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Using over eight years of Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) data, from November 2014 to May 2023, we have investigated the Martian nightside ionospheric magnetic field distribution under the influence of upstream solar wind drivers, including the interplanetary magnetic field intensity (\begin{document}$ \left|{{\boldsymbol{B}}}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{F}}\right| $\end{document}), solar wind dynamic pressure (\begin{document}$ {P}_{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{W}} $\end{document}), solar extreme ultraviolet flux (EUV), and Martian seasons (\begin{document}$ {L}_{\mathrm{s}} $\end{document}). Our analysis reveals pronounced correlations between magnetic field residuals and both \begin{document}$ \left|{{\boldsymbol{B}}}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{F}}\right| $\end{document} and \begin{document}$ {P}_{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{W}} $\end{document}. Correlations observed with EUV flux and \begin{document}$ {L}_{\rm{s}} $\end{document} were weaker — notably, magnetic field residuals increased during periods of high EUV flux and at Mars perihelion. We find that the IMF penetrates to an altitude of 200 km under a wide range of upstream conditions, penetrating notably deeper under high \begin{document}$ \left|{{\boldsymbol{B}}}_{{\mathrm{IMF}}}\right| $\end{document} and \begin{document}$ {P}_{{\mathrm{SW}}} $\end{document} conditions. Our analysis also indicates that EUV flux and IMF cone angle have minimal impact on IMF penetration depth. Those findings provide useful constraints on the dynamic nature of Martian atmospheric escape processes and their evolution, suggesting that historical solar wind conditions may have facilitated deeper IMF penetration and higher rates of ionospheric escape than are observed now. Moreover, by establishing criteria for magnetic ‘quiet’ conditions, this study offers new insights into the planet’s magnetic environment under varying solar wind influences, knowledge that should help refine models of the Martian crustal magnetic field.

Jupiter is one of the top priorities for deep space exploration in China and other countries. The structure of Jupiter’s interior, in particular, is a crucial but still unclear scientific topic. This paper discusses current scientific understanding of Jupiter’s interior by summarizing the history of past and current exploration and data analysis. We review recent space-based and ground-based observation methods and analyze their feasibility. To gain new insight into the internal structure of Jupiter, we propose to study Jupiter’s innards by planetary seismology. Ground-based observation, namely the Jupiter Seismologic Interferometer Polarization Imager (SIPI) in Lenghu, will be developed to obtain the Doppler velocity distribution on the surface of Jupiter and identify oscillation signals. Lenghu has observation conditions that are not only exceptional in China but even in the world, capable of providing novel insight into the interior of Jupiter. This will also be the first study in China of the interior of Jupiter using asteroseismology, which has significant implications for China’s plans to explore Jupiter via spacecraft-mounted instruments.

Magnetic reconnection and dipolarization are crucial processes driving magnetospheric dynamics, including particle energization, mass circulation, and auroral processes, among others. Recent studies have revealed that these processes at Saturn and Jupiter are fundamentally different from the ones at Earth. The reconnection and dipolarization processes are far more important than previously expected in the dayside magnetodisc of Saturn and potentially Jupiter. Dayside magnetodisc reconnection was directly identified by using Cassini measurements (Guo RL et al., 2018b) and was found to be drizzle-like and rotating in the magnetosphere of Saturn (Delamere et al., 2015b; Yao ZH et al., 2017a; Guo RL et al., 2019). Moreover, magnetic dipolarization could also exist at Saturn’s dayside (Yao ZH et al., 2018), which is fundamentally different from the terrestrial situation. These new results significantly improve our understanding of giant planetary magnetospheric dynamics and provide key insights revealing the physics of planetary aurorae. Here, we briefly review these recent advances and their potential implications for future investigations.

Background and objective: The purpose-built SHURUI single-port (SP) robotic platform has recently been introduced for several procedures in urology, general surgery, and gynecology. However, comparative evidence on its performance in relation to earlier models such as the da Vinci SP is lacking. Our aim was to compare the step-by-step techniques and 1-yr outcomes for radical prostatectomy (RP) between the SHURUI SP and da Vinci SP robots. Methods: Data were retrieved from two prospectively maintained databases. The SHURUI SP robot was used to perform RP in 34 patients in China (September 2021 to August 2022); the da Vinci SP robot was used to perform 100 consecutive RP cases in the USA (June 2019 to October 2020). A comparative analysis was conducted before and after 1:1 propensity score matching for age, body mass index, American Urological Association symptom score, prostate size, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, biopsy grade group, and D’Amico risk group. Intraoperative performance and short-term oncological and continence outcomes were compared between the groups. Biochemical recurrence was defined as two consecutive postoperative PSA levels >0.2 ng/ml. Continence was defined as full recovery of urinary control without the use of pads. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate continence recovery curves, and a log-rank test for trend was used to detect ordered differences in continence recovery between the SHURUI SP and da Vinci SP groups after surgery. Key findings and limitations: For the matched SHURUI and da Vinci groups, median age (69 vs 69 yr), median PSA (8.4 vs 7.1 ng/ml), and the proportion of patients with low-risk (33.3% vs 29.6%), intermediate-risk (66.7% vs 63%), and high-risk disease (0% vs 7.4%) were comparable (all p > 0.05). All surgeries were successfully accomplished without conversion. A higher percentage of cases in the SHURUI group involved extraperitoneal access (81.5% vs 0%; p

The low-degree gravity field and rotation parameters of terrestrial planets are functions of the planet's interior structure, providing insights into their composition and evolution, which serves them as crucial targets throughout deep-space exploration. Particularly, the measurement of rotation state can directly reveal the density and size of most untouchable planetary core. With the accumulation of data and the recent high-precision deep-space missions, substantial scientific advances have been achieved in understanding the internal structure of terrestrial planets, especially the core, using the low-degree gravity field and rotation measurements. In this study, we provide a summary of the fundamental theory and method for determining the principal moment of inertia tensor of planets, and then the basic theory of planetary rotation dynamics and rotational normal modes closely related to internal structures, and the methods for solving principal moments of inertia tensors of planets using the low-degree gravitational potential coefficients. We review the up-to-date researches on determining the mean bulk density and mean moment of inertia factor through limited rotation observations and the low-degree gravity field measurements, and the basic approaches to invert interior structures. Finally, we present existing challenges in revealing interior structures from low-degree gravity field and rotation normal modes for terrestrial planets and asteroids with a hope to provide scientific references and theoretical support for Chinese future deep-space missions.

Abstract Despite the well-established significance of transcription factors (TFs) in pathogenesis, their utilization as pharmacological targets has been limited by the inherent challenges in modulating their protein interactions. The lack of defined small-molecule binding pockets and the nuclear localization of TFs do not favor the use of traditional tools. Aptamers possess large molecular weights, expansive blocking surfaces and efficient cellular internalization, making them compelling tools for modulating TF interactions. Here, we report a structure-guided design strategy called Blocker-SELEX to develop inhibitory aptamers (iAptamers) that selectively block TF interactions. Our approach leads to the discovery of iAptamers that cooperatively disrupt SCAF4/SCAF8-RNAP2 interactions, dysregulating RNAP2-dependent gene expression, which impairs cell proliferation. This approach is further applied to develop iAptamers blocking WDR5-MYC interactions. Overall, our study highlights the potential of iAptamers in disrupting pathogenic TF interactions, implicating their potential utility in studying the biological functions of TF interactions and in nucleic acids drug discovery.

