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High resolution inventory of re-estimating ammonia emissions from agricultural fertilizer in China from 1978 to 2008.
- Source :
- Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics; 2015, Vol. 15 Issue 19, p25299-25327, 29p, 1 Chart, 3 Graphs, 2 Maps
- Publication Year :
- 2015
-
Abstract
- The quantification of ammonia (NH3) emissions is essential to the more accurate quantification of atmospheric nitrogen deposition, improved air quality and the assessment of ammonia-related agricultural policy and climate mitigation strategies. The quantity, geographic distribution and historical trends of these emissions remain largely uncertain. In this paper, a new Chinese agricultural fertilizer NH<subscript>3</subscript> (CAF NH<subscript>3</subscript>) emissions inventory has been compiled that exhibits the following improvements: (1) a 1 km × 1 km gridded map on the county level was developed for 2008, (2) a combined bottom-up and top-down method was used for the local correction of emission factors (EFs) and parameters, (3) the spatial and temporal patterns of historical time trends for 1978-2008 were estimated and the uncertainties were quantified for the inventories, and (4) a sensitivity test was performed in which a province-level disaggregated map was compared with CAF NH<subscript>3</subscript> emissions for 2008. The total CAF NH<subscript>3</subscript> emissions for 2008 were 8.4 Tg NH<subscript>3</subscript> yr<superscript>-1</superscript> (a 6.6-9.8 Tg interquartile range). From 1978 to 2008, annual NH<subscript>3</subscript> emissions fluctuated with three peaks (1987, 1996 and 2005), and total emissions increased from 3.2 to 8.4 Tg at an annual rate of 3.0 %. During the study period, the contribution of livestock manure spreading increased from 37.0 to 45.5 % because of changing fertilization practices and the rapid increase in egg, milk and meat consumption. The average contribution of synthetic fertilizer, which has a positive effect on crop yields, was approximately 38.3 % (minimum: 33.4 %; maximum: 42.7 %). With rapid urbanization causing a decline in the rural population, the contribution of the rural excrement sector varied widely between 20.3 and 8.5 %. The average contributions of cake fertilizer and straw returning were approximately 3.8 and 4.5 %, respectively, thus small and stable. Collectively, the CAF-NH<subscript>3</subscript> emissions reflect the nation's agricultural policy to a certain extent. An effective approach to decreasing PM2.5 concentrations in China would be to simultaneously decrease NOx, SO<subscript>2</subscript> and NH<subscript>3</subscript> emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 16807316
- Volume :
- 15
- Issue :
- 19
- Database :
- Complementary Index
- Journal :
- Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 110320752
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-25299-2015