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In this paper, we propose a new variable separation method which does not need Hirota’s bilinear form and directly gives analytic form of solution u instead of its potential uy. This new method not only covers N-soliton solution obtained by Hirota’s direct method but also multi-valued solution of multi-linear variable separation approach(MLVSA), and applicable to (M+N)-dimensional nonlinear model. We would like to call it “direct separation approach” (DSA). Taking the extended (3+1)-dimensional KP equation as an example, we first construct two types of N-soliton solution. Then, by introducing multi-valued functions, rogue wave and four typical folded solitary waves are obtained. In addition, we study the head-on and chase-after collision between two, three, four folded solitary waves, and systematically analyze their dynamic behaviors. Many novel structures are obtained that may help simulate complex folded appearance in real life.

The energy–water–land nexus represents a critical leverage future policies must draw upon to reduce trade-offs between sustainable development objectives. Yet, existing long-term planning tools do not provide the scope or level of integration across the nexus to unravel important development constraints. Moreover, existing tools and data are not always made openly available or are implemented across disparate modeling platforms that can be difficult to link directly with modern scientific computing tools and databases. In this paper, we present the NExus Solutions Tool (NEST): a new open modeling platform that integrates multi-scale energy–water–land resource optimization with distributed hydrological modeling. The new approach provides insights into the vulnerability of water, energy and land resources to future socioeconomic and climatic change and how multi-sectoral policies, technological solutions and investments can improve the resilience and sustainability of transformation pathways while avoiding counterproductive interactions among sectors. NEST can be applied at different spatial and temporal resolutions, and is designed specifically to tap into the growing body of open-access geospatial data available through national inventories and the Earth system modeling community. A case study analysis of the Indus River basin in south Asia demonstrates the capability of the model to capture important interlinkages across system transformation pathways towards the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals, including the intersections between local and regional transboundary policies and incremental investment costs from rapidly increasing regional consumption projected over the coming decades., Geoscientific Model Development, 13 (3), ISSN:1991-9603, ISSN:1991-959X

In order to make full use of the ESDD test data of on-site bell insulators to evaluate the area pollution level, a new calculation method of the bell insulator to double-shed insulator contamination ratio is proposed, which is based on the principle of minimizing the misjudgment of the area pollution level. Natural contamination test was carried out in Taizhou, Zhejiang province, and the contamination ratio was calculated based on the test data. According to the probability distribution model of test data, 10,000 sample data are randomly generated for verification. The results show that the misjudgment rate of pollution area of the proposed method is 21.41%, which is lower than the traditional method of taking the arithmetic average or geometric average for several test points.

Reliable projections of wildfire and associated socioeconomic risks are crucial for the development of efficient and effective adaptation and mitigation strategies. The lack of or limited observational constraints for modeling outputs impairs the credibility of wildfire projections. Here, we present a machine learning framework to constrain the future fire carbon emissions simulated by 13 Earth system models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6), using historical, observed joint states of fire-relevant variables. During the twenty-first century, the observation-constrained ensemble indicates a weaker increase in global fire carbon emissions but higher increase in global wildfire exposure in population, gross domestic production, and agricultural area, compared with the default ensemble. Such elevated socioeconomic risks are primarily caused by the compound regional enhancement of future wildfire activity and socioeconomic development in the western and central African countries, necessitating an emergent strategic preparedness to wildfires in these countries.

Current knowledge of the spatiotemporal patterns of changes in soil moisture-based terrestrial aridity has considerable uncertainty. Using Standardized Soil Moisture Index (SSI) calculated from multi-source merged data sets, we find widespread drying in the global midlatitudes, and wetting in the northern subtropics and in spring between 45°N–65°N, during 1971–2016. Formal detection and attribution analysis shows that human forcings, especially greenhouse gases, contribute significantly to the changes in 0–10 cm SSI during August–November, and 0–100 cm during September–April. We further develop and apply an emergent constraint method on the future SSI’s signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios and trends under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 5-8.5. The results show continued significant presence of human forcings and more rapid drying in 0–10 cm than 0–100 cm. Our findings highlight the predominant human contributions to spatiotemporally heterogenous terrestrial aridification, providing a basis for drought and flood risk management.

