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In 1923, Freud tried to make a distinction between the two types of dreams. Those which are “from above” and those which are “from below”. From Below dreams are those which are triggered by the unconscious wish which has been repressed. Dreams from above correspond to thoughts or intentions of the day before which have contrived during the night to obtain reinforcement from repressed material that is debarred from the ego. The thoughts and intentions that appear in these dreams are those of the day before. They are designed to induce the body to behave in a certain way during the night. In 1929, Freud explained that dreams could have been formulated just as well as they could have been created during the state of sleep. They could have been derived only from certain parts of the brain that were relatively deep. In short, dreams may arise either from the Instinctual Desires (Ids) or from the ego. Classification of any dream as an ego dream, as one 'from above '-and perhaps even this genetic category itself might be reconsidered at least for some instances. In this light, any thorough dream analysis must take account also of a formalist, stylistic approach (dealing with the grammar, figurative language, semantic patterns, and the like)-an approach quite in harmony with psychoanalysis. That is to say, whereas the cornerstone of modern Saussurean linguistics is that the connection between the signifier and signified is arbitrary, the cornerstone of modern stylistics is that the connection is motivated, non-arbitrary; and in that sense, formalism is close to psychoanalysis and its study of the non-arbitrariness of human behaviour and psychic activity. Through this paper, the authors want to conclude whether there is any particular formula/s (Either mathematical or subjective) to dream exist or not and what are the situations and factors that contribute to the formation of one’s dreams. This paper also highlights the different theories on dreams given by different researchers.

In this paper, heat transfer characteristics of nickel coating over aluminium and mild steel are examined using jet impingement cooling. A rectangular sheet of dimension 10 cm × 3.5 cm × 0.1 cm taken as the test piece is coated with 4 g nickel acetate tetrahydrate precursor in the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process for 85 mins. Heat transfer characteristics are studied on three layers of nickel coating (no coating, first coating, and second coating) with an impinging air-jet velocity of 3.5 ms−1 and 6 ms−1. The effect of Reynolds number, the thickness of the coating, jet velocity, distance from the stagnation point, and nozzle diameter on the heat transfer coefficient are investigated. The results show an increase in convective heat transfer characteristics with the Reynolds number, the thickness of the coating, and the nozzle diameter and a substantial decrease with deviation from the stagnation point.

Quantum Dots (QDs) are proficient in increasing the efficiency of solar cells due to their property of multiple exciton generation (electron-hole pairs) after the collision with a single photon of energy exceeding the size of the bandgap. These nanostructures can be synthesized by the bottom-up approach in which Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) technology offers great benefits of high throwing power and provides a cost-effective solution for large scale fabrication. The different types of CVD methods used in the fabrication process are discussed here for example - Plasma chemical vapor deposition (PCVD) is a technique in which various precursors can be used; reactive organic and inorganic materials undergo disintegration and radical polymerization while being exposed to a high-energy plasma stream for depositing a thin film over the surface of the substrate at a relatively lower temperature. In Metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) volatile organo-metallic precursors are deposited on the surface of the substrate under vacuum. Hot-wire chemical vapor deposition process (HWCVD) is a technique that involves the thermal deposition of precursor gases on the substrate. Some of the recent researches highlighting the fabrication of Quantum Dot Solar Cells (QDSC) and enhancing their properties for achieving high solar energy conversion efficiency using CVD methods have been discussed. Surface properties of these deposited films by CVD have been analyzed using several techniques which are discussed here. At last, challenges faced in the fabrication of QDSC are discussed and the areas of improvement and future outlook of solar cells are suggested.

Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate antimicrobial prescription pattern in outpatient departments.Method: This was a prospective, cross-sectional and observational study over 12 weeks total 400 prescriptions of either gender and age; containing antimicrobial agents (AMAs) were analyzed for demographic data and the WHO prescribing indicators.Results: Most of prescription were given to men (n=262). The most common group of AMA used was Cephalosporins (n=141, 35.25%); of which Ceftriaxone was most commonly prescribed (n=73, 18.25%). 10 AMAs were from the WHO essential medicine list AMAs. Men outnumbered women in prescribing antibiotics (n=262 vs. 138). Most of AMAs receivers were between 26 and 35 years (n=128, 32%). Amoxicillin+Clavulanic acid fixed-dose combination was most common (n=84, 21%). Most of the prescriptions were containing four drugs per prescriptions (n=130, 32.5%). Only 10% of the prescription was given by generic name and rest 90% were given by brand name. Oral dosage form of AMAs was predominant (n=340, 85%). Vitamins and supplement were most common comedication received by patients.Conclusion: Antibiotic use was found to be reasonable and rational in most of the cases. However, still, prescribers should improve prescribing practices and make it more rational.