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Traditional Low Probability of Intercept (LPI) array radars that use phased array or Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems face limitations in terms of controlling radiation energy only at specific angles and cannot achieve energy control over specific areas of range and angle. To address these issues, this paper proposes an LPI waveform design method for Frequency Diverse Array (FDA)-MIMO radar utilizing neural networks. This method jointly designs the transmit waveform and receive beamforming in FDA-MIMO radars to ensure target detection probability while uniformly distributing radar energy across the spatial domain. This minimizes energy directed toward the target, thereby reducing the probability of the radar signal being intercepted. Initially, we formulate an optimization objective function aimed at LPI performance for transmitting waveform design and receiving beamforming by focusing on minimizing pattern matching errors. This function is then used as the loss function in a neural network. Through iterative training, the neural network minimizes this loss function until convergence, resulting in optimized transmit signal waveforms and solving the corresponding receive weighting vectors. Simulation results indicate that our proposed method significantly enhances radar power distribution control. Compared to traditional methods, it shows a 5 dB improvement in beam energy distribution control across nontarget regions of the transmit beam pattern. Furthermore, the receiver beam pattern achieves more concentrated energy, with deep nulls below −50 dB at multiple interference locations, demonstrating excellent interference suppression capabilities.

Aiming at the problem of multi-point layout planning of a multi-energy power system, the output characteristics of a multi-energy power system composed of wind power generation, photovoltaic power generation, hydropower generation, traditional thermal power generation and solar thermal power generation are comprehensively analyzed. Combining power optimization planning with complex adaptive system theory, a multi-point layout planning model of multi-energy sources based on complex adaptive system theory is proposed. The model takes the minimum construction step size of each new energy source as the agent. Through the interaction between the agents and the accumulation of experience, the behavior rules are constantly changed, the installed positions of various types of power sources are adjusted, and the optimal layout scheme of various power capacities of each node is obtained. Moreover, an agent modeling method based on a simple rule emerging complex phenomena is proposed, which reveals the core idea of complex adaptive system theory-adaptability makes complexity. Taking an actual power grid in a certain region of China as an example, it is verified that the proposed method has a significant effect on improving the consumption of new energy, and has certain guiding significance for the actual engineering construction.

Abstract Retraction: [Yanfeng Ma, Investigating the interactive audio‐visual course mode for college English using virtual reality and artificial intelligence, IET Software 2023 (https://doi.org/10.1049/sfw2.12088)]. The above article from IET Software, published online on 9 January 2023 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the Editor‐in‐Chief, Hana Chockler, the Institution of Engineering and Technology (the IET) and John Wiley and Sons Ltd. This article was published as part of a Guest Edited special issue. Following an investigation, the IET and the journal have determined that the article was not reviewed in line with the journal’s peer review standards and there is evidence that the peer review process of the special issue underwent systematic manipulation. Accordingly, we cannot vouch for the integrity or reliability of the content. As such we have taken the decision to retract the article. The authors have been informed of the decision to retract.

Abstract Aiming at the problem of multi‐point power source layout planning for power systems, the output characteristics of a power system composed of wind power, photovoltaic power, hydropower, traditional thermal power, concentrated solar power and electrochemical energy storage are comprehensively analyzed. A power source multi‐point layout planning model for a power system based on complex adaptive system theory is proposed with a focus on the complementarity among these different energies and the combination of power optimization planning and complex adaptive system theory. With the minimum construction unit of various types of power sources as the ‘agent’, considering the interactions among agents and the accumulation of experiences, the behaviour rules of the model are constantly changed, the grid‐connected positions of various types of power sources are adjusted, and the optimal layout schemes for all kinds of power capacities for each node are obtained. In addition, an agent modelling method based on complex phenomena emergence with simple rules is proposed, which reveals the core idea of the complex adaptive system theory: adaptability creates complexity. Taking the new energy construction base in Northwest China as an example, the proposed method is verified to have a significant effect on improving energy consumption in the new system. Based on the current power capacity layout and the future grid structure in this area, the future power optimization scheme is determined, and it provides guiding significance for actual engineering construction.