Abstract The intelligent appearance quality classification method for Auricularia auricula is of great significance to promote this industry. This paper proposes an appearance quality classification method for Auricularia auricula based on the improved Faster Region-based Convolutional Neural Networks (improved Faster RCNN) framework. The original Faster RCNN is improved by establishing a multiscale feature fusion detection model to improve the accuracy and real-time performance of the model. The multiscale feature fusion detection model makes full use of shallow feature information to complete target detection. It fuses shallow features with rich detailed information with deep features rich in strong semantic information. Since the fusion algorithm directly uses the existing information of the feature extraction network, there is no additional calculation. The fused features contain more original detailed feature information. Therefore, the improved Faster RCNN can improve the final detection rate without sacrificing speed. By comparing with the original Faster RCNN model, the mean average precision (mAP) of the improved Faster RCNN is increased by 2.13%. The average precision (AP) of the first-level Auricularia auricula is almost unchanged at a high level. The AP of the second-level Auricularia auricula is increased by nearly 5%. And the third-level Auricularia auricula AP is increased by 1%. The improved Faster RCNN improves the frames per second from 6.81 of the original Faster RCNN to 13.5. Meanwhile, the influence of complex environment and image resolution on the Auricularia auricula detection is explored.

The South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) is one of the most remarkable structural features of the Earth's magnetic field. The region is characterized by weak magnetic field intensity. Because of this weakening, particles within the inner radiation belt can mirror at lower altitudes, consequently increasing the local particle flux. Over centuries, the SAA has displayed notable secular variation (SV) characteristics, with a consistent decline in strength, expansion in area, and an overall westward drift. Both paleomagnetic and modern magnetic data indicate that SAA is currently undergoing rapid changes, with a rapid expansion in area and a rapid decreasing in intensity. These changes are coinciding with an increasing field asymmetry. Recent observations suggest that the evolution of SAA has become increasingly anisotropic, showing two magnetic intensity minima. This may indicate that the evolution of SAA has entered a new stage, which has aroused people's attention and discussion on the long-term evolution and future of SAA. The manifestation of the SAA on the Earth’s surface corresponds to the response of an inverse flux path at the core-mantle boundary (CMB) to the radial component of the geomagnetic field, positioned approximately beneath the South Atlantic Ocean. Consequently, studying the SV of SAA can understand the details of the Earth's internal dynamics. Moreover, these SV scenarios provide some speculative predictions for the SAA. The evolutionary details of SAA not only serve as a reference for future trends but also imposes additional constraints on Earth's core dynamic model, rendering it a compelling subject for scholarly inquiry. In this paper, we review the results of paleomagnetic and modern geomagnetic models concerning the past, present, and future evolution of the SAA, while also summarizing advancements in understanding the origin of this anomaly.

A majority of the planets in the Solar System are characterized by intrinsic magnetic fields that co-rotate with these celestial bodies. With ongoing advances in human deep-space exploration, magnetic field models have been established for all known Solar System bodies with intrinsic magnetic fields. Planetary magnetic field modeling serves as a fundamental basis for a diverse range of research objectives, including investigations of planetary internal dynamical processes, examinations of planetary evolutionary histories, determinations of the interactions between planetary magnetic fields and the solar wind, and estimations of the shielding effects of planetary magnetic fields against high-energy charged particles. Furthermore, the modeling of planetary magnetic fields represents an interdisciplinary research endeavor, encompassing aspects such as the theories of magnetic field modeling, separation of internal and external magnetic field sources, parameter inversion methods, and equation optimization. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the progress in magnetic field modeling for the Earth, other planets in the Solar System, and also the Moon and Ganymede, one of Jupiter’s moon. We describe the characteristics of the intrinsic magnetic fields of planets and present details of the most accurate global magnetic field models for Solar System planets. Starting with mathematical modeling methods for planetary magnetic fields, we outline the development of magnetic field modeling techniques since the era of Gauss and identify the current hot topics in this field. The review concludes with a forward-looking perspective on the trends in magnetic field modeling research and the potential contributions of China’s future deep-space exploration to the study of planetary magnetic fields.

After 50 years of research on the correlation between the geomagnetic field and climate, we have gained a deeper understanding that the regulation of climate by geomagnetic field changes is far more complex than previously imagined. In this paper, we comprehensively review the research connecting the geomagnetic field and climate over the past 50 years, examining different spatial and temporal scales. Our results demonstrate a significant correlation between geomagnetic field changes and climate at various scales, including millennial-scale geomagnetic reversals, thousand-year-scale geomagnetic shifts, centennial-scale geomagnetic abrupt, and even decadal-scale variations in geomagnetic activity. The Matuyama–Brunhes geomagnetic reversal is associated with the cold climate. The increase in galactic cosmic rays (GCR) during this period gave rise to the formation of low-altitude cloud "umbrella effects", subsequently weakening the East Asian summer monsoon and intensifying the East Asian winter monsoon. Archaeomagnetic data from Mesopotamia remarkably illustrates a consistent correlation between four cold periods in the last three thousand years and a sudden increase in geomagnetic anomalies. Exploring the possibility that these geomagnetic anomalies correspond to extreme tilts of the Earth's dipole, it is hypothesized that auroral ovals and sub-auroral regions may have expanded to lower latitudes. In these regions, cosmic rays potentially interacted with a more humid troposphere, resulting in increased cloud cover and, consequently, observed atmospheric cooling. Changes in GCR flux, induced by solar activity and variations in the geomagnetic field, are proposed to have significant implications for alterations in temperate pressure systems, precipitation patterns, and atmospheric electric fields. These effects play diverse roles within the intricately coupled system of the Earth's atmosphere and the near-Earth space environment. However, it's important to note that correlation does not imply causation, and the potential mechanisms by which the geomagnetic field influences climate change are still a subject of debate. The cosmic ray-cloud mechanism is the most promising avenue for understanding how the geomagnetic field regulates climate, operating effectively across different time scales, but its exact physical mechanisms and relative importance remain unresolved issues. We propose that understanding the correlation between the geomagnetic field and climate from the perspective of solar-terrestrial multisphere coupling is crucial, with a specific focus on the response of regional climate systems to changes in regional magnetic fields. By integrating knowledge from ancient times to the present, from regional to global perspectives, we aim to form a comprehensive understanding of the correlation between the geomagnetic field and climate change. The recent successful launch of Aoke-1, which can delicately characterize magnetic field changes in the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA), the first discovery of the centennial-scale western Pacific anomaly (WPA), and the rapid development of paleomagnetic/archaeomagnetic and paleoclimate data reconstruction have provided new historical opportunities for research on the geomagnetic field and climate. This progress indicates that the study of the impact of geomagnetic field changes on climate will be propelled to new heights.

