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After simply filtering and evaporating, the recovery rates of compound 1 and mineral oil are 81% and 93%, respectively.

Objective To observe the effect of increasing brain cortical neuronal activity in mice on axon remyelination and motor function recovery after mild spinal cord contusion injury by chemical genetics technology (DREADDs). Methods 33 C57/BL male adult mice accepted stereotactic injection of adeno-associated virus with activated receptor [AAV-hM3D(Gq)-mCitrine] into the right cerebral cortex. Then all of the mice were randomly divided into three groups: sham group (n=11), SCI group (n=11) and activated group (n=11). SCI spinal cord injury model was established in SCI group and activation group. Two weeks later, activation group was intraperitoneally injected with 1 mg/(kg·d) clozapine N-oxide (CNO) to activate the electrical activity of cortical neurons. Sham group and SCI group were intraperitoneally injected with the same amount of normal saline once a day for 4 weeks. Animals were perfused at last, using immunofluorescence to observe the results of infection of virus, the expression of cellular Fos (cFos) within neurons and myelin basic protein (MBP) in dorsal corticospinal tract; transmission electron microscopy to show the result of axonal myelination; BMS scale and irregular horizontal ladders were used to evaluate the motor function of mice. Results Immunofluorescence microscopy confirmed successful transfection of virus into neurons at mice motor cortex, and there was no statistical significance of number of neurons infected by GFP labled adeno-associated virus between the three groups. Neuronal cFos fluorescence intensity at the transfection site in activated group was significantly higher than that in SCI group (P

We give a theoretical study on the near field enhancement and far field spectrum of an adjacent graphene-wrapped sphere dimer with different radii. The Fano profile is found in the near field enhancement spectrum of such a symmetry-broken dimer system, which is, however, hidden in the far field spectrum. We demonstrate that this kind of Fano profile is rising from the coupling of dimer&rsquo, s plasmon hybridization modes by analyzing the dipole moments of each sphere. Moreover, different orientation of incident wave polarization will lead to the different plasmon hybridization coupling, thus giving rise to a different Fano profile. By changing the Fermi energy level, we could achieve tunable Fano profile in near field enhancement.

Biogas upgrading is essential for the comprehensive utilization of biogas as substitute of natural gas. However, the methane in the biogas can be fully recovered during the upgrading process of biogas, and the exhaust gas produced during biogas upgrading may contain a very low concentration of methane. If the exhaust gas with low concentration methane releases to atmosphere, it will be harmful to environment. In addition, the utilization of large amounts of digestate produced from biogas plant is another important issue for the development of biogas industry. In this study, solid digestate was used to produce active carbon, which was subsequently used as immobilized material for methane-oxidizing bacteria (MOB) in biofilter. Biofilter with MOB immobilized on active carbon was used to eliminate the methane in exhaust gas from biogas upgrading process. Results showed porous active carbon was successfully made from solid digestate. The final methane elimination capacity of immobilized MOB reached about 13 mol h−1 m−3, which was more 4 times higher than that of MOB without immobilization.

With the self-consistent mean-field method in the framework of full-wave nonlocal scattering theory, we theoretically investigate the optical bistability in a nonlocal metallic nanocylinder coated with Kerr-type nonlinear shell. A nonlocality enhanced Fano profile is found for this coated cylinder in the linear limit. We illustrate the relation between the linear plasmonic resonant wavelength and the viable parameters for optical bistability in parameter space. It is found that nonlocality will lead to impressive blue shift of the resonant wavelength, and hence dramatically increase the bistable region in the parameter space of incident wavelength and geometrical factor. We demonstrate the input-field-controllable and input-wavelength-controllable scatterings in the nonlinear case, respectively. It indicates that nonlocal effects show opposite influences on these two nonlinear scattering processes, and the bistability in the scattering spectrum is weaken by nonlocality. Our study reveals that these self-t...

