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In this study, we model-independently investigate the behaviour of running Hubble constant, characterized by the fit function |$H_{\rm 0}(z)=\tilde{H_{\rm {0}}}/(1+z)^{\alpha }$|⁠ , where α represents the evolutionary parameter and |${\tilde{H_{\rm {0}}}}$| corresponds to the current value of Hubble constant. Our analysis utilizes the expansion rate E (z) data points measured from the Pantheon + Multi-Cycle Treasury compilation of Type Ia supernova data, the measurements of H 0 obtained by Riess et al. and the Hubble parameter H (z) data obtained from the differential ages of passive galaxies [known as cosmic chronometer (CC) method] and from the baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) in the radial direction of galaxy clustering. To resolve the redshift mismatch problem between the E (z) and H (z) data sets, we adopt the Hubble parameter data obtained via CC or BAO along with the measurements of H 0 obtained by Riess et al. to reconstruct the H (z) function using the Gaussian process. Our constraint yields α values of 0.125 ± 0.063 or 0.095 ± 0.052 when combining six pairs of the E (z) data and the reconstructed H (z) points via CC or BAO. These findings reveal that the Hubble constant may evolve with redshift, exhibiting a slowly decreasing trend, with α coefficients consistent with zero only at 2.0σ or 1.8σ. Therefore, the running Hubble constant might offer a promising resolution to the Hubble tension, and its reliability should be further tested through high-precision measurement at higher redshifts, such as the upcoming gamma-ray bursts and quasars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persistent Scatterer InSAR (PS-InSAR) technology enables the monitoring of displacement in millimeters. However, without the use of external parameter correction, radar scatterers exhibit poor geopositioning precision in meters, limiting the correlation between observed deformation and the actual structure. The integration of PS-InSAR datasets and building databases is often overlooked in deformation research. This paper presents a novel strategy for matching between PS points and building contours based on spatial distribution characteristics. A convex hull is employed to simplify the building outline. Considering the influence of building height and incident angle on geometric distortion, an adaptive buffer zone is established. The PS points on a building are further identified through the nearest neighbor method. In this study, both ascending and descending TerraSAR-X orbit datasets acquired between 2016 and 2019 were utilized for PS-InSAR monitoring. The efficacy of the proposed method was evaluated by comparing the PS-InSAR results obtained from different orbits. Through a process of comparison and verification, it was demonstrated that the matching effect between PS points and building contours was significantly enhanced, resulting in an increase of 29.2% in the number of matching PS points. The results indicate that this novel strategy can be employed to associate PS points with building outlines without the need for complex calculations, thereby providing a robust foundation for subsequent building risk assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learning-related attention is one of the most important factors influencing learning. Although technologies have enabled the automatic detection of students' attention levels, previous studies mainly focused on colleges or high schools, lacking further validations in primary school students. More importantly, the detected attention might fail to be learning-related if students did not attend learning tasks in the first place, which is common in real-world learning. This phenomenon poses challenges to the practical application of automatic attention detection, especially at the primary school stage, which is crucial for students to develop learning attitudes/strategies. Inspired by the emerging inter-person perspective in neuroscience, we proposed an inter-brain attention coupling method to detect learning-related attention as an extension to the existing single-person-based method. To test this method, wearable electroencephalogram devices were used to monitor students' attention levels in a primary school classroom. We found that one's inter-brain attention coupling, defined as the degree to which an individual student's attention dynamics match the attention dynamics averaged across other classmates, was positively correlated with academic performance: higher performances are associated with higher coupling to the class-average attention dynamics. Moreover, the attention detection framework based on the inter-person perspective outperforms as an indicator of academic performance compared with the widely-used attention level within an individual. The results provide practical insights by extending the applications of detected attention levels from an inter-person perspective and demonstrating its feasibility in monitoring learning-related attention among primary school students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, CoMn-layered double hydroxide (CoMn-LDH) was synthesized by the co-precipitation method, and it was applied to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for degradation of bisphenol A (BPA). The results showed that CoMn-LDH with regular morphology and high purity was successfully prepared. The results of BPA degradation experiments showed that the oxidation system had high ability to degrade BPA. The degradation efficiency of BPA reached 95.33% after 90 min at room temperature, pH = 7.0, a PMS concentration of 2.0 mmol L−1 and 0.3 g L−1 catalyst. And the removal rate of total organic carbon (TOC), indicating the mineralization degree of BPA, was 55.83% in 90 min. Finally, the catalytic mechanism of the reaction was preliminarily investigated using radical trapping experiments and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Free radical trapping experiments showed that OH˙ and SO4˙− radicals were produced in the reaction process, and OH˙ was the main active radical. CoMn-LDH showed excellent stability and reusability in cycling experiments, and had good practical value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the discovery of electrochemical coloration phenomenon, electrochromic devices capable of monitoring transmittance, reflectance, and absorption at designated wavelengths have embraced great achievements. The marriage of electrochemistry and optical modulation has infused fascinating properties in electrochromic devices, which find applications in thermal management, display, smart windows, and camouflage. Inspired by the multipronged advancements in electrochemical devices, the incorporation of multivalent metal ions having rich electrochemistry into electrochromic devices is bloomed in recent years. Zinc, distinguished by its high crustal abundance, suitable standard redox potential, and inherent safety, has facilitated the assembly of highly efficient electrochromic devices. Zinc anode-based electrochromic devices with dual-band (visible and near-infrared) tunability, energy retrieval functions, multi-color options, multiple working modes (transmittance mode and reflectance mode), and scalability have been prominently showcased. Here in this review, the birth of zinc anode-based electrochromic devices will be systematically narrated, starting from the discovery of electrochromic phenomenon, to the evolution of electrochromic devices, and to the latest achievements in zinc anode-based electrochromic devices. Additionally, this review delves into the future development trends and perspectives of zinc anode-based electrochromic devices. This review serves as a handbook, which summarizes the history of electrochromism, introduces the physics behind it, highlights the development in zinc anode-based electrochromic devices, and aims to inspire future endeavors into this field, particularly those focused on developing energy-efficient electrochromic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyimide aerogel, presenting an outstanding new material for lightweight protective thermal insulation, has garnered significant attention in the aerospace field. Despite its potential, due to the high production cost of the supercritical drying method used for its preparation, its widespread application is limited. In this research, a series of lightweight polyimide aerogels (F-PIAs, 3,3',4,4'-biphenyl tetracarboxylic dianhydride (s-BPDA) and 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether (ODA)) with excellent thermal protection properties were prepared by lyophilization. The findings indicated that F-PIAs (Freeze-dried polyimide aerogels) exhibited comparable physical characteristics to S-PIAs (Supercritical-dried polyimide aerogels), while their preparation cost was even more economical. F-PIAs exhibits excellent flexible and compression behavior (compression strength up to 1.16 MPa, modulus up to 12.8 MPa), which provide a great structural basis for the production of molded thermal insulation protective materials. The average pore diameter of F-PIAs is in the range of 7∼11 nm. The nanoporous structure leads to the gas within the pores of the aerogel