The internal structure and dynamics of different planets are different, so some planets have an intrinsic magnetic field, and some have not yet found an intrinsic magnetic field. A planet's intrinsic magnetic field or atmosphere interacts with the solar wind forming a magnetosphere or induced magnetosphere, respectively. Different magnetic fields, atmospheres and moons in planetary systems will form different space environments around the planets, which will have different effects on the evolution of the planets. The detection of planetary magnetic field is of great significance for understanding the internal structure and dynamics, space environment and evolution process of planets, so the planetary magnetic field is often one of the main physical quantities concerned by planetary exploration. In the detection of Jupiter's magnetic field, it was found that Jupiter has the largest magnetic moment and magnetosphere among the planetary systems in the solar system, and the magnetic field of Jupiter shows obvious hemispherical difference, magnetic anomaly areas (the Great Blue Spot) and other non-dipole features. Besides, the internal structure of Jupiter is significantly different from the Earth, which makes the structure and dynamics of Jupiter's dynamo difficult to confirm. This paper reviews the research history of Jupiter's magnetic field, introduces the current cognition of Jupiter's magnetic field mainly based on the research in the Juno era, and prospects the future research and exploration of Jupiter's magnetic field. It is suggested that the probe into Jupiter's atmosphere should be carried in the future Jupiter exploration, and the magnetic field detection instrument should be loaded on the probe. This enabled the first in-situ detection of Jupiter's magnetic field in the atmosphere.

The combination of thermodynamic calculation and machine learning was used to reverse design nickel-based superalloys for thermodynamic performance requirements. The results show that the thermodynamic calculation dataset of nickel-based superalloys is successfully constructed by high-throughput thermodynamic calculations， which provides the data basis for the reverse design of nickel-based superalloys with thermodynamic performance requirements by using machine learning methods. Several C2P models are established for the thermodynamic target performance， and the accuracy of the models is higher than 99%. MLDS method is used to reverse design the alloy composition， and the eight alloys are recommended to meet the performance requirements （Vγ'，1100 ℃≥60%，Vγ，1100 ℃+Vγ'，1100 ℃≥99% and Tγ′≥1300 ℃）. The experimental verification of the three alloys with the smallest prediction error of thermomechanical properties shows that the Vγ'，1100 ℃ are greater than 80%， Vγ，1100 ℃+Vγ'，1100 ℃≥99% in the microstructure after aging， and Tγ′≥1300 ℃， which meet the design requirements.

Abstract Abnormal cardiac fibrosis is the main pathological change of post-myocardial infarction (MI) heart failure. Although the E3 ubiquitin ligase FBXL8 is a key regulator in the cell cycle, cell proliferation, and inflammation, its role in post-MI ventricular fibrosis and heart failure remains unknown. FBXL8 was primarily expressed in cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) and remarkably decreased in CFs treated by TGFβ and heart subjected to MI. The echocardiography and histology data suggested that adeno-associated viruses (AAV9)-mediated FBXL8 overexpression had improved cardiac function and ameliorated post-MI cardiac fibrosis. In vitro, FBXL8 overexpression prevented TGFβ-induced proliferation, migration, contraction, and collagen secretion in CFs, while knockdown of FBXL8 demonstrated opposite effects. Mechanistically, FBXL8 interacted with Snail1 to promote Snail1 degradation through the ubiquitin–proteasome system and decreased the activation of RhoA. Moreover, the FBXL8ΔC3 binding domain was indispensable for Snail1 interaction and degradation. Ectopic Snail1 expression partly abolished the effects mediated by FBXL8 overexpression in CFs treated by TGFβ. These results characterized the role of FBXL8 in regulating the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of Snail1 and revealed the underlying molecular mechanism of how MI up-regulated the myofibroblasts differentiation-inducer Snail1 and suggested that FBXL8 may be a potential curative target for improving post-MI cardiac function.

Purpose: To investigate the effect of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in Asian men with all stages of prostate cancer. Materials and Methods: READT (real-life evaluation of the effect of ADT in prostate cancer patients in Asia) was a multicenter, prospective observational study involving six sites across four Asian populations. We enrolled eligible prostate cancer patients, who opted for ADT alone or in combination without prior neoadjuvant or adjuvant ADT within 12 months. The EuroQoL- 5 dimensions, 5 level scale (EQ-5D-5L) utility index scores and visual analog scale (VAS) were evaluated at baseline, month 6 and month 12. Results: A total of 504 patients were recruited into READT between September 2016 and May 2020 with 52.9% diagnosed with metastatic prostate cancer. The EQ-5D-5L was evaluable in 442/504 (87.7%) of patients. Overall baseline EQ-5D-5L utility index score was 0.924 (interquartile range [IQR] 0.876–1.000). We observed a statistically significant difference in baseline EQ-5D-5L utility index score among different populations with a median EQ-5D-5L utility index score of 1 for Taiwan & Hong Kong, 0.897 for China and 0.838 for Malaysia. Similar trend was observed throughout multiple treatment timepoints. Stage IV prostate cancer were significantly associated with a lower baseline EQ-5D-5L utility index score compared to stage I–III prostate cancer, producing a median disutility value of -0.080. Participants had a high median VAS (80, IQR 70–90), indicating good overall health on average during ADT initiation. Conclusions: The study highlights the differences in health state utility index scores among various Asian prostate cancer patients receiving ADT at real-world setting. Our findings will be informative and useful in cost-effectiveness evaluation and policy decision making.

BackgroundLymphovascular invasion (LVI) is a significant risk factor for lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer (GC) and is closely related to the prognosis and recurrence of GC. This study aimed to establish clinical models, radiomics models and combination models for the diagnosis of GC vascular invasion.MethodsThis study enrolled 146 patients with GC proved by pathology and who underwent radical resection of GC. The patients were assigned to the training and validation cohorts. A total of 1,702 radiomic features were extracted from contrast-enhanced computed tomography images of GC. Logistic regression analyses were performed to establish a clinical model, a radiomics model and a combined model. The performance of the predictive models was measured by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.ResultsIn the training cohort, the age of LVI negative (−) patients and LVI positive (+) patients were 62.41 ± 8.41 and 63.76 ± 10.08 years, respectively, and there were more male (n = 63) than female (n = 19) patients in the LVI (+) group. Diameter and differentiation were the independent risk factors for determining LVI (−) and (+). A combined model was found to be relatively highly discriminative based on the area under the ROC curve for both the training (0.853, 95% CI: 0.784–0.920, sensitivity: 0.650 and specificity: 0.907) and the validation cohorts (0.742, 95% CI: 0.559–0.925, sensitivity: 0.736 and specificity: 0.700).ConclusionsThe combined model had the highest diagnostic effectiveness, and the nomogram established by this model had good performance. It can provide a reliable prediction method for individual treatment of LVI in GC before surgery.

IntroductionAcinetobacter baumannii (AB) is rising as a human pathogen of critical priority worldwide as it is the leading cause of opportunistic infections in healthcare settings and carbapenem-resistant AB is listed as a “super bacterium” or “priority pathogen for drug resistance” by the World Health Organization.MethodsClinical isolates of A. baumannii were collected and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. Among them, carbapenem-resistant and carbapenem-sensitive A. baumannii were subjected to prokaryotic transcriptome sequencing. The change of sRNA and mRNA expression was analyzed by bioinformatics and validated by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR.ResultsA total of 687 clinical isolates were collected, of which 336 strains of A. baumannii were resistant to carbapenem. Five hundred and six differentially expressed genes and nineteen differentially expressed sRNA candidates were discovered through transcriptomic profile analysis between carbapenem-resistant isolates and carbapenem-sensitive isolates. Possible binding sites were predicted through software for sRNA21 and adeK, sRNA27 and pgaC, sRNA29 and adeB, sRNA36 and katG, indicating a possible targeting relationship. A negative correlation was shown between sRNA21 and adeK (r = -0.581, P = 0.007), sRNA27 and pgaC (r = -0.612, P = 0.004), sRNA29 and adeB (r = -0.516, P = 0.020).DiscussionThis study preliminarily screened differentially expressed mRNA and sRNA in carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii, and explored possible targeting relationships, which will help further reveal the resistance mechanism and provide a theoretical basis for the development of drugs targeting sRNA for the prevention and treatment of carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii infection.

