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손해사정제도는 보험사고 발생 시 보험금 지급과 관련하여 공정하고 객관적인 손해액의 평가와 신속·정확한 보험금 지급으로 당사자 간 분쟁방지와 소송 등으로 인한 경제적·시간적 낭비의 발생을 방지하여 보험산업을 건전하게 육성하려는 취지로 1978년 보험업법에 의해 최초로 도입되었다. 유사 국가자격증에 비하여 세분화되어 있던 손해사정제도는 2014년도에 이르러 36년만에 자격 및 시험제도가 개편되었다. 그럼에도 손해사정사제도가 유사 국가자격증에 비하여 세분화되어 있고 손해사정사들의 대부분이 보험회사에 고용되어있거나 보험회사로부터 위탁받아 손해사정업무를 수행하고 있다. 따라서 손해사정업무가 보험회사에 편향되어 공정한 손해사정업무가 이루어지지 않아 손해사정업무의 독립성 및 객관성이 상실되어 가고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 보험제도의 실질적이고 구체적인 목적이 현실화되는 보험금 지급과 관련된 업무를 수행하는 손해사정제도의 역사적 변천과 현황 그리고 외국의 제도를 살펴봄으로써 현재의 문제점을 파악하고 개선방안을 제시하였다.

This paper presents a new concept combining flexible organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display technology with fluorescent biorecognition microarray technology to fabricate point-of-care immunobiosensors. Our approach is designed to leverage commercial OLED display technology to reduce pre-functionalized biosensor substrate costs to pennies per ${cm}^{2}$ combined with leveraging the display industries ability to manufacture an immense number of low-cost consumer electronic products annually. For this work, we demonstrate that our new approach using high brightness flexible OLED display technology combined with a charge integrating readout circuit and optical filters can offer point-of-care diagnostic sensitivity at or below 10 pg/mL, which approaches the lower limit of detection (LLOD) of typical clinical laboratory instrumentation.

The viability of a new biophotonic alternative to conventional prescription-drug-based treatments is explored for inflammatory disease and mental health disorders using a non-invasive drug-free optogenetics-based therapy to treat patients by optically stimulating selected afferent branches of the auricular vagus nerve transcutaneously via the outer ear using a high-resolution, addressable array of organic light emitting diodes (OLED) manufactured on a flexible plastic substrate. Preliminary analysis and optical measurements indicate that our 620 nm flexible red OLED display technology is bright enough to induce therapeutic optical stimulation in optogenetically modified neural tissue.

We demonstrate the power conversion efficiency of bulk heterojunction organic solar cells can be enhanced by introducing Ag nanoparticles into organic exciton blocking layer. The Ag nanoparticles were incorporated into the exciton blocking layer by thermal evaporation. Compared with the conventional cathode contact materials such as Al, LiF/Al, devices with Ag nanoparticles incorporated in the exciton blocking layer showed lower series resistances and higher fill factors, leading to a 3.2% power conversion efficiency with a 60 nm active layer; whereas, the conventional devices have only 2.0–2.3% power conversion efficiency. Localized surface plasmon resonances by the Ag nanoparticles and their contribution to photocurrent were also discussed by simulating optical absorptions using a FDTD (finite-difference-time-domain) method.

This paper presents a new biophotonic application for large-area, high-resolution, flexible organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display technology currently used to manufacture low-cost color flexible displays on plastic substrates. The new concept uses a fully addressable high resolution flexible OLED pixel array on a thin, mechanically compliant biocompatible plastic substrate to selectively stimulate and/or silence small groups of neurons on either the cortical surface or, alternatively, within the deep brain. Optical measurements from a 455 nm blue flexible OLED test structure demonstrated the ability to emit 1 ${\hbox{mW/mm}}^{2}$ of instantaneous light intensity using a 13 V, 20 Hz pulse, which meets the minimum reported intensity at $\sim$ 450 nm to induce optical stimulation in genetically modified neural tissue. Biocompatibility was successfully demonstrated by the ability to grow human epithelial cells on the surface of a full TFT process flow plastic flexible display substrate. Additionally, a new active matrix array display architecture was designed to support pulsed mode OLED operation. These preliminary results demonstrate the initial viability of extending flexible plastic substrate OLED display technology to the development of large-area, high-resolution emissive active matrix arrays for chronic optogenetic applications.

