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Yunnan, China, is a central tobacco-producing region with a large smoking population and an increasing incidence of lung cancer in recent years. This study aimed to understand the incidence of lung cancer and the characteristics of lung nodules on low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) scans of the chest in a long-term smoking population in Kunming.Long-term smokers in Kunming who were not at risk of evident lung disease symptoms were recruited through recommendation and publicity by the Kunming University of Science and Technology.Among 375 cases eligible for inclusion,14 cases of lung cancer were detected with a detection rate of 3.73% (95% CI: 2.55%-4.27%), including one case of squamous carcinoma, one case of small cell lung cancer, seven cases of adenocarcinoma of the lung and five cases of early-stage lung cancer (35.71%). In the group of6 mm solid nodules and5 mm non-solid nodules, no lung cancer was detected in 201 cases; lung cancer was detected in 14 cases in 61 cases, and there was a statistical difference between the two groups (p0.05).The lung cancer detection rate in long-term smokers was high, with the type predominantly adenocarcinoma and a high incidence of lung nodules, and increased when solid nodules≥6 mm or non-solid nodules ≥ 5 mm were present. It is recommended that screening for lung cancer by LDCT of the chest be introduced in the male smoking population who meet the risk factors and that screening for lung cancer in women should be redefined as a high-risk factor.

In this study, comparative corrosion protection studies of cold-rolled steel (CRS) electrodes coated with electroactive/non-electroactive epoxy thermoset (denoted as EET/NEET) composites containing dispersed reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and graphene oxide (GO) platelets are presented. All composites were obtained through the thermal ring-opening reaction of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (DGEBA) with amino-capped aniline trimer (ACAT) or trimethylolpropane tris[poly(propylene glycol), amine terminated] ether (T-403) at a specific mixing ratio in the presence of dispersed rGO/GO were characterized Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). In gas permeability measurements, the GO was found to display a slightly better dispersion capability in both EET and NEET membrane than in rGO. Conductive rGO platelets were found to promote the redox behavior of EET and non-conductive GO platelets was found to depress the redox behavior of EET, as measured by electrochemical cyclic voltammetry (CV) studies. Corrosion protection of composite coatings was investigated by electrochemical corrosion measurements in saline solution. It should be noted, in the EET system, that rGO was found to exhibit better anticorrosion performance as compared to that of GO. However, in NEET system, GO was found to have better anticorrosion performance than rGO. Better anticorrosion of rGO in EET may be attributed to better synergistic effect of electro-catalytic and the oxygen barrier properties of rGO in EET. On the contrary, better anticorrosion of GO in NEET may be associated with better oxygen barrier property of GO alone in NEET than that of rGO. The passive metal oxide layer formed on the cold rolled steel (CRS) electrode induced by EET was further confirmed by Raman and Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA).

Rainfall-induced landslides not only cause property loss, but also kill and injure large numbers of people every year in mountainous areas in China. These losses and casualties may be avoided to some extent with rainfall threshold values used in an early warning system at a regional scale for the occurrence of landslides. However, the limited availability of data always causes difficulties. In this paper we present a method to calculate rainfall threshold values with limited data sets for two rainfall parameters: hourly rainfall intensity and accumulated precipitation. The method has been applied to the Huangshan region, in the province of Anhui, China. Four early warning levels (zero, outlook, attention, and warning) have been adopted and the corresponding rainfall threshold values have been defined by probability lines. A validation procedure showed that this method can significantly enhance the effectiveness of a warning system, and finally reduce and mitigate the risk of shallow landslides in mountainous regions.

