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Alantolactone (Ala), a major sesquiterpene lactone extracted from Inula helenium, exerts potent anti-tumour activities in various cancers. However, the underlying mechanism of such activities is still ambiguous. This study focused on evaluating the anti-tumour effects and molecular mechanisms of Ala on HepG2 cells. Our results demonstrated that Ala might inhibit cellular proliferation, induce G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis in HepG2 cells. Specifically, this study confirmed that Ala induced G2/M phase arrest by upregulating p21, downregulating cyclin A1 and cyclin B1, and promoting cellular apoptosis by increasing the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and PARP. Furthermore, Ala caused an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and inhibition of ROS production significantly prevented Ala-induced apoptosis. Interestingly, the accumulation of ROS, in turn, suppressed the downstream AKT signalling. Finally, mitophagy of Ala-treated HepG2 cells was observed by Mito/Lyso staining. Mitophagy was significantly inhibited by downregulation of the expression of PINK1 and Parkin proteins. The inhibition of mitophagy by a mitophagy inhibitor was found to markedly enhance Ala-mediated apoptosis and growth inhibition in HepG2 cells. Consequently, Ala induced cellular apoptosis via ROS-mediated suppression of AKT signalling and inhibition of PINK1-mediated mitophagy. Thus, Ala has potential to be used for the treatment of liver cancer.

The functions, applications, developments and current application mode of IDS2.x system are generally introduced in this paper. Then the development mode of spacecraft based on IDS2.x system is described. The existing problems especially the information redundancy of mechanical interface and their effects are pointed out. A new solution is proposed by developing 3D-IDS system. The central functions of 3D-IDS system are shown in this study. A new application mode of 3D-IDS system is explored and described by showing how to fill in, countersign and apply with 3D-IDS file. The 2D drawing and sketch are removed from 3D-IDS system to avoid information redundancy of mechanical interface. The consistency between 3D model and the parameters of IDS file can be guaranteed by the interface tool. The efficiency of filling in, countersigning and applying has been improved significantly, which greatly promotes the coordination and total efficiency of spacecraft system design departments and equipment design departments.