Soil moisture (SM) datasets are critical to understanding the global water, energy, and biogeochemical cycles and benefit extensive societal applications. However, individual sources of SM data (e.g., in situ and satellite observations, reanalysis, offline land surface model simulations, Earth system model simulations) have source-specific limitations and biases related to the spatiotemporal continuity, resolutions, and modeling/retrieval assumptions. Here, we developed seven global, gap-free, long-term (1970–2016), multi-layer (0–10, 10–30, 30–50, and 50–100 cm) SM products at monthly 0.5° resolution (available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.13661312.v1) by synthesizing a wide range of SM datasets using three statistical methods (unweighted averaging, optimal linear combination, and emergent constraint). The merged products outperformed their source datasets when evaluated with in situ observations and the latest gridded datasets that did not enter merging because of insufficient spatial, temporal, or soil layer coverage. Assessed against in situ observations, the global mean bias of the synthesized SM data ranged from −0.044 to 0.033 m3/m3, root mean squared error from 0.076 to 0.104 m3/m3, and Pearson correlation from 0.35 to 0.67. The merged SM datasets also showed the ability to capture historical large-scale drought events and physically plausible global sensitivities to observed meteorological factors. Three of the new SM products, produced by applying any of the three merging methods onto the source datasets excluding the Earth system models, were finally recommended for future applications because of their better performances than the Earth system model–dependent merged estimates. Despite uncertainties in the raw SM datasets and fusion methods, these hybrid products create added value over existing SM datasets because of the performance improvement and harmonized spatial, temporal, and vertical coverages, and they provide a new foundation for scientific investigation and resource management.

Objective: To investigate the effect of health education via clinical nursing pathway (CNP) on self-care agency, quality of life, negative emotions and nursing satisfaction among patients with ovarian carcinoma. Methods: The clinical data of 61 patients with ovarian carcinoma admitted to the Oncology Department of our hospital from January 2019 to January 2020 were analyzed retrospectively. According to the different nursing methods, the patients were divided into a control group (n=31) and an observation group (n=30). The postoperative complications, the scores of self-care agency and quality of life before and after intervention, sleep quality and negative emotions were compared and analyzed between the two groups. Results: Patients in the observation group had higher mastery of health knowledge and lower incidence of postoperative complications than those in the control group. The scores of SDS, SAS and PSQI were significantly decreased in both groups after intervention compared with those before intervention (P

The implementation of bulk energy storage (BES) technologies can help to achieve higher penetration and utilization of variable renewable energy technologies (e.g., wind and solar), but it can also alter the dispatch order in regional electricity systems in other ways. These changes to the dispatch order affect the total amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) that is emitted to the atmosphere and the amount of total water that is required by the electricity generating facilities. In a case study of the Electricity Reliability Council of Texas system, we separately investigated the value that three BES technologies (CO2-Geothermal Bulk Energy Storage, Compressed Air Energy Storage, Pumped Hydro Energy Storage) could have for reducing system-wide CO2 emissions and water requirements. In addition to increasing the utilization of wind power capacity, the dispatch of BES also led to an increase in the utilization of natural gas power capacity and of coal power capacity, and a decrease in the utilization of nuclear power capacity, depending on the character of the net load, the CO2 price, the water price, and the BES technology. These changes to the dispatch order provided positive value (e.g., increase in natural gas generally reduced CO2 emissions; decrease in nuclear utilization always decreased water requirements) or negative value (e.g., increase in coal sometimes increased CO2 emissions; increase in natural gas sometimes increased water requirements) to the regional electricity system. We also found that these values to the system can be greater than the cost of operating the BES facility. At present, there are mechanisms to compensate BES facilities for ancillary grid services, and our results suggest that similar mechanisms could be enacted to compensate BES facilities for their contribution to the environmental sustainability of the system.