The reasonable placement of the advance guide signs (AGSs) is important in improving driving efficiency and safety when exiting an expressway. By analysing the lane-changing process when approaching an exit on new two-way eight-lane expressways, we modified the tradi-tional AGS model lane-change distance formula. To this end, a field experiment was designed to explore the lane-change traversal time at the free flow condition (LOS 1). Considering the limitations of the experimental equip-ment, lane change distance at the worst levels of service was explored using VISSIM simulation. The results show that the eight-lane changing distance based on modified theoretical calculations, revealed a minor difference with VISSIM simulation in free flow condition. Further-more, placement distance at the worst levels of service are discussed. Then placement distance of all-level AGSs is recommended to be 3 km, 2 km, 1.2 km, and 0.8 km, considering the driver's short-term memory attenuation calculation formula. Determining the two-way eight-lane AGS placement distance from the perspective of LOS can provide a basis on which to supplement the existing stan-dards and references for the AGS placement distance af-ter the expressway expansion in China.

Abstract Background Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is common in elderly patients and can be alleviated by pulsed radiofrequency (PRF). However, PRF treatments display different efficacy on different nerves. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided PRF modulation on thoracic dorsal root ganglion (DRG) or intercostal nerve (ICN) for PHN in aged patients and to provide a theoretical basis for clinical treatment. Methods We classified aged patients into two groups, DRG group and ICN group, based on the needle tip position. Visual analogue scale (VAS) and concise health status questionnaire (Short-form 36 health/survey questionnaire, SF-36) were used to evaluate the pain intensity and the life quality of the patients before and 2, 4 and 12 weeks after the PRF treatments. We also recorded the adverse reactions during the treatments. Results After the PRF treatment, the scores of VAS and SF-36 (assessing general health perception, social function, emotional role, mental health, and pain) improved significantly in both groups (P 0.05). Conclusions PRF therapy is safe and effective for elderly patients with postherpetic neuralgia. However, PRF treatment in dorsal root ganglion is superior to that in intercostal nerve with improving VAS and SF-36 scores to a greater extent in older patients. Trial registration ChiCTR2100044176 .

In this paper, a kind of four-layer stack capacitor is proposed, which has realized the compatibility with the conventional standard $0.5~\mu \text{m}$ CMOS technology. The effective capacitance per area of the proposed stack capacitor is about three times larger than that of the mono-layer MOS capacitor. The Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis (SPICE) model of the presented four-layer stack capacitor has been also established with considering the fringe effect. The results show that the root mean square error of the proposed SPICE model is less than 2%. The model has been applied in the simulation design of the infrared focal plane array readout circuit (IRFPA ROIC) successfully. Based on the improved $0.5~\mu \text{m}$ CMOS process with four-layer stack capacitor, an IRFPA ROIC with $640\times 512$ array has been implemented and the dynamic range is improved from 73db to 78dB.

Vigorously developing new energy is an important measure to deal with the energy crisis and environmental degradation, but the volatility and randomness of its output have brought great challenges to the new energy consumption. In this paper, the maximum new energy consumption is taken as the objective function, and the power flow constraints, multi-energy source capacity constraints and electrical constraints are taken as the constraints. Based on the complex adaptive system theory, the minimum construction step size of new energy sources is taken as the agent for modeling, focusing on the coordination among multiple sources, adjusting the installed node position and capacities of various types of power sources to obtain the optimal layout of power sources for multi-energy power systems. Based on the actual meteorological and operational data of a regional power grid in Northwest China, the original power system is re-planned. The simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed planning method.

Ultra-high-pressure jet processing (UHPJ) is a new non-thermal processing technique that can be employed for the homogenization and the sterilization of dairy products. However, the effects on dairy products are unknown when using UHPJ for homogenization and sterilization. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of UHPJ on the sensory and curdling properties of skimmed milk and the casein structure in skimmed milk. Skimmed bovine milk was treated with UHPJ using different pressures (100, 150, 200, 250, 300 MPa) and casein was extracted by isoelectric precipitation. Subsequently, the average particle size, Zeta potential, contents of free sulfhydryl and disulfide bonds, secondary structure, and surface micromorphology were all used as evaluation indicators to explore the effects of UHPJ on the structure of casein. The results showed that with an increase of pressure, the free sulfhydryl group content changed irregularly, while the disulfide bond content increased from 1.085 to 3.0944 μmol/g. The content of α-helix and random coil in the casein decreased, while the β-sheet content increased at 100, 150, 200 MPa pressure. However, treatment with higher pressures of 250 and 300 MPa had the opposite effect. The average particle size of the casein micelles first decreased to 167.47 nm and then increased up to 174.63 nm; the absolute value of Zeta potential decreased from 28.33 to 23.77 mV. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that the casein micelles had fractured into flat, loose, porous structures under pressure instead of into large clusters. After being ultra-high-pressure jet-processed, the sensory properties of skimmed milk and its fermented curd were analyzed concurrently. The results demonstrated that UHPJ could alter the viscosity and color of skimmed milk, shortening curdling time from 4.5 h to 2.67 h, and that the texture of the curd fermented with this skimmed milk could be improved to varying degrees by changing the structure of casein. Thus, UHPJ has a promising application in the manufacture of fermented milk due to its ability to enhance the curdling efficiency of skimmed milk and improve the texture of fermented milk.

