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Laodelphax striatellus is one of the most destructive pests of rice and other cereal crops. Chemical control is still the most efficient way to control this pest, but insecticide resistance always threatens this approach.Monitoring data (2003-2020) showed that Chinese field populations of L. striatellus developed high-level buprofezin resistance within the first four years. This high-level resistance to buprofezin was stable for about ten years and persisted even when buprofezin selection pressure was absent. An established near-isogenic strain (YN-NIS) with 90.8-fold resistance to buprofezin had resistance inheritance of autosomal and incomplete dominance, and the resistance was controlled by multiple genes with no obvious fitness costs (relative fitness of 0.8707). Furthermore, the susceptibility of 29 field populations to another seven insecticides (2014-2020) showed that: (i) low-level resistance to pymetrozine, dinotefuran, sulfoxaflor and thiamethoxam was first detected in 2014 (eight years after introduction), 2016 (three years after), 2017 (four years after) and 2019 (19 years after), respectively, (ii) moderate resistance levels to chlorpyrifos were found for all populations across multiple years, and (iii) no resistance was detected for nitenpyram and triflumezopyrim.The fast buprofezin resistance development in L. striatellus would be caused by incomplete dominant resistance with almost no fitness cost in the resistant strain. Nitenpyram and triflumezopyrim showed no resistance and can be used as the main insecticide for the control of L. striatellus. These findings provide key fundamental information for controlling L. striatellus.

Buprofezin, an insect growth regulator, has been widely used to control brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens, one of the most destructive pests of rice crops in Asia. The intensive use of this compound has resulted in very high levels of resistance to buprofezin in the field, however, the underpinning mechanisms of resistance have not been fully resolved.Insecticide bioassays using the P450 inhibitor piperonyl butoxide significantly synergized the toxicity of buprofezin in two resistant strains of BPH (BPR and YC2017) compared to a susceptible strain (Sus), suggesting P450s play a role in resistance to this compound. Whole transcriptome profiling identified 1110 genes that were upregulated in the BPR strain compared to the Sus strain, including 13 cytochrome P450 genes, eight esterases and one glutathione S-transferase. Subsequently, qPCR validation revealed that four of the P450 genes, CYP6ER1vA, CYP6CW1, CYP4C77, and CYP439A1 were significantly overexpressed in both the BRP and YC2017 strains compared with the Sus strain. Further functional analyses showed that only suppression of CYP6ER1vA, CYP6CW1, and CYP439A1 gene expression by RNA interference significantly increased the toxicity of buprofezin against BPH. However, only transgenic Drosophila melanogaster expressing CYP6ER1vA and CYP439A1 exhibited significant resistance to buprofezin. Finally, the BPR strain was found to exhibit modest but significant levels of resistance to acetamiprid, dinotefuran and pymetrozine.Our findings provide strong evidence that the overexpression of CYP6ER1vA and CYP439A1 contribute to buprofezin resistance in BPH, and that resistance to this compound is associated with low-level resistance to acetamiprid, dinotefuran and pymetrozine. These results advance understanding of the molecular basis of BPH resistance to buprofezin and will inform the development of management strategies for the control of this highly damaging pest. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

The present study investigates the removal of six selected pharmaceuticals from municipal wastewater in two membrane bioreactors (MBRs) with and without powdered activated carbon (PAC) addition. Two approaches were carried out for obtaining different carbon dosages related to the influent: (1) with a fixed solids retention time (SRT) and varying PAC concentrations; (2) with varying SRTs and a fixed PAC concentration. The results reveal that a PAC dosage related to influent of 21 mg L