producing the Knudsen effect, thereby significantly enhancing the thermal insulation performance of the aerogel. The thermal conductivity of F-PIA-4 (Freeze-dried polyimide aerogels with a solid content of 4%) at room temperature is as low as 0.023 W·m−1·K−1, which is superior to the PIAs (0.043 W·m−1·K−1) prepared by lyophilization in literature. Its thermal diffusion coefficient changes from 0.108 mm2·s−1 to 0.18 mm2·s−1 in the temperature range of 27°C to 200°C, demonstrating good thermal insulation performance at high temperatures. Meanwhile, after heating on a 150°C flat plate for 11 min and 41 s, the surface temperature of F-PIA-4 was only 36.2°C, further verifying its excellent thermal insulation performance. The results of the TGA experiment on F-PIA-4 demonstrated the high-temperature stability of aerogel (Td5% is higher than 523°C, Td10% is higher than 566°C). The exceptional properties of F-PIAs hold significant practical reference value in helping to reduce the manufacturing cost of high-performance aerogel thermal insulation materials, thereby enabling their widespread application in aerospace, military, and civil field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past few decades, there have been major developments in transition metal-catalyzed asymmetric cyclization reactions, enabling the convenient access to a wide spectrum of structurally diverse chiral carbo- and hetero-cycles, common skeletons found in fine chemicals, natural products, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials. In particular, a plethora of enantioselective cyclization reactions have been promoted by chiral palladium catalysts owing to their outstanding features. This review aims to collect the latest advancements in enantioselective palladium-catalyzed cyclization reactions over the past eleven years, and it is organized into thirteen sections depending on the different types of transformations involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary issue for the commercialization of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is the carbon corrosion of support and dissolution agglomeration of platinum nanoparticles under start-up/shut-down (SU/SD) conditions. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-supported Pt nanowire (PtNW) catalyst toward the ORR was synthesized via the soft template method. Electrochemical characterization demonstrated that the PtNW/CNTs showed higher activity than Pt/C because the anisotropy of the 1D structure strengthened its ability to transport electrons. An accelerated stressed test between 1.0 and 1.5 V for carbon corrosion was performed to examine durability at a single cell under practical SU/SD conditions. After 5000 cycles, the voltage drop was 0.142 V, and the voltage decay rate was 0.0284 mV cycle−1 for the PtNW/CNTs catalyst at 1600 mA cm−2; the voltage drop was 0.417 V, and the voltage decay rate was 0.0834 mV cycle−1 for the Pt/C catalyst at 1600 mA cm−2. The Pt/C catalyst demonstrated severe Pt nanoparticle aggregation and growth with a wide size distribution, whereas the PtNW/CNTs catalyst showed a slight variation. The PtNW/CNTs catalyst showed remarkable durability after 5000 SU/SD cycles. Consequently, PtNW/CNTs is a promising electrocatalyst, which can replace traditional Pt/C catalyst in PEMFCs. • PtNW/CNTs were synthesized using the soft template method with CNTs as support. • The start-up/shut-down event was analyzed and simulated with a measurable protocol. • The ORR activity and the electrochemical stability of the PtNW/CNTs catalyst were remarkably improved. • The PtNW/CNTs catalyst has better performance and life of single cell than the Pt/C catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel Mn/TiO2 catalyst, prepared through modification with the rare-earth metal Dy, has been employed for low-temperature selective catalytic reduction (SCR) denitrification. Anatase TiO2, with its large specific surface area, serves as the carrier. The active component MnOx on the TiO2 carrier is modified using Dy. DyxMn/TiO2, prepared via the impregnation method, exhibited remarkable catalytic performance in the SCR of NO with NH3 as the reducing agent at low temperatures. Experiments and characterization revealed that the introduction of a suitable amount of the rare-earth metal Dy can effectively enhance the catalyst's specific surface area and the gas–solid contact area in catalytic reactions. It also significantly increases the concentration of Mn4+, chemisorbed oxygen, and weak acid sites on the catalyst surface. This leads to a notable improvement in the reduction performance of the DyMn/TiO2 catalyst, ultimately contributing to the improvement of the NH3-SCR denitrification performance at low temperatures. At 100 °C and a space velocity of 24,000 h−1, the Dy0.1Mn/TiO2 catalyst can achieve a 98% conversion rate of NOx. Furthermore, its active temperature point decreases by 60 °C after the modification, highlighting exceptional catalytic efficacy at low temperatures. By doubling the space velocity, the NOx conversion rate of the catalyst can still reach 96% at 130 °C, indicating significant operational flexibility. The selectivity of N2 remained stable at over 95% before reaching 240 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Associations between psychiatric problems and white matter (WM) microstructure have been reported in youth. Yet, a deeper understanding of this relation has been hampered by a dearth of well-powered longitudinal studies and a lack of explicit examination of the bidirectional associations between brain and behavior. We investigated the temporal directionality of WM microstructure and psychiatric symptom associations in youth. In this observational study, we leveraged the world's largest single- and multi-site cohorts of neurodevelopment: the Generation R (GenR) and Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Studies (ABCD) (total n scans = 11,400; total N = 5,700). We assessed psychiatric symptoms with the Child Behavioral Checklist as broad-band internalizing and externalizing scales, and as syndrome scales (eg, Anxious/Depressed). We quantified WM with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), globally and at a tract level. We used cross-lagged panel models to test bidirectional associations of global and specific measures of psychopathology and WM microstructure, meta-analyzed results across cohorts, and used linear mixed-effects models for validation. We did not identify any longitudinal associations of global WM microstructure with internalizing or externalizing problems across cohorts (confirmatory analyses) before, and after multiple testing corrections. We observed similar findings for longitudinal associations between tract-based microstructure with internalizing and externalizing symptoms, and for global WM microstructure with specific syndromes (exploratory analyses). Some cross-sectional associations surpassed multiple testing corrections in ABCD, but not in GenR. Uni- or bi-directionality of longitudinal associations between WM and psychiatric symptoms were not robustly identified. We have proposed several explanations for these findings, including interindividual differences, the use of longitudinal approaches, and smaller effects than expected. Bidirectionality Brain Function and Psychiatric Symptoms; https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/PNY92 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochromic technology has witnessed numerous achievements in recent years both in research and commercialization. Electrochromic devices (ECD) based on different electrochemical mechanism have been developed for various applications, ranging from smart windows, thermal management, rear views, display, camouflage, etc. Compared to conventional ECDs based on monovalent charge carriers (e.g., H+, Li+), incorporating multivalent ions with rich electrochemistry, high charge density, and small ionic radius has opened new possibilities in novel ECDs. The merits of multivalent ions are harvested in ECDs activated by ion intercalation/deintercalation (e.g., Zn2+, Al3+, Ca2+, Mg2+), reversible metal electrodeposition (e.g., Cu2+, Bi3+, Zn2+), and dynamic metal–ligand interactions (e.g., Cu2+, Fe2+). Herein, the working mechanism, characteristics, and up‐to‐date achievements in multivalent ECDs are summarized and classified accordingly. The applications of multivalent ECDs for smart windows, energy storage, thermal management, multicolor displays, etc., are exemplified. The issues and challenges encountered by multivalent ECDs are emphasized, and the future directions for developing multivalent ECDs are also summarized. The aim of this review is to inspire more efforts in the exploration and the proliferation of multivalent ECDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Current knowledge regarding the changes in cardiac autonomic nerve function during asymptomatic hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetes (T2D) is limited. This study aimed to investigate the association between the severity of nocturnal asymptomatic hypoglycemia and short-term heart rate variability (HRV) changes in patients with T2D. Methods: Comparison of changes was performed in a short-term time