How the application of commercial (thin film) flat panel display technology, used in the production of flexible displays and flexible digital X-ray detectors, can also be applied to reduce the manufacturing cost of wearable biomedical devices, as well as potentially improve their diagnostic functionality, is explored. As a technology platform to evaluate the presented new concept, a prototype photoplethysmograph biosensor using a flexible organic light-emitting diode display and pin photodiode (thin film) sensor technology for optical heart rate monitoring is developed.

The widely used motors in HEV(Hybrid Electric Vehicles) are IPMSM(Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor) which has no rotor heat, higher efficiency and advantageous in volume and weight comparing with other motors. For vector control of IPMSM, position information of rotor is required but Resolver is mainly used as the detecting sensor. However, the use of position sensors will reduce the system reliability of hybrid electric vehicles. In this paper, a way to control the motor by sensorless was proposed at the event of sensor failure. We also implemented IPMSM sensorless operation by the expanded EMF(Electro Motive Force) voltage way and harmonic voltage which is applying in the low speed area. And we proposed how to change with sensorless control by detecting the position sensors failure and verified it through experiments.

Point-of-care molecular diagnostics can provide efficient and cost-effective medical care and they have the potential to fundamentally change our approach to global health. However, most existing approaches are not scalable to include multiple biomarkers. As a solution, we have combined commercial flat panel OLED display technology with protein microarray technology to enable high-density fluorescent, programmable, multiplexed biorecognition in a compact and disposable configuration with clinical-level sensitivity. Our approach leverages advances in commercial display technology to reduce pre-functionalized biosensor substrate costs to pennies per cm2. Here, we demonstrate quantitative detection of IgG antibodies to multiple viral antigens in patient serum samples with detection limits for human IgG in the 10 pg/mL range. We also demonstrate multiplexed detection of antibodies to the HPV16 proteins E2, E6 and E7, which are circulating biomarkers for cervical as well as head and neck cancers.

BLDC Motors are widely used in various speed control applications due to their ease of control and low cost. Generally, the unipolar PWM method is used for speed control applications. However, the unipolar PWM method has a current spike problem in the braking operation which can be a problem in speed reversal which generally happens in position control applications. However, the current spike problem can be solved by the conventional bipolar PWM method. Although the current spike problem can be solved, the conventional bipolar PWM method has the problem of a large current ripple. In this paper, a novel bipolar PWM method is proposed to solve this problem. The current ripple and the current spike problems are analyzed in this paper for the unipolar and bipolar PWM methods. At last, the merits of the proposed bipolar PWM method are proven by experiment.

This paper presents the torque control algorithm of a permanent magnet synchronous motor(PMSM) for an electric scooter. The volume of the in-wheel type motor is restricted due to the complicated mechanical structure in wheel of an electric scooter, so the hall sensors instead of resolver and encoder for the rotor position sensors are installed. In this paper, the rotor speed and position are estimated from the speed estimator for vector control of a PMSM with hall sensors. The motor starts to rotate at standstill in BLDC mode with 120 degree conduction. After start up, the operating mode is changed to the vector control with maximum torque per ampere(MTPA) operation at low speeds and flux weakening control at high speeds. The performance of the proposed control algorithm is verified through the experiment in the electric scooter.

MDPS (motor driven power steering) systems have been widely used in vehicles due to their improved fuel efficiency and steering performance when compared to conventional hydraulic steering. However, the reduction of torque ripples and material cost are important issues. A low resolution position sensor for MDPS is one of the candidates for reducing the material costs. However, it may increases the torque ripple due to the current harmonics caused by low resolution encoder signals. In this paper, the torque ripple caused by the quantized rotor position of the low resolution encoder is analyzed. To reduce the torque ripples caused by the quantization of the encoder signals, the rotor position and the speed are estimated by measuring the frequency of the encoder signals. In addition, the compensating q-axis current is added to the current command so that the 6th order torque harmonic is attenuated. The reduction of torque ripples by applying the estimated rotor position and the compensated q-axis current is verified through experimental results.

