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The metallogenic environment of the Irtysh gold belt in Xinjiang is studied in detail. The metallogenic geological background, metallogenic conditions and ore-controlling factors of the gold deposits in eastern, central and western regions of the metallogenic belt are compared. The metallogenic structure of the Irtysh tectonic belt has the characteristics of diverging to the west and converging to the east. Composite ore controlling by ductile shearing and magmatic activity in Irtysh gold belt result in zoned and segmented distribution of gold mineralization. Through the fluid inclusion research and H-O-S isotope analysis, the evolution regularity of gold ore-forming fluids in the region was analyzed. Synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence was used to analysis the concentration of metal elements in a single fluid inclusion, explaining the occurrence and migration process of Au in hydrothermal fluid. The source of ore forming minerals in western gold deposit is more closely related to magmatic activity, and the structural metamorphism of eastern gold deposit has greater influence on mineralization. Metallogenic fluids of gold deposits are characterized by metamorphic water (and magmatic water) in the early stage and mixed with meteoric water in the late stage. And the metallogenic elements are enriched in CO2 rich fluid. The Au is mainly activated, migrated and enriched with the mixed fluid of magmatic hydrothermal, metamorphic hydrothermal and atmospheric precipitation in the medium-low temperature, shallow to medium-deep environment.

The Wulong lode gold deposit is located in the Liaoning Province, northeast part of North China Craton. Gold ore bodies are mainly hosted in the Late Jurassic granite and structurally controlled by northeast-trending faults. Gold occurs in disseminated and auriferous quartz–sulfide veins and veinlets within hydrothermally altered rocks. Mineralization can be divided into three stages: (1) quartz–pyrite stage, (2) quartz–polymetallic sulfides stage, and (3) quartz–carbonate stage. Gold formed mainly in the middle stage. Quartz formed in the two earlier stages contains three compositional types of fluid inclusions, i.e., pure CO2, CO2–H2O and NaCl–H2O, but the late-stage minerals only contain NaCl–H2O inclusions. The inclusions in quartz formed in the early, main, and late stages yield total homogenization temperatures of 317–383 °C, 260–380 °C and 159–234 °C, respectively, with salinities of 5.14–9.44, 2.95–6.20, 1.23–4.34 wt% NaCl equivalent, respectively. Trapping pressures estimated from CO2–H2O inclusions are 200–390 MPa in the main stage. Fluid boiling and immiscibility caused rapid precipitation of sulfides and gold. Through immiscibility and inflow of meteoric water, the ore-forming fluid system evolved from CO2-rich to CO2-poor in composition, and from magmatic to meteoric, as indicated by δ18Owater values (4.5‰–7.3‰). The carbon (−12.2‰ to −11.5‰), sulfur (0.9‰–2.6‰), and lead isotope (207Pb/204Pb of 15.606–15.618) compositions suggest the host rocks to be a significant source of ore metals. Integrating the data obtained from the studies including regional geology, ore geology, fluid inclusion, and C–H–O–S–Pb isotope geochemistry, we conclude that the Wulong deposit is a decratonization gold deposit formed during lithospheric thinning associated with destruction of the North China Craton triggered by the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Oceanic plate in the Early Cretaceous.