domain and frequency domain analysis of HRV during nocturnal asymptomatic hypoglycemia [interstitial glucose (IG) ≤ 3.5 mmol/L] and during euglycemia in T2D subjects treated with insulin (n = 58). Further stratification was performed according to the degree of hypoglycemia. All patients underwent 72 h of simultaneous Holter and continuous interstitial glucose monitoring (CGM). Results: Fifty-two nocturnal asymptomatic hypoglycemia episodes were included in the spectral analysis of HRV in the participants. In the hypoglycemic (IG < 3 mmol/L) subjects, the short-term time domain parameters (standard deviation of normal R-R intervals (SDNN), RMSSD (the square root of the mean squared difference of successive RR intervals)) and normalized high-frequency (HF) were significantly lower than those during the matched euglycemic period (IG 5–10 mmol/L) (all p < 0.01), and the normalized low-frequency (LF)/HF ratio was increased (p < 0.05). In the hypoglycemic (≤ 3 IG ≤ 3.5 mmol/L) subjects, although HF was significantly lower than that in the euglycemic subjects (p < 0.01), no differences were observed in the SDNN, RMSSD, or the LF/HF ratio. Conclusions: The spectral analysis of HRV showed that reduced HRV was associated with the severity of nocturnal asymptomatic hypoglycemia; severe hypoglycemia aggravates the cardiac autonomic nerve imbalance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a typical GNSS receiver, pseudorange and pseudorange rate measurements are generated through the code and carrier tracking loops, respectively. These measurements are then employed to calculate the user's position and velocity (PV) solutions, which is typically achieved using a Kalman filter (KF) or the least squares (LS) algorithm. However, the LS method only uses the current observation without error analysis. The positioning result is greatly affected by the errors in the observed data. In KF, by using an iterative approach that combines predictions and measurements of PV information, more accurate estimates can be obtained because the PV information is time-correlated. Meanwhile, its optimal estimate requires that both the model and noise statistics are exactly known. Otherwise, achieving optimality cannot be guaranteed. To address this issue, this paper proposes and implements a novel GNSS solution method based on an unbiased finite impulse response (UFIR) filter. Two different field tests were conducted. The position results of UFIR are compared with those from the LS and KF methods, and the horizon positioning mean error is improved by 44% and 29%, respectively, which highlights its efficacy. The method offers two primary benefits: it is robust to noise uncertainty, and it leverages historical data within the UFIR framework to provide a more accurate estimate of the current state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water resource is the primary factor impacting socio-economic development and security in arid Central Asia where high water stress occurs. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of water resource, particularly its associations with global warming, has unique importance for regional sustainable development. However, the dynamics of water resource is far from constrained in arid Central Asia indicated by the observed heterogenous trends of both alpine glaciers in high mountains (water tower) and river runoffs (dominant freshwater sources). Both meltwater and precipitations have been assumed to be the major contribution to the river runoff. Here, we make a systematic analysis on the 10Be exposure ages of the moraines in the high mountains and river terraces across Central Asia (n = 1057) to characterize the past changes of alpine glaciers and river discharges. The results show that the high river discharges are coupled with the alpine glacier expansions on both orbital and millennial scales, indicating a dominant contribution of meltwater to the freshwater supply. Both high river discharges and alpine glacier expansions occurred during the cold periods of the past 130 ka in Central Asia, indicating relatively low water stress under low-temperature conditions. This characteristic suggests that the water stress would increase with the decrease in both water reservoir and river discharges, and thus the environment would become drying with global warming in Central Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, peanut shell and urea were used as raw materials to successfully prepare N-doping biochar with a good ability to activate perdisulfate (PDS) to degrade phenol. The effects of carbonization time, co-pyrolysis temperature, co-pyrolysis time, and the doping ratio of biochar on the activation of persulfate were studied. The results showed that the efficiency of phenol degradation catalyzed by persulfate and biochar was 93%, and the total organic carbon (TOC) removal rate reached 66%. Besides, the phenol removal rate could also maintain 81% after four cycles. Moreover, the free radicals and non-free radicals was confirmed by Electron paramagnetic resonance (ESR) and capture experiments. The results of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations showed that the electron distribution of N-doping biochar became more uneven compared with the original biochar. This study provides a reference for the treatment of phenolic wastewater and may promote the understanding of N-doping biochar/persulfate degradation mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) consists of a broad spectrum of conditions, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the advanced form of NAFLD. TAF15 is a DNA and RNA binding protein and is involved in crucial inflammatory signalling pathways. We aimed to investigate the role of TAF15 in the progression of NASH and the underlying molecular mechanism. Methods: We generated mice with hepatocyte‐specific knockdown and overexpression of TAF15 using a specific adeno‐associated virus (AAV). NASH models were established by feeding mice high‐fat and high‐cholesterol diets and methionine‐ and choline‐deficient diets. Cleavage under targets and tagmentation and dual‐luciferase reporter assays were performed to investigate the effect of TAF15 on FASN transcription. Coimmunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence assays were conducted to explore the interaction of TAF15 and p65. In vitro coculture systems were established to study the interactions of hepatocytes, macrophages and HSCs. Results: TAF15 was significantly increased in the livers of mouse NASH models and primary hepatocyte NASH model. Knockdown of TAF15 inhibited steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis, while overexpression of TAF15 promoted NASH phenotypes. Mechanistically, TAF15 bound directly to the promoter region of FASN to facilitate its expression, thereby promoting steatosis. Moreover, TAF15 interacted with p65 and activated the NF‐κB signalling pathway, increasing the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and triggering M1 macrophage polarization. Treatment with the FASN inhibitor orlistat partially reversed the phenotypes. Conclusions: These results suggested that TAF15 exacerbated NASH progression by regulating lipid metabolism and inflammation via transcriptional activation of FASN and interacting with p65 to activate the NF‐κB signalling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health state assessment is an important measure to maintain the safety of aerospace relays. Due to the uncertainty within the relay system, the accuracy of the model assessment is challenged. In addition, the opaqueness of the process and incomprehensibility of the results tend to lose trust in the model, especially in high security fields, so it is crucial to maintain the interpretability of the model. Thus, this paper proposes a new interpretable belief rule base model with step-length convergence strategy (IBRB-Sc) for aerospace relay health state assessment. First, general interpretability criteria for BRB are considered, and strategies for maintaining model interpretability are designed. Second, the evidential reasoning (ER) method is used as the inference machine. Then, optimization is performed based on the Interpretable Projection Covariance Matrix Adaptive Evolution Strategy (IP-CMA-ES). Finally, the validity of the model is verified using the JRC-7M aerospace relay as a case study. Comparative experiments show that the proposed model maintains high accuracy and achieves advantages in interpretability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attention is the process of selecting relevant information and suppressing irrelevant information. However, it is still controversial whether attentional capture by salient but task‐irrelevant stimuli operates in a bottom‐up fashion (stimulus‐driven theory) or a top‐down fashion (goal‐driven theory) or if even salient distractors can be suppressed before capturing attention (signal suppression theory). In the present study, we investigated how saliency affects attentional capture (indexed by N2‐posterior‐contralateral [N2pc]) and suppression (indexed by distractor positivity [PD]) of abrupt‐onset and color singleton distractors in a visual search task. Experiment 1 showed that an abrupt‐onset distractor elicited