Justicia procumbens L. is a traditional Chinese medicine, first recorded in "Shen Nong's Herbal Classic", for the treatment of lumbar pain and fever. As a widely distributed herb, it has also been documented in India, Nepal, and Malaysia. In "Tang Materia Medica", a famous medicinal book of Tang Dynasty in ancient China, it was first used to treat diseases associated with blood stasis. Blood stasis syndrome is closely related to thrombus formation and platelet aggregation. Although some compounds isolated from this plant have anti-platelet aggregation effects, the main chemical components and mechanism of J. procumbens in terms of these effects are little known.Through in vivo and in vitro experiments, this studsy revealed the characteristic components and action mechanism of anti-platelet aggregation by J. procumbens from an overall perspective.The effective crude extracts of the whole plant were screened via an in vitro anti-platelet aggregation test. After incubating these extracts with apheresis platelets, high affinity compounds were detected by HPLC-MS and regulatory genes were detected using gene chips. The effective components and potential target proteins were analyzed using computational docking technology. Furthermore, the compound with the strongest predicted activity was evaluated in vivo via an anti-thrombotic test.Integrin aExperimental investigation showed that arylnaphthalene lignan aglycones with one methylenedioxy group and two methoxy groups are effective components for anti-platelet aggregation by J. procumbens. These compounds inhibit Gq-PLC-PKC and Gi-PI3K-MAPK signaling pathways by suppressing the expression of genes such as ITGB3, PRKCA, PIK3CG, and MAPK14. These results reflected the characteristics of multi-component and multi-target synergistic treatment of Chinese medicine.

Virus-derived small RNAs are one of the key factors of RNA silencing in plant defence against viruses. We obtained virus-derived small interfering RNA profiles from Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus and Hippeastrum chlorotic ringspot orthotospovirus infected Capsicum annuum XX19 and XY11 by deep sequencing one day after inoculation. The vsiRNAs data were mapped to the TSWV and HCRV genomes, and the results showed that the vsiRNAs measured 19-24 nucleotides in length. Most of the vsiRNAs were mapped to the S segment of the viral genome. For XX19 and XY11 infected with HCRV, the distribution range of vsiRNAs in S RNA was 52.06-55.20%, while for XX19 and XY11 infected with TSWV, the distribution range of vsiRNAs in S RNA was 87.76-89.07%. The first base at the 5' end of the siRNA from TSWV and HCRV was primarily biased towards A, U, or C. Compared with mock-inoculated XX19 and XY11, the expression level of CaRDR1 was upregulated in TSWV- and HCRV-inoculated XX19 and XY11. CaAGO2 and CaAGO5 were upregulated in XY11 against HCRV infection, and CaRDR2 was downregulated in TSWV-infected XY11 and XX19. The profile of HCRV and TSWV vsiRNA verified in this study could be useful for selecting key vsiRNA such as those in disease-resistant varieties by artificially synthesizing amiRNA.

Hippeastrum chlorotic ringspot virus (HCRV) is a putative new member of the genus Tospovirus, which was first identified infecting Hymenocallis littoralis in Yunnan Province, southwestern China. Taeniothrips eucharii, the dominant thrips species found on H. littoralis, was tested for its efficiency as a vector of the virus. We used Western blot analysis of adult thrips to detect the N protein. Transmission experiments demonstrated an average acquisition efficiency of 43.7 ± 3.4% (AAP = 24 h) for the first larval stage and a transmission efficiency of 19.1 ± 2.4% (IAP = 24 h) for adult thrips. This study reports T. eucharii as a new genus and species of thrips transmitting a Tospovirus, HCRV.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex and heterogeneous endocrine disease characterized by clinical or laboratorial hyperandrogenism, oligo-anovulation and metabolic abnormalities, including insulin resistance, excessive weight or obesity, type II diabetes, dyslipidemia and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The most significant clinical manifestation of PCOS is hyperandrogenism. Excess androgen profoundly affects granulosa cell function and follicular development via complex mechanisms that lead to obesity and insulin resistance. Most PCOS patients with hyperandrogenism have steroid secretion defects that result in abnormal folliculogenesis and failed dominant follicle selection. Hyperandrogenism induces obesity, hairy, acne, and androgenetic alopecia. These symptoms can bring great psychological stress to women. Drugs such as combined oral contraceptive pills, metformin, pioglitazone and low-dose spironolactone help improve pregnancy rates by decreasing androgen levels in vivo. Notably, PCOS is heterogeneous, and hyperandrogenism is not the only pathogenic factor. Obesity and insulin resistance aggravate the symptoms of hyperandrogenism, forming a vicious cycle that promotes PCOS development. Although numerous studies have been conducted, the definitive pathogenic mechanisms of PCOS remain uncertain. This review summarizes and discusses previous and recent findings regarding the relationship between hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, obesity and PCOS.