The Hongshi lode-type copper deposit is located in the Kalatag region in the East Tianshan, Xinjiang, NW China. The lode ore bodies are hosted in the Late Ordovician to Early Silurian Daliugou Formation, and the Cu mineralization is closely associated with andesite. Minor amounts of intrusive rocks, such as the quartz porphyry, are also exposed. The country rocks have undergone extensive silicification, chlorite alteration and sericite alteration. The metallic minerals are pyrite and chalcopyrite, with minor magnetite, sphalerite and galena. The gangue minerals are quartz, sericite, epidote, calcite and chlorite. The mineralized veins in the Hongshi deposit can be divided into: an early quartz–pyrite vein stage, the main quartz–chalcopyrite–pyrite ± sphalerite vein stage, and a late quartz–calcite–chlorite vein stage. Fluid inclusion petrography shows that two-phase liquid-rich (type I), two-phase vapor-rich (type II), and daughter-bearing multiphase (type III) fluid inclusions are present in the hydrothermal quartz-sulfide veins in the Hongshi deposit. The fluid inclusions in the early-stage minerals are mainly type I and type II with minor type III. Their homogenization temperatures and salinities range from 198 °C to 315 °C (with a peak value of 253 °C) and from 1.40 to 8.81 wt% NaCl equiv., respectively. The coexistence of type II and type III inclusions and their similar homogenization temperatures but contrasting salinities suggest that fluid boiling processes occurred in the early stage. The main-stage minerals feature dominantly type I and type II inclusions, with homogenization temperatures and salinities of 168 °C–280 °C (with a peak value of 209 °C) and 1.40–6.16 wt% NaCl equiv., respectively. The late-stage minerals feature dominantly type I and type II inclusions, with homogenization temperatures and salinities of 109 °C–179 °C (with a peak value of 157 °C) and 0.53–3.23 wt% NaCl equiv., respectively. The initial ore-forming fluids of the Hongshi deposit were therefore associated with an H2O–NaCl system with a near-neutral pH, low–intermediate temperatures and low salinities. The oxygen and hydrogen stable isotopic analyses of FIs in quartz from the different ore-forming stages show that the ore-forming fluids were of volcanic origin, with gradually increasing proportions of meteoric water during/after mineralization. The δ34S values of chalcopyrite and pyrite from the main ore-forming stage vary between 1.9% and 11.9%, suggesting a volcanic source. The 3He/4He ratios of fluid inclusions in the main-stage pyrite mainly range from 0.12 to 1.40 Ra, and the 40Ar/36Ar values vary from 310 to 337. All these isotopic characteristics suggest that the ore fluids were likely derived from a combination of crustal and mantle components. Combining the integrated analysis of ore deposit geology, the fluid evolutionary process, and H–O–S–He–Ar isotopes, we suggest that the Hongshi deposit should be classified as a volcanic–subvolcanic hydrothermal copper deposit. Processes including local fluid unmixing, decreasing temperature and fluid mixing may have been responsible for the hydrothermal alteration and Cu precipitation.

The Hamadi gold deposit is located in North Sudan, and occurs in the Neoproterozoic metamorphic strata of the Arabian–Nubian Shield. Two types of gold mineralization can be discerned: gold-bearing quartz veins and altered rock ores near ductile shear zones. The gold-bearing quartz veins are composed of white to gray quartz associated with small amounts of pyrite and other polymetallic sulfide minerals. Wall-rock alterations include mainly beresitization, epidotization, chloritization, and carbonatization. CO2-rich inclusions are commonly seen in gold-bearing quartz veins and quartz veinlets from gold-bearing altered rocks; these include mainly one-phase carbonic (CO2 ± CH4 ± N2) inclusions and CO2–H2O inclusions with CO2/H2O volumetric ratios of 30% to ∼80%. Laser Raman analysis does not show the H2O peak in carbonic inclusions. In quartz veins, the melting temperature of solid CO2 (Tm,CO2) of carbonic inclusions has a narrow range of −59.6 to −56.8 °C. Carbonic inclusions also have CO2 partial homogenization temperatures (Th,CO2) of −28.3 to +23.7 °C, with most of the values clustering between +4.0 and +20 °C; all of these inclusions are homogenized into the liquid CO2 state. The densities range from 0.73 to 1.03 g/cm3. XCH4 of carbonic fluid inclusions ranges from 0.004 to 0.14, with most XCH4 around 0.05. In CO2–H2O fluid inclusions, Tm,CO2 values are recorded mostly at around −57.5 °C. The melting temperature of clathrate is 3.8–8.9 °C. It is suggested that the lowest trapping pressures of CO2 fluids would be 100 to ∼400 MPa, on the basis of the Th,CO2 of CO2-bearing one-phase (LCO2) inclusions and the total homogenization temperatures (Th,tot) of paragenetic CO2-bearing two-phase (LCO2–LH2O) inclusions. For altered rocks, the Tm,CO2 of the carbonic inclusions has a narrow range of −58.4 to ∼−57.0 °C, whereas the Th,CO2 varies widely (−19 to ∼+29 °C). Most carbonic inclusions and the carbonic phases in the CO2–H2O inclusions are homogenized to liquid CO2 phases, which correspond to densities of 0.70 to ∼1.00 g/cm3. Fluid inclusions in a single fluid inclusion assemblage (FIA) have narrow Tm,CO2 and Th,CO2 values, but they vary widely in different FIAs and non-FIAs, which indicates that there was a wide range of trapping pressure and temperature (P–T) conditions during the ore-forming process in late retrograde metamorphism after the metamorphism peak period. The carbonic inclusions in the Hamadi gold deposit are interpreted to have resulted from unmixing of an originally homogeneous aqueous–carbonic mixture during retrogress metamorphism caused by decreasing P–T conditions. CO2 contributed to gold mineralization by buffering the pH range and increasing the gold concentration in the fluids.