Canine diarrhea is a common intestinal illness that is usually caused by viruses, bacteria, and parasites, and canine diarrhea may induce morbidity and mortality of domestic dogs if treated improperly. Recently, viral metagenomics was applied to investigate the signatures of the enteric virome in mammals. In this research, the characteristics of the gut virome in healthy dogs and dogs with diarrhea were analyzed and compared using viral metagenomics. The alpha diversity analysis indicated that the richness and diversity of the gut virome in the dogs with diarrhea were much higher than the healthy dogs, while the beta diversity analysis revealed that the gut virome of the two groups was quite different. At the family level, the predominant viruses in the canine gut virome were certified to be Microviridae, Parvoviridae, Siphoviridae, Inoviridae, Podoviridae, Myoviridae, and others. At the genus level, the predominant viruses in the canine gut virome were certified to be Protoparvovirus, Inovirus, Chlamydiamicrovirus, Lambdavirus, Dependoparvovirus, Lightbulbvirus, Kostyavirus, Punavirus, Lederbergvirus, Fibrovirus, Peduovirus, and others. However, the viral communities between the two groups differed significantly. The unique viral taxa identified in the healthy dogs group were Chlamydiamicrovirus and Lightbulbvirus, while the unique viral taxa identified in the dogs with diarrhea group were Inovirus, Protoparvovirus, Lambdavirus, Dependoparvovirus, Kostyavirus, Punavirus, and other viruses. Phylogenetic analysis based on the near-complete genome sequences showed that the CPV strains collected in this study together with other CPV Chinese isolates clustered into a separate branch, while the identified CAV-2 strain D5-8081 and AAV-5 strain AAV-D5 were both the first near-complete genome sequences in China. Moreover, the predicted bacterial hosts of phages were certified to be Campylobacter, Escherichia, Salmonella, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Moraxella, Mediterraneibacter, and other commensal microbiota. In conclusion, the enteric virome of the healthy dogs group and the dogs with diarrhea group was investigated and compared using viral metagenomics, and the viral communities might influence canine health and disease by interacting with the commensal gut microbiome.

In order to investigate the effects of fertilization on soil chemical characteristics and ecological security, the chemical characteristics and ecological security risk analysis of heavy metal elements in a certain soil caused by fertilization were proposed. The contents of Ni, V, Cr, As, Cd, Pb, Zn, and Hg in 1,065 surface soil samples collected in a district of a city in the southwest agricultural area were tested and analyzed. Multivariate statistical analysis and spatial analysis were used to clarify the geochemical distribution characteristics of these heavy metals, and the possible main sources were also discussed. The results showed that the eight heavy metals could be divided into three categories. The first category included Ni, V, Cr, and As, whose content was lower than the background value in Beijing. And the distribution was mainly affected by natural factors such as parent materials of soil formation. The second category included Cd, Pb, and Zn, whose average content was higher than the background value. And the content was the highest in residential areas. In addition to the parent material inherited from the soil, the distribution characteristics of these elements were greatly affected by human activities. And Cd was significantly more affected by human activities than Pb and Zn. The third category included Hg, and it was inferred that atmospheric deposition was the main factor affecting the distribution of Hg. It was concluded that the Hakanson method was used to evaluate the ecological risk of heavy metals in soil, and the results showed that the potential ecological risk index was low in the area.

Abstract Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are an important cause of post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) in piglets. The IL-17 cytokine family is well known to play important roles in the host defense against bacterial infections at the mucosa. Previously, we reported the potential role of IL-17A in clearing an ETEC infection in piglets. IL-17C, another member of the IL-17 family, is highly expressed in the intestinal epithelium, however, its role during an ETEC infection is still unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that F4+ ETEC induce IL-17C mRNA and protein expression in intestinal tissues as well as in porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). This IL-17C production is largely dependent on TLR5 signaling in IPEC-J2 cells. Both F4+ ETEC infection and exogenous IL-17C increased the expression of antimicrobial peptides and tight junction proteins, such as porcine beta-defensin (pBD)-2, claudin-1, claudin-2 and occludin in IPEC-J2 cells. Taken together, our data demonstrate that TLR5-mediated IL-17C expression in intestinal epithelial cells enhances mucosal host defense responses in a unique autocrine/paracrine manner in the intestinal epithelium against ETEC infection.