Abstract Giant undulations (GUs) have been well established to be the optical manifestation of the plasmapause surface wave (PSW) where the wave‐particle interactions provide particle sources to generate auroras. However, their detailed particles precipitation signatures in the ionosphere remain unclear. Here we analyze multi‐satellite conjugated observations in the ionosphere during a prominent GUs event, revealing the two‐zone precipitation pattern including energetic proton precipitations responsible for the main body of GUs and low‐energy electron precipitations for the edge of GUs. Interestingly, the occurrence of GUs is also accompanied with high‐energy particles precipitations of hundreds of keV and magnetic disturbances of three components. The sizes of sawtooth in the GUs correlate positively with the strength of adjacent subauroral polarization streams (SAPS). The two‐zone precipitation pattern and high‐energy particles precipitation over GUs are potentially related to the plasma sheet and very‐low frequency wave (VLF) modulation of the PSW, respectively.

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to assess the potential application of a radiomics features‐based nomogram for predicting therapeutic responses to neoadjuvant chemohormonal therapy (NCHT) in patients with high‐risk non‐metastatic prostate cancer (PCa). Methods Clinicopathologic information was retrospectively collected from 162 patients with high‐risk non‐metastatic PCa receiving NCHT and radical prostatectomy at our center. The postoperative pathological findings were used as the gold standard for evaluating the efficacy of NCHT. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) was conducted to develop radiomics signature. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify the predictors of a positive pathological response to NCHT, and a nomogram was constructed based on these predictors. Results Sixty‐three patients (38.89%) experienced positive pathological response to NCHT. Receiver operating characteristic analyses showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of periprostatic fat (PPF) radiomics signature was 0.835 (95% CI, 0.754–0.898), while the AUC of intratumoral radiomics signature was 0.822 (95% CI, 0.739–0.888). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that PSA level, PPF radiomics signature and intratumoral radiomics signature were independent predictors of positive pathological response. A nomogram based on these three predictors was constructed. The AUC was 0.908 (95% CI, 0.839–0.954). The Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness‐of‐fit test showed that the nomogram was well calibrated. Decision curve analysis revealed the favorable clinical practicability of the nomogram. The nomogram was successfully validated in the validation cohort. Kaplan–Meier analyses showed that nomogram and positive pathological response were significantly related with survival of PCa. Conclusion The radiomics–clinical nomogram based on mpMRI radiomics features exhibited superior predictive ability for positive pathological response to NCHT in high‐risk non‐metastatic PCa.

Sjögren’s Syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by dysfunction of exocrine glands. Primarily affected are the salivary glands, which exhibit the most frequent pathological changes. The pathogenesis involves susceptibility genes, non-genetic factors such as infections, immune cells-including T and B cells, macrophage, dendritic cells, and salivary gland epithelial cells. Inflammatory mediators such as autoantibodies, cytokines, and chemokines also play a critical role. Key signaling pathways activated include IFN, TLR, BAFF/BAFF-R, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, among others. Comprehensive understanding of these mechanisms is crucial for developing targeted therapeutic interventions. Thus, this study explores the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying SS-related salivary gland damage, aiming to propose novel targeted therapeutic approaches.

Abstract The Silent Information Regulator 2 (SIR2) protein is widely implicated in antiviral response by depleting the cellular metabolite NAD+. The defense-associated sirtuin 2 (DSR2) effector, a SIR2 domain-containing protein, protects bacteria from phage infection by depleting NAD+, while an anti-DSR2 protein (DSR anti-defense 1, DSAD1) is employed by some phages to evade this host defense. The NADase activity of DSR2 is unleashed by recognizing the phage tail tube protein (TTP). However, the activation and inhibition mechanisms of DSR2 are unclear. Here, we determine the cryo-EM structures of DSR2 in multiple states. DSR2 is arranged as a dimer of dimers, which is facilitated by the tetramerization of SIR2 domains. Moreover, the DSR2 assembly is essential for activating the NADase function. The activator TTP binding would trigger the opening of the catalytic pocket and the decoupling of the N-terminal SIR2 domain from the C-terminal domain (CTD) of DSR2. Importantly, we further show that the activation mechanism is conserved among other SIR2-dependent anti-phage systems. Interestingly, the inhibitor DSAD1 mimics TTP to trap DSR2, thus occupying the TTP-binding pocket and inhibiting the NADase function. Together, our results provide molecular insights into the regulatory mechanism of SIR2-dependent NAD+ depletion in antiviral immunity.

ABSTRACT Objectives: Accurate preoperative prediction of adverse pathology is crucial for treatment planning of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Previous studies have emphasized the potential of prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography / computed tomography (PSMA PET/CT) in differentiating between benign and malignant localized renal tumors. However, there is a scarcity of case reports elucidating the identification of aggressive pathological features using PET/CT. Our study was designed to prospectively compare the diagnostic value of enhanced CT, 68Ga-PSMA-11 and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) PET/CT in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) with necrosis or sarcomatoid or rhabdoid differentiation. Materials and Methods: A prospective case series of patients with a newly diagnosed renal mass who underwent enhanced CT, 68Ga-PSMA-11 and 18F-FDG PET/CT within 30 days prior to nephrectomy was included. Complete preoperative and postoperative clinicopathological data were recorded. Patients who received neoadjuvant targeted therapy, declined enhanced CT or PET/CT scanning, refused surgical treatment or had non-ccRCC pathological indications were excluded. Radiological parameters were compared within subgroups of pathological characteristics. Bonferroni corrections were used to adjust for multiple testing and statistical significance was set at a p-value less than 0.017. Results: Seventy-two patients were available for the final analysis. Enhanced CT demonstrated poor performance in identifying necrosis, sarcomatoid or rhabdoid differentiation and adverse pathology (all P > 0.05). The maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT was more effective than 18F-FDG PET/CT in identifying tumor necrosis and adverse pathology, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.85 (cutoff value=25.26, p 0.80], indicating a robust correlation. Conclusions: 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT demonstrates distinct advantages in identifying aggressive pathological features of primary ccRCC when compared to enhanced CT and 18F-FDG PET/CT. Further research and assessment are warranted to fully establish the clinical utility of 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT in ccRCC.

The study of extreme weather and space events has gained paramount importance in modern society owing to rapid advances in high technology. Understanding and describing exceptional occurrences plays a crucial role in making decisive assessments of their potential impact on technical, economic, and social aspects in various fields. This research focuses on analyzing the hourly values of the auroral electrojet (AE) geomagnetic index from 1957 to 2019 by using the peak over threshold method in extreme value theory. By fitting the generalized Pareto distribution to extreme AE values, shape parameter indices were derived, revealing negative values that establish an upper bound for this time series. Consequently, it became evident that the AE values had reached a plateau, suggesting that extreme events exceeding the established upper limit are rare. As a result, although the need for diligent precautions to mitigate the consequences of such extreme events persists, surpassing the upper limit of AE values becomes increasingly challenging. It is also possible to observe an aurora in the middle- and low-latitude regions during the maximum period of the AE index.

