.4 K. The result of this work is encouraging for realization of radiometric measurement of temperature profile in a baby's head.

A mathematical method was introduced to characterize the thermodynamical properties of the biomolecular reaction field composed of high density gene regulating biomolecular particles. The method was originally proposed by Haris and Rice (1959, 1960). The Boltzmann equation was modified by a coarse graining and the pair transition probability was introduced to the kernel of the integral part of the Boltzmann equation. The post collision distribution function was expressed by the local equilibrium distribution function and the perturbation. The perturbed solution was expressed by the Sonine polynomials. The coefficients were given by solving three sets of 8 linear algebraic equations. By these procedures, we derived the transport equations and computed the diffusion coefficient, shear stress and heat flux. The present method is available for characterizing the local biophysical field at high density molecules.

We investigated the levels of oxygenation in the extended cerebral regions, including the middle cerebral artery region, using optical topography in two patients who underwent total arch replacement assisted by selective cerebral perfusion. During the cooling phase, the oxyhemoglobin levels were almost homogenous. During selective cerebral perfusion, when 18 French and 16 French cannulae were used for the innominate and the left common carotid artery respectively, the oxyhemoglobin levels in the left hemisphere were consistently greater than those in the right. After the 16 French cannula was replaced with a 14 French in the left common carotid artery, then no difference between the hemispheres was found. During the rewarming phase, the increase in the oxyhemoglobin levels in the parietal region was consistently more delayed than that in the temporal region, in both patients. Optical topography might be useful for more precise monitoring of the cerebral circulatory status during an aortic arch operation.

Background In recent years in Japan, electronic games, home computers, and the internet have assumed an important place in people’s lives, even for elementary school children. Subjective health complaints have also become a problem among children. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between media use and health status in elementary school children in Japan. Methods A cross-sectional school-based population survey was conducted in 2009 with a sample of fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-grade children (age range: 10–12 years old) in elementary schools in Japan (n = 3,464). Self-reported health, lifestyle habits, and time spent using media were assessed. Results The use of games, television, and personal computers was significantly associated with lifestyle (p Conclusions Game, television, and personal-computer use were mutually associated, and the plural use of these media had stronger associations with unhealthy lifestyle and subjective health complaints. Excessive use of media might be a risk for unhealthy lifestyle and subjective health complaints.