Introduction In chronic liver diseases, regardless of their aetiology, the development of fibrosis is the first step toward the progression to cirrhosis, portal hypertension, and liver cancer. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the main profibrogenic cells that promote the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. To date, there are no FDA-approved drugs for the treatment of liver cirrhosis; therefore, it is urgent to identify novel agents to treat liver fibrosis. Method A series of novel paeonol derivatives were synthesised and their in-vitro and in-vivo anti-fibrotic effects were evaluated. The effects of this novel paeonol derivative on TGF-β1-induced fibrogenesis and PDGF-BB-induced proliferation in HSCs were measured. The carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis mouse model was used to examine the anti-fibrotic activity of this novel paeonol derivative. Results One of a novel paeonol derivative bearing a methoxyphenylsulfonyl side chain inhibited TGF-β1 induced α-smooth muscle actin and collagen type 1 alpha 2 expression in HSCs. In addition, this novel compound also suppressed PDGF-BB induced HSCs proliferation through blocking MAPK signalling, but no effects on apoptosis pathway. Furthermore, CCl4-induced liver fibrosis and damage were ameliorated in these novel compound treated mice. Conclusion This novel paeonol derivative bearing a methoxyphenylsulfonyl side chain exerted significant anti-fibrotic activity, which potentially suggests its use as a novel therapeutic strategy for patients with liver fibrosis. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

Background Distant metastasis is the major cause of cancer-related death, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has a critical role in this process. Accumulating evidence indicates that EMT can be regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs). miR-29c has been implicated as a tumor suppressor in several human cancers. However, the role of miR-29c in the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) metastasis remains largely unknown. Patients and methods The expression of miR-29c was examined by qRT-PCR in a cohort of primary CRC (PC) and distant liver metastasis (LM) tissues. A series of in vivo and in vitro assays were carried out in order to elucidate the functions of miR-29c and the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of metastatic CRC. Results miR-29c was markedly downregulated in PCs with distant metastasis and determined to be an independent predictor of shortened patient survival. But LM tissues showed higher levels of miR-29c than that in PC tissues. In CRC cells, miR-29c dramatically suppressed cell migration and invasion abilities in vitro and cancer metastasis in vivo. In addition, miR-29c inhibited EMT and negatively regulated Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Guanine nucleotide binding protein alpha13 (GNA13) and protein tyrosine phosphatase type IVA (PTP4A) were identified as direct targets of miR-29c, which acted through ERK/GSK3β/β-catenin and AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin pathways, respectively, to regulate EMT. Furthermore, significant associations between miR-29c, its target genes (GNA13 and PTP4A) and EMT markers were validated in both PC and LM tissues. Conclusion Our findings highlight the important role of miR-29c in regulating CRC EMT via GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling by targeting GNA13 and PTP4A and provide new insights into the metastatic basis of CRC.

This study used MCNPX code to investigate the brachytherapy192Ir dose distributions in water, bone, and lung tissue and performed radiophotoluminescent glass dosimeter measurements to verify the obtained MCNPX results. The results showed that the dose-rate constant, radial dose function, and anisotropy function in water were highly consistent with data in the literature. However, the lung dose near the source would be overestimated by up to 12%, if the lung tissue is assumed to be water, and, hence, if a tumor is located in the lung, the tumor dose will be overestimated, if the material density is not taken into consideration. In contrast, the lung dose far from the source would be underestimated by up to 30%. Radial dose functions were found to depend not only on the phantom size but also on the material density. The phantom size affects the radial dose function in bone more than those in the other tissues. On the other hand, the anisotropy function in lung tissue was not dependent on the radial distance. Our simulation results could represent valid clinical reference data and be used to improve the accuracy of the doses delivered during brachytherapy applied to patients with lung cancer.

This study investigates the performance of SCR catalysts which has been analyzed with a theo- retical method from the operation data on the SCR device of a 600MW unit, and then performance experi- ments have been done under the high load-600MWt Compared to the results through theoretical analysis, the denitri- fication efficiency measured at field test on the 320MW is relatively lower than that under 600MW when NH3/NO ratio stays constant, the reason of which mainly lies in the obvious change of flue gas flow field at SCR inlet, distributing in an opposite trend to that under 600MW. Improvement and optimization of rectify- ing device at denitrification inlet flue is recommended to realize uniform flow field, thus in addition to the improvement of NOX distribution uniformity at denitrification outlet and reduction of ammonia escaping rate, the denitrification efficiency is increased, hopefully providing guidance on the economical operation of SCR denitrification system . KEYWORD: load; SCR; relative standard deviation of υk; non-uniform flow field; denitration efficiency