Foodborne pathogens remain a serious threat to food safety, while traditional assays are time-consuming and labor-intensive, and difficult to match with the rapid and simple requirements of modern food safety detection. Molecular biology-based assays, such as polymerase chain reaction, isothermal nucleic acid amplification, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-based nucleic acid detection technology, have been widely employed in the detection of foodborne pathogens, and play an important role in ensuring food safety. In recent years, the combination of nucleic acid amplification detection technology and immunochromatography technology has become a hotspot for rapidly detecting foodborne pathogens. Here, the research progress in the rapid detection of foodborne pathogens are summarized by combining nucleic acid amplification and lateral flow immunoassays, highlight their advantages and disadvantages, and provide a comprehensive outlook on this field. This review can provide a reference for detecting, preventing, and controlling foodborne pathogens.

Accurate detection of water holdup in oil-water two-phase flow is crucial for optimizing production and improving crude oil recovery. The transmission lines method is currently one of the few effective methods to measure the water holdup of oil-water two-phase flow. However, variations in temperature and mineralization will alter the dielectric constant and conductivity of the oil-water mixture respectively, posing challenges for precise water holdup measurement. The complex nonlinear relationship between these factors limits the prediction range and accuracy of widely used models, such as the BP neural network and Support Vector Machine (SVM). In order to overcome these issues, this paper establishes a multi-sensor oil-water two-phase flow indoor experiment system and studies the complex relationship between the phase shift of sensor signal and influencing factors. On this basis, this paper proposes a combined water holdup prediction model (BO-XGBoost) of Bayesian optimization (BO) algorithm and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost). The results demonstrate that the XGBoost model outperforms traditional BP neural network and SVM in predicting water holdup across the full range of 0%-100%. The average absolute error of the BO-XGBoost model is only 1.50%. The above research achieves a full-range, high-precision water holdup prediction, providing a new solution for oilfield development and possessing practical engineering significance.

Abstract Extensive research has been conducted to enhance the availability of IoT devices and data by focusing on the rapid prediction of instantaneous fault rates and temperatures. Temperature plays a crucial role in device availability as it significantly impacts equipment performance and lifespan. It serves as a vital indicator for predicting equipment failure and enables the improvement of availability and efficiency through effective temperature management. In the proposed optimization scheme for IoT device and data availability, the artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm and the K-Nearest Neighbours (KNN) algorithm are utilized to drive a neural network. The preliminary algorithm for availability optimization is chosen, and the target is divided into two parts: data optimization and equipment optimization. Suitable models are constructed for each part, and the KNN-driven neural network algorithm is employed to solve the proposed optimization model. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is clearly demonstrated by the verification results. When compared to the benchmark method, the availability forward fault-tolerant method, and the heuristic optimization algorithm, the maximum temperature was successfully reduced to 2.0750 °C. Moreover, significant enhancements in the average availability of IoT devices were achieved, with improvements of 27.03%, 15.76%, and 10.85% respectively compared to the aforementioned methods. The instantaneous failure rates were 100%, 87.89%, and 84.4% respectively for the three algorithms. This optimization algorithm proves highly efficient in eliminating fault signals and optimizing the prediction of time-limited satisfaction. Furthermore, it exhibits strategic foresight in the decision-making process.

The signal enhancement in plasmon-enhanced spectroscopy is primarily contributed by hotspots generated through the surface plasmon resonance effect. Precise control of hotspot positions within nanostructures is of great significance in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and high spatial resolution imaging. However, predicting the positions of hotspots is challenging due to the small nanogaps and complex plasmonic interactions. In this study, we theoretically investigate the localized surface plasmonic properties of split ring nanostructure. The effects of variations in the inner radius, gap distance and thickness of the split ring on the hotspot distribution at the nanogaps are systematically analyzed using a three-dimensional finite element method. The results demonstrate that precise control over the positions and quantities of hotspots can be achieved by choosing the excitation wavelength and the gap size of the split rings. The calculated maximum Raman enhancement obtained at the hotspots can reach nine orders of magnitude. Our findings not only contribute to a deeper understanding of the SERS enhancement mechanism, but also provide theoretical insights for further development of surface-enhanced fluorescence, plasmonic sensors, and super-resolution imaging in the field of interface spectroscopy.

Abstract Gastric cancer (GC) presents a formidable global health challenge, and conventional therapies face efficacy limitations. Ubiquitin‐specific protease 7 (USP7) plays pivotal roles in GC development, immune response, and chemo‐resistance, making it a promising target. Various USP7 inhibitors have shown selectivity and efficacy in preclinical studies. However, the mechanistic role of USP7 has not been fully elucidated, and currently, no USP7 inhibitors have been approved for clinical use. In this study, DHPO is identified as a potent USP7 inhibitor for GC treatment through in silico screening. DHPO demonstrates significant anti‐tumor activity in vitro, inhibiting cell viability and clonogenic ability, and preventing tumor migration and invasion. In vivo studies using orthotopic gastric tumor mouse models validate DHPO's efficacy in suppressing tumor growth and metastasis without significant toxicity. Mechanistically, DHPO inhibition triggers ferroptosis, evidenced by mitochondrial alterations, lipid Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), Malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, and iron overload. Further investigations unveil USP7's regulation of Stearoyl‐CoA Desaturase (SCD) through deubiquitination, linking USP7 inhibition to SCD degradation and ferroptosis induction. Overall, this study identifies USP7 as a key player in ferroptosis of GC, elucidates DHPO's inhibitory mechanisms, and highlights its potential for GC treatment by inducing ferroptosis through SCD regulation.

Abstract Knowledge regarding the abundance and distribution of solar wind (SW)‐sourced water (OH/H2O) on the Moon in the shallow subsurface remains limited. Here, we report the NanoSIMS measurements of H abundances and D/H ratios on soil grains from three deepest sections of the Chang'E‐5 drill core sampled at depths of 0.45–0.8 m. High water contents of 0.13–1.3 wt.% are present on approximately half of the grain surfaces (topmost ∼100 nm), comparable to the values of Chang'E‐5 scooped soils. The extremely low δD values (as low as −995‰) and negative correlations between δD and water contents indicate that SW implantation is an important source of water beneath the lunar surface. The results are indicative of homogeneous distribution of SW‐derived water in the vertical direction, providing compelling evidence for the well‐mixed nature of the lunar regolith. Moreover, the findings demonstrate that the shallow subsurface regolith of the Moon contains a considerable amount of water.

Abstract Selective protein degradation platforms have opened novel avenues in therapeutic development and biological inquiry. Antibody‐based lysosome‐targeting chimeras (LYTACs) have emerged as a promising technology that extends the scope of targeted protein degradation to extracellular targets. Aptamers offer an advantageous alternative owing to their potential for modification and manipulation toward a multivalent state. In this study, a chemically engineered platform of multivalent aptamer‐based LYTACs (AptLYTACs) is established for the targeted degradation of either single or dual protein targets. Leveraging the biotin‐streptavidin system as a molecular scaffold, this investigation reveals that trivalently mono‐targeted AptLYTACs demonstrate optimum efficiency in degrading membrane proteins. The development of this multivalent AptLYTACs platform provides a principle of concept for mono‐/dual‐targets degradation, expanding the possibilities of targeted protein degradation.