Descriptive sampling (DS) is an alternative to crude Monte Carlo sampling (CMCS) in finding solutions to structural reliability problems. It is known to be an effective sampling method in approximating the distribution of a random variable because it uses the deterministic selection of sample values and their random permutation,. However, because this method is difficult to apply to complex simulations, the sample size is occasionally determined without thorough consideration. Input sample variability may cause the sample size to change between runs, leading to poor simulation results. This paper proposes a numerical method for choosing a suitable sample size for use in DS. Using this method, one can estimate a more accurate probability of failure in a reliability problem while running a minimal number of simulations. The method is then applied to several examples and compared with CMCS and conventional DS to validate its usefulness and efficiency.

A series of white polymer light-emitting devices has been fabricated by using a spiropolyfluorene (SF) blue polymer with an orange Ir complex as a blend system. A SF single polymer host and mixed co-host with CBP (4,4-N,N-dicarbazolebiphenyl) or PBD (2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole) are investigated to get high efficiency white OLEDs. A good color coordination of (0.34, 0.36) with a good current efficiency of 1.52 cd/A at 2% doped condition in a CBP mixed co-host system is reported.

We have developed a selective coating technology for large-area polymer light-emitting devices (PLEDs). This can be done by using the different surface energy on the anode electrode. Teflon thin film can be used to make a hydrophobic surface (low surface energy) on the hydrophilic surface (high surface energy) of ITO for patterning of polymer film. Contact angle of ITO surface and Teflon coated one were 3 and 130°, respectively. In order to demonstrate PLED by spontaneous patterning of polymer film we have fabricated PLED consist of 4 and 8 elements in series on the same substrate. The voltage of the devices required to achieve a particular brightness scales approximately with the number of elements in series.

We report efficiency increase and voltage reduction by bipolar host materials, 4,4′- N , N′ -dicarbazoleterpheyl and 4,4′- N , N′ -dicarbazolequaterpheyl, in green and red phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (PHOLEDs). These host materials are designed to have good electron transporting characteristics with narrow band-gap by adding more phenyl moieties in a 4,4′- N , N′ -dicarbazolebiphenyl (CBP) chemical structure. At a given constant luminance of 1000 cd/m 2 , power efficiency is enhanced at least by twenty percent compared to general CBP based green and red PHOLEDs.

We report a high efficiency red phosphorescent OLED (PHOLED) with organic bilayered structure. The structure of bilayered red PHOLEDs was ITO/ N,N″-di(naphthalene-1-yl)-N,N″-diphenyl-benzidine (NPB)/new host: Ir(piq)3/LiF/Al. A high current efficiency of 10.0 cd/A and a power efficiency of 7.8 lm/W at 500cd/m2 was demonstrated in this device. The operation driving voltage to reach 1000 cd/m2 was 4.5 V and CIE coordinate was (0.67, 033). This bilayered PHOLED fabricated by a new phosphorescent host material resulted about 3 times enhancement of power efficiency compared with that of a CBP based control device.

We demonstrate that solution processed high efficiency and saturated red phosphorescent OLEDs can be achieved using a soluble small molecule (SSM) as the host material. Two structures of ITO /PEDOT /interlayer /SSM:Ir(piq)3 /LiF /Al and ITO /PEDOT /interlayer /SSM:Ir(piq)3 /sublimated Balq /sublimated Alq3 /LiF /Al were employed as all soluble processed devices and hybrid devices, respectively. A 6.36 cd/A of maximum luminance efficiency and a 3.22 lm/W of maximum power efficiency were obtained in a hybrid device. The CIE coordinate was (0.67, 0.33).

New dendrimers bearing a phenothiazine heterocyclic building block have been successfully prepared and their absorption and emission properties have been investigated in terms of photoluminescence (PL) and electroluminescence (EL). Particularly, the EL has been studied precisely in the heterostructural devices that are fabricated with two dendrimers. The spectrum and the intensity of EL and PL are varied with the number of generation. Significant difference of the I – V – L characteristics and the external quantum efficiency in the dendrimer devices reveals that the EL performance of the higher-generation dendrimers is higher than that of the lower-generation ones. These results suggest that the site isolation between the chromophores suppresses the non-radiative decay process and reduces the interchain molecular excimer emission from the aggregated dendrimers.