both N2pc and PD, while a color singleton distractor elicited only PD. Moreover, the abrupt‐onset distractor elicited a larger N2pc and a larger PD relative to the color singleton distractor. In addition, both distractors elicited an early positive component, the positivity posterior contralateral (Ppc), which was also larger for abrupt onsets than for color singletons. Experiment 2 further demonstrated that when both the abrupt onset and color singleton were designed as targets, and thus required no attentional suppression, Ppc was elicited, but PD was not. This corroborated the finding in Experiment 1 that the later PD, not the early Ppc, reflected attentional suppression. Therefore, a more salient distractor demonstrates stronger early perceptual processing, can capture attention better and needs more attentional resources to be suppressed later. Based on these results, a three‐stage hypothesis is proposed, in which the saliency of a distractor modulates processing at early perception, attentional capture, and suppression stages. We provide strong evidence that attentional capture, measured by the N2pc component, occurs before suppression, measured by the PD component. We proposed a three‐stage model of attentional processing of a salient distractor, in which saliency of the distractor plays a crucial role. Our findings shed light on our understanding of how the visual attention system reacts to salient changes in the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the numerical results of flow past a round-ended cylinder with various incidence angles in a low Reynolds number range of Re = 60–160. Mapping of the flow structure and hydrodynamic properties is examined in the incidence angle range of α = 0°–90° with increment of 15°. Three wake patterns are identified, including the steady and symmetric wake without vortex shedding (Pattern I), the Karman vortex street (Pattern II), and the Karman vortex street with the occurrence of subordinate vortex (Pattern III). The reattachment of boundary layers results in the occurrence of a subordinate vortex and hence the non-single-frequency fluctuation of hydrodynamic coefficients (CL and CD, which are lift and drag coefficients, respectively). Elliptical and figure-eight CL–CD curves are observed, depending on the frequency ratios of the two coefficients and their weights. Non-zero time-averaged CL occurs when 0° < α < 90°, due to the asymmetric boundary layer separation. The backward migration of boundary layer separation point contributes to the reduction of frictional drag and the vortex formation length. The shortening of the vortex formation length results in the enhanced fluctuations of CL and CD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, researchers commonly use convolutional neural network (CNN) models for landslide remote sensing image recognition. However, with the increase in landslide monitoring data, the available multimodal landslide data contain rich feature information, and existing landslide recognition models have difficulty utilizing such data. A knowledge graph is a linguistic network knowledge base capable of storing and describing various entities and their relationships. A landslide knowledge graph is used to manage multimodal landslide data, and by integrating this graph into a landslide image recognition model, the given multimodal landslide data can be fully utilized for landslide identification. In this paper, we combine knowledge and models, introduce the use of landslide knowledge graphs in landslide identification, and propose a landslide identification method for remote sensing images that fuses knowledge graphs and ResNet (FKGRNet). We take the Loess Plateau of China as the study area and test the effect of the fusion model by comparing the baseline model, the fusion model and other deep learning models. The experimental results show that, first, with ResNet34 as the baseline model, the FKGRNet model achieves 95.08% accuracy in landslide recognition, which is better than that of the baseline model and other deep learning models. Second, the FKGRNet model with different network depths has better landslide recognition accuracy than its corresponding baseline model. Third, the FKGRNet model based on feature splicing outperforms the fused feature classifier in terms of both accuracy and F1-score on the landslide recognition task. Therefore, the FKGRNet model can make fuller use of landslide knowledge to accurately recognize landslides in remote sensing images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yunnan Province, China, has complex topography and geomorphology, many ravines and valleys, and frequent landslide geological disasters and is of great significance in the assessment of regional landslide geological disasters in Yunnan Province for disaster prevention and mitigation. In this study, Yunnan Province was selected as the research area, and the average annual deformation rate of radar line-of-sight in Yunnan Province over four years from 2018 to 2021 was obtained with SBAS-InSAR technology, which was used as one of the index factors for the susceptibility evaluation of Yunnan Province. The deformation rate reflects the slow movement of the land surface. In addition, elevation, slope, aspect, lithological classification, geological structure, rainfall, distance from roads, distance from rivers, topographic undulation, and NDVI were selected as evaluation index factors and combined with the annual mean deformation rate. A random forest model was used to evaluate and accurately analyze landslide geological disasters in Yunnan Province. The results showed that as an important index factor, the annual mean deformation rate of Yunnan Province can be added to the random forest model to improve the prediction accuracy. The area with high susceptibility accounted for 10% of the entire province, and the number of landslides in the region accounted for 68% of the province. Additionally, the results for prone zoning were highly correlated with the landslide distribution. The accuracy of the random forest model prediction was 0.80, and the AUC value was 0.87, indicating that the random forest model was a highly accurate and reliable evaluation method for studying landslide geological disasters. It is very suitable for the evaluation of landslide susceptibility in Yunnan Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric delay is the primary error in ground-based synthetic aperture radar (GBSAR). The existing compensation methods include the external meteorological data correction method, the polynomial fitting method, and the persistent scatterers SAR interferometry (PSInSAR) calibration method. Combining the polynomial fitting and the persistent scatterers targets is the most popular method of GBSAR atmospheric delay compensation. However, the displacement component of the coherent target is always ignored in the atmospheric delay compensation, which is unpractical. A joint estimation method of ground displacement and atmospheric model parameters is developed in this paper. The displacement component is determined by the spatial and temporal features of the objects. The atmospheric delay component is regarded as a systematic error represented by a quadratic polynomial related to distance. The result is resolved by the least-square method. Compared to the existing method, the root-mean-square error (RMSE) of the proposed method had a significant improvement in the validation experiment. In the real in situ experiment, the time series obtained by the GBSAR had a similar trend to that acquired by the Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver. It is indicated that the proposed method can lead to a better deformation estimation by taking the deformation component into account in the atmospheric compensation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pamir yak milk is considered to be ideal food for local people, but its nutritional profile has not yet been reported. This study investigated the chemical and nutritional composition of Pamir yak milk, and compared the results with reference composition of goat and cow milk. We found that the Pamir yak milk had higher contents of protein (4.30%), fat (4.63), lactose (5.21%) and total solid (14.84%) than that of goat and cow milk. The predominant amino acids were glutamate (20%), proline (10%), lysine (10%) and leucine (10%), of which the essential amino acids accounted for 48% of the total amino acids. Meanwhile, Pamir yak milk was rich in minerals such as Ca, Fe, Zn and Mg and thiamine (B1), niacin (B3), Pyridoxine (B6) and cobalamin (B12) were higher than those of cow and goat milk. Also, medium‐chain fatty acids (C12−C16) exhibited the highest level. However, The α ‐linolenic acid (C18:3), eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were found in yak milk. All of the above‐mentioned differences were demonstrated by the fact that the yak milk quality may be affecting by pasture production, animal species and nutritive value of the herbage. Therefore, Pamir yak milk is a promising alternative food that may contribute to human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copy number variations (CNVs) in the Neurexin 1 (NRXN1) gene, which encodes a presynaptic protein