Abstract Boundary dynamics are crucial for the transport of energy, mass, and momentum in geospace. The recently discovered plasmapause surface wave (PSW) plays a key role in the inner magnetosphere dynamics. However, a comprehensive investigation of spatial variations of the PSW remains absent. In this study, we elucidate the spatial characteristics of a PSW through observations from multiple spacecrafts in the magnetosphere. Following the initiation of the PSW, quasi‐periodic injections of energetic ions, rather than electrons, are suggested to serve as energy source of the PSW. Based on the distinct wave and particle signatures, we categorize the PSW into four regions: seed region, growth region, stabilization region and decay region, spanning from nightside to afternoon plasmapause. These findings advance our understanding of universal boundary dynamics and contribute to a deeper comprehension of the pivotal roles of surface waves in the energy couplings within the magnetosphere‐plasmasphere‐ionosphere system.

Abstract Background ND630 is believed to be a new therapy pharmacologic molecule in targeting the expression of ACACA and regulating the lipid metabolism. However, the function of ND630 in prostate cancer remains unknown. KIF18B, as an oncogene, plays a vital role in prostate cancer progression. circKIF18B_003 was derived from oncogene KIF18B and was markedly overexpressed in prostate cancer tissues. We speculated that oncoprotein KIF18B-derived circRNA circKIF18B_003 might have roles in prostate cancer promotion. The aim of this study was to validate whether ND630 could control ACACA and lipid reprogramming in prostate cancer by regulating the expression of circKIF18B_003. Methods RT-qPCR was used to analyze the expression of circKIF18B_003 in prostate cancer cell lines and prostate cancer samples. circKIF18B_003 expression was modulated in prostate cancer cells using circKIF18B_003 interference or overexpression plasmid. We examined the function and effects of circKIF18B_003 in prostate cancer cells using CCK-8, colony formation, wound healing, and Transwell invasion assays and xenograft models. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed to evaluate the localization of circKIF18B_003. RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), RNA pull down, and luciferase reporter assay were performed to explore the potential mechanism of circKIF18B_003. Results The function of ND630 was determined in this study. circKIF18B_003 was overexpressed in prostate cancer tissues, and overexpression of circKIF18B_003 was associated with poor survival outcome of prostate cancer patients. The proliferation, migration, and invasion of prostate cancer cells were enhanced after up-regulation of circKIF18B_003. circKIF18B_003 is mainly located in the cytoplasm of prostate cancer cells, and the RIP and RNA pull down assays confirmed that circKIF18B_003 could act as a sponge for miR-370-3p. Further study demonstrated that up-regulation of circKIF18B_003 increased the expression of ACACA by sponging miR-370-3p. The malignant ability of prostate cancer cells enhanced by overexpression of circKIF18B_003 was reversed by the down-regulation of ACACA. We found that overexpression of circKIF18B_003 was associated with lipid metabolism, and a combination of ND-630 and docetaxel markedly attenuated tumor growth. Conclusion ND630 could control ACACA and lipid reprogramming in prostate cancer by regulating the expression of circKIF18B_003. ND630 and circKIF18B_003 may represent a novel target for prostate cancer.

Abstract Objective To explore the influence of postoperative body mass index (BMI) change on postoperative quality of life (QOL) in patients undergoing radical cystectomy (RC) plus modified single stoma cutaneous ureterostomy (MSSCU) or ileal conduit (IC). Methods Patients were divided into two groups according to different BMI change patterns: patients experiencing an elevated postoperative BMI level, along with a clinically significant increase in their BMI (an increase of more than 10%) were categorized as Group 1, while patients experiencing a decrease postoperative BMI level, along with a clinically significant reduction in their BMI (a decrease of more than 5%) were categorized as Group 2. Spearman correlation analysis was used to examine the correlations between quality‐of‐life scores and postoperative clinical parameters. Results Spearman correlation analysis showed that postoperative BMI, late complications and catheter‐free state were significantly associated with postoperative global QoL and symptom scale in MSSCU and postoperative global QoL and physical scale in IC patients. Additionally, postoperative BMI, catheter‐free state and the use of adjuvant therapy were associated with bad performance in many scales of QoL like body image, future perspective, social scale, future perspective (MSSCU), and abdominal bloating (IC) (Table 2, p

Large-scale inverted-V channels of upflowing oxygen ions are frequently identified in data collected by Cluster, at all local times, near the open-closed field line boundary over Earth’s high-latitude ionosphere-occur with downward propagating MHD Alfvén waves which have cascaded into kinetic regimes of plasma. The transverse acceleration of the oxygen ions in the center of these structures is interpreted as the integrated energization by these waves along the channels. Also observed within the channels are upward parallel electric fields, a key characteristic of kinetic Alfvén waves, which may contribute not only to lifting the ions but also to precipitating aurora electrons that might initiate ion upflow in the ionosphere below. Statistics on five-year observations of Cluster show that the channels typically form during geomagnetic perturbations, particularly when solar-wind dynamic pressure is high or highly fluctuated. Near the open-closed field line boundary, the stronger the wave power, the higher the upward oxygen flux and the higher the beam energy, indicating that these waves provide a simple but efficient way to drive oxygen upflows.

In this study, Mo–Cu/Cu plates were successfully fabricated by explosive welding and the influence of Mo content on their interfacial microstructure, shear strength, thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity was investigated. The results showed that as the Mo content increased to 70 wt%, the number of serrations at the interface of the Mo70Cu30/Cu plate increased, exhibiting a more complete shape and periodically ordered arrangement. In addition, increasing the Mo content to 70 wt% leads to a significant improvement in the interdiffusion distance at the interface, resulting in significant improvements in shear strength, thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity compared to the corresponding Mo70Cu30 plate. More serrations, more complete serrations and periodically arranged serrations benefit from increased Mo content to 70 wt% while improving the shear strength, thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity compared to raw material of Mo–Cu plate.

Abstract Mars lacks a global magnetic field, and instead possesses small-scale crustal magnetic fields, making its magnetic environment fundamentally different from intrinsic magnetospheres like those of Earth or Saturn. Here we report the discovery of magnetospheric ion drift patterns, typical of intrinsic magnetospheres, at Mars using measurements from Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN mission. Specifically, we observe wedge-like dispersion structures of hydrogen ions exhibiting butterfly-shaped distributions (pitch angle peaks at 22.5°−45° and 135°−157.5°) within the Martian crustal fields, a feature previously observed only in planetary-scale intrinsic magnetospheres. These dispersed structures are the results of drift motions that fundamentally resemble those observed in intrinsic magnetospheres. Our findings indicate that the Martian magnetosphere embodies an intermediate case where both the unmagnetized and magnetized ion behaviors could be observed because of the wide range of strengths and spatial scales of the crustal magnetic fields around Mars.

In order to achieve a high-precision synchronous detection of two different refractive index (RI) analytes, a D-type surface plasmon resonance (SPR) photonic crystal fiber (PCF) RI sensor based on two channels is designed in this paper. The sensor uses a D-shaped planar region of the PCF and a large circular air hole below the core as the sensing channels. Surface plasmon resonance is induced by applying a coating of gold film on the surface. The full-vector finite-element method (FEM) is used to optimize the structural parameters of the optical fiber, and the sensing characteristics are studied, including wavelength sensitivity, RI resolution, full width at half maximum (FWHM), figure of merit (FOM), and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The results show that the channel 1 (Ch 1) can achieve RI detection of 1.36–1.39 in the wavelength range of 1500–2600 nm, and the channel 2 (Ch 2) can achieve RI detection of 1.46–1.57 in the wavelength range of 2100–3000 nm. The two sensing channels can detect independently or simultaneously measure two analytes with different RIs. The maximum wavelength sensitivity of the sensor can reach 30,000 nm/RIU in Channel 1 and 9900 nm/RIU in Channel 2. The RI resolutions of the two channels are 3.54 × 10−6 RIU and 10.88 × 10−6 RIU, respectively. Therefore, the sensor realizes dual-channel high- and low-RI synchronous detection in the ultra-long wavelength band from near-infrared to mid-infrared and achieves an ultra-wide RI detection range and ultra-high wavelength sensitivity. The sensor has a wide application prospect in the fields of chemical detection, biomedical sensing, and water environment monitoring.

