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Abstract Background Emerging proofs have shown that differentially expressed circular RNAs (circRNAs) are closely associated with the pathophysiological process of spinal cord injury (SCI). Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-exosomes have been demonstrated to possess favorable therapeutic effects in diseases. Herein, this work aimed to investigate the action of circ_0006640 transferred by MSC-exosomes functional recovery after SCI. Methods SCI animal models were established by spinal cord contusion surgery in mice and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse microglial cell line BV2. Levels of genes and proteins were detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot. Properties of BV2 cells were characterized using CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry and ELISA analysis. The oxidative stress was evaluated. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was used for verifying the binding between miR-382-5p and circ_0006640 or IGF-1 (Insulin-like Growth Factor 1). Exosome separation was conducted by using the commercial kit. Results Circ_0006640 expression was lower in SCI mice and LPS-induced microglial cells. Circ_0006640 overexpression protected microglial cells from LPS-induced apoptotic, inflammatory and oxidative injury. Mechanistically, circ_0006640 directly sponged miR-382-5p, which targeted IGF-1. MiR-382-5p was increased, while IGF-1 was decreased in SCI mice and LPS-induced microglial cells. Knockdown of miR-382-5p suppressed apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress in LPS-induced microglial cells, which were reversed by IGF-1 deficiency. Moreover, miR-382-5p up-regulation abolished the protective functions of circ_0006640 in LPS-induced microglial cells. Additionally, circ_0006640 was packaged into MSC-exosomes and could be transferred by exosomes. Exosomal circ_0006640 also had protective effects on microglial cells via miR-382-5p/IGF-1 axis. Conclusion Circ_0006640 transferred by BMSC-exosomes suppressed LPS-induced apoptotic, inflammatory and oxidative injury via miR-382-5p/IGF-1 axis, indicating a new insight into the clinical application of exosomal circRNA-based therapeutic in the function recovery after SCI.

Head and neck (HN) cancers pose a difficult problem in the planning of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) treatment. The primary tumor can be large and asymmetrical, and multiple organs at risk (OARs) with varying dose-sparing goals lie close to the target volume. Currently, there is no systematic way of automating the generation of IMRT plans, and the manual options face planning quality and long planning time challenges. In this article, we present a reinforcement learning (RL) model for the purposes of providing automated treatment planning to reduce clinical workflow time as well as providing a better starting point for human planners to modify and build upon. Several models with progressing complexity are presented, including the relevant plan dosimetry analysis and model interpretations of the resulting strategies learned by the auto-planning agent. Models were trained on a set of 40 patients and validated on a set of 20 patients. The presented models are shown to be consistent with the requirements of an RL model to be underpinned by a Markov decision process (MDP). In-depth interpretability of the models is presented by examination of the decision space using action hyperplanes. The auto-planning agent was able to generate plans with superior reduction in the mean dose of the left and right parotid glands by approximately 7 Gy ± 2.5 Gy (p < 0.01) over a starting, static template plan with only pre-defined general prescription information. RL plans were comparable to a human expert’s clinical plans for the primary (44 Gy), boost (26 Gy) , and the summed plans (70 Gy) with p-values of 0.43, 0.72, and 0.67, respectively, for the dosimetric endpoints and uniform target coverage normalization. The RL planning agent was able to produce the plans used in validation in an average of 13.58 min, with a minimum and a maximum planning time of 2.27 and 44.82 min, respectively.

Previous studies have explored the long time series and large-scale cultivated land nutrient sensitivity and its spatial differentiation characteristics in arid zones from human activities in the context of climate change. This study is based on 10-year interval data on soil nutrient content of cultivated land in the oasis in Xinjiang, China, cultivated land use intensity (LUI) and climate data sets. Using sensitivity and GIS analysis methods, this paper studies soil nutrient sensitivities and their spatial distribution patterns in the context of LUI and climate change. The results showed significant response differences and spatial heterogeneity regarding the sensitivity of soil nutrient systems to LUI and climate change. Among them, soil nutrients were the most sensitive to temperature changes, followed by LUI, while precipitation was the weakest. Soil nutrient sensitivity showed a decreasing spatial distribution pattern from the northeast to the southwest. The soil nutrient system had a strong adaptability to LUI and climate change. However, there were differences in different sensitivity states. These results provide scientific guidance for the spatial selection and implementation of soil fertility enhancement and land remediation projects in similar arid areas.