Separations among the lanthanides and the separation of Am from the lanthanides remain challenging, and research in this area continues to expand. The separation of adjacent lanthanides is of interest to high-tech industries because individual lanthanides have specialized uses and are in short supply. In nuclear fuel cycle applications Am would be incorporated into fast-reactor fuels, yet the lanthanides are not desired. In this work, the diglycolamide N,N,N′,N′-tetrabutyldiglycolamide (TBDGA) was investigated as a ligand for lanthanide and Am solvent extraction in both molecular and room-temperature-ionic-liquid (RTIL) diluents.The RTIL [C4MIM][Tf2N] showed very high extraction efficiency for these trivalent metals from low nitric acid concentrations, while the molecular diluent 1-octanol showed high extraction efficiency at high acid concentrations. This was attributed to the extraction of ionic nitrate complexes by the RTIL, whereas 1-octanol extracted neutral nitrate complexes. TBDGA in RTIL did not p...

Inverse sampling suggests one continues to sample subjects until a pre-specified number of rare events of interest is observed. It is generally considered to be more appropriate than the usual binomial sampling when the subjects come sequentially, when the response probability is rare, and when maximum likelihood estimators of some epidemiological measures are undefined under binomial sampling. Reliable but conservative exact conditional procedure for the ratio of the response probabilities of subject without the attribute of interest has been studied. However, such a procedure is inapplicable to the risk ratio (i.e., ratio of the response probabilities of subject with the attribute of interest). In this paper, we investigate various test statistics (namely Wald-type, score and likelihood ratio test statistics) for testing non-unity risk ratio under standard inverse sampling scheme, which suggests one continue to sample until the predetermined number of index subjects with the attributes of interest is observed. Both asymptotic and numerical approximate unconditional methods are considered for P-value calculation. Performance of these test procedures are evaluated under different settings by means of Monte Carlo simulation. In general, the Wald-type test statistic is preferable for its satisfactory and stable performance with approximate unconditional procedures. The methodologies are illustrated with a real example from a heart disease study.

Background A porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERV) isolate, PERV-A-BM, was isolated from a Guangxi Bama minipig in China. Methods To understand its genetic variation and evolution, the complete PERV-A-BM genome sequences were determined and compared with isolates from different Sus scrofa breeds and porcine cell lines. A total of 69 nucleotide substitutions were found in the full-length genome, including 26 non-synonymous mutations. Results Phylogenetic trees based on the complete genome sequence as well as the gag, pol, and env gene sequences from 21 PERV isolates demonstrated that the PERV-A-BM was closely related to the EF133960 isolate from Chinese Wuzhishan miniature pigs inbred in Hainan, China, and distantly related to strains isolated from European-born pigs. Conclusions The estimation of age in the proviral PERV-A-BM integrating into the host genome reveals that the age of PERV-A-BM is at least 8.3 × 106 years, an evolutionary time earlier than that of isolates from European-born pigs.

This study used MCNPX code to investigate the brachytherapy (192)Ir dose distributions in water, bone, and lung tissue and performed radiophotoluminescent glass dosimeter measurements to verify the obtained MCNPX results. The results showed that the dose-rate constant, radial dose function, and anisotropy function in water were highly consistent with data in the literature. However, the lung dose near the source would be overestimated by up to 12%, if the lung tissue is assumed to be water, and, hence, if a tumor is located in the lung, the tumor dose will be overestimated, if the material density is not taken into consideration. In contrast, the lung dose far from the source would be underestimated by up to 30%. Radial dose functions were found to depend not only on the phantom size but also on the material density. The phantom size affects the radial dose function in bone more than those in the other tissues. On the other hand, the anisotropy function in lung tissue was not dependent on the radial distance. Our simulation results could represent valid clinical reference data and be used to improve the accuracy of the doses delivered during brachytherapy applied to patients with lung cancer.

Oratosquillina manningi sp. nov. is described from Taiwan and Australia and closely resembles O. microps (Garcia and Manning) from the Philippines. This new species is unique in Oratosquillina for lacking a mandibular palp, bearing a median carina on the sixth abdominal somite, and numerous ventral carinae on the telson.

Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) is an important cause of acute vision loss in adults, and there is no effective treatment. We studied early changes following experimental AION and tested the benefit of a potential treatment. We induced experimental AION in adult mice and tested the effects of short-term (daily for 3 days) and long-term (every other day for 3 weeks) αB-crystallin (αBC) treatment using histological and serial intracranial flash visual evoked potential recordings. One day after experimental AION, there was swelling at the optic nerve (ON) head and increased expression of αBC, a small heat shock protein important in ischemia and inflammation. This upregulation coincided with microglial and astrocytic activation. Our hypothesis was that αBC may be part of the endogenous protective mechanism against injury, thus we tested the effects of αBC on experimental AION. Daily intraveneous or intravitreal αBC injections did not improve visual evoked potential amplitude or latency at days 1–2. However, αBC treatment decreased swelling and dampened the microglial and astrocytic activation on day 3. Longer treatment with intravenous αBC led to acceleration of visual evoked potential latency over 3 weeks, without improving amplitude. This latency acceleration did not correlate with increased retinal ganglion cell survival but did correlate with complete rescue of the ON oligodendrocytes, which are important for myelination. We identified αBC as an early marker following experimental AION. Treatment with αBC enhanced this endogenous, post-ischemic response by decreasing microglial activation and promoting ON oligodendrocyte survival.

Background Oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus has recently received increasing attention as it has been proven to be associated with the development of diabetic vascular complications. Our aim was to examine whether microvascular changes, including oxidative damage, were induced in the brains of diabetic animals. Methods The expression of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a marker of oxidative DNA damage, the binding of cationized ferritin, a marker for evaluating endothelial glycocalyx, to the endothelial cells of capillaries and vascular permeability of intravenously injected horseradish peroxidase were examined in the cortices of 12- and 20-week-old db/db and db/+m mice. Results Immunostaining for 8-OHdG was clearly seen in the vessels of the cortex of 20-week-old db/db mice, but was hardly seen in those of mice in the other groups. The immunopositive area of 8-OHdG was significantly increased in the cortex of 20-week-old db/db mice compared with that of 20-week-old db/+m mice. No extravasated leakage of horseradish peroxidase was seen in any groups of mice, while the numbers of cationized ferritin particles binding to the endothelial cells was significantly decreased in 12- and 20-week-old db/db mice compared with that of db/+m mice at the same age, respectively. Conclusion These findings suggest that changes in endothelial glycocalyx are induced in db/db mice and, in addition, the long-term diabetic condition of these mice induces oxidative DNA damage to the cerebral vessels. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A 9-year-old girl was discovered to have had a huge retroperitoneal mass causing moderate hydronephrosis and anterior displacement of the right kidney and which was found on a renal ultrasonographic examination. A series of examinations including (1)IVP, (2) abdominal computed tomography, (3) MRI and(4) incisional biopsy revealed a giant dumb-bell shaped retroperitoneal ganglioneuroma with intraspinal involvement. Secondary scoliosis was also noticed. We successfully resected the huge ganglioneuroma of the right retroperitoneum in a two stage procedure: her postoperative course was uneventful.

Two cases of duplex kidney with ectopic urethral ureter are reported. Using abdominal ultrasound, the poorly functioning upper pole pelvis of the involved kidney was found to be sonolucent which may have been misinterpreted for a simple renal cyst. The corresponding ureter was dilated and drained into the proximal urethra. Ultrasound is an ideal imaging modality in the assessment of children with a duplicated renal system and may provide detailed information about this structural anomaly, such as the exact insertion of the ectopic ureter.

Splenic cysts were found, incidentally, in eight children during the past nine years (1987-1995) in Taipei Municipal Women's and Children's Hospital. Five of the children were boys and three were girls. The age at diagnosis ranged from 8 to 15 years. Evidence of possible splenic cyst development was found initially by ultrasonography; six patients received further evaluation with computerized tomography (CT); one patient received radionuclide scanning. The cysts ranged from 2 cm to 14 cm in diameter. Four of the patients received surgical treatment (three partial splenectomy and one total splenectomy) because of huge splenic cysts (diameter10 cm). Subsequent pathological examination revealed that all cysts had epithelial cell lining in the cyst wall, meaning they were all congenital in origin. The remaining four cases were followed up at the Out-patient Clinic here. All cases had a benign clinical course.