SiO32- was separated from coal slag (CS), one of the largest annual solid waste emissions, by an alkali extraction method and converted into SiO2 by the reaction with HAc. The prepared SiO2 was mixed with LiAc by an immersion method and calcinated to form Li4SiO4 adsorbents (LAS). The LAS prepared exhibited the close saturated CO2 adsorption capacity of 367 mg/g at 650 °C in 1 h. The influences of calcination temperature, calcination time, and heating rate on the CO2 adsorption capacity of the LAS were systemically investigated and the preparation conditions were optimized. To improve the cyclic stability of the LAS, 10 wt% activated CS (ACS) was doped into LAS. The ACS doping significantly improves the cyclic stability of LAS with the CO2 adsorption capacity 76.43 % higher than that without doping in 20 cycles. Further investigation suggests that the Si in ACS can react with Li2CO3 to form Li4SiO4 and Li2SiO3, which promotes the transformation of Li+ and CO2. In all, our work has provided a new approach to the preparation of Li4SiO4-based adsorbents from CS waste.

Short-term electricity load forecasts and long-term projections of climate change impacts can benefit from understanding the relationship between electricity demand and meteorological conditions. We developed and applied a segmented regression technique to more than ten years of hourly electricity load data to estimate this relationship in two transmission zones in the United States that vary in their spatial extent and population. We empirically determined reference temperatures for cooling- and heating-degree hours. These reference temperatures differ from each other for every hour of the day and vary in accordance with the ambient temperature, which affect electricity loads induced for heating and cooling. Past temperatures and relative humidity have a significant influence on electricity load, and we identified the existence of threshold temperatures for the effect of relative humidity. Our results suggest that accurate predictions of the electricity loads should incorporate a ∼7 °C “comfort zone” where electricity load is less sensitive to temperature than elsewhere in the relationship, include the dependence on relative humidity (which can be negative), and incorporate a path dependence of prior days' temperatures.

The Indus River Basin covers an area of around 1 million square kilometers and connects four countries: Afghanistan, China, India, and Pakistan. More than 300 million people depend to some extent on the basin's water, yet a growing population, increasing food and energy demands, climate change, and shifting monsoon patterns are exerting increasing pressure. Under these pressures, a “business as usual” (BAU) approach is no longer sustainable, and decision makers and wider stakeholders are calling for more integrated and inclusive development pathways that are in line with achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Here, we propose an integrated nexus modeling framework co-designed with regional stakeholders from the four riparian countries of the Indus River Basin and discuss challenges and opportunities for developing transformation pathways for the basin's future.

The energy-water-land nexus represents a critical leverage future policies must draw upon to reduce trade-offs between sustainable development objectives. Yet, existing long-term planning tools do not provide the scope or level of integration across the nexus to unravel important development constraints. Moreover, existing tools and data are not always made openly available or are implemented across disparate modeling platforms that can be difficult to link directly with modern scientific computing tools and databases. In this paper, we present the Nexus Solutions Tool (NEST): a new open modeling platform that integrates multi-scale energy-water-land resource optimization with distributed hydrological modeling. The new approach provides insights into the vulnerability of water, energy and land resources to future socioeconomic and climatic change and how multi-sectoral policies, technological solutions and investments can improve the resilience and sustainability of transformation pathways while avoiding counterproductive interactions among sectors. NEST can be applied at different spatial and temporal resolutions, and is designed specifically to tap into the growing body of open access geospatial data available through national inventories and the earth system modeling community. A case study analysis of the Indus River Basin in South Asia demonstrates the capability of the model to capture important interlinkages across system transformation pathways towards the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals, including the intersections between local and regional transboundary policies and incremental investment costs from rapidly increasing regional consumption projected over the coming decades.