Dispatch command business is an essential and important part of modern society's production and life. With the development of science and technology, the use of AI-assisted construction of simulation training environments is of enormous significance to the development and improvement of the dispatching command business. The study facilitates the acquisition and preprocessing of data from the three-dimensional scene used in the scheduling command simulation training, refines the details of the simulation environment using a multi-resolution hierarchical detail model, and enables the creation of a simulation training environment for the scheduling command using three-dimensional modeling and optimization technology. In this paper, the dispatching system trained in a simulation environment is better than other dispatching systems in terms of dispatching accuracy, starting difficulty, and feedback effectiveness. The satisfaction rate for scheduling demand on different subway lines is significantly better than other scheduling algorithms. As the sampling area expands, the FID and NRMSE values of the generated real map decrease, but the PSNR and NRMSE values increase. This paper generates a dispatching command simulation training environment with a fidelity level of “excellent” and a simulation quality that exhibits a high degree of realism and credibility.

Abstract Memristive devices with threshold switching characteristics can be effectively utilized to mimic biological neurons acting as one of the key building blocks for constructing advanced hardware neural networks. In this work, the emulation of leaky integrate‐and‐fire memristive neuron is realized in one single cell with Ag/Ag−In−Zn−S/silk sericin/W architecture without the need for additional auxiliary circuits. The studied devices demonstrate excellent electrical properties, such as stably repeatable threshold switching, concentratedly low threshold voltage (≈0.4 V), and relatively small device‐to‐device variation. In addition, multiple neural features, such as leaky integrate‐and‐fire neuron functionality and strength‐modulated spike frequency characteristic, have been successfully emulated owing to the forming‐free volatile threshold switching effect. The stable volatile threshold switching behaviors and regular firing event may be attributed to the controllable metallic Ag filamentary mechanism. Furthermore, a solid accuracy of 91.44% of the pattern recognition of Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology (MNIST) data is obtained via a trained spiking neural network (SNN) based on the leaky integrate‐and‐fire behavior of sericin‐based device. These achievements shed light on the fact that employing sericin biomaterials has great application potential in advanced neuromorphic computation.

This review article focused on the mechanical properties of sisal, coir and hemp fiber-reinforced concrete composites and several factors affecting the mechanical properties of natural fiber-reinforced concrete (NFRC) composites. Several treatments were applied to improve the surface of natural fiber for improving the strength and durability of composites. Recently researchers have investigated the mechanical properties by using NaOH treatments effects of sisal, coir and hemp fibers-reinforced concrete composite are highlighted in this study. A variety of recent studies showed that sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treatment plays a significant role in the adhesion of fiber concrete composites. It was found that NaOH improves the mechanical properties of the natural fiber-reinforced composites. Further, the treatment techniques for the modification of these natural fibers by improving the surface of these natural fibers are discussed. In the same way, previous research has investigated the effect of thermal stability and water absorption on the mechanical properties. Generally, this review article was aimed to highlight, gather, and explore the previous reported research studies leading the mechanical properties of sisal, coir and hemp fiber and its polymer composites to deliver a basis source of data and literature to expose it as composite materials like synthetic fibers.

T-LAK-cell-originated protein kinase (TOPK), a novel member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family, is considered an effective therapeutic target for skin inflammation. In this study, a series (A − D) of paeonol derivatives was designed and synthesised using a fragment growing approach, and their anti-inflammatory activities against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 cells were tested. Among them, compound B12 yielded the best results (IC50 = 2.14 μM) with low toxicity (IC50 > 50 µM). Preliminary mechanistic studies indicated that this compound could inhibit the TOPK-p38/JNK signalling pathway and phosphorylate downstream related proteins. A murine psoriasis-like skin inflammation model was used to determine its therapeutic effect.

25 models are designed according to the orthogonal table, to study the comprehensive relationship between heat transfer and sealing characteristics in straight-through labyrinth seals with different geometrical parameters. The experimental investigations are carried out at different pressure ratios of 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8. The results show that different geometry parameters brought obvious different influence on both leakage efficiency and heat transfer characteristics, and in which the parameters (H, c,β) have the most significant influence on leakage efficiency, and heat transfer characteristics under different pressure ratios, whose small changes in size can lead to performance optimization in leakage and heat transfer. The geometrical parameters always show consistent influence on leakage efficiency and heat transfer characteristics, while heat transfer characteristics show larger vibration with the increase of pressure ratio.