A rhodium catalyzed regioselective coupling of thiirane with 1-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazole has been realized to give a formal [3 + 3] cycloaddition product 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,4-thiazine via the 1,3-insertion model of azavinyl carbene. An acetic acid additive is used to improve the reaction in terms of both yield and rate.

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) vasculitis is the most common leukocytoclastic small-vessel vasculitis in children and mainly involves the small vessels in the skin, joints, digestive tract, and kidneys. Its pathogenesis is still unclear. Currently, it is believed that environmental factors can cause autoimmune dysfunction and lead to the deposition of IgA-containing immune complexes on the wall of arterioles on the basis of genetic factors. This article reviews the research advances in the role of immune factors in the pathogenesis of IgA vasculitis.

Zhuxiang chicken is a valuable chicken breed in the southwest of China. In this study, we firstly obtained the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Zhuxiang chicken using PCR amplification, sequencing and assembling. The total length of the mitochondrial genome was 16,789 bp, based on composition of 30.24% for A, 23.71% for T, 32.54% for C, 13.51% for G, contained a D-loop region (non-coding control region), 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes and 22 transfer RNA. This research was significant for mtDNA structure and provided phylogenetic analysis of D-loop sequence for carrying out Zhuxiang chicken germplasm resources protection, rational breeding, origin and evolution studies.

The optimized extraction conditions of total flavonoids from mimenghua were determined by the Box-Behnken design and response surface methodology. The optimal conditions to achieve the maximum yield of flavonoids were determined as follows: ethanol concentration 68%(v/v), extraction temperature 72.4°C, liquid/material ratio 48:1mL/g, and extraction time 2 h. Under the optimized conditions, the extraction ratio of flavonoids was 15.44%. The crude extract was then purified by AB-8 macroporous adsorption resin, the flavonoids content in the purified extract increased to 90.43%. The antioxidant activities of the purified flavonoids were evaluated in vitro by scavenging capabilities of DPPH radical, hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical, reducing power and total antioxidant capacity. The results showed that the flavonoids have significant antioxidant activities, which can be used as a source of potential antioxidant.

An isolate of hippeastrum chlorotic ringspot virus (HCRV) named HLS1-2, causing necrotic spots on leaves of spider lily, was obtained and characterized in China. The complete S RNA and M RNAs of the HLS1-2 isolate are 2724 nt and 4741 nt in length, respectively. The HLS1-2 S RNA sequence is most closely related to that of HCRV, with 99 % identity. Viral proteins encoded by the M RNA are closely related to those of tomato yellow ring virus (TYRV), polygonum ringspot virus (PolRSV) and iris yellow spot virus (IYSV). Phylogenetic trees for the four viral proteins encoded by the S and M RNAs placed HCRV-HLS1-2 in a distinct cluster with IYSV, TYRV and PolRSV and provided further support for the subdivision of tospoviruses into American and Eurasian groups.

We introduce a class of stochastic capital system with Marvokian switching and Poisson jumps, establish necessary condition for near-optimality. The proof of the main results is based on Ito's formula, Ekeland's variational principle and some estimates on the state and the adjoint process with respect to the control variable.