involved in neurotransmitter release, are some of the most frequently observed single-gene variants associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). To address the functional contribution of NRXN1 CNVs to behavioral phenotypes relevant to ASD, we carried out systematic behavioral phenotyping of an allelic series of Nrxn1 mouse models: one carrying promoter and exon 1 deletion abolishing Nrxn1α transcription, one carrying exon 9 deletion disrupting Nrxn1α protein translation, and one carrying an intronic deletion with no observable effect on Nrxn1α expression. We found that homozygous loss of Nrxn1α resulted in enhanced aggression in males, reduced affiliative social behaviors in females, and significantly altered circadian activities in both sexes. Heterozygous or homozygous loss of Nrxn1α affected the preference for social novelty in male mice, and notably, enhanced repetitive motor skills and motor coordination in both sexes. In contrast, mice bearing an intronic deletion of Nrxn1 did not display alterations in any of the behaviors assessed. These findings demonstrate the importance of Nrxn1α gene dosage in regulating social, circadian, and motor functions, and the variables of sex and genomic positioning of CNVs in the expression of autism-related phenotypes. Importantly, mice with heterozygous loss of Nrxn1, as found in numerous autistic individuals, show an elevated propensity to manifest autism-related phenotypes, supporting the use of models with this genomic architecture to study ASD etiology and assess additional genetic variants associated with autism. Author summary: Deletions of one of the two copies of the Neurexin1 (NRXN1) gene are among the most common genetic anomalies in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a neurodevelopmental condition afflicting 1 in every 44 children in the United States. How NRXN1 deletions, which can occur at various positions across the gene, contribute to behaviors associated with autism remains unknown. Here we investigated mouse models carrying different deletions across the Nrxn1 gene, mimicking three distinct ASD-associated deletions observed in humans, and assessed autism-related mouse behaviors. We found that ASD-relevant behavioral traits in mice are dependent on the sex of the animal and the position of the deletion, and that losing one copy of the Nrxn1 gene (producing a similar genetic structure to humans with ASD) elicits behaviors akin to the core symptoms of autism: impaired social communication and restricted/repetitive behaviors. Additionally, circadian activity is markedly altered in mice lacking functional Nrxn1 product, consistent with sleep disturbance being the most common comorbidity in autism. Our findings support the importance of sex, genetic structure, and the amount of functional NRXN1 product in eliciting ASD-relevant behaviors, and the need for animal models carrying anomalies at multiple genes to elucidate the genetic underpinnings of autism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, shaped fibers which are especially useful for radiative cooling have been firstly deposited by Electrohydrodynamic direct-writing based on Micro-Weissenberg effect (MWE). At first, The process of pumping viscoelastic fluids (polyethylene oxide) in micro-tube (non-circle nozzle) based on Micro-Weissenberg effect has been studied to reveal the mechanism of Micro-Weissenberg effect. We have found that the pumping based on MWE have obvious periodic fluctuation when the flow rate is small. Then the process of steel pins without small diameter pipes pumping viscoelastic fluid which is a continuous, less wall and controllable pumping manner have been studied in detail. It is found that the pumping based on MWE mainly stem from an interesting capillarity between two pins and the viscoelasticity of fluid. So compare with the traditional Electrohydrodynamic direct-writing, the shaped fibers have been more easily deposited by Electrohydrodynamic direct-writing based on MWE due to the capillarity and the shear thinning in Micro-Weissenberg effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grapholita funebrana , also known as the plum fruit moth, is an oligophagous pest species that causes enormous economic losses of the fruits of Rosaceae. An eco-friendly method for the control of G. funebrana besides chemical control has not yet been developed. The sex pheromone communication system plays an important role in moth courtship and mating, in which pheromone-binding proteins (PBPs) are critical. In this research, we identified four PBPs, namely, GfunPBP1.1 , GfunPBP1.2 , GfunPBP2 , and GfunPBP3 , from the antennae of G. funebrana. The results of real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) showed that all four GfunPBPs were overwhelmingly expressed in the antennae and that GfunPBP1.2 and GfunPBP2 showed male-biased expression patterns, whereas GfunPBP1.1 and GfunPBP3 were equally expressed between sexes. The results of ligand-binding assays illustrated that although all four recombinant GfunPBPs (rGfunPBPs) had binding activity with the tested sex pheromone compounds, their preferred ligands were significantly different. rGfunPBP2 had the strongest binding affinity to Z 8–12:Ac and Z 8–12:OH; rGfunPBP1.1 preferred to bind Z 8–14:Ac, Z 10–14:Ac, and 12:OH more than to the other three GfunPBPs; and rGfunPBP1.2 exhibited stronger binding affinity to E 8–12:Ac than to the other rGfunPBPs. Molecular docking results demonstrated that hydrophobic forces, especially van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds, were the most important forces that maintained GfunPBP–pheromone ligand complexes. This study will improve our understanding of the sex pheromone recognition mechanisms of G. funebrana and promote the development of novel strategies for controlling G. funebrana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This article is concerned with the issue of minimum‐variance recursive state estimation (MVRSE) for a class of nonlinear dynamical complex networks (NDCNs) with stochastic switching topologies and random quantization under the try‐once‐discard (TOD) protocol. Two sequences of Bernoulli distributed random variables with given occurrence probabilities are utilized to characterize the stochastic switching manners of network topologies and the randomly occurring quantized output measurements, where the quantization effects are portrayed by the uniform quantizer. Moreover, the TOD protocol is adopted to arrange the order of the information transmission of network nodes so as to alleviate the communication burden and mitigate the network congestions. The focus of the MVRSE issue is to develop a novel state estimation algorithm such that, for all stochastic switching topologies, random quantization effects and TOD protocol, an optimized upper bound of the estimation error covariance is guaranteed by properly designing the estimator gain. In addition, the theoretical proof is derived, which illustrates that the state estimation error is exponentially mean‐square bounded under certain conditions. Meanwhile, we also present the related theoretical analysis, which discusses the impact caused by random quantization. Finally, a numerical experiment is utilized to show the validity of the novel MVRSE approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Personal moisture and thermal management fabrics that can facilitate sweat removal and regulating skin temperature are highly desired for improving human comfort and performance. Here, we demonstrate a hydrophobic/superhydrophilic Janus cotton-fabric through femtosecond-laser-induced hydrophilization. The engineering Janus cotton-fabric can unidirectionally transport human sweat spontaneously. More importantly, the Janus fabrics can maintain human body temperature 2–3 °C lower than the conventional cotton fabrics, implying the cooling effect in thermal environment. In addition, the Janus fabric has lower wet skin adhesion in comparison with a conventional hydrophilic cotton fabric. The water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of a Janus fabric is comparable to the traditional hydrophilic cotton fabrics. Overall, the successful creation of the Janus fabrics provides new insights for the development of moisture-wicking/thermal-management fabrics for satisfying the growing demand of personal comfort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Separation of plasma which is full of various biomarkers is critical for clinical diagnosis. However, the point-of-care plasma separation often relies on microfluidic filtration membranes which are usually limited in purity, yield, hemolysis, extraction speed, hematocrit level, and protein recovery. Here, we have developed a high-performance plasma membrane separation technique based on a Janus membrane and red blood cell (RBC) agglutination reaction. The RBC agglutination reaction can form larger RBC aggregates to separate plasma from blood cells. Then, the Janus membrane, serving as a multipore microfilter to block large RBC aggregates, allows the plasma to flow from the hydrophobic side to its hydrophilic side spontaneously. As a result, the separation technique can extract highly-purified plasma (99.99%) from whole blood with an ultra-high plasma yield (∼80%) in ∼80 s. Additionally, the separation technique is independent of the hematocrit level and can avoid hemolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Serum NLRP3 levels are markedly raised in patients after aSAH. • Serum NLRP3 levels are closely correlated with severity of aSAH. • Serum NLRP3 levels are independently associated with clinical outcomes after aSAH. • Serum NLRP3levels are intimately associated with inflammation after aSAH. • Serum NLRP3 levels have high prognostic ability in aSAH. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) participates in neuroinflammation. We endeavored to determine the role of serum NLRP3 as a biomarker of neuroinflammation, severity, delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) and functional outcome following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). In this prospective and observational study, a total of 118 aSAH patients and 118 healthy volunteers were enrolled. Serum NLRP3 concentrations, blood glucose concentrations, serum C-reactive protein concentrations, and blood leucocyte counts were quantified. A poor outcome was defined as extended Glasgow outcome scale scores of 1–4 at post-injury 90 days. As compared to controls, significantly increased serum NLRP3 concentrations after aSAH were intimately correlated with the Glasgow coma scale scores, World Federation of Neurological Surgeons scale scores, Hunt-Hess scores, modified Fisher scores, extended Glasgow outcome scale scores, blood glucose concentrations, serum C-reactive protein concentrations and blood leucocyte counts. Serum NLRP3 emerged as an independent predictor for DCI and poor 90-day outcome. Using receiver operating characteristic curve, serum NLRP3 concentrations were significantly predictive of DCI and poor 90-day outcome. Its prognostic predictive ability was comparable to those of the Glasgow coma scale scores, World Federation of Neurological Surgeons scale scores, Hunt-Hess scores and modified Fisher scores. Serum NLRP3 may represent an inflammatory biomarker in relation to the severity, DCI and poor functional outcome after aSAH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upconversion materials capable of converting low-energy excitation photons into high-energy emission photons have attracted considerable interest in recent years. However, the low upconversion luminescence seriously hinders the application of upconversion phosphors. Heavy lanthanide doping without concentration quenching represents a direct and effective method to enhance the emission intensity. In this study, Er3+ heavy doped Gd2(MoO4)3 phosphor with a monoclinic phase was prepared by a sol–gel process. Under excitation at 976 nm, Gd2(MoO4)3:Er3+ phosphor emitted remarkably intense green emission, and Er3+ concentration up to 20 mol% did not cause concentration quenching. Here, we discuss the upconversion mechanism and concentration quenching. When the Er3+ concentration was in the range of 30–60 mol%, the concentration quenching was governed by the electric dipole–dipole interaction, and when the concentration was greater than 60 mol%, the concentration quenching was controlled by the exchange interactions. The result provides a schematic basis for identifying a phosphor host with heavy lanthanide doping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignancies of the digestive system with a high lethal rate. Studies have shown that inherited and acquired mutations in pyruvate metabolism and citric acid cycle (P-CA) enzymes are involved in tumorigenesis and tumor development. However, it is unclear how different P-CA patterns affect the tumor microenvironment (TME), which is critical for cancer progression. Methods: This study mainly concentrated on investigating the role of the P-CA patterns in multicellular immune cell infiltration of GC TME. First, the expression levels of P-CA regulators were profiled in GC samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus cohorts to construct a consensus clustering analysis and identify three distinct P-CA clusters. GSVA was conducted to reveal the different biological processes in three P-CA clusters. Subsequently, 1127 cluster-related differentially expressed genes were identified, and prognostic-related genes were screened using univariate Cox regression analysis. A scoring system was then set up to quantify the P-CA gene signature and further evaluate the response of the patients to the immunotherapy. Results: We found that GC patients in the high P-CA score group had a higher tumor mutational burden, higher microsatellite instability, and better prognosis. The opposite was observed in the low P-CA score group. Interestingly, we demonstrated P-CA gene cluster could predict the sensitivity to immunotherapy and ferroptosis-induced therapy. Conclusion: Collectively, the P-CA gene signature in this study exhibits potential roles in the tumor microenvironment and predicts the response to immunotherapeutic. The identification of these P-CA patterns may significantly accelerate the strategic development of immunotherapy for GC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterogeneous reactions involving aerosol water, i.e., haze chemistry, are responsible for high aerosol concentrations observed during severe haze events in Chinese megacities. Attempts were made to incorporate these reactions into air quality models, by using reactive uptake coefficients for gaseous precursors of secondary aerosols. Nonetheless, the revised models were most frequently evaluated using bulk particle concentrations, mainly due to the lack of observational constraints on aerosol compositions. Here, we tested such a revised model using data from primary and secondary aerosol components measured during the winter of 2019‒2020 in Harbin, an unexplored megacity located in the severe cold climate region in Northeast China. We studied reasons for discrepancies between observed and modeled results. Our findings show that despite the reasonable consistency between the observed and simulated aerosol concentrations, large discrepancies occur for sulfate and secondary-organic-carbon under humid conditions, e.g., with average overprediction of ~ 20 μg/m3 for sulfate, and underprediction of ~ 10 μgC/m3 for secondary-organic-carbon. These discrepancies point to improper simulation of heterogeneous reactions. Therefore, we suggest that previous modeling has exaggerated the role of sulfate in haze formation over Chinese megacities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, a substantial amount of circular RNAs (circRNAs) are closely associated with cancer development and the occurrence of drug resistance, however, circ_0017274 in cisplatin (CDDP) resistance in gastric cancer (GC) has not been addressed. Real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) and western blot were utilized for circ_0017274, microRNA‐637 (miR‐637) and caudal‐related homeobox transcription factor 2 (CDX2) contents analysis. Analysis of IC50, proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, migration and invasion of GC cells using Cell Counting Kit‐8 (CCK8), 5‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine (EdU), flow cytometry or transwell assays. Interaction between miR‐637 and circ_0017274 or CDX2 was validated under the application of luciferase reporter system, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) analysis, and pull‐down assay. The effect of circ_0017274 on CDDP sensitivity in vivo was tapped by xenograft models. Circ_0017274 and CDX2 had higher content in CDDP‐resistant GC tissues and cells, while miR‐637 had lower content. CDDP resistance and development of GC cells were arrested when circ_0017274 level was reduced in vitro. MiR‐637 acted as a target of circ_0017274, and miR‐637 downregulation abated the phenomenon of elevated sensitivity of sh‐circ_0017274 to CDDP. MiR‐637 was also demonstrated to interact with CDX2 and to co‐regulate CDDP sensitivity in GC cells. The xenograft models also established that circ_0017274 downregulation strengthened CDDP sensitivity and thus curtailed tumour growth in vivo. Circ_0017274 downregulation boosted CDDP sensitivity by acting on miR‐637/CDX2 in CDDP‐resistant GC cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatiotemporal regulation of subcellular protein kinase A (PKA) activity for precise substrate phosphorylation is essential for cellular responses to hormonal stimulation. Ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2) and (sarco)endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2a (SERCA2a) represent two critical targets of β adrenoceptor (βAR) signaling on the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane for cardiac excitation and contraction coupling. Using novel biosensors, we show that cardiac β1AR signals to both RyR2 and SERCA2a nanodomains in cardiomyocytes from mice, rats, and rabbits, whereas the β2AR signaling is restricted from these nanodomains. Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) and PDE3 control the baseline PKA activity and prevent β2AR signaling from reaching the RyR2 and SERCA2a nanodomains. Moreover, blocking inhibitory G protein allows β2AR signaling to the RyR2 but not the SERCA2a nanodomains. This study provides evidence for the differential roles of inhibitory G protein and PDEs in controlling the adrenergic subtype signaling at the RyR2 and SERCA2a nanodomains in cardiomyocytes. 