Insulin promotes hepatic lipogenesis, though underlying regulation remains unclear. Here the authors show that insulin translocates TRIM24 from the nucleus into cytosolic P-bodies to stabilise hepatic Pparγ mRNA, and that inactivation of TRIM24 promotes Pparγ degradation and alleviates hepatosteatosis.

Objective: In order to realize the rapid detection of benzo[a]pyrene content in barbecue products, a method of detection based on mid-infrared spectrum model was proposed. Methods: The original spectra of 120 barbecue samples were collected by mid-infrared spectroscopy. The original spectra were pretreated by standard normal variable transformation, multivariate scattering correction, first derivative and second derivative. The pretreatment effect of the spectra was evaluated by principal component analysis. The original spectral data were divided into training set and verification set at a ratio of 8∶2 to establish the evaluation model of barbecue products. Results: The R2c, R2p, RMSEC, and RMSEP of the model based on mid-infrared spectrum data were 0.995 1, 0.995 7 and 0.164 4 μg/kg, and 0.116 3 μg/kg, respectively. The residual error of training set samples was small after modeling. The maximum value was 0.406, and the total residual sum tended to zero. Conclusion: This model has strong prediction ability and high accuracy, and can better reflect the content of benzo[a]pyrene in actual barbecue. Thus, this can help to realize the non-destructive and rapid detection of barbecue products and has practical application value in the industry of barbecue products.

Abstract Lead‐free all‐inorganic Cs3Cu2Cl5 perovskites, a member of the metal‐metal halide material family, have attracted pronounced attention owing to their low toxicity, facile fabrication strategies, considerable ambient stability, and intriguing photoelectric properties. However, the application of environmentally friendly copper‐based Cs3Cu2Cl5 in memristors has been rarely reported to the authors’ knowledge. Herein, multifunctional memristors with the coexistence of non‐volatile memory (MS) and volatile threshold switching (TS) behaviors are introduced based on an innovative Ag–In–Zn–S/Cs3Cu2Cl5 heterostructure. The inserted Ag–In–Zn–S quantum dots layer may provide an effective method for guiding the formation of the dominant metallic Ag filaments, resulting in considerably stable and controllable multiple switching behaviors. Additionally, the heterostructure memristor is capable of imitating some essential biological synaptic functions, including long‐term potentiation (LTP), long‐term depression (LTD), and the short‐term memory (STM) to long‐term memory (LTM) transition. Furthermore, the famous conditioning Pavlov's dog experiment corresponding to associative learning is electronically simulated by the studied device. Moreover, utilizing the devices’ LTP and LTD properties, relatively high recognition accuracies for small and large digits datasets are achieved through a three‐layer artificial neural network, revealing the feasibility of implementing neuromorphic computation using heterostructure memristors.

Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) is a significant risk factor for various brain vascular diseases. Circular RNA (circRNA) is involved in the pathogenesis of brain vascular diseases. This study revealed the roles of circ_CHFR in ox-LDL-mediated cell proliferation, apoptosis, and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT). Our results showed that circ_CHFR and EGFR expressions were dramatically upregulated, while miR-15a-5p expression was downregulated in ox-LDL-induced human brain microvessel endothelial cells (HBMECs) relative to control groups. circ_CHFR knockdown hindered the effects of ox-LDL exposure on cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, and EndoMT in HBMECs, whereas these impacts were abolished by miR-15a-5p inhibitor. In addition, circ_CHFR functioned as a sponge of miR-15a-5p and miR-15a-5p bound to EGFR. Thus, we concluded that circ_CHFR silencing hindered ox-LDL-mediated cell proliferation, apoptosis, and EndoMT by downregulating EGFR expression through sponging miR-15a-5p in HBMECs. Our findings provide a new mechanism for studying circRNA-directed therapy in ox-LDL-induced human brain vascular diseases.