The Indus River Basin faces severe water quality degradation because of nutrient enrichment from human activities. Excessive nutrients in tributaries are transported to the river mouth, causing coastal eutrophication. This situation may worsen in the future because of population growth, economic development, and climate change. This study aims at a better understanding of the magnitude and sources of current (2010) and future (2050) river export of total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) by the Indus River at the sub-basin scale. To do this, we implemented the MARINA 1.0 model (Model to Assess River Inputs of Nutrients to seAs). The model inputs for human activities (e.g., agriculture, land use) were mainly from the GLOBIOM (Global Biosphere Management Model) and EPIC (Environmental Policy Integrated Model) models. Model inputs for hydrology were from the Community WATer Model (CWATM). For 2050, three scenarios combining Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs 1, 2 and 3) and Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs 2.6 and 6.0) were selected. A novelty of this study is the sub-basin analysis of future N export by the Indus River for SSPs and RCPs. Result shows that river export of TDN by the Indus River will increase by a factor of 1.6–2 between 2010 and 2050 under the three scenarios. >90% of the dissolved N exported by the Indus River is from midstream sub-basins. Human waste is expected to be the major source, and contributes by 66–70% to river export of TDN in 2050 depending on the scenarios. Another important source is agriculture, which contributes by 21–29% to dissolved inorganic N export in 2050. Thus a combined reduction in both diffuse and point sources in the midstream sub-basins can be effective to reduce coastal water pollution by nutrients at the river mouth of Indus.

For liquid and liquid mixtures, density (ρ), viscosity (η) and surface tension (γ) are seen as important basic data. This research reported the data of ρ, η and γ for the binary mixture of tri-ethylene glycol (TEG) + 1,3-propanediamine (PDA) at p = .1 MPa and T = (293.15 to 318.15) K within the whole molar fraction range, finding the maximum of η and γ values when the mole fraction of TEG was x1 ≈ 0.65. After that, excess molar volume (VmE), viscosity deviation (Δη), and surface tension deviation (Δγ) were carefully calculated, and the minimum VmE values and the maximum Δγ values were obtained when the molar fraction of TEG was at x1 ≈ 0.50; however, the maximum Δη values shifted from x1 ≈ 0.60 to x1 ≈ 0.66. And then, the Redlich-Kister (R-K) equation fitting was performed on above parameters to evaluate the coefficient and standard deviation, apparent molar volumes (Vφ, 1 and Vφ, 2) and partial molar volumes ( V 1 ¯ and V 2 ¯ ). Meanwhile, Gaussian 09 software was used to further analyze the intermolecular force and to calculate the dissociation energy and bond length of the mixture, and the interaction of PDA with TEG were discussed on the basis of FTIR, UV–Vis and FLS spectral technologies. The results showed that there were hydrogen-bond interactions between the nitrogen atoms in PDA and the hydroxyl hydrogen atoms in TEG.

Conveyor belt deviation is the most common failure of the conveyor system. Timely and accurate detection of deviations from conveyor belt and rapid processing are the guarantee for the safe and stable operation of entire system. Based on the industrial scene of coal transport belt, this paper develop a new method of belt edge detection based on deep convolution network, addressing the problems that traditional mechanical anti-deviation treatment is not timely and the edge detection of the conveyor belt with machine vision is imprecise. We establish a new dataset of the conveyor belt edge, by contrast experiments on training FCN, Deeplab, HED, we selecte the HED model which is most suitable for this task, then compress the model and simplify its output. Finally, the processing speed of the single picture is 0.26 s and the error of conveyor belt edge detection is less than 16 mm. The method proposed in this paper is quick and simple, with high precision and strong anti-jamming capability. It can be used for all kinds of production scenarios.