Lymphangioma confined exclusively to the mediastinum occurs rarely in patients under 2 years of age. A 17-month-old girl presented with recurrent respiratory symptoms and signs. Chest radiographs taken at 9 and 17 months of age showed a large mediastinal mass, which had increased in size during the interval. Sonography revealed the mass to be cystic and multiloculated. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a heterogeneous mass lying in the anterior and superior mediastinum and enveloping the great vessels. The child underwent a left thoracotomy and the tumor was almost completely removed. The pathologic diagnosis was cavernous lymphangioma. The postoperative course was uneventful. Lymphangioma, though rare, should be considered in the differential list of mediastinal tumors and cysts in infants.

Two girls, each with a single ectopic ureter inserted into the proximal urethra, are reported. Abdominal ultrasonography showed that the involved kidneys were small and hydronephrotic. The associated ureters were dilated and opened into the proximal urethra. Diagnosis was confirmed by voiding cystourethrogram.

Two girls with unilateral hematocolpos are reported. In both cases, a small amount of blood which had accumulated in the partially obstructed hemivagina was detected by real-time high resolution ultrasonography, and was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging. Both patients were asymptomatic, and were regularly followed up at an outpatient clinic. To date, the hematocolpos persists but continues to be small.

Two cases of unilateral single giant ectopic ureter are reported. In each case the child had complained of mild urinary symptoms since early childhood, but these had not been investigated. Routine physical examination revealed a palpable mass in the abdomen. Imaging studies revealed absence of the kidney on one side, with hypertrophy of the contralateral kidney and a giant tubular ureter extending from the upper abdomen to the lower abdomen behind the bladder, indenting the bladder wall and terminating at the posterior urethra. The ureters measured more than 8 cm in diameter in most parts. In both cases the giant ectopic ureters were successfully removed.

A seven-year-old boy with a retrovesical diverticulum and ipsilateral renal dysplasia is reported. He had had a history of frequent urination and dysuria for four years. According to sonography, the volume of bladder diverticulum obviously changed during urination. The diverticulum presented as a temporary large reservoir of the bladder. In this case, serial ultrasonic changes assisted understanding of the role of the diverticulum during urination.

Eighteen intravesical ureteroceles associated with single collecting system were found in 16 children over past 6 years. Hydronephrosis of varying severity, with hydroureter, was present in 10 patients. The ipsilateral kidney was nonfunctioning in 5 patients and normal in 1. The ureterocele was easily detected by ultrasound and usually revealed as a cystic mass in the bladder. On intravenous urogram the ureterocele usually showed a positive cobra-head dilatation. However, it may exhibit a negative filling defect when the function of the associated kidney is impaired. In this series, 9 patients were asymptomatic, and the condition was detected incidentally by ultrasound. 7 patients received surgery. The remaining 9 patients were followed up at an Outpatient Clinic.

A girl with unilateral renal hypoplasia, ipsilateral Gartner's duct cyst and ipsilateral imperforate hemivagina is reported. She had a history of urinary drib-bling since early childhood. Recently, a foul bloody vaginal discharge was noted. Diagnosis was highly suspected on pelvic sonography, computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, and was confirmed by punctures in the genitourinary tract with contrast study during surgery. This anomaly is extremely rare. Although three patients with similar conditions have been previously reported, different clinical presentations were noted in this patient.

Substantial numbers of both alpha/beta and gamma/delta T cells are present in human fetal liver, which suggests a role of the fetal liver in T cell development. The diversity of fetal liver T cell receptor (TCR) gamma and delta chain rearrangements was examined among both CD4+CD8- and CD4-CD8- gamma/delta T cell clones. In addition, TCR delta chain transcripts from three fetal livers were sequenced after polymerase chain reaction amplification of TCR delta chains with V delta 1 or V delta 2 rearrangements. Five of six fetal liver gamma/delta T cell clones had a V delta 2-D delta 3-J delta 3 gene rearrangement with limited junctional diversity; three of these clones had an unusual CD4+CD8- phenotype. V delta 2-D delta 3-J delta 3 gene rearrangements were also common among both in-frame and out-of-frame transcripts from three fetal livers, indicating that they are the result of an ordered rearrangement process. TCR gamma chain sequences of the fetal liver gamma/delta T cell clones revealed V gamma 1-J gamma 2.3, V gamma 2-J gamma 1.2, and V gamma 3-J gamma 1.1 rearrangements with minimal incorporation of template-independent N region nucleotides. TCR gamma chain rearrangements found in these fetal liver T cell clones were different from those that have been observed among early thymic gamma/delta T cell populations, while similar TCR delta chain rearrangements are found among gamma/delta T cells from both sites. These data demonstrate that the fetal liver harbors gamma/delta T cell populations distinct from those found in the fetal thymus, suggesting that the fetal liver is a site of gamma/delta T cell development in humans. These unusual T cell populations may serve a specific function in the fetal immune system.