Cerebellar malfunction can lead to sleep disturbance such as excessive daytime sleepiness, suggesting that the cerebellum may be involved in regulating sleep and/or wakefulness. However, understanding the features of cerebellar regulation in sleep and wakefulness states requires a detailed characterization of neuronal activity within this area. By performing multiple-unit recordings in mice, we showed that Purkinje cells (PCs) in the cerebellar cortex exhibited increased firing activity prior to the transition from sleep to wakefulness. Notably, the increased PC activity resulted from the inputs of low-frequency non-PC units in the cerebellar cortex. Moreover, the increased PC activity was accompanied by decreased activity in neurons of the deep cerebellar nuclei at the non-rapid eye-movement sleep-wakefulness transition. Our results provide in vivo electrophysiological evidence that the cerebellum has the potential to actively regulate the sleep-wakefulness transition. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s12264-020-00511-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

We study the effect of short-range disorder on the localization property of the electronic state in zigzag graphene, via the calculation of the two-terminal dc conductance with the transfer matrix method. When the disorder is weak, the electron states are localized. However, when the disorder crosses the critical strength, the conductance will be enhanced and may be even quantized as e 2 / h at the specific disorder strength. Our numerical calculations suggest that the quantized conductance shows certain robustness to the system size, shape and the Fermi energy. We demonstrate the unconventional behavior from the localization length and the density of states and attribute it to the existence of edge states. The implications of our results are discussed.

For the two-band system, an important route to achieve the high Chern number (HCN) topological phase is to add the number of low-energy Dirac points. In this work, we try to study the possibility of realizing HCN phase in π -flux square lattice when the ( n − 1 ) -nearest-neighboring hoppings N n are introduced. We investigate N4 and N6 intersublattice hopping which can generate new Dirac points, whose chiralities and mergings are analyzed. While for intrasublattice hopping which can gap the Dirac points, we studied N2 and N5 cases to obtain the HCN phase diagram. We further discuss the experimental detections of the HCN phase by the edge states excitations and the transverse Hall conductance response.

Objective To explore the dynamic changes in disabling brain injury in a closed compartment, and its underlying neuroelectrophysiological mechanism after exposure of rats to blast. Methods Sixty-eight SD rats were randomly divided into control group, OTB group ( blast in an open space), and ECB group (blast in a tightly closed compartment). ECB and OTB groups were exposed to blast in a closed chamber simulating the cabin of an armored vehicle and OT (outside of the cabin) with 600-mg detonator electric blasting and 21.5-cm away from the detonating point. The changes of disabled ischemic area of the brain and evoked potential before and 1, 3, 5, 8, 12, 24h and 72h after the blast injury were observed. Results The incapability score of ECB and OTB rats reached the same level (25%). With 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, it was found that the infarct area in OTB group appeared 5h after explosion, reaching the climax at 12h, and disappearing at 72h. In the ECB group, the area of infarct appeared 3h after injury, and still existed till 72h after injury. In ECB group, the N1 latency of sensory evoked potential (SEP) and motor evoked potential (MEP) was longer than that of control group 5 and 8 hours after explosion respectively, and the changes in sensation appeared earlier than those of motor function. Conclusions The blast wave in EC shows a characteristic of a complex blast wave, and its damage to the brain can be more severe, which is caused more by ECB than by OTB. The size of infarct area and latency of evoked potential might contribute to the brain incapability. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2015.08.13

For decades, plasmonic metal have been used to support surface plasmons and to achieve nonlinear optical effects. This electronic dplasmonic metal have been used to support surface plasmons and to achieve nonlinear optical effects. With the development of nanotechnology, nano-sized metallic structure such as core-shell sphere or cylinder can be fabricated with very small size. For on-chip compact optical devices, however, in the extreme small regime, their optical responses will be affected by the nonlocal response of the metal, which in turns changes the nonlinear processes. Nonlocality and nonlinearity are expected in metallic /dielectric nanoparticle system, indicating deep significance in both fundamental research and design of new compact optical devices. These two freedoms will give the opportunity for us to seek for and manipulate more interesting physical phenomena in the microscopic world, hence contribute to the new thought of optical devices designing. In this article, we discuss dielectric/metal composite consisting of Kerr dielectric and nonlocal metal embedded in the host medium, and show the nonlocal effects of the inclusion can dramatically alter the near field configuration and far field scattering signals of core-shell structures. We demonstrate that nonlocality can significant reduce the switching threshold of the optical bistability and provide broader region in geometric parameter space for optical bistability, in both near field and far field. It suggests a nonlocality enhanced nonlinear optical devices.