The electroluminescent characteristics of the host MEH–PPV and PVK polymeric light-emitting diodes with and without doping carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been demonstrated. For MEH–PPV-based devices, maximum luminance of the pristine and CNTs-doped polymeric light-emitting diodes exhibit 3900 cd/m2 at 5.0 V and 3600 cd/m2 at 5.4 V. For PVK-based devices, maximum luminance of the pristine, 0.05% and 0.1% CNTs-doped polymeric light-emitting diodes exhibit 3600 cd/m2 at 6.2 V, 7600 cd/m2 at 8.2 V and 6800 cd/m2 at 9.1 V. The performance of polymeric light-emitting diodes in electroluminescence has been demonstrated by the improvement of doping carbon nanotubes in polymer matrix. This may be due to the chemical interaction bonding between carbon nanotubes and organic molecules in the polymer matrix and the variation of energy level in electronic structure.

Mono-disperse and spherical Ni powders were prepared using a N2H4-based solution reduction route. The main focus was on manipulating the particle size by varying the source materials (Ni-chloride, Ni-sulfate and Ni-acetate) and impurity concentrations. The morphology and size of the Ni particle closely depended on the source materials. In addition, the particle size became significantly smaller with increasing Co concentration ranging from 0 to 350 ppm. The decrease in the Ni particle size was attributed to the promotion of nucleation by the rapid decomposition of the CoCl2–N2H4 complex when adding a NaOH solution and the more active reduction of Co than that of Ni in the initial stages of the reaction.

We have fabricated white polymer light-emitting devices (WPLEDs) from RGB polymer blending systems using ITO/PEDOT:PSS/blended polymers/LiF/Al structure. The highest current efficiency reached 5.34 cd/A and the maximum brightness value of 27,000 cd/m2 at 11.4 V was obtained. As the green dopant concentration increased, the spectrum deviated from the white because of more energy transfer from host to guest. As a result, the 450 nm blue peak was reduced by increasing green dopant ratio. On the other hand, 600 nm red shoulder peaks were slightly increased at the same conditions. Therefore, red-orange and green electroluminescence emissions are promoted by excitation energy and charge transfer from the blue host polymer to the dopants.

We have fabricated white polymeric light-emitting devices (WPLEDs) from polyfluorene-based (PFO) blue and MEH-PPV polymer blending systems. A device structure of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/Blending polymer/Blue polymer/LiF/Al was employed. This double emissive structure results in the significant improvement of white color shift phenomenon. A current efficiency of 4.67 cd/A (3,900 cd/m2, 6.4 V) and a brightness value of 17,600 cd/m2 at 9.4 V with (0.34, 0.35) CIE coordinates at 5 V and (0.29, 0.29) at 9 V were obtained.

A facile chemical route to prepare a well-defined Ni powder on a mass-production scale without external heating was suggested. A highly concentrated Ni complex was formed between NiCl2 and N2H4 solution, and subsequent addition of NaOH solution triggered serial reactions from the Ni complex decomposition via Ni(OH)2 formation to the reduction of a Ni(OH)2 gel into well-defined Ni spheres. The high temperature necessary for the reaction was attained not by external heating but by exothermic reactions such as complex formation and reduction. The preparation of monodisperse and spherical Ni powder was attributed to uniform distribution of the reducing agent (N2H4) within the Ni(OH)2 gel.

We successfully fabricated lead zirconate titanate (PZT) films with film thickness of 70 nm using a modified solution combined with lead titanate (PTO) seed layer. Throughout various approaches, we have found that the microstructure of PZT film plays an important role in determining the hysteretic properties particularly below the thickness of 100 nm. We modified the ligands of precursors to improve the microstructure of thin PZT film. In addition, we also adopted a thin PTO seed layer to enhance the initial nucleation density. Finally, we could obtain good electric properties similar to those of 250 nm PZT. The hysteretic properties such as Q – V , and hysteresis loop seem to be excellent enough to operate at as low as 2 V, which is a prerequisite property for high-density storage applications.