The separation and purification of total flavonoids from Buddleja officinalis were carried out by AB-8 macroporous adsorption resin. The optimum adsorption conditions for sample flow rate, pH value and feeding concentration were 2.0 mL/min, 4.5 and 1.6 mg/mL, respectively, and the optimum desorption conditions were obtained by using 2.0 BV of 70% ethanol as desorption solvent at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Under these conditions, the flavonoids content of the final product was 90.43%, increased by 1.7 times than unpurified sample (53.09%).

In the practical engineer, the infilled-wall frame structure is widely used by its economy and applicability. Under the project research, the paper establishes a finite element model for infilled-brick-wall structure based on the infilled-wall frame structure performance and after Pushover's analyses,it obtains the inter-story displacement angle, which is anti-seismic performance index to the point each floor of the infilled-wall structure under the different earthquake action . The paper analysis and assesses the infilled-wall frame structure anti-seismic performance based on the anti-seismic performance index and it provides a reference and basis for anti-seismic standard's development towards based-performance direction.

Research on the new method of resolving terrain contour matching of terrain protracting algorithm based on RSG and TIN provides basic data structure. The concept of Area of Interesting (AOI) is introduced, the algorithm of estimation and detection is also proposed to calculate reference point; The method comprised centroid constrained and intervisibility estimation achieves terrain contour matching calculation avoiding those problems such as low-efficiency of point inquiry, embeddability of moving object and terrain and the change of target’s stance. Experimental results show that this algorithm could not only keep the existing display performance but also make the model matching more conformed to the principles of nature and improve the reality of virtual environment effectively.

To evaluate the development of diabetic neuropathy, the current study examined changes in peripheral axonal function. Nerve excitability techniques were undertaken in 108 type 2 diabetic patients with nerve conduction studies (NCS), HbA1c levels, and total neuropathy score (TNS). Patients were categorized into two cohorts: patients with diabetes without neuropathy (DWN group [n = 56]) and patients with diabetes with neuropathy (DN group [n = 52]) and further into severity grade 0 (TNS 0–1 [n = 35]), grade 1 (TNS 2–8 [n = 42]), and grade 2/3 (TNS 9–24 [n = 31]). Results revealed that the DWN group had a significantly increased threshold, prolonged latency, and changes in excitability parameters compared with age-matched control subjects. Patients with neuropathy demonstrated significant alteration in recovery cycle parameters and depolarizing threshold electrotonus. Within the DWN cohort, there were significant correlations between HbA1c level and latency and subexcitability, whereas the estimated glomerular filtration rate correlated with superexcitability in patients with neuropathy. Furthermore, excitability parameters became progressively more abnormal with increasing clinical severity. These results suggest a spectrum of excitability abnormalities in patients with diabetes and that early axonal dysfunction may be detected prior to the development of neuropathy. As progressive changes in excitability parameters correlated to neuropathy severity, excitability testing may provide a biomarker of the early development and severity of diabetic neuropathy, providing insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms producing axonal dysfunction.

Using density functional theory and polarizable continuum models, we study the Raman spectra of aqueous peroxynitric acid. The calculated results indicate that the solvent effect has significant influence on the electric dipole transition moments between the ground and excited electronic state and Raman polarizabilities. The theoretical Raman spectra agree well with the experimental results. From the experimental depolarization ratio, we can conclude that peroxynitric acid is not a plane molecule. We also find that the hydrogen bond can enhance IR intensity of hydroxyl group by several times.

A novel and simple sensor is developed in this paper for melamine detection, which is based on an electropolymerized molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) of para-aminobenzoic acid (pABA). The poly(para-aminobenzoic acid) (P-pABA) film was deposited in a pABA solution by potentiodynamic cycling of potential with and without the template (melamine) on a glassy carbon electrode. The surface feature of the modified electrode was characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The molecular imprinted sensor was tested by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) to verify the changes in redox peak currents of hexacyanoferrate. Several important parameters controlling the performance of the P-pABA were investigated and optimized. In the optimal conditions, the relative redox peak currents of hexacyanoferrate were linear. The concentration of melamine ranged from 4.0 μM to 0.45 mM, with a linear correlation coefficient of 0.9992. The detection limit was 0.36 μM (S/N = 3). The MIP sensor was successfully applied to the determination of melamine in milk products and showed high selectivity, sensitivity, and reproducibility. The results of this research demonstrate that it is feasible to use the molecular imprinting methodology when preparing sensing devices for analytes that are electrochemically inactive.