This article describes a personal computer-based system for simulation of image-guided cardiovascular interventional procedures for physician and technician training, education, patient-specific pretreatment planning, and therapeutic device design and evaluation. The system provides users with the ability to manipulate and interface interventional devices such as catheters, guide wires, stents, and coils within two-dimensional (2-D) and volume-rendered 3-D reconstructed vascular images in real time. Finite element modeling is used to predict and characterize the interaction of the instruments with component parts of the vascular system and other body tissues. Image display monitors provide fluoroscopic, road mapping, and volume-rendered 3-D presentations of the vasculature. System software libraries provide the opportunity to choose various commonly used catheter and guide wire shapes and sizes as well as various sizes of stents and occluding coils. For training purposes, the system can be incorporated into a lifelike augmented reality-based environment in which interventional procedures are performed. This system also provides a method to design and evaluate the potential performance and/or clinical application of medical devices for interventional applications.

This article addresses the design and development of a computer-based medical simulation system (NeuroCath) for training and patient-specific planning of interventional neuroradiology procedures. NeuroCath includes three main components: vascular extraction and modeling, instrument navigational simulations, and realistic human-computer interfaces. As the basis of the simulation, the vascular model is constructed from images obtained from different modalities such as X-ray, magnetic resonance imaging, and computerized tomography data. The model takes into account topological, geometrical, and physical properties of the patient’s vasculature. A finite element method–based physical model is constructed to simulate the behavior of interventional radiological instruments and devices within vessels during the interventional radiology processes. Realistic human-computer interfaces are provided in accordance with the actual interventional radiology environment. These interfaces include the video monitors displaying the simulated X-ray images and the haptic apparatus providing physicians with realistic tactile feedback encountered in the catheterization procedures.

The dynamic response of rigid massless cylindrical and hemispherical foundations embedded in transversely isotropic elastic soils is investigated in this study. The axis of symmetry of the foundation is assumed to be parallel to the material axis of symmetry of soil. The foundations are subjected to time‐harmonic forces acting in the vertical and horizontal directions and a time‐harmonic moment. The problems under consideration are solved by using the boundary element method. The kernels of the boundary integral equation correspond to elastodynamic Green's functions of a transversely isotropic elastic half space subjected to buried ring loads. Analytical solutions for Green's functions are used in the analysis. The solutions for impedances obtained from the present study are compared with those reported in literature for foundations embedded in isotropic soils. Selected numerical solutions are presented to portray the influence of material anisotropy, frequency of excitation and foundation geomet...

Previous studies specifically focused on the immunosuppressive therapy (IST) of children with moderate aplastic anemia (MAA) are rare. The aim of this study was to evaluate the advantage of using antithymocyte globulin (ATG) in the IST and its outcome of children with MAA.Forty-two children diagnosed with moderate aplastic anemia from 1993 to 2006 were retrospectively reviewed. Eighteen patients treated with ATG, cyclosporin A (CSA), and androgen are defined as the ATG group, the other 24 patients treated with CSA and androgen are defined as the non-ATG group. Survival and hematological response of the two groups were studied.Response rate and transfusion-independent survival of the ATG group were both significantly higher than those of the non-ATG group (83.33 vs. 41.7%, p = .006; and 83.33 vs. 50%, p = .043, respectively). Compared with non-ATG group, fewer patients in ATG group progress to severe aplastic anemia (p = .03).Immunosuppressive therapy including ATG benefits children with moderate aplastic anemia.