Dust storms play a crucial role in the climate system and the space environment of Mars, significantly impacting human exploration activities on the planet. The Martian dust storms exhibit significant regional, seasonal and interannual variations due to various controlling factors such as large-scale atmospheric circulation, varying solar radiation forcing, and Martial orbital and rotational motions and their coupling to the atmospheric dynamics. This paper aims to review current understandings of Martian dust storms. This paper begins by elucidating the basic properties of dust storms, their driving mechanisms, and their impacts on atmospheric dynamics, atmospheric electric property, space environment, topography, and Mars explorations. The paper then introduces the observation methods on different platforms, including orbiters and landers/rovers, along with datasets constructed based on these historical observations of Martian dust storms. Finally, we propose dust storm monitoring and predicting for the upcoming Chinese Tianwen-3 Mars sample return mission. It concludes by depicting the future research topics aimed at systematically understanding Martian dust storms.

In large-scale dairy farming, the use of high-temperature-fermented dairy manure bedding instead of rice husk-based bedding and other commercial types of bedding is widely favored. Strip-stacking aerobic fermentation is the main production method of dairy manure bedding, but it has problems including unstable fermentation and the secondary breeding of pathogens. In this work, a multi-probe, integrated, online monitoring system for temperature and relative humidity was used for fermentation process optimization. The effects of the temporal and spatial distribution of fermentation temperature and relative humidity on the nutrient content curve and the moisture and ash content of manure bedding materials were systematically studied. The effect of the fermentation process on the retention rate of effective bedding materials (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) was analyzed. The experiments proved that high-quality bedding material can be obtained through reasonable stacking fermentation. The fabricated bedding material has a total dry base content consisting of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin of 78%, an ash content of 6%, and a nutrient content of 17%. The obtained bedding material was produced to increase the bed rest rate and continuously inhibit the bedding bacteria content, keeping it at a low level for 5 days. This study proves that temperature and humidity monitoring can guide the optimization of the strip-stacking fermentation process of dairy manure and that it can be applied to large-scale farms to improve fermentation parameters.

(1) Background: Rapid on-site testing is an effective method for the detection of Escherichia coli O157: H7(E. coli O157: H7) in food ingredients and the environment. (2) Methods: In this study, we developed colorimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and immunochromatographic test strips (ICTs) for the rapid and visual detection of E. coli O157: H7. This study designed new specific LAMP primers for E. coli O157: H7 virulence island genes. After the LAMP amplification, the double-stranded DNA target sequence labeled with digoxin and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) at both ends was bound to the anti-digoxin antibody on the gold nanoparticles. Subsequently, it was further bound to the anti-FITC antibody at the T line of the ICTs, forming a positive test result. Hydroxynaphthyl blue dye was directly added to the LAMP amplification product. A blue color indicated positive results, while a purple color indicated negative results. (3) Results: Two visualization methods showed high specificity for the target strains. The visualization tests had sensitivities of 5.7 CFU mL−1, and the detection limit of the Escherichia coli O157: H7 in artificially contaminated milk samples was 5.7 × 102 CFU mL−1, which was consistent with the results of the standard method (LAMP-electrophoresis method) used in commercial inspection. (4) Conclusions: Both methods could be useful in remote and under-resourced areas.

Abstract Using data from the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission, we explore the plasma properties of Martian magnetotail current sheets (CS), to further understand the solar wind interaction with Mars and ion escape. There are some CS exhibit energetic oxygen ions that show narrow beam structures in the energy spectrum, which primarily occurs in the hemisphere where the solar wind electric field (Esw) is directed away from the planet. On average, these CS have a higher escaping flux than that of the CS without energetic oxygen ion beams, suggesting different roles in ion escape. The CS with energetic oxygen ion beams exhibits different proton and electron properties to the CS without energetic oxygen ion beams, indicating their different origins. Our analysis suggests that the CS with energetic oxygen ion beams may result from the interaction between the penetrated solar wind and localized oxygen ion plumes.

Mastitis causes significant losses in the global dairy industry, and the health of animals has been linked to their intestinal microbiota. To better understand the relationship between gastrointestinal microbiota and mastitis in dairy cows, we collected blood, rumen fluid, and fecal samples from 23 dairy cows, including 13 cows with mastitis and 10 healthy cows. Using ELISA kit and high-throughput sequencing, we found that cows with mastitis had higher concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1, and LPS than healthy cows (p 0.05). Principal coordinate analysis (PCOA) revealed significant differences in rumen microbial structure between the two groups (p 0.05), with Aeriscardovia, Lactococcus, and Bacillus as the signature for feces in healthy cows. Furthermore, the results showed distinct microbial interaction patterns in the rumen and feces of cows with mastitis compared to healthy cows. Additionally, we observed correlations between the microbiota in both the rumen and feces of cows and blood inflammatory indicators. Our study sheds new light on the prevention of mastitis in dairy cows by highlighting the relationship between gastrointestinal microbiota and mastitis.

In this study, we explore the evolution of long-duration transpolar arcs observed during an exceptionally quiet period by the Fengyun-3D and Defense Meteorological Satellite Program satellites on 17 January 2019. Leveraging the extensive field of view of WAI, we captured the complete structure and evolution of the TPA over a very quiet period exceeding 7 h, with AE

PurposeIn the era of concurrent combination therapy in metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer, the impact of the testosterone level before initiating androgen deprivation therapy on treatment outcome is still uncertain. We aimed to investigate its effect on time-to-castration-resistance in a metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer cohort.MethodsThis is a multi-center retrospective study of 5 databases from China, Japan, Austria and Spain including 258 metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer patients with androgen deprivation therapy initiated between 2002 and 2021. Baseline testosterone was divided into high and low groups using 12 nmol/L as cutoff level. Primary outcome was time-to-castration-resistance. Secondary outcomes were survival functions. Kaplan-Meier method was employed to evaluate the correlation between baseline testosterone and time-to-castration-resistance. Subgroup analysis was performed to elucidate the effect of upfront combination-therapy and metastatic volume.ResultsMedian age was 72 years. Median follow-up time was 31 months. Median pre-treatment prostate-specific-antigen level was 161 ng/mL. Majority of case were graded as International-Society-of-Urological-Pathology grade 5 (63.6%). 57.8% patients had high volume disease and 69.0% received upfront combination treatment. 44.6% of the cohort developed castration-resistance. The low testosterone group demonstrated shorter mean-time-to-castration-resistance (19.0 vs 22.4 months, p=0.031). The variance was more significant in patients without combination therapy (13.2 vs 26.3 months, p=0.015). Cancer-specific and overall survival were inferior in the low baseline testosterone level group without receiving combination therapy (p=0.001).ConclusionsLower pre-treatment testosterone level is correlated to shorter time-to-castration resistance and worse survival in metastatic prostate cancer patients without upfront combination therapy. Those with low baseline testosterone should be encouraged to adopt combination therapy to delay progression.