A novel nanodiamond-epoxy derivative (ND-EP) was synthesized by grafting epoxy monomers onto the surface of nanodiamond (ND), and characterized by FTIR and TGA. The ratio of grafted epoxy groups was determined to be 32.5 wt% by TGA. The developed methodology provides an efficient method for the functionalization of nanodiamond material, which enables a variety of advanced engineering and biomedical applications of ND.

Hippeastrum chlorotic ringspot virus (HCRV) is a novel tospovirus that was identified in Yunnan Province, China, in 2013. We have sequenced the HCRV L gene, which is 8909 nt long and encodes the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (2873 amino acids, 330.8 kDa). The HCRV L protein shared highest similarity (89.4 %) with that of tomato yellow ring virus. The L protein contains a negative-sense RNA virus RNA-directed RNA polymerase motif and an endonuclease domain at the N-terminus. Combined with our previous reports of the S and M RNAs, the genome sequence of HCRV is now completed.

Furan has been demonstrated to be formed in a variety of heat processed foods. The presence of furan is of potential health concern because it has been classified as 'possibly carcinogenic to humans' by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). To assess the associate risks from possible exposures in Taiwan, headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) was used to determine furan in a variety of food samples. Due to matrix effects, standard addition method was selected to be performed in this study. More than 100 processed foods were analyzed, and the results showed that the concentrations of furan ranged from 0.4ngg(-1) to 150ngg(-1) in various kinds of samples. Higher furan levels were found principally in the categories of baby foods, coffees, sauces and broths. Exposures from different food varieties were also estimated. As for adults in Taiwan, the average daily intakes of furan were estimated to be 299.89ngkg(-1) body weight d(-1) for male, and 177.18ngkg(-1) body weight d(-1) for female. For a 6-month-old baby, the daily intake was estimated to be 0.05-0.56, and 0.11-3.42microgkg(-1) body weight d(-1) from infant formula and baby food, respectively. To avoid possible exposure, safety precautions such as heating in an open can and applying stirring are recommended to lower the furan level in foods.

This paper takes up the relation and negotiation between Zhanran's “tathagatagarbha-move along” thought and Fazang's Qixinlun yiji.The Tientai School was built on “The true form of all things as they are, ” but it began to approach Huayen tathagatagarbha thought from the middle of the Tang dynasty. I tried to prove that the Tientai School's central theory was based on “The union of two phenomena, ” rather than tathagatagarbha thought by comparing the Zhanran's “tathagatagarbha-move along” thought with Fazang's tathagatagarbha thought in his Qixinlun yiji. The most important part in Zhanran's thought is that it always follows the principle that “Worldly desires are not different from Bodhi, life-and-death or transmigration is also not different from nirvana.” Zhanran's thought is different from Fazang's “tathagatagarbha-move along” thought that has a dynamic meaning for the arising of all phenomena accordingly.My conclusion is that Zhanran's “tathagatagarbha-move along” thought is not really “move along” because it didn't act according to the reality of dependent origination.