Mucopolysaccharidosis(MPS) is a congenital hereditary disease. Only a few patients with this disease can be controlled by enzyme replacement therapy. Most of them are short of effective interference. To exploit the effect of treatment with allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, two children were treated with the transplantation.The two patients included a 23 month MPS-IH and an 18 month old MPS-VI at the time of transplantation. Busulfan of 20 mg/kg plus 200 mg of Cyclophosphamide were used as the conditioning regimen. Peripheral stem cells were collected from a 9/10 high resolution matched unrelated donor and a matched sibling carrier donor, respectively. The heart and lung were affected in the patient with MPS-IH. Medium obstructed pulmonary impairment was found by pulmonary function test at the time of transplantation. Medium mitral valve countercurrent and patent ductus arteriosis(PDA) were found by Doppla examination.The number of hematopoietic stem cells was comparative between the two donors with total nucleated cells and CD34+ cells of 11 x 10(8)/kg and 17 x 10(8)/kg, and 7.6 x 10(6)/kg and 7.2x 10(6)/kg respectively. Neutrophil engrafted at day 11. The process of transplantation in the MPS-VI patient went smoothly with grade II graft versus host disease(GVHD) briefly and only 1 U RBC and 2 U platelet were transfused. For the MPS-IH patient, the process of transplantation was tough with platelet reaching to 20 x 10(9)/L till day 40 and 5 U RBC and 7 U platelet were transfused during transplantation. Grade III GVHD was resolved by steroid, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and CD25 antibody. Pneumonia recurred 3 times with 2 times rescued by trachea intubation and mechanical ventilation because of accompanying acute heart failure. At day 14 the lymphocytes in both patients were 100% from donors as evidenced by short tandem repeat-PCR(STR-PCR). MPS associated enzyme activity was increased to 70 nmol/h.mg and 66 nmol/h.mg at 3 month and still remained 50.9 nmol/h.mg and 44.5 nmol/h.mg at 2 years post transplantation. Till now the 2 patients have been followed up for 25 months and 28 months with good general condition. The cardiac and pulmonary functions have improved obviously in the MPS-IH patient. The cornea became clear in this patient.Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is an effective measure to treat patient with MPS-IH and MPS-VI. Transplantation at earlier stage of age can decrease transplant related complications. It requires longer time follow up for observing the clinical effects for these patients.

A PC based system for simulating image-guided interventional neuroradiological procedures for physician training and patient specific pretreatment planning is described. The system allows physicians to manipulate and interface interventional devices such as catheters, guidewires, stents and coils within 2-D and hybrid surface and volume rendered 3-D patient vascular images in real time. A finite element method is employed to model the interaction of the catheters and guidewires with the vascular system. Fluoroscopic, roadmapping and volume rendered 3-D presentations of the vasculature are provided. System software libraries allow for the use of commonly employed catheters, guidewires, stents and occluding coils of various shapes and sizes. The results of an initial clinical validation suggest that the experience gained from our simulator is comparable with that of using a vascular phantom. We are conducting further validation with the aim of providing patient specific pretreatment planning.

This paper describes a computerized simulation system for minimally invasive vascular interventions using Virtual-Reality (VR) based technology. A virtual human patient is constructed using the Visible Human Data (VHD). A knowledge-based human vascular network is developed to describe human vascular anatomy with diseased lesions for different interventional applications. A potential field method is applied to model the interaction between the blood vessels and vascular catheterization devices. A haptic interface is integrated with the computer simulation system to provide tactile sensations to the user during the simulated catheterization procedures. The system can be used for physician training and for pre-treatment planning of interventional vascular procedures.© (2003) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

The growth of the Internet is making searching tools necessary for computer users. Conventional approaches, like search engines and hierarchical indices, require considerable amount of human efforts to keep up with the Web. It's very time consuming to get facts about something specific, for example, the projects related to mobile agent in the universities in North America. In this paper, we report the Global University Database (GUD) system to alleviate this problem. The paper first introduces the GUD four-tier system architecture. It then addresses the issues on the design of the user interface of the system, in which the browser diversity and the form validation are emphasized. The paper further discusses the issues on the design of the GUD Web server extension, and Java Servlets API and CGI, as well as JDBC API, are focused. Finally, the implementation experience and future work draw the conclusion.

Reports on a real-time finite element method (FEM) for the analysis of catheter and guidewire navigation in coronary arteries. A three-dimensional model of the coronary arterial tree is reconstructed from a professional model using Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) probing and the coronary anatomy is represented as a topologic hierarchy structure. Each segment of the vessel is associated only with its relative segments; i.e. parents and children. By doing so, the boundary checking of the catheter/guidewire in/outside the vessel is performed upon an optimized group of a small number segments and, therefore, has dramatically reduced the time for contact detection and subsequently the computation for catheter navigation. This approach has been applied to the authors' interventional cardiology simulator development.