Detecting the charming topological phase has been an ongoing topic. In this work, we take the square lattice as an example and try to detect the anomalous quantum Hall (AQH) phase under magnetic field. We analyze the topological energy levels of the system, the quantum Hall effect and quantum valley Hall effect, and the number of scattered electrons after a laser pulse, from which the unambiguous signals to characterize the AQH phases can be obtained. Meanwhile the corresponding valley polarizations of electrons are investigated. Our study opens new perspectives for the applications of valleytronics in the future.

Background People who experience traumatic events have an increased risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, PTSD-related pathological changes in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex remain poorly understood. Material/Methods We investigated the effect of a PTSD-like animal model induced by severe stress. The experimental rats received 20 inescapable electric foot shocks in an enclosed box for a total of 6 times in 3 days. The physiological state (body weight and plasma corticosterone concentrations), emotion, cognitive behavior, brain morphology, apoptosis, and balance of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex were observed. Cell damages were examined with histological staining (HE, Nissl, and silver impregnation), while apoptosis was analyzed with flow cytometry using an Annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) binding and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated-dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) method. Results In comparison with the sham litter-mates, the stressed rats showed decreased body weight, inhibition of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation, increase in freezing response to trauma reminder, hypoactivity and anxiety-like behaviors in elevated plus maze and open field test, poor learning in Morris water maze, and shortened latency in hot-plate test. There were significant damages in the hippocampus but not in the prefrontal cortex. Imbalance between glutamate and GABA was more evident in the hippocampus than in the prefrontal cortex. Conclusions These results suggest that neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus after severe traumatic stress is related to the imbalance between glutamate and GABA. Such modifications may resemble the profound changes observed in PTSD patients.

Spinal cord ischemia and reperfusion (SCIR) injury is the major cause of a wide range of complications, including neural degeneration and devastating paraplegia. Decrease of inhibitory neurotransmitters and increase of excitory neurotransmitters are the major cause for the excitotoxicity of neurons. However, no study has reported the temporal loss of motor neuron in the ventral horn of spinal cord area following SCIR-induced spastic paralysis, not even the mechanism under it. In the present study, we found that the rabbits were mainly spastic paralyzed after spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury. And the ischemia 60 min group is the optimal treating condition, because of the higher rate of spastic paralysis and lower mortality. Motor neurons in the ventral horn of spinal cord were significant degeneration at 3 h following spastic paralysis and only 12.5% motor neurons were observed at 72 h post-operation, compared with control group. ELISA results indicated that Glycine and GABA were both downregulated following spastic paralysis. But Glycine immediately decreased at 10 min post-operation and lasted for the whole process (at least 72 h). Meanwhile GABA only significantly decreased at 72 h. Furthermore, Glutamic expression was significant upregulation at 3 hours post-operation, and the upregulation back to the base level at 72 h post-operation. Glutamic receptor-(NR1) and Glycine α1 receptor upregulated accordingly, whereas GABBR2 didn’t upregulate significantly until at 72 h post-operation. Abundant extracellular Ca2+ influxed into cytoplasm in neurons following spastic paralysis. The type of paraplegia is mainly spastic paraplegia after SCIR (ischemia 60 min treatment). Following spastic paraplegia, motor neuron in the ventral horn of spinal cord area was significant degeneration at early stage and last for the whole process. It may contribute to the decrease of Glycine at early stage and followed exitotoxicity, which caused intracellular calcium overload to make neurons dead. It would lay the foundation for better understanding the motor neuron degeneration and mechanism following spastic paralysis. And it would supply a novel and effective target for spastic paralysis prevention and therapy.