The first complete genome sequence of calla lily chlorotic spot virus (CCSV) from Lijiang in northwestern Yunnan Province was obtained using RT-PCR with designed primers. The genome of CCSV isolate LJ-1-Yunnan is tripartite. The small (S) RNA is 3182 nucleotides (nt) in length and encodes a nonstructural protein (NSs, 1383 nt) and a nuclear nucleocapsid (N, 834 nt), separated by an 836-nt intergenic region (IGR). The medium (M) RNA is 4749 nt in length and encodes a nonstructural movement protein (NSm, 930 nt) and a glycoprotein (GnGc, 3,372 nt), also separated by a 349-nt IGR. The large (L) RNA is 8912 nt in length and encodes a predicted RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp, 8652 nt). The nucleotide sequences of the three viral RNA segments are 92-94 % identical to the published CCSV genome sequence, and the amino acid sequences of the encoded proteins are 96-98 % identical. However, the IGRs of the S and M RNAs are less similar, with 86 and 72 % identity, respectively. Genome sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis indicate that the Lijiang CCSV isolate is a unique tospovirus isolate that differs from CCSV isolates in other geographic regions.

Yi-Ping Fang,1 Chih-Hung Chuang,2 Pao-Chu Wu,1 Yaw-Bin Huang,1 Cherng-Chyi Tzeng,3 Yeh-Long Chen,3 Ya-Ting Liu,1 Yi-Hung Tsai,1 Ming-Jun Tsai4–6 1School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, 2Department of Biomedical and Environment Biology, College of Life Science, 3School of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 4Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, 5School of Medicine, Medical College, China Medical University, Taichung, 6Department of Neurology, China Medical University An-Nan Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan Abstract: Amsacrine analog is a novel chemotherapeutic agent that provides potentially broad antitumor activity when compared to traditional amsacrine. However, the major limitation of amsacrine analog is that it is highly lipophilic, making it nonconductive to intravenous administration. The aim of this study was to utilize solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) to resolve the delivery problem and to investigate the biodistribution of amsacrine analog-loaded SLN. Physicochemical characterizations of SLN, including particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, and stability, were evaluated. In vitro release behavior was also measured by the dialysis method. In vivo pharmacokinetics and biodistribution behavior of amsacrine analog were investigated and incorporated with a non invasion in vivo imaging system to confirm the localization of SLN. The results showed that amsacrine analog-loaded SLN was 36.7 nm in particle size, 0.37 in polydispersity index, and 34.5±0.047 mV in zeta potential. More than 99% of amsacrine analog was successfully entrapped in the SLN. There were no significant differences in the physicochemical properties after storage at room temperature (25°C) for 1 month. Amsacrine analog-loaded SLN maintained good stability. An in vitro release study showed that amsacrine analog-loaded SLN sustained a release pattern and followed the zero equation. An in vivo pharmacokinetics study showed that amsacrine analog was rapidly distributed from the central compartment to the tissue compartments after intravenous delivery of amsacrine analog-loaded SLN. The biodistribution behavior demonstrated that amsacrine analog mainly accumulated in the lungs. Noninvasion in vivo imaging system images also confirmed that the drug distribution was predominantly localized in the lungs when IR-780-loaded SLN was used. Keywords: amsacrine analog, solid lipid nanoparticle, pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, water insolubility

This paper describes the development of a novel, simple and efficient in-tube based ultrasound-assisted salt-induced liquid–liquid microextraction (IT-USA-SI-LLME) technique for the rapid determination of triclosan (TCS) in personal care products by high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) detection. IT-USA-SI-LLME method is based on the rapid phase separation of water-miscible organic solvent from the aqueous phase in the presence of high concentration of salt (salting-out phenomena) under ultrasonication. In the present work, an indigenously fabricated home-made glass extraction device (8-mL glass tube inbuilt with a self-scaled capillary tip) was utilized as the phase separation device for USA-SI-LLME. After the extraction, the upper extractant layer was narrowed into the self-scaled capillary tip by pushing the plunger plug; thus, the collection and measurement of the upper organic solvent layer was simple and convenient. The effects of various parameters on the extraction efficiency were thoroughly evaluated and optimized. Under optimal conditions, detection was linear in the concentration range of 0.4–100 ng mL−1 with correlation coefficient of 0.9968. The limit of detection was 0.09 ng mL−1 and the relative standard deviations ranged between 0.8 and 5.3% (n = 5). The applicability of the developed method was demonstrated for the analysis of TCS in different commercial personal care products and the relative recoveries ranged from 90.4 to 98.5%. The present method was proven to be a simple, sensitive, less organic solvent consuming, inexpensive and rapid procedure for analysis of TCS in a variety of commercially available personal care products or cosmetic preparations.