Ten cases of duplex kidney with ectopic ureterocele were detected by ultrasound in the recent four years. There were eight girls and two boys. One case was found to have bilateral ectopic ureterocele, the others were unilateral. Urinary tract infection was found in five cases, urinary dribbling was told in one case, and the other four cases were asymptomatic. The age distribution ranged from newborn to 15 years. Six cases received surgery, and the other four cases were followup at O.P.D. In these cases, the sonography could identify the hydronephrotic nature of the upper pole moiety. Dilatation of the upper pole ureter could be demonstrated. A sonolucent intravesical cystic mass also could be outlined. In this series, five cases with residual parenchyma were assessed by ultrasonography, and two cases with pus formation in the upper pole collecting system were detected. On intravenous urogram, the affected upper pole moiety was not or poorly visualized in these cases, thus produced some diagnostic challenges. Ultrasonic examination is an excellent method to identify a fluid-filled cystic structure, and can provide a simple and non-invasive technique for confirmation of ectopic ureterocele, which is independent of renal function. Therefore, it has become an important modality in the detection, diagnosis and followup of this anomaly.

A program of rapid mass screening of kidneys was conducted with ultrasound for initial detection of renal and the adjacent organ abnormalities in school children and neonates in Taipei area from March 1987 to December 1990. More than a half million population were examined and the frequency of the abnormality was approximately 0.5%. Of the patients 22 had a tumor, including 13 boys and 9 girls. Age ranges were from neonate to 15 years. The tumor site for 19 patients was in the retroperitoneal space, 6 cases from the kidney, 3 cases from the adrenal gland, 1 case from the pancreas, and 9 cases from retroperitoneal tissue. The other three cases had tumor in the mediastinum, ovary or bladder. In this series, 20 cases received surgery. Pathological examination revealed 8 cases to be malignant, and 12 to be benign lesions. This experience would seem to indicate that rapid renal ultrasonic mass screening may be useful for early detection and management of tumors of the kidney and its adjacent organs.

Congenital solitary kidney with hydronephrosis is a rare anomaly. Five cases including 4 boys and 1 girl were detected to have this disease in the last 3 years. Of the patients, a case had hydroureter. Ages ranged from 8 to 12 years. The intermittent abdominal pain was complained in one case. The enuresis was noted in another case. The other 3 cases were asymptomatic. The anomaly in these patients incidentally detected with ultrasound and then was confirmed by intravenous urogram and/or radionuclide scan. Diuretic radionuclide renogram T1/2 was used in these patients. A patient with UPJ obstruction was demonstrated and received surgery. Others were non-obstructive and followed up at OPD. Since sonography is a noninvasive modality, it can serve as a tool for long-term followup of such nonoperative patients for the evidence of urinary infection and stone formation, and the status of the functional solitary kidney.

We have developed a 46-inch TFT-LCD HDTV (high definition television — 1080p) with digital color management and image enhancement technologies. The panel uses premium MVA (multi-domain vertical alignment liquid crystals, and is fabricated on generation-5 glass substrates with ODF process (one drop filled liquid crystal process). It adopts the true wide format of 16:9. The viewing angle at a CR (contrast ratio) of 10:1 is greater than 170° in all directions. In the normal direction, CR is above 800. For conventional color management and image quality enhancement, we optimized the color performance between color-filters and backlight units as well as the properties of VA LC and polarizers. The outcomes include high color gamut (75% of NTSC) and brightness (> 600 nits). More advanced digital color management techniques include the application of vivid color mapping, and gamma correction by signal processing. For the quality of fast moving pictures, we have developed a new driving approach in conjunction with advanced VA LC's to achieve a response speed of 8 ms in average. The new approach compensates the slow transition between gray levels.