The recently discovered Huangtupo Cu–Zn deposit is located in the Dananhu–Tousuquan arc, East Tianshan, NW China. Orebodies are hosted in volcano-sedimentary rocks of the Late Ordovician–Early Silurian Daliugou Formation. The metallogenic physicochemistry, ore-forming fluids, and metallogenesis of the deposit were investigated through orebody features, fluid inclusion microthermometry, laser Raman spectroscopy, and synchrotron-radiation X-ray fluorescence (SRXRF). The results indicate that the deposit includes an upper sedimentary exhalative ore belt (stage I) as well as a lower vein-stockwork ore belt in a hydrothermal fluid supply channel (stage II) associated with silicification, chloritization, epidotization, pyrophyllitization, and beresitization alteration. The Re–Os isochron age of 429.5 ± 10 Ma obtained from primary chalcopyrite. The LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb age of 423.3 ± 2.9 Ma for the host hangingwall tuff. Fluid inclusion (FI) microthermometry and geological characteristics were applied to constrain hydrothermal processes and ore genesis. Quartz and barite were collected from the massive sulfide and vein ores for FI study. Four types of FI were identified: liquid-rich L-type, vapor-rich V-type, daughter-mineral-bearing S-type, and C-type containing CO2–H2O. Stage I barite FIs yield homogenization temperatures of 232–364 °C (peak value 265 °C), with salinities of 4.85–10.94 wt% NaCl equiv., whereas stage II quartz FIs yield temperatures of 270–400 °C (peak value 350 °C), with salinities of 2.41–13.72 wt% NaCl equiv (peak value 6.28 wt%). Laser Raman spectroscopy analyses of FI gas compositions indicate that the FIs contain mainly H2O with minor CO2 and N2. Initial ore-forming fluids comprise a medium-high-temperature, low-salinity system of hot evolved seawater that was cooled and diluted by mixing with cold seawater. Fluid mixing and local boiling would have facilitated mineralization. SRXRF analyses indicate that the liquid phase is enriched in Cu and Zn. The δ34S values of sulfide indicate that the sulfur was derived from the magma (host volcanic rocks). Oxygen and hydrogen isotopic data also imply that the ore-forming fluids were mainly derived from deep circulation of seawater, and mixed with minor magmatic fluids. The estimated trapping pressures for vein-stockwork mineralization fluids range from 20 to 60 bar (average 40 bar) at a depth of ~0.4 km. The ore fluids ascenting along faults and fracture networks at or near the seafloor played important roles in oreforming processes of the Huangtupo VMS Cu–Zn deposit.