Textiles are easily contaminated by heavy metals in the course of processing. In order to monitor the quality of textiles, a new method was developed for simultaneous determination of arsenic, antimony, lead, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, nickel and mercury in textiles by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) after microwave-assisted dilute nitric acid extraction. After optimizing extraction conditions, we ultimately selected 5% nitric acid as extractant and 5 min as extraction time with the extraction temperature of 120 degrees C and instrument power of 400W in the microwave-assisted extraction procedure. Nine hazardous elements were detected sequentially by ICP-OES. The results showed that the detection limits were 0.3-15 microg x L(-1) and the recoveries 73.6%-105% with the RSDs (n = 3) of 0.1%-3%. The proposed method was successfully used to determine nine elements in cotton, wool, terylene and acrylic.

From April, 2008 to July, 2009, 187 atmospheric samples in four different seasons were collected from five sites in Shenyang. The 108 species of VOCs were measured by using the method of pre-concentration-GC-MS. The objectives of this study were to investigate the VOCs pollution level as well as its spatial and temporal distribution, and to identify the main source in Shenyang city. The results showed that the average total mass concentration of VOCs in Shenyang was 371.0 +/- 132.4 microg/m3. The major components were oxygen-containing compounds, halogenated hydrocarbon, alkanes, aromatics and alkenes, which accounted for 57.2%, 20%, 11.4%, 8.5%, and 3.0% of the total mass, respectively. A seasonal variation of VOCs across all the sampling sites was observed, with higher levels in spring and autumn and lower levels in winter and summer. Related with industrial emission, the diurnal variation of the total mean VOCs concentrations at downtown site showed three peaks in winter and two peaks in summer. The VOCs levels in the industrial and downtown areas were higher than those in other areas, with the lowest concentration observed at clean air site with no emission source around. From the results of correlation analysis and concentration ratios analysis, the VOCs pollutants in Shenyang were mainly contributed by automobile exhaust, coalbiofuel combustion, gasolinesolvent evaporation and industrial process.

A practical and efficient method for the synthesis of optically active O-acetyl cyanohydrins via one-pot lipase-catalyzed kinetic resolution of the in situ generated racemic cyanohydrins or O-acetyl cyanohydrins using an ionic liquid as both reaction media and promoter has been described.

The completed 5 615 ORFs of chromosome sequence of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato were analyzed by SignalP 3.0. The result revealed that 679 ORFs consisted of putative secretary proteins with signal peptides. 107 ORFs of signal peptides have been named. The length of most signal peptides was different from 19 amino acids to 31 amino acids, and the most dominant one was 23 amino acids in length. The size of most ORFs varied between 101 ~ 400 amino acids. The frequency of particular amino acids in signal peptides by statistical approach was 48.54% for hydrophobic, 18.67% for uncharged, 24.54% for negative and 8.00% for positive amino acids. The most frequent amino acid was alanine, and the least was isoleucine. Three classes of signal peptides were found in the genome of P. syringae pv. tomato: 501 ORFs belong to secretary signal peptides, 36 ORFs belong to twin-arginine signal peptides, and 15 ORFs belong to lipoprotein signal peptides. Type IV pilin signal peptide and bacteriocins and pheronoes signal peptide was not found in the genome.

A practical and efficient method for the synthesis of optically active O-acetyl cyanohydrins via one-pot lipase-catalyzed kinetic resolution of the in situ generated racemic cyanohydrins or O-acetyl cyanohydrins using an ionic liquid as both reaction media and promoter has been described.