We study the problem of spin current pumping in a one-dimensional quantum wire when there exist two orthogonal Rashba spin-orbit couplings (SOCs) in different regions which evolve with time and can be induced by the perpendicular electric fields. On one hand, we demonstrate that the time-evolving Rashba SOC is equivalent to the spin-dependent electric field and the scheme may lead to the pure spin current associated with well suppressed charge current. On the other hand, we adopt the non-equilibrium Green's function method and numerically find that the parameter loop must satisfy certain condition for the successful pumping. We also study the effect of the Fermi energy and the inevitable disorder on the spin current. The implications of these results are discussed.

Objective To observe the marker effects of two different fluorescent dyes, DIL and DAPI, in labeling endogenous neural stem cells (ENSCs) in rat central nervous system. Methods Thirty-six Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into staining groups, comprising DIL group and DAPI group, and the corresponding control groups, including DMSO group for DIL group and PBS group for DAPI group. 0.2% DIL 10μl or 10μg/ml DAPI 10μl was stereotactically injected into the lateral ventricle of rats of DIL group or DAPI group, while DMSO or PBS 10μl was introduced into that of DMSO group or PBS group. Neurological severity score (NSS) was determined 2 hours and 24 hours respectively after the operation. Rats were sacrificed at day 1, 3, 7 after the injection. Serial coronal sections of the brain and spinal cord were carried out on a cryostat, and then they were observed under a confocal microscope. The fluorescence intensity of the targeted area, which highlighted by labeled ependymal cells, in the brain and spinal cord of cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae and lumbar vertebrae were semi-quantified. Fluorescence intensity of each section was measured in triplicate, and a mean value was obtained. Statistical analysis was performed on 3 data sets, randomly selected from sections of brain and spinal cord obtained at day 1, 3, 7. Results Two hours after DIL injection, the rats showed no evident neurological defect. NSS value was very low, and there was no significant difference compared with the DMSO group (P＞0.05). Twenty-four hours later, normal neurological function recovered in all the rats. Red fluorescence could be seen in the cytoplasm of ependymal cells in the lateral ventricle and each spinal cord segment at day 1 after the DIL injection, and it did not disappear until the 7th day. Nuclei of DAPI-labeled lateral ventricle cells were blue, with clear nuclear morphology. Choroid plexus cells of the ventricle were also labeled. However, there was no blue fluorescence in the medulla oblongata or any segment ofthe spinal cord. The picture at day 3 and day 7 was similar to that of day 1. No significant difference was found between fluorescence intensity in DIL or DAPI stained cells(P>0.05) at any time point. Conclusions DIL may serve as a marker of the cytoplasm of ependymal cells in the brain ventricle and spinal central canal. DAPI, which is often used in the nuclear staining, can label the ENSCs in the brain ventricle. Intraventricular injection of fluorescent dye is a relatively safety procedure.

This study sought to determine whether the dynamic feature of hippocampal neurons is related to the degree of complexity in complex auditory cognition. We examined the firing activity and complexity of hippocampal pyramidal cells on conscious guinea pigs during passive and active auditory discrimination tasks. The firing rate and the complexity in each sampled interspike interval (ISI) series were also computed. A larger value of complexity indicated a higher difficulty of the task or a less regularity of the discharge series. In spontaneous state, the complexity of the pyramidal cells was lower than that in low tone and low-high tone state. The complexity was increased in active discrimination state compared with passive state. The present results demonstrate that the difficulty in the auditory discriminatory task is marked by a progressive increase of complexity degree in the spike trains of pyramidal cells and cannot completely be described via mean firing rate. Moreover, the response of pyramidal cells to auditory information in different cognition states may be related to the nonlinear dynamics features, which can be quantitatively characterized by the degree of complexity. Taken together, we suggest that the degree of complexity provides an excellent experimental tool for the analysis of spikes in neural trains.