A porphyritic granite intrusion was recently discovered in the Zhuanzhilian section of the Dongping gold deposit. There is as many as one tonnage of Au in the fractured shear zone within the porphyritic granite intrusion, but no relevant reports concerning the origin and age of the intrusion has been published as yet. In this paper, zircon U-Pb dating is used to study the geochronology of porphyritic granite, in order to find out the evidence of age and the relationship with gold mineralization. There are two groups of zircon 207Pb/235U-206Pb/238U concordant ages of porphyritic granites: The concordant age of 373.0 &plusmn, 3.5 Ma, with the weighted mean age of 373.0 &plusmn, 6.4 Ma, and the concordant age of 142.02 &plusmn, 1.2 Ma with the weighted mean age of 142.06 &plusmn, 0.84 Ma. We believe that the first group might represent the age of residual zircon of alkaline complex, while the second group might be related with main gold mineralization. The obtained results of the petrography and electron probe analysis indicate that the porphyritic quartz and porphyritic granite, as well as gold mineralization, might be products of a late replacement of tectonic-hydrothermal fluid, which was rich in Si, Na and K originally and later yielded gold-forming fluids.

利用密度泛函理论(Density Functional Theory, DFT)中杂化泛函(B3LYP)理论方法, 计算了CH 2 和CH 3 自由基吸附在Cu n ( n =1-6)团簇上时C—H对称伸缩振动模式的软化性质, 结果表明, CH 2 在Cu n 团簇上的吸附要比CH 3 的吸附强. 计算得到的C—H键的振动频率与实验上测量的这两个自由基吸附在Cu(111)表面的结果符合地很好, 随着团簇尺寸的增加, C—H对称伸缩振动频率的软化(红移)越来越大.

The Bailinchuan alkaline syenite (BAS) is located in the easternmost part of the Triassic alkaline magmatic belt along the northern North China Craton (NCC). Based on a detailed study of the zircon U&ndash, Pb age, petrological, and geochemical data of the complex, the characteristics of the magmas system, petrogenesis and the nature of mantle source provide new constraints on the origin and tectonic setting of the Triassic alkaline belt. The BAS is composed of alkaline syenite and/or aegirine-nepheline syenite, with zircon U&ndash, Pb age of 226&ndash, 229 Ma. Aegirine, Na-rich augite, biotite, orthoclase, and nepheline are the major minerals. Most of the zircons selected for the analysis show fine-scale to weak oscillatory growth zoning in CL images, suggesting a magmatic origin. Mineralogy, petrology and geochemical studies show that the parental magma of the BAS is SiO2-undersaturated, potassic, and is characterized by high contents of CaO, Fe2O3, K2O, Na2O. The BAS originated from a phlogopite-rich, enriched lithospheric mantle source in a garnet-stable area. The occurrence of the BAS, together with many other alkaline complexes of similar ages (235&ndash, 209 Ma) in the northern NCC during the Late Triassic implies that the lithospheric mantle beneath the northern NCC was previously metasomatized by melts/fluids. Bailinchuan Late Triassic syenites were formed in a post-collisional extensional setting, which provides time constraints on the major geodynamic setting at the northern NCC.

The ionization/dissociation mechanism of cyclopentanone has been experimentally investigated in molecular beam by irradiating with intense 394 and 788 nm laser fields with pulse duration of 90 fs. The range of laser intensities varied from 3 x 10(13) to 4 x 10(14) W/cm(2). For both wavelengths, the singly charged parent ion is observable while the doubly charged one cannot be found easily, although the fragmentation pattern supports its presence. Meanwhile, the extent of fragmentation at 788 nm is less than that in the 394 nm case. We quantitatively analyze the ionization processes of cyclopentanone in intense femtosecond laser by comparing the calculation results of ionization rate constants obtained from Ammosov-Delone-Krainov, Keldysh, and Keldysh-Faisal-Reiss (KFR) theories based on hydrogenlike atom model. We also compare the experimental and theoretical results; the generalized KFR theory is found to be useful in predicting the ionization yields of singly and doubly charged cyclopentanone ion. To interpret the dissociation patterns of the cyclopentanone ions, we have used the Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus theory with the potential surfaces obtained from the ab initio quantum chemical calculations.