A uniform BaTiO3 nano layer was coated on spherical Ni particles for multilayer ceramic capacitor applications via a Ti-hydroxide coating using the controlled hydrolysis of a TiCl4 butanol solution containing (C2H5)2NH (diethylamine, DEA) and its subsequent hydrothermal reaction at various [Ba(OH)2], residual [DEA], and hydrothermal temperatures. The hydrothermal conversion was successful at [Ba(OH)2]≥0.065M (Ba/Ti≥1.3) and T≥150°C, and the residual DEA in the Ti-hydroxide coating layer not only affected the formation of the BaTiO3 phase but also resulted in a rough surface morphology. When a minimal amount of DEA was involved in the formation of Ti-hydroxide, a uniform BaTiO3 coating with a clean surface morphology could be attained, which was confirmed by elemental mapping of the coated powder and the observation of hollow spheres after removing the Ni core. The BaTiO3 coating was very effective not only in preventing Ni oxidation but also in shifting the starting point of Ni densification to a higher temperature.

The growth characteristics of Pb(ZrxTi1-x)O3 (PZT) thin films were investigated for application to high-density ferroelectric random access memories (FeRAM) devices. Films were grown by the liquid source metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (LS-MOCVD) method with tmhd-family precursors, such as Pb(tmhd)2, Zr(tmhd)2(OiPr)2 and Ti(tmhd)2(OiPr)2, dissolved in octane. Film deposition was mainly performed at 560°C, because it is the highest temperature at which bottom electrode contact could be maintained against oxidation in our capacitor over bit-line (COB) structure. The control of Pb precursor supply plays the most critical role in realizing a reliable process for PZT thin film deposition. We have monitored the changes in the microstructure and electrical properties of films on increasing the Pb precursor supply into the reaction chamber. Under optimized conditions, Ir/IrO2/PZT(100 nm)/Ir capacitor shows well-saturated hysteresis loops with a remanent polarization (Pr) of ~ 28 µC/cm2 and coercive voltage of 0.8 V at 2.5 V.

A novel poly( p -phenylenevinylene) (PPV) derivative containing adamantane substituent—poly(2-methoxy-5-adamantaneethyloxy- p -phenylenevinylene) (MAE-PPV) is synthesized through the Gilch route. Adamantane was incorporated into this polymer because of its rigid and spherical structure, which results in reduction of interchain interaction. MAE-PPV is solution processable and shows high photoluminescence intensity. This polymer also demonstrates good electroluminescene properties.

We have synthesized PPV derivative containing an adamantane side group, poly(1-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-4-(1-adamantaneethyloxy)-2,5-phenylenevinylene, EHAE-PPV) and fabricated the segment device using this polymeric electroluminescent material. EHAE-PPV is solution processable and shows high photoluminescence intensity, probably due to the steric effect of the adamantyl group. This polymer also has exhibited good electroluminescent properties.

Sensor-based human activity data (HAD) collection, used for engineering human activity recognition (HAR) systems, is a cumbersome process. Its success depends on two factors: correct activity labels and correct sensor activation sequence. This is very hard to achieve, as is seen in many previous studies. Therefore, a system for automatically observing HAD collection is introduced, making it a lot easier and less noisy. At the heart of the system sits a novel data mining tool that uses Web activity data to achieve the above goal. The effectiveness of the proposed system is shown using a set of two experiments.

Pb(ZrxTi1−x)O3 (PZT) ferroelectric thin films were prepared by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrate. Very thin PZT films, which were deposited at a lower temperature and post-annealed at higher temperature for crystallization, were used as a seed layer. PZT films grown on the seed layer exhibited superior characteristics in the crystalline structure and electrical properties, compared to those deposited without seed layer. Depending on the deposition conditions of PZT seed layer, a wide variation of surface morphology and stoichiometry was found between samples, whereas chemical composition was found to be very similar.

Improvement of reliability, specially high endurance and retention characteristics, of PZT capacitors has been a main question for high density FeRAM development. Pt/IrO2 hybrid electrode has been suffered from the hydrogen degradation due to the strong catalytic function of Pt. Thus, IrO2 electrode can be a good candidate for the minimizing hydrogen related degradation. We have investigated the variation in ferroelectric properties such as fatigue, retention and hydrogen effect of PZT capacitors grown on the IrO2 electrodes in comparison with those grown on the Pt/IrO2 hybrid electroe

PbZrxTi1−xO3(PZT) thick films were prepared on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrate with over lum-thickness by means of using chemical solution deposition(CSD). Two different sol-gel solutions were prepared with high viscosity. The conventional solution used just added propylene glycol and, the modified solution was derived from propylene glycol. We evaluated various properties of thick films prepared based on both solutions, including microstructure, crystal orientation and electric properties. The films derived from modified solution showed preferred (100) orientation which could be a consequence of the precursor difference of PZT solution. Under 550 °C, PZT (100) orientation could be obtained from X-ray diffraction patterns. We could compared the results-Various properties of PZT films derived by 1,3-propanediol system just used as a solvent- with other papers’ method. Most of all, with the modified solution, we could decreased the thickness of thermally oxidized silicon layer and the solution was a stable...