Magnetic reconnection and current disruption are two key processes in driving energy conversion and dissipation in planetary magnetospheres. At the Earth, the two processes usually occur at different locations: the current disruption process occurs more frequently in the near-Earth magnetotail ∼10 R _E , while the magnetotail reconnection process is expected to take place in the more distant region where the current sheet is thinner. Occasionally, under very intense solar wind perturbations, reconnection could be located closer to the Earth where current disruption processes usually operate. But it is unclear what the situation is at giant planets, in which the plasma environment is very different from the Earth. In this study, we investigate a middle-Jupiter reconnection event at ∼43 R _J . During the event, the inferred integrated cross-field currents were substantially reduced, which we argue is a signature of current disruption. In this case, we suggest that magnetic reconnection could be colocated with a current disruption process in the Jovian magnetosphere, which is roughly analogous to the situation in the extremely perturbed Earth’s magnetosphere.

Abstract In Jupiter's middle magnetosphere, debate remains on the controlling physics of electron acceleration to the ultrarelativistic regime. Some local‐time asymmetric processes regulating MeV electrons may have their hold across electron spectra, leaving imprints down to 10–100s keV energies. Spectra at these lower energies can be measured with finite energy resolution, which is hardly achieved for MeV electrons. We investigate 10–100s keV electron spectra using Galileo measurements. We show that at 15–20 RJ, the power‐law exponents exhibit a previously unexpected dawn‐dusk asymmetry. This asymmetry is more prominent for 100s‐keV spectra, persistent but enhanced from 1996 to 2001. These match the theory of transport driven by a dawn‐to‐dusk electric field. Contrary to past expectations of dawn‐to‐dusk electric field at Io plasma torus (IPT) extending outward from 6 RJ, the origin of the field we infer may be completely different, despite its orientation and impacts on electron energization similar with the IPT one.

Abstract Among nearly 300 near‐Mercury tail current sheet crossings performed by the MESSENGER spacecraft, we identified 37 traversals of an asymmetric current sheet, wherein the lobe densities on opposite sides differ by a factor of three or more. These asymmetric current sheet crossings primarily occur on the dawnside. A global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation was found to be in excellent agreement with the observations. The results suggest that the north–south density asymmetry is caused by solar wind entering via an upstream‐connected window in one hemisphere. Furthermore, the Parker spiral interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) controls the near‐tail density asymmetries, whereas Mercury's offset dipole magnetic field controls those in mid‐ or distant‐tail regions. We propose that hemispheric asymmetries in Mercury's magnetospheric convection occur under strong IMF conditions.

Jupiter is the biggest and fastest-rotating planet in our solar system. As a gas giant without land–sea distribution or topography, Jupiter is an ideal natural laboratory for studying atmospheric dynamics. Jupiter's atmospheric composition, atmospheric circulation, and internal structure are all topics of scientific significance. On December 4, 1973, Pioneer 10 achieved its closest approach to Jupiter, marking the first successful exploration mission to the Jovian system. Since then, Jupiter exploration has gathered more than 50 years of experience with 10 missions, including 7 flyby missions, 2 orbiting missions, Galileo and Juno, and the still en route mission Jupiter Icy moons Explorer (JUICE). This review takes a brief look-back to these 10 Jupiter missions and their science results, especially the progress on Jupiter's atmospheric composition, waves and zonal jet streams, the Great Red Spot, and polar vortices, as well as the unsolved scientific problems. China plans to launch Tianwen-4 by 2030, targeting the Jovian system. To shed some light on the scientific payloads and target design of Tianwen-4, reviewing the past Jupiter missions has certain significance.

ObjectiveTo establish an analytical method for determination of three types of citrate ester plasticizers in PVC plastic food contact materials using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.MethodsThe samples were extracted with n-hexane/dichloromethane （1∶1， V/V）， purified via silica gel solid phase extraction column， eluted using acetonitrile/ethyl acetate （1∶4， V/V）， added into a UPLC-MS/MS system， separated by BEH C18 column （2.1 mm × 50 mm， 1.7 μm） with acetonitrile and ultrapure water as mobile phase， detected using an ESI source in MRM positive ion mode， and quantified using an external standard.ResultsThe linear relationship of the method was good and the coefficient of determination （R2） was greater than 0.996. The limits of detection were 0.1-0.6 μg/kg， and the limits of quantitation were 0.3-2.2 μg/kg. The recoveries of the three types of citrate esters plasticizers were 70.3%-103.1%， and the relative standard deviations （RSDs） （n=6） were 0.9%-9.8%.ConclusionThe proposed method is highly sensitive， rapid， and highly applicable， and can meet the requirements for the detection of citrate ester plasticizers in plastic materials， which provides a means to supervise the addition of new plasticizers.

Reservoir impoundment induces a large amount of cumulative deformation of landslide body, leading to damage to the geological environment. Due to many yearly cycles of reservoir water fluctuation, the cumulative deformation of landslides tends to be stable, showing a self-adaptive deformation phenomenon. The study of the self-adaptive deformation mechanism is very important for evaluating landslide stability and achieving the safe operation of hydropower stations. To study the mechanism of self-adaptive deformation, two sets of physical models were used to monitor the groundwater, earth pressure, and cumulative deformation of landslide under periodic fluctuations of the reservoir water level. The results showed that the soil consolidation compaction, release of sliding stress, and increase in permeability are the three main factors of the self-adaptive deformation of landslide accumulation. The overall permeability decreased first and then increased, the front permeability increased greatly, and the middle and rear permeability decreased. The main factors that affected the permeability change were deformation and seepage force.

For flood discharge structures with high water heads, aeration facilities are usually installed in engineering to promote water flow aeration and prevent cavitation damage to the overflow surface. Actual engineering has shown that as the slope of the discharge channel bottom decreases or water level changes lead to a decrease in the Froude number, the cavity morphology after conventional aeration facilities or allotype aerators is poor. This article proposes a curved aeration facility scheme based on the idea of locally increasing the bottom slope to reduce the impact angle, which is formed by the convex parabolic bottom plate and concave parabolic bottom plate. The convex parabolic bottom plate is tangent to a flat bottom plate behind the offset, and the concave parabolic bottom plate is tangent to the downstream. The jet landing point is controlled at the junction of the convex parabolic bottom plate and the concave parabolic bottom plate, and the lower jet trajectory is in line with the parabolic bottom plate. The corresponding parabolic bottom plate calculation formulas were theoretically derived, and the design method of the shape parameters of the aeration facility was provided. Through specific engineering case studies, it was found that: (1) As the ZAC/ZAG value increases, point C becomes closer to point G, the slope of the water tongue landing point C becomes steeper, and the cavity is less likely to return water. (2) When the position of the water tongue landing point is 0.5–0.8 times the height of the water tongue impact point, there is almost no water accumulation in the calculated cavity. At this time, the platform length LAB = 0.5LAF, the convex parabolic section length LBC = (0.45–0.6) LAG, the concave parabolic section length LCD = (0.43–0.11) LAG, the convex parabolic section calculation formula is z (x) = −A1x2 (A1 = 0.0059–0.00564), and the concave parabolic section calculation formula is A2x2 − B2x2 (A2 = 0.003347–0.01927).This solved the problem of aeration and corrosion reduction under small bottom slope, large-unit discharge, and low Froude number engineering conditions.