Objective To study the characteristics of latency of somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) and motor evoked potential (MEP) and the expression of nestin in subventricular zones (SVZ) after persistent focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Methods The model of cerebral ischemia in rats was made by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). All animals of ischemia were sacrificed after 12 h, 1 d, 3 d, 7 d, and 14 d to observe the changes of latency of SEP and MEP and to detect the expression of nestin, with an immunohistochernical approach. Results The latencies of P1 (positive wave 1), N1 (negative wave 1) and P2 (positive wave 2) in SEP were significantly prolonged after MCAO. The latencies of N1 and N2 waves in MEP were postponed gradually and no statistical difference of latency of N1 wave was found in rats at 7 d and 14 d after MCAO. The expression of nestin increased at 12 h, and showed a significant augmentation at 3 d and peaked at 7 d, then declined slightly at 14 d after MCAO. Conclusion The cerebral ischemia prolonged the latency of EP waves and the expression of nestin was up-regulated and reached the peak at 7 d, showing the ischemia induced the proliferation of nervous stem cells. The SEP and MEP may evaluate the proliferation in SVZ after brain ischemia.

We carry out a theoretical study on optical bistability of near field intensity and transmittance in two-dimensional nonlinear composite slab. This kind of 2D composite is composed of nonlocal metal/Kerr-type dielectric core-shell inclusions randomly embedded in the host medium, and we derivate the nonlinear relation between the field intensity in the shell of inclusions and the incident field intensity with self-consistent mean field approximation. Numerical demonstration has been performed to show the viable parameter space for the bistable near field. We show that nonlocality can provide broader region in geometric parameter space for bistable near field as well as bistable transmittance of the nonlocal composite slab compared to local case. Furthermore, we investigate the bistable transmittance in wavelength spectrum, and find that besides the input intensity, the wavelength operation could as well make the transmittance jump from a high value to a low one. This kind of self-tunable nano-composite slab might have potential application in optical switching devices.

In this work, we try to investigate the magneto-optical response of the square lattice model, in which the quantum spin Hall effect will occur when spin is introduced to the anisotropy next-nearest-neighboring hoppings. In the presence of Landau level quantization, we analyze the optical absorption spectrum and reveal the valley-spin polarization of the electrons when the total filling factor in the system changes. We also study the optical Hall conductivity behavior to find the signatures of valley-spin polarization. The implications of our results are discussed.

To discuss the electrophysiologic effects of regenerative nerve fibres affected by control releasing of FK506.From Mar. to Sep. in 2008, the body weigh of 32 Sprague-Dawley rats which was 200 to 250 g,anesthesia was performed with an intraperitoneal injection of 30 mg/kg 1% continal. The sciatic nerve was transected in each rat by the excision of a 10 mm gap just proximal to the trifurcation of the nerve. The 10 mm gap of sciatic nerve had been bridged with the new double channel nerve conduit of fusiform shape, which were randomly divided into two groups basing on the different drug in the channel, each group contained 16 animals. In group A,100 microl of chitin for medical use was injected into the conduit,in group B the two branches of the conduit respectively contained 100 microl of the chitin and 10 microl FK506 (group B2) or physiologic saline (group B1). At 8 and 12 week after operation, the morphology in regenerative nerve and electrophysiologic effects by detect compound muscle active potential (CMAP) and cortical somatosensory evoked potential (CSEP) were evaluated.There were not significant differences of the regenerative nerve fibres between two channels in group A, but in group B2, the number of the regenerative fibres was much more than that in group B1. The latency of CMAP and CSEP in group B2 was shorter than that in group B1. But its amplitude was higher. There were highly significant difference between the groups (P0.01).The electrophysiologic effects of regenerative nerve fibres can be significantly promoted by FK506, which provide theory base for immunosuppressive treatment of peripheral nerve.