A composite of two conducting polymers, polyaniline and polypyrrole, could result in much improved physical properties with respect to their applications in electrochromic devices. However, the composite has time dependant properties that made the use of dynamic computational algorithms necessary to control its behaviour. We used a platinum modified electrode as an electrochromic display device, which was integrated with a pre-trained computer for data processing and knowledge discovery. Since there is a direct relationship between the colour of the composite and its conductivity, detection of conductivity/colour has been used for prediction of pH, we have found that different parameters within the algorithms can affect the performance of our modelling resulting in a more reliable device.

The effect of the side group, employed during synthesis, on the PL (photoluminescence), EL (electroluminescence) profiles and the light intensity of PPV derivatives has been investigated using MEH (methoxy-ethyl-hexyloxy) and MCHM (methoxy-cyclo-hexyl-methyloxy) as side groups. The measurements show that even the most subtle change in molecular structure of PPV has a marked improvement on the EL, PL profiles and the light emission intensity. It has been found that the PL and EL intensities of the MCHM-PPV are higher than those of MEH-PPV. MCHM-PPV also demonstrated higher light emission at lower potentials and currents.

Using transition metals including Ni, Fe and Cu as dopants and MEH-PPV (poly(2-methoxy,5-(2′-ethyl-hexyloxy)- p -phenylenevinylene)) as the organic material we studied the PL intensity of the doped polymer. It has been found that PL intensities decreased by laser ablation of metals in all cases except in the case of Fe when the laser ablation process was carried out for 30 s.

A new computerized approach was considered for characterization and classification of different polymeric composites based pH sensors. In this approach an integrated artificial neural network (ANN)/composite was designed. Using this design we were able to create reproducible patterns and models based on the collected data. This new computerized method has advantages of being more selective and more accurate over conventional ways of data collection.

We present a method of object recognition from an imprecise multiobserver data, which extends the work of Roy and Maji [11] to generalized interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy soft set theory. The method involves the construction of Comparison Table from a generalized intuitionistic fuzzy soft set in a parametric sense for decision making.

As a result of intensive research on polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) for the last several years, the device performances have been remarkably improved. Recently, several researchers reported on a PLEDs with an interlayer between poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly-(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and an emissive polymer. It improved the device efficiency as well as the device lifetime. The role of the interlayer is to block the electron from back diffusion to PEDOT:PSS and/or to reduce luminescence quenching at the PEDOT:PSS interface. We studied the improvement of the PLED by inserting an octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) as the interlayer between PEDOT:PSS and the emissive layer. The OTS was treated on PEDOT:PSS through the self-assembled monolayer (SAM) process. It improved the device efficiency of the PLED from 3.86 to 4.76 cd/A, and increased the operation lifetime from 270 to 340 minute comparing the non-OTS treated PLED with the OTS treated PLED for 10 min. In blue PLED, inserting the OTS layer between blue polymer and PEDOT:PSS is promoted hole injection from an anode. Therefore, the device efficiency is improved, which appears to be due to the increase of balanced recombination as a result of the accumulated electrons near the interface between emissive layer and PEDOT:PSS.

The chemically controlled polyol process, with TMAH and water as OH- donors in the nickel hydroxyglycolate intermediate phase, prepares the nickel nano particles. The water additive acts as the OH- donor and enhances the solubility of salt in polyol for efficient production and monodispersive particles. Water and TMAH, selected to decrease the contamination of alkali metal from inorganic base, as OH- donors control the intermediary solid phase as a reservoir for Ni2+ species. The particle is about 80 nm with a faceted shape when the reaction is controlled by a combination of TMAH and water,. The nucleating agent is powerful to decrease the particle size, but in this basic reaction condition, it is not effective enough to get a small size.

The asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)-based broadband integrated services digital network (B-ISDN) may become the first network which can really fulfill the promise to integrate all types of communication services and applications. To achieve this objective, B-ISDN should ensure the continued support of existing interfaces and services, such as PSTN. This paper describes the system structure for accommodating PSTN subscribers in the ATM switching system, IWS (inter-working subsystem). We present the software structure for call processing and control between heterogeneous switches and some specific aspects for the voice service in the ATM switching system.

The IWF (inter working function) interworking between asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) and existing synchronous transfer mode (STM) network should ensure the continued support of services and applications currently provided. As the ATM switching system accommodates an STM switch, in order to give the same quality of voice services to the telephone users, the interworking system should cover various technical issues such as voice quality, echo control, partially filled cell, ATM adaptation layer (AAL) for voice, tones and announcements. The voice message connection control, which is the subject of this paper, is one of the essential technical issues for voice services. We present the design and implementation of voice message connection control technology which is used to announce the causes of call failure in the ATM switching system accommodating the public switched telephone network (PSTN) and narrowband ISDN (N-ISDN) subscribers.

Retention loss is a significant issue for an application of ferroelectric thin films to high-density non-volatile memory devices. We investigated the polarization retention characteristics of ferroelectric Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) thin films which were fabricated on Pt/IrO2/Ir substrates by different deposition methods. In thermally-accelerated retention failure tests, Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) films which were prepared by a chmeical solution deposition (CSD) method showed rapid decay of retained polarization charges as the films became thinner down to 1000 Å, while the films which were grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) showed relatively large nonvolatile charges at the same thickness. We concluded that in the CSD-grown films, the relatively large interfacial passive layer compared with the MOCVD-grown films had an unfavorable effect on retention behavior. We observed the existence of such interfacial layers by extrapolation of the total capacitance with thickness of the films and the capacitance of this layer was larger in MOCVD-grown films. It means that the possibility of the accumulation of space charges at the interface was reduced, so that less imprint and less retention loss could be observed in the MOCVD-grown films.

PZT thin films with a thickness of 70 nm were successfully fabricated using a modified solution combined with PbTiO3 seed layer. Throughout various approaches, we found that the microstructure of PZT thin film plays an important role in determining the electrical properties such as hysteretic properties and leakage currents, particularly when the thickness is below 100 nm. We modified the precursor system to improve the microstructure in PZT thin film. In addition, we also adopted a thin PbTiO3 seed layer to enhance the initial nucleation density. Finally, we could obtain good electric properties similar to those obtained from 240 nm thick PZT film. The hysteretic properties is excellent enough to operate at a low voltage (2V) for a high density FRAM application.

A cooperative local dimming (CLD) method that effectively controls the brightness of the backlight unit is proposed. This CLD method takes into account the brightness of neighbouring light sources to achieve a backlight brightness that should be minimally higher than the brightness required by the pixels on the screen. The proposed CLD method matches pixel brightness more accurately and saves more energy than conventional local dimming methods do, thereby improving the quality of images and energy efficiency.

A low temperature, 180 °C, amorphous Si (a-Si:H) process on bonded polyethylene naphthalate substrates is discussed and a 4.1-inch QVGA active matrix (AM) phosphorescent OLED display is demonstrated. The n-channel thin-film transistors (TFTs) exhibited saturation mobilities of 0.773 cm2/V-sec, layer to layer registration distortion less than 10ppm and low defectivity. The efficiency of the OLED display is 39 cd/A at 500 nits.

We present highly efficient red and green phosphorescent devices comprising only two organic layers. Novel host materials having good electron transporting and new narrow band-gap fluorescent characteristics lead to the fabrication of simplified high efficiency devices. The driving voltage value of 3.3 V to reach luminance of 1000 cd/m 2 is reported in simple bi-layer red and green phosphorescent OLEDs, respectively. The maximum current- and power-efficiency values of 38.30 cd/A and 46.60 lm/W are demonstrated in this green device. The current and power efficiencies of bi-layered red PHOLED are 9.38 cd/A and 11.72 lm/W. Results reveal a practical way to fabricate highly efficient truly bi-layer organic devices for trouble-free manufacturing processes.