The data presented in this data article are related to the research article entitled “Mesoporous activated carbon materials with ultrahigh mesopore volume and effective specific surface area for high performance supercapacitors” (Lu et al., 2017) [1]. The detailed structure data of the prepared mesoporous activated carbon materials with ultrahigh mesopore volume and effective specific surface area and the electrochemical performance data of the corresponding supercapacitors are described.

Background/Aims: A major challenge for current therapeutic strategies against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is the lack of effective drugs. Considering luteolin enhances the activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA2a) to improve the systolic/diastolic function of rat hearts and cardiomyocytes during the I/R process, we studied the regulatory function of the p38 MAPK pathway in this protective mechanism. Methods: Isolated cardiomyocytes and perfused hearts were separately divided into five groups and used to investigate I/R. The phosphorylation of p38 and phospholamban (p-PLB), the levels and activity of SERCA2a and the levels of proteins related to apoptosis were measured. Apoptotic cells were assessed using the TUNEL assay. Single-cell shortening, Ca2+ transients, and the decay of the mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) were detected. Results: The p38 MAPK pathway was activated during the I/R process, and inhibiting it with SB203580 promoted p-PLB, which enhanced the activity of SERCA2a and relieved the calcium overload to promote the recovery of the Δψm and reduce cardiomyocyte apoptosis in I/R. Luteolin also suppressed the activation of the p38 MAPK pathway and showed cardioprotective effects during I/R injury. Conclusions: We conclude that luteolin enhances SERCA2a activity to improve systolic/diastolic function during I/R in rat hearts and cardiomyocytes by attenuating the inhibitive effects of the p38 pathway on p-PLB.

In order to effectively improve penetration rates and enhance wellbore quality for vertical wells, a new Automatic Vertical Drilling Tool (AVDT) based on Eccentric Braced Structure (EBS) is designed. Applying operating principle of rotary steering drilling, AVDT adds offset gravity block automatic induction inclination mechanism. When hole straightening happens, tools take essentric moment to be produced by gravity of offset gravity lock to control the bearing of guide force, so that well straightening is achieved. The normal tool's size of the AVDT is designed as 215.9 mm，other major components' sizes are worked out by the result of theoretical analysis, including the offset angle of EBS. This paper aims to introduce the structure, operating principle, theoretical analysis and describe the key components' parameters setting of the AVDT.

Large-scale wind power interfacing to the power grid has an impact on the stability of the power system. However, with an additional damping controller of the wind generator, new ways for improving system damping and suppressing the low frequency oscillation (LFO) of power systems can be put forward. In this paper, an active-reactive power additional damping controller based on active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) is proposed. In order to improve the precision of the controller, the theory of data driven control is adopted, using the numerical algorithms for subspace state space system identification (N4SID) to obtain the two order model of the ADRC controlled object. Based on the identification model, the ADRC additional damping controller is designed. Taking a 2-area 4-machine system containing the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind farm as an example, it is verified that the active-reactive additional damping controller designed in this paper performs well in suppressing negative-damping LFO and forced power oscillation. When the operation state of the power system changes, it can still restrain the LFO effectively, showing stronger robustness and better effectiveness compared to the traditional proportional–integral–derivative (PID) additional damping controller.

A large scale of renewable energy employing grid connected electronic inverters fail to contribute inertia or damping to power systems, and, therefore, may bring negative effects to the stability of power system. As a solution, an advanced Virtual Synchronous Generator (VSG) control technology based on Hamilton approach is introduced in this paper firstly to support the frequency and enhance the suitability and robustness of the system. The charge and discharge process of power storage devices forms the virtual inertia and damping of VSG, and, therefore, limits on storage capacity may change the coefficients of VSG. To provide a method in keeping system output in an acceptable level with the capacity restriction in a transient period, an energy control algorithm is designed for VSG adaptive control. Finally, simulations are conducted in DIgSILENT to demonstrate the correctness of the algorithm. The demonstration shows: (1) the proposed control model aims at better system robustness and stability; and (2) the model performs in the environment closer to practical engineering by fitting the operation state of storage system.