To measure the feasibility of application of comparative genomic hybridization technique in the prenatal diagnosis of fetus with mandibulofacial dysostosis.A pregnant woman having a fetus with mandibulofacial dysostosis diagnosed by prenatal ultrasound test was selected. The amniotic fluid and blood of the pregnant and blood of her husband were collected and conventional cytogenetic analysis was performed. The whole genome was scanned by array comparative genomic hybridization assay (array-CGH). Reverse transcription fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis was used to verify the result of array-CGH.No abnormality was found in conventional cytogenetic analysis while a duplicated region in 1p36.33 was detected by array-CGH assay. The region spans 722 kb and contains two genes, VWA1 and PYGO2, which play roles in the development of cartilage. The result of array-CGH was confirmed by the RT-qPCR assay. The diagnosis of mandibulofacial dysostosis was confirmed after birth.Author diagnosed a fetus with mandibulofacial dysostosis by array-CGH assay and found two candidate genes related to the development of craniofacial bone: VWA1 and PYGO2.

To analyze the effect of long-term exposure to paint or hair dye on chromosomal aberration of early embryos.We analyzed 2 cases of fetal or infantile chromosome aberration in which the parents experienced long-term exposure to paint and hair dye.The chromosomal mutations were detected in one 3-month-old infant and one 21-week-old fetus, and the karyotypes were 46,XX,del(2)(pter'q31) and 46,XX, t(4;12;15), respectively. Their parents worked with long-term exposure to paint and hair dye and developed such symptoms as dizziness, headache, and insomnia. The chromosomes of the parents remained normal, but the micronuclei of the lymphocytes and plasma lead level were increased with decreased WBC, platelet, and HGB.Long exposure to paint or hair dye can cause poison and affect the normal growth of early embryos, leading eventually to gene and chromosomal mutation of the embryos.

To study the clinical value of screening chromosomal diseases and abnormal pregnancy by maternal serum examination in mid-pregnancy.Maternal serum AFP and F-beta hCG were detected in the mid-pregnancy (16-20 weeks) using commercially available detection kits, and the risk of Down syndrome was calculated taking into account of such factors as the maternal age, gestational age, and body weight. Those at high risk underwent amino fluid or cordocentesis for fetal karyotpying. The pregnant women were divided intoor=35 years and35 years groups, and high and low risk for Down syndrome groups for test results and pregnancy outcome analysis.Of the 6000 pregnant women undergoing antenatal screening, 552 were identified to be at high risk of Down syndrome (9.2%) with one missing case of detection, and 463 of the high-risk cases underwent amino fluid or cordocentesis examination. Twenty-seven cases were found to have abnormal chromosomes, and abortion was suggested in 14 cases but not in the other 13 cases where other chromosomal abnormalities such as polymorphic mutations were found. The screening positive rate inor=35 years and35 years group was 95.5% and 8.2% (P0.0001), with fetal chromosomal abnormality rate of 4.5% and 2.9%, respectively (P0.5). The rate of abnormal pregnant outcomes for high and low risk groups was 5.6% and 0.05% (P0.0001), with pregnancy complication rate of 11.8% and 3.7% (P0.0001) and fetal chromosomal polymorphic mutation rate of 2.8% and 1.1% (P0.5), respectively.Maternal serum AFP and F-beta hCG levels in second trimester have important values in predicting fetal chromosomal diseases, and their detection may help reduce the birth defect rate and prevent abnormal pregnancy outcomes and complications.

Based on the experimental study, it was found that melamine solution excited by UV light can generate a strong fluorescence. The fluorescence spectrum is within a range from 310 to 600 nm, the peak wavelength of the fluorescence is about 420 nm, and the relationship between fluorescence intensity and melamine solution concentration is nonlinear. A method for the determination of melamine solution concentration was presented, which was based on fluorescence spectroscopy and radial basis function neural networks. For each sample, 30 emission wavelength values were selected, the fluorescence intensity corresponding to the selected wavelength was used as the network data, and a radial basis function neural network was trained and constructed. The trained radial basis function neural network was employed to predict the melamine solution concentration in five kinds of samples, and the relative errors of the results were 0.93%, 0.09%, 0.31%, 1.55% and 4.61%, respectively. The results show that this method can determine the content of melamine quickly and accurately. The whole research outcomes will provide a new method for determining the content of melamine and food safety supervision.