This study investigates the AD574, a 12-bit analog/digital converter (ADC) produced by American Analog Devices, Inc. (ADI) using bipolar/I2L technology. The test samples are subjected to a total ionizing dose (TID) of 400 Gy(Si) under 60Co γ irradiation. The samples with and without the TID are then subjected to a single-event upset (SEU) test, and the upset times of the output codes under the input signal conditions of 0 V, 1 V, and 2.5 V are obtained. The test results indicate that, after accumulating a total dose of 400 Gy(Si), the upset of the AD574 output code shifts toward the right of the center code value, resulting in a change in the upset times. Furthermore, the mechanism of the TID-SEU synergistic effect for the AD574 is preliminarily analyzed; it is believed that this phenomenon is related to the sensitivity of the ADC internal comparator single-event transient (SET). The amplitude and width of the SET pulse of the comparator with the TID increase significantly; this causes a change in the AD574 output code value upset distribution and the number of upset times. This study on the TID-SEU synergistic effect serves as a useful reference for aerospace components with radiation hardness.

The investigation of triggers causing the onset and intensification of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation (NHG) during the late Pliocene is essential for understanding the global climate system, with important implications for projecting future climate changes. Despite their critical roles in the global climate system, influences of land-ocean interactions on high-latitude ice sheets remain largely unexplored. Here, we present a high-resolution Asian dust record from Ocean Drilling Program Site 1208 in the North Pacific, which lies along the main route of the westerlies. Our data indicate that atmosphere-land-ocean interactions affected aeolian dust emissions through modulating moisture and vegetation in dust source regions, highlighting a critical role of terrestrial systems in initiating the NHG as early as 3.6 Myr ago. Combined with additional multi-proxy and model results, we further show that westerly wind strength was enhanced, mainly at low-to-middle tropospheric levels, during major glacial events at about 3.3 and 2.7 Myr ago. We suggest that coupled responses of Earths surface dynamics and atmospheric circulation in the Plio-Pleistocene likely involved feedbacks related to changes in paleogeography, ocean circulation, and global climate.

Molecular mechanisms linking myocardial insulin resistance to diabetic cardiomyopathy are incompletely understood. Here the authors show that myocardial insulin resistance impairs a PKB-SPEG-SERCA2a signaling axis, which contributes to the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy.

For bolts on the pitch bearing of the connection between the blade and the hub of the 1. 5 MW wind turbine unit,a method to calculate the fatigue damage value of connecting bolts was proposed. First,a reasonable finite element model was established by ABAQUS and moment load to the center of the blade root was added. Then the bending moment time history spectrum was transformed into the stress time history spectrum by MATLAB. And the stress time history spectrum was processed by the rain flow counting method. Finally,the fatigue analysis of the bolt was calculated by the Miner linear cumulative damage theory and S-N curve. The results showed that the fatigue damage value of the bolt was within the safety range,and the fatigue damage of the bolt before the wind turbine reached the service life was very small. The research work can guide the optimal design of the connecting bolts on the entire wind turbine generator and provide reference for fatigue design and life analysis of bolts.

High-quality ontologies are critical to ontology-based applications, such as natural language understanding and information extraction, but logical conflicts naturally occur in the lifecycle of ontology development. To deal with such conflicts, conflict detection and ontology repair become two critical tasks, and we focus on repairing ontologies. Most existing approaches for ontology repair rely on the syntax of axioms or logical consequences but ignore the semantics of axioms. In this paper, we propose an embedding-based approach by considering sentence embeddings of axioms, which translates axioms into semantic vectors and provides facilities to compute semantic similarities among axioms. A threshold-based algorithm and a signature-based algorithm are designed to repair ontologies with the help of detected conflicts and axiom embeddings. In the experiments, our proposed algorithms are compared with existing ones over 20 real-life incoherent ontologies. The threshold-based algorithm with different distance metrics is further evaluated with 10 distinct thresholds and 3 pre-trained models. The experimental results show that the embedding-based algorithms could achieve promising performances.

Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) is a major drug-metabolizing enzyme system mainly distributed in liver microsomes and involved in the metabolism of many endogenous substances (such as fatty acids and arachidonic acids), and exogenous compounds (such as drugs, toxicants, carcinogens, and procarcinogens). Due to the similarity in structures and catalytic functions between CYP450 isoforms, the lack of effective selective detection tools greatly limits the understanding and the research of their respective physiological roles in living organisms. Until now, several small-molecular fluorescent probes have been employed for selective detection and monitoring of CYP450s (Cytochrome P450 enzymes) in vitro or in vivo owing to the tailored properties, biodegradability, and high temporal and spatial resolution imaging in situ. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in fluorescent probes for CYP450s (including CYP1, CYP2, and CYP3 families), and we discuss and focus on their identification mechanisms, general probe design strategies, and bioimaging applications. We also highlight the potential challenges and prospects of designing new generations of fluorescent probes in CYP450 studies, which will further enhance the diversity, practicality, and clinical feasibility of research into CYP450.

The obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii causes life-threatening toxoplasmosis to immunocompromised individuals. The pathogenesis of Toxoplasma relies on its swift dissemination to the central nervous system through a 'Trojan Horse' mechanism using infected leukocytes as carriers. Previous work found TgWIP, a protein secreted from Toxoplasma, played a role in altering the actin cytoskeleton and promoting cell migration in infected dendritic cells (DCs). However, the mechanism behind these changes was unknown. Here, we report that TgWIP harbors two SH2-binding motifs that interact with tyrosine phosphatases Shp1 and Shp2, leading to phosphatase activation. DCs infected with Toxoplasma exhibited hypermigration, accompanying enhanced F-actin stress fibers and increased membrane protrusions such as filopodia and pseudopodia. By contrast, these phenotypes were abrogated in DCs infected with Toxoplasma expressing a mutant TgWIP lacking the SH2-binding motifs. We further demonstrated that the Rho-associated kinase (Rock) is involved in the induction of these phenotypes, in a TgWIP-Shp1/2 dependent manner. Collectively, the data uncover a molecular mechanism by which TgWIP modulates the migration dynamics of infected DCs in vitro.

Purpose: Treatment planning for pancreas stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is a challenging task, especially with simultaneous integrated boost treatment approaches. We propose a deep learning (DL) framework to accurately predict fluence maps from patient anatomy and directly generate intensity modulated radiation therapy plans. Methods and Materials: The framework employs 2 convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to sequentially generate beam dose prediction and fluence map prediction, creating a deliverable 9-beam intensity modulated radiation therapy plan. Within the beam dose prediction CNN, axial slices of combined structure contour masks are used to predict 3-dimensional (3D) beam doses for each beam. Each 3D beam dose is projected along its beam’s-eye-view to form a 2D beam dose map, which is subsequently used by the fluence map prediction CNN to predict its fluence map. Finally, the 9 predicted fluence maps are imported into the treatment planning system to finalize the plan by leaf sequencing and dose calculation. One hundred patients receiving pancreas SBRT were retrospectively collected for this study. Benchmark plans with unified simultaneous integrated boost prescription (25/33 Gy) were manually optimized for each case. The data set was split into 80/20 cases for training and testing. We evaluated the proposed DL framework by assessing both the fluence maps and the final predicted plans. Further, clinical acceptability of the plans was evaluated by a physician specializing in gastrointestinal cancer. Results: The DL-based planning was, on average, completed in under 2 minutes. In testing, the predicted plans achieved similar dose distribution compared with the benchmark plans (-1.5% deviation for planning target volume 33 V33Gy), with slightly higher planning target volume maximum (+1.03 Gy) and organ at risk maximum (+0.95 Gy) doses. After renormalization, the physician rated 19 cases clinically acceptable and 1 case requiring minor improvement. Conclusions: The DL framework can effectively plan pancreas SBRT cases within 2 minutes. The predicted plans are clinically deliverable, with plan quality approaching that of manual planning.

Abstract We have studied the characteristics of frequency response at 850-nm GaAs high-speed vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) with different kinds of oxide aperture sizes and cavity length using the PICS3D simulation program. Using 5-μm oxide aperture sizes, the frequency response behavior can be improved from 18.4 GHz and 15.5 GHz to 21.2 GHz and 19 GHz in a maximum of 3 dB at 25 °C and 85 °C, respectively. Numerical simulation results also suggest that the frequency response performances improved from 21.2 GHz and 19 GHz to 30.5 GHz and 24.5 GHz in a maximum of 3 dB at 25 °C and 85 °C due to the reduction of cavity length from 3λ/2 to λ/2. Consequently, the high-speed VCSEL devices were fabricated on a modified structure and exhibited 50-Gb/s data rate at 85 °C.

Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) has a unique structure and good heat resistance. After the function- alization of POSS, a new type of organic-inorganic hybrid material with high performance can be obtained, which has potential application value in many fields. This paper reviews the related issues of the synthesis and functionalization of POSS. Many types of POSS are widely used, but the relatively expensive price limits the development scale of POSS in many fields. POSS can be used as the modifier of epoxy resin, which has obvious strengthening and toughening effects, and significantly improves the heat resistance of cured epoxy resin. However, due to the nanometer size effect of POSS, the addition amount of POSS in the resin is limited. In the future , with the cost reduction of POSS synthesis and the continuous improvement of the means to modify the resin, the application scope of POSS in the modification field of thermosetting resin will be expanded.

In order to overcome the problem that it is difficult to accurately define the downsampling operation for a generalized graph signal in graph filter banks, this paper focuses on the design algorithm of nonsubsampled graph filter banks. Firstly, the spline filters are taken as the analysis filter banks. Then, two different methods are proposed to construct the synthesis filter banks. In the first algorithm, the synthesis filter banks can be constructed with the perfect reconstruction conditions in vertex domain. By taking into account the frequency of the subband filters in the second algorithm, the synthesis filter banks are designed by solving a constrained optimization problem involving the spectrum characteristics of the filters. The design methods can lead to two channel nonsubsampled graph filter banks with perfect reconstruction. Finally, taking the two channel nonsubsampled graph filter banks as a basic building block, multichannel nonsubsampled graph filter banks are constructed，which can realize multiresolution analysis of graph signal through cascading. Simulation results show that the designed nonsubsampled graph filter banks have perfect reconstruction property. Furthermore, the designed multichannel nonsubsampled graph filter banks have better denoising performance than the existing graph filter banks.

Lakes are the most important water resource in arid and semi-arid regions and are good indicators of climate change. The study of lake expansion and contraction can reveal important information about climate change and regional responses. In this study, MOD09A1 global surface reflectance data of MODIS are used to extract the water areas of 12 main lakes in Xinjiang using a support vector machine method to investigate the temporal-spatial dynamics and driving factors of lake area variations between 2000 and 2017. The results indicate that (1) In general, the Xinjiang lakes exhibited large fluctuations between 2000 and 2017; the area of the lakes shrunk by 16.98 km2/year during 2007–2009 but expanded by 80.67 km2/year after 2010. (2) The changes in the Xinjiang lakes exhibited obvious spatial differences. There were strong fluctuations in the areas of the Tail-end lakes and the K value describing the degree of fluctuation in the lake area was 0.2%. The fluctuations in the areas of the Mountain lakes were more stable with a K value of 0.09% and the area of the Plateau lakes increased every year, with an annual increase of 19.90 km2. (3) The lakes with the larger fluctuations in the area were Ebinur Lake, Manasi Lake, and Barkol Lake, and the range of the areas was 370.85, 276.55, and 61.5 km2, respectively. Because of the regional diversity of Xinjiang, the driving forces that affect the area of the lakes differ in different areas. The main factors affecting the lake area change in the Tail-end lakes are the amount of inflowing water and the water use by agriculture and animal husbandry. The main reason for the stability of the Mountain lakes is the balance between water inflow and outflow. The main factor contributing to the expansion of the Plateau lakes area is the abundant supply of glacier/snow melt water. Overall, the main factor contributing to the expansion of Plateau lakes area is abundant glacier snow melt water supply. On the whole, the main factors affecting the temporal and spatial variation of the lake areas in Xinjiang are precipitation (r = .67, p = .003

Purpose: The machine learning–based automated treatment planning (MLAP) tool has been developed and evaluated for breast radiation therapy planning at our institution. We implemented MLAP for patient treatment and assessed our clinical experience for its performance. Methods and Materials: A total of 102 patients of breast or chest wall treatment plans were prospectively evaluated with institutional review board approval. A human planner executed MLAP to create an auto-plan via automation of fluence maps generation. If judged necessary, a planner further fine-tuned the fluence maps to reach a final plan. Planners recorded the time required for auto-planning and manual modification. Target (ie, breast or chest wall and nodes) coverage and dose homogeneity were compared between the auto-plan and final plan. Results: Cases without nodes (n = 71) showed negligible (