6RLYcPB_fJ7pnT18c_tdPo Video abstract Highlights: Design a FRET-based biosensor to monitor PKA dynamics at the RyR2 nanodomains in myocytes Stimulation of β1AR promotes PKA activity at both RyR2 and SERCA2a nanodomains whereas stimulation of β2AR does not Inhibition of PDE3 and PDE4 enhances PKA activity at the baseline and after β2AR stimulation Inhibition of Gi selectively permits β2AR signaling to the RyR2 nanodomains but not SERCA2a nanodomains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common and frequently occurring disease in clinics, with the main manifestations including frequent micturition, urinary incontinence, dysuria, and endless urination. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is the main treatment for BPH, but some patients are prone to urinary tract infection after surgery, which affects the prognosis. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the pathogenic characteristics and risk factors of postoperative urinary-derived pathogenic bacteria infection in patients with BPH for the prevention and treatment of postoperative infection. In addition, the treatment of patients with this disease is also the focus of clinical attention. Long-term massive application of antibiotics can induce drug-resistant mutations of bacteria, so it is urgent to find an efficient and safe therapeutic scheme in clinics. However, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a long history of treating urinary tract infections. Therefore, Shuangdong capsule, a traditional Chinese medicine preparation, was selected for the combined treatment in this study. The results showed that age, concomitant diabetes mellitus, and preoperative prophylactic application of antibiotics were the independent risk factors for postoperative urine-derived pathogenic infection in BPH patients. Clinical intervention for BPH patients with concomitant risk factors should be emphasized in clinical practice. The combined use of Shuangdong capsule and conventional western medicine can improve the clinical symptoms and inflammatory reactions of postoperative urine-derived pathogenic infection in BPH patients. Due to its exact curative effect and high safety, it is worthy of promotion. The clinical study registration number is M2022019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the problems of high error rate and long time of traditional environmental pollution control cost accounting algorithm, a cost accounting algorithm of environmental pollution control based on discrete probability was designed. Firstly, the cost of environmental pollution is classified and the monetization function of environmental pollution cost is constructed. Then, the cost accounting index system of environmental pollution control is established, and the cost function of environmental pollution control is constructed. Finally, a discrete probability model is used to optimize the cost function, and the optimized cost function is used to design the environmental pollution control cost accounting algorithm. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can quickly converge to the optimum within 70 iterations, the accounting error rate is between -0.2% and 1.3%, and the accounting time is always less than 0.4 s. It has good convergence and can accurately calculate the cost of ecological environmental pollution control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on finite-time thermodynamics, an irreversible high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) model is developed, and the mathematical expressions of exergy efficiency, exergy destruction index ( E D I ), and exergy sustainability indicators ( E S I ) of HT-PEMFC are derived. According to HT-PEMFC model, the influences of thermodynamic irreversibility on exergy sustainability of HT-PEMFC are researched under different operating parameters that include operating temperatures, inlet pressure, and current density. The results show that the higher operating temperature and inlet pressure of HT-PEMFCs is beneficial to performance improvement. In addition, the single cell performance gradually decreases with increasing current density due to the presence of the irreversibility of HT-PEMFC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrodynamic characteristics and wake structures of the flow over a round-ended cylinder are invaluable for the design of associated cylindrical structures such as bridge piers and submerged floating tunnels. This paper reports the results of a numerical investigation into the flow past a round-ended cylinder and the associated hydrodynamic forces as well as the evolution of vortex structure and boundary layer separation. The effect of incidence angle α, ranging from 0° to 90°, is examined at a low Reynolds number of 100 based on the projected length. Both the drag and lift forces are sensitive to the incidence angle. When 0° < α < 90°, boundary layers asymmetrically separate from two sides of the cylinder, giving rise to a time-mean pressure difference that is not perpendicular to the incoming flow direction. There are two directly related results, one is the non-zero time-mean lift coefficient, and the other is the occurrence of a secondary frequency of drag coefficient, the same as that of lift coefficient. The most forward separation point of the upper boundary layer and the maximum size difference of vortices generated from two sides contribute to the maximum time-mean lift coefficient occurring at α = 45°. The vortex formation length is shortened with increasing α, resulting in the augment of the fluctuation amplitudes of fluid forces. The enlargement of drag force is mainly attributed to the broadened wake width with the increase in α. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vehicular mobile transformers will suffer from frequent vibration and shock during transportation, which may lead to the damage of transformers. In order to understand the characteristics of vibration and shock during transportation, the three‐axis vibration and shock acceleration of a 110 kV/40MVA vehicular mobile transformer was measured by using a self‐developed transportation condition monitoring system. The time‐domain characteristics and frequency‐domain characteristics were analyzed. The relationship of vibration and shock acceleration with driving speed was also discussed. Results show that the y‐axis vibration and shock acceleration is generally the lowest. The main frequency of x‐axis acceleration is 4–8 Hz, while y‐axis acceleration is 1–7 Hz and 25–28 Hz, and z‐axis acceleration is 1–5 Hz. The related scattered points of the vibration acceleration with the driving speed are approximately distributed on a straight line, and that of the shock acceleration with the driving speed are approximately distributed on an exponential function curve. According to the limitation of 3 g vibration and shock acceleration in international standards, the driving speed of the 110 kV vehicular mobile transformer in highway, highway ramp and the first class road are suggested to be limited to 66, 51, and 49 km/h, respectively. © 2022 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the financial crisis in 2008, finance has been considered a significant cause of the fluctuations in the business cycle. This study introduces the expected monetary policy into a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model that includes a mechanism of finance amplifying the fluctuations in the business cycle. It compares and analyzes the effects of expected and unexpected monetary policy on financial variables that comprise real estate price and credit. The results show that regarding the shock of reinforcing monetary policy, the expected and unexpected monetary policies have resulted in the reduction of real estate price and credit. However, the unexpected monetary policy has resulted in a greater effect on real estate price and credit. The rapid decline in real estate price and credit may cause severe fluctuations in the business cycle owing to the role of financial accelerators. Therefore, the expected monetary policy can better stabilize finance. Moreover, the expected duration of monetary policy by the entities in the Chinese economic market is found to be one-quarter. Central bank should try to avoid releasing sudden and unexpected monetary policy news to the public, as this will result in severe fluctuations in credit and real estate price, which can further result in severe fluctuations in the business cycle. Central bank should also adopt the monetary policy of expectation management to stabilize finance to further mitigate the magnifying effect of financial factors on fluctuations in the business cycle and prevent systemic financial risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we present a first-order stabilization-free virtual element method (SFVEM) for three-dimensional hyperelastic problems. Different from the conventional virtual element method, which necessitates additional stabilization terms in the bilinear formulation, the method developed in this work operates without the need