According to the characteristic of synthetic food colors molecule and the relationship between fluorescence and molecular structure, and through analyzing, it has been concluded that synthetic food colors is fluorescent material. By using SP-2558 multifunctional spectral measuring system, the three-dimensional fluorescence spectra of ponceau 4R, amaranth, tartrazine, sunset yellow and brilliant blue were measured. The results show that ponceau 4R excited by light at the wavelength of 330-430 nm can generate a strong fluorescence at the 621 nm peak wavelength with its best excitation wavelength being 376 nm, amaranth excited by light at the wavelength of 300-440 nm can generate a strong fluorescence at the 643 nm peak wavelength with its best excitation wavelength being 370 nm, tartrazine excited by light at the wavelength of 280-380 nm can generate a strong fluorescence at the 565 nm peak wavelength with its best excitation wavelength being 315 nm, sunset yellow excited by light with wavelength of 310-410 nm can generate a strong fluorescence at the 592 nm peak wavelength with its best excitation wavelength being 348 nm, and brilliant blue excited by light at the wavelength of 320-390 nm can generate a strong fluorescence at the 456 nm peak wavelength with its best excitation wavelength being 350 nm. Moreover, the fluorescence spectra of the five kinds of synthetic food colors were discussed. These results can provide helps for testing of food colors and food safety.

Trace conditioning of the eyeblink reflex, a form of associative motor learning in which presentations of the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US) are separated in time by a silent trace interval, requires intact forebrain structures such as the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex. Recently, increased learning-related activities have also been observed in specific cerebellar cortical area such as the lobule of HVI during this conditioning task. To date, however, it remains controversial how the cerebellar cortex contributes to trace eyeblink conditioning. In the present study, we addressed this issue by reversibly suppressing the cerebellar cortical inhibition via microinjections of the GABA A receptor antagonist bicuculline methiodide (BICM) into the interpositus nucleus of guinea pigs. We showed that, in the well-trained guinea pigs, the BICM administrations failed to abolish the acquired trace-conditioned eyeblink responses (CRs). Although the acquired trace CRs were mostly retained, their peak latencies were shortened and their peak amplitudes diminished as evidenced by only half of the spared trace CRs preserving the topography of adaptive peak latencies or middle-/high-peak amplitudes. In the same animals, the acquired trace CRs were abolished by microinjections of the GABA A receptor agonist muscimol and were unaffected by microinjections of the artificial cerebrospinal fluid. Furthermore, we demonstrated that with concurrent BICM-induced suppression of the cerebellar cortical inhibition and presentations of the tone CSs in the guinea pigs receiving unpaired conditioning training, CR-like eyeblink responses were not generated. Altogether, these results support the hypothesis that GABAergic neurotransmission from cerebellar cortex to the interpositus nucleus may participate in regulating the expression of acquired trace CRs.

To clone and identify one novel regeneration related gene H(3) (CA854305) from the differential expression genes library we had set up before.Use the method of Northern blot to detect the different expressions of the novel gene under different situations, employ the technique of in silico cloning to scan the span of the novel gene, and analyze their sequences. Also we used reverse transcription PCR to validate the largest open reading frame.Northern blotting results of H(3) (CA854305) showed that the transplanted group had more efficient and extensive expression than untreated and uninjured groups 5 days after spinal cord injury, while the untreated group had more extensive expression than uninjured group. It implied that H(3) might have some relationship with nerve regeneration after spinal cord injury. From the results of in silico cloning we got a longest contig of 1635 bp and an largest open reading frame of 542 bp from 49 to 591 bp correspondent with the Cozak rules. Reverse transcription PCR validated the largest open reading frame sequence primarily.We got the sequence of novel gene H(3) which might be one of the regenerationjrelated genes. Key words:Gene library; Genes; Nerve regeneration; Spinal cord injuries.