for any stabilization. Consequently, it proves highly suitable for the computation of nonlinear problems. The stabilization-free virtual element method has been applied in two-dimensional hyperelasticity and three-dimensional elasticity problems. In this work, the format will be applied to three-dimensional hyperelasticity problems for the first time. Similar to the techniques used in the two-dimensional stabilization-free virtual element method, the new virtual element space is modified to allow the computation of the higher-order L2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{wasysym}\usepackage{amsfonts}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{mathrsfs}\usepackage{upgreek}\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\begin{document}$$L_2$$\end{document} projection of the gradient. This paper reviews the calculation process of the traditional H1\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{wasysym}\usepackage{amsfonts}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{mathrsfs}\usepackage{upgreek}\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\begin{document}$$\mathcal {H}_1$$\end{document} projection operator; and describes in detail how to calculate the high-order L2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{wasysym}\usepackage{amsfonts}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{mathrsfs}\usepackage{upgreek}\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\begin{document}$$L_2$$\end{document} projection operator for three-dimensional problems. Based on this high-order L2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{wasysym}\usepackage{amsfonts}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{mathrsfs}\usepackage{upgreek}\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\begin{document}$$L_2$$\end{document} projection operator, this paper extends the method to more complex three-dimensional nonlinear problems. Some benchmark problems illustrate the capability of the stabilization-free VEM for three-dimensional hyperelastic problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The element differential method (EDM) is developed to solve the dynamic coupled thermoelasticity problems for the first time. • This work establishes the dynamical scheme of the EDM for solving some 2D and 3D thermoelastic problems, which considered the influence of coupling terms. • This work achieved acceptable accuracy and improved computational efficiency in the solving of dynamic coupled thermoelasticity problems, compared with the finite element method. As an exploratory study for the thermodynamic response in many engineering applications, numerical methods are a powerful technique to simulate the dynamic performance of thermoelasticity coupling problems based on the classic Fourier heat conductive law. Basically, the influence of coupling terms cannot be ignored for the dynamically coupling problem subjected to shock loadings. In order to deal with this complex type of coupling problem more conveniently, the element differential method (EDM) is developed for solving thermoelasticity problems. Since EDM does not use variational principles or virtual work principles to establish a solution format, it has higher flexibility in dealing with such complex coupling problems. This work establishes the dynamical scheme of the EDM for solving some 2D and 3D thermoelastic problems. In thermoelastic problems, an energy loss is caused by the coupling effect, leading to the changes in the temperature field and displacement field. And the shock loading caused the wave propagation. The examples under shock loading prove that EDM is accurate and efficient in solving dynamic coupled thermoelasticity problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: A highly enantioselective gold‐catalyzed intermolecular [3 + 2] cycloaddition of N‐allenamides with nitrones was realized by the application of Ming‐Phos M6 as a chiral ligand. Both enantiomers of the cycloadducts with opposite configuration could be obtained in high yields with high regio‐ and enantioselectivity by the employment of either diastereomer of the chiral ligand. The acidic N—H bond (hydrogen bonding) of sulfinamide moiety of Ming‐Phos and pentaflurophenyl substituent (fluorine effect) may play important roles in enhancement of enantioselectivity, that is, Ming‐Phos is a multifunctional ligand in this transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relieving role of dezocine in pain after surgery was previously reported, while the potential mechanism was not completely clear. Therefore, the current research probed into the regulatory mechanism of dezocine in pain after surgery. A postoperative pain model was established by performing plantar incision surgery on the juvenile Sprague–Dawley rats. After the rats were treated with dezocine or SC79 (Akt1 activator), the paw withdrawal threshold and paw withdrawal latency of rats were detected to evaluate the mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. After the plantar tissue, dorsal root ganglions, and spinal cord of rats were collected, the expressions of Akt1, p-Akt1, GSK-3β, and p-GSK-3β in the tissues were determined by western blot to evaluate the activation state of the Akt1/GSK-3β pathway. After surgery, the paw withdrawal threshold and paw withdrawal latency of rats were lessened, whereas the ratios of p-Akt1/Akt1 and p-GSK-3β/GSK-3β were augmented in rat plantar tissue, dorsal root ganglions, and spinal cord. After treatment with dezocine alone, the paw withdrawal threshold and paw withdrawal latency of postoperative rats were elevated, but ratios of p-Akt1/Akt1 and p-GSK-3β/GSK-3β were reduced. After co-treatment with dezocine and SC79, SC79 reversed the effects of dezocine on elevating the paw withdrawal threshold and paw withdrawal latency, and reducing the ratios of p-Akt1/Akt1 and p-GSK-3β/GSK-3β in postoperative rats. Dezocine ameliorated the postoperative hyperalgesia in rats via repressing the hyper-action of Akt1/GSK-3β pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Th2 and Th17 immune response contribute to allergic rhinitis (AR) development. Targeting Th2 and Th17 response has been shown to ameliorate AR. Ibrutinib is an inhibitor for IL2‐inducible T‐cell kinase, which can promote Th2 and Th17 immune response. We sought to investigate the effect of ibrutinib on AR and the underlying mechanisms. We established house dust mite‐induced AR mouse model and treated AR mice with ibrutinib. The symptoms of AR, serum level of immunoglobulin E, percentage of Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg in nasal lymphoid tissues were monitored. We also established in vitro T cell differentiation cell culture model. The T cells were treated with ibrutinib and the expression of specific transcriptional factors and cytokines was measured. The activation of PLC‐γ1/calcium/NFAT2 signaling pathway was detected. Ibrutinib treatment had no effects on the development of lymphocytes and myeloid cells, but alleviated AR symptoms and decreased Th2 cell population in nasal lymphoid tissue. Meanwhile, iburitnib suppressed Th2 and Th17 differentiation in vitro. Moreover, iburitnib prevented phosphorylation of PLC‐γ1and nuclear translocation of NFAT2 in Th2 cells. Our results suggested that ibrutinib could ameliorate AR symptoms through suppression of Th2 differentiation in AR mouse model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cellular transplantation has emerged as promising approach for treating cardiac diseases. However, a poor engraftment rate limits our understanding on how transplanted cardiomyocytes contribute to cardiac function in the recipient's heart. Methods: The CRISPR/Cas9 technique was employed for stable and constitutive gene expression in human-induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs). Myocardial infarction was induced in adult immunodeficient mice, followed by intramyocardial injection of hiPSC-CMs expressing either CCND2/channelrhodopsin 2 (hiPSC-CCND2OE/ChR2OECMs) or CCND2/luciferase (hiPSC-CCND2OE/LuciOECMs). Six months later, hemodynamics and intramural electrocardiogram were recorded upon blue light illuminations in anesthetized, open-chest mice. Results: Blue light resets automaticity of spontaneously beating hiPSC-CCND2OE/ChR2OECMs in culture, but not that of hiPSC-CCND2OE/LuciOECMs. Response to blue light was also observed in mice carrying large (>106 cells) intracardiac grafts of hiPSC-CCND2OE/ChR2OECM but not in mice carrying hiPSC-CCND2OE/LuciOECMs. The former exhibited single premature ventricular contractions upon light illumination or ventricular quadrigeminy upon second-long illuminations. At the onset of premature ventricular contractions, maximal systolic ventricular pressure decreased while ventricular volume rose concomitantly. Light-induced changes reversed upon resumption of sinus rhythm. Conclusions: We established an in vivo model for optogenetic-based modulation of the excitability of donor cardiomyocytes in a functional, reversible, and localized manner. This approach holds unique value for studying electromechanical coupling and molecular interactions between donor cardiomyocytes and recipient hearts in live animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]