To investigate the effects of nerve growth factor (NGF) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) to promoting the sensitive and motor fibres regeneration.Thirty two Sprague-Dawley rats with 10 mm gap of sciatic nerve were operated and bridged with the new double channel nerve conduit in rhomboid shape. They were randomly divided into two groups, with each in twelve animals. In the first group, 200 micro1 of chitin for medical use was injected into the conduit, and in the second group the two branches of the conduit contained 100 microl of the chitin and 5 microl NGF or CNTF. At twelve and sixteen weeks after the operation, we evaluated the sensitive and motor fibres of regenerative nerve with Holmes, Acetylcholinesterase and Carbonic anhydrase staining.After the twelve and sixteen weeks of the operation, there were not significant differences of the regenerative nerve fibres between two channels in the first groups. But in the second group, the number of the motor fibres of the regenerative nerve of CNTF branch channel was much more and distributed better than the others, while the number and density of sensitive fibres was inferior to NGF. The latency of compound muscle active potential and cortical somatosensory evoked potential of the nerve in the CNTF branch was shorter than the one in the NGF branch, but its amplitude was higher.The CNTF could significantly promote the regeneration of motor fibres and the NGF could promote better for the regeneration of sensitive fibres.

To determine the characteristics of spontaneous discharges of hippocampal pyramidal cells (PCs), extracellular neuronal firing in CA1 and CA3 regions of dorsal hippocampus was recorded, the firing modes and interspike interval (ISI) were analyzed with the conventional and nonlinear methods. PCs were discriminated from interneurons using the measurement of action-potential duration and firing rate in this study. There was no significant difference in duration, mean firing frequency, complexity and firing mode between the neurons in CA1 and CA3 regions both in anesthetized and awake animals. The complexity of neurons was higher in awake group than that in anesthetized group, though no difference was found in firing rate. There were differences in the type of pyramidal cells and the coefficient of variance of ISI of neurons. The results obtained from the spontaneous discharges of dorsal hippocampal pyramidal cells reveal some nonlinear and linear aspects in anesthetized and awake states. It seems likely that the combination of conventional and non-linear measurements of the hippocampal pyramidal cells encoding may reflect genuine characteristics of the hippocampal pyramidal cells.

Cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1), a muscle-derived cytokine, supports the survival of motoneurons in vivo and in vitro. The present study investigated whether adenoviral huCT-1 gene transfer protected injured neurons from cell death or atrophy and promoted regeneration of rubrospinal tract (RST) after spinal cord injury in adult rats. Administration of the adenoviral CT-1 vector (Adv-CT1) to C3-4 lateral funiculus hemisection cavity, that completely interrupted RST, led to sustained CT-1 expression. Providing Adv-CT1, which rescued 20% of neurons, could prevent the loss of injured rubrospinal neurons 8 weeks post-injury. Retrograde tracing with FluoroGold showed that 1.2% of RST neurons regenerated at least two segments caudal to the injury site. Anterograde tracing with biotinylated dextran amine revealed that the RST axons terminated in white matter and gray matter. Behavioral testing revealed a significant functional recovery in limb usage. This observation indicated that adenoviral CT-1 gene transfer into the injured cord promoted survival and regeneration of rubrospinal neurons in adult rats.

Haldane model can realize the anomalous quantum Hall effect (QHE) without Landau levels (LLs) and serves as a prototype of the quantum spin Hall effect. In this paper, we study the QHE of Haldane model under magnetic field with magnitude such that the magnetic flux in a plaquette is commensurate with the lattice structure. First, we show the origin of unconventional QHE in graphene and point out a general rule for the Hall step of Dirac fermions, which strongly depends on the valley degeneracy of each LL. Second, we study the conductance around the neutral point which lies in the gap given by continuous bands, revealing the competition between periodic magnetic flux and uniform magnetic field. Moreover, the redistribution behavior of Chern number is investigated. We find that besides the staggered magnetic flux, the next-nearest-neighbor hopping can also induce the redistribution. We also study the QHE of the extended Haldane model on a square lattice.

We investigate the possibility of optically manipulating the topological phase transition in a two-dimensional square lattice with staggered on-site energy and anisotropy next-nearest-neighbor hopping integral (an extended Haldane model), from the trivial insulator phase to the Chern insulator phase. Under the circular-polarization laser field, we calculate the energy spectrum of the system and obtain the Chern number phase diagram. The implications of our results are discussed.