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Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that significantly impacts patients’ quality of life. Recent evidence has highlighted a complex relationship between the gut microbiota (GM) and PD. Understanding this relationship is crucial for potentially targeting GM in PD treatment and expanding therapeutic options. This study aimed to comprehensively analyze the global landscape, trends, and research focus on GM and PD using bibliometric analysis. Utilizing publications from the Web of Science Core Collection (WsSCC), bibliometric tools such as the R package ‘Bibliometrix,’ VOS viewer, and CiteSpace software were employed to assess parameters like yearly publications, countries/regions, institutions, and authors. Research trends and hotspots were identified through keyword analysis. The results revealed 1,161 articles published between 2013-2023, with China leading in publications (n=352, 30.31% of total), while the United States had a higher influence (H-index=58). The University of California System was the top institution in terms of publications (n=35), with the National Natural Science Foundation of China funding the most projects (n=172). Keshavarzian A and Sampson TR were the authors with the highest publication and co-citation counts, respectively. The International Journal of Molecular Sciences had the most articles published (n=48). Keyword analysis identified parkinson’s disease, gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, inflammation, and probiotics as main research topics. Biomarkers, ketogenic diet, and NF-κB were recent research hotspots and trends (2021-2023). The current study conducts an objective and comprehensive analysis of these publications, identifying trends and hotspots in the field of research. The findings offer valuable insights to scholars globally and in-vestigate potential therapeutic strategies for Parkinson’s Disease.

Highlights High-quality large-area perovskite films are prepared using a solid–liquid two-step film formation method combined with CsBr modification for the buried interface and Urea additive for perovskite crystallization. The inverted perovskite solar modules’ performance is enhanced to 20.56% in 61.56 cm2 with improved stability.

BackgroundThe influencing factors of the process from latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) to the onset of active tuberculosis (TB) remain unknown among different population groups, especially among older individuals in high-incidence areas. This study aimed to investigate the development of active TB among older adults with LTBI and identify groups in greatest need of improved prevention and control strategies for TB.MethodsIn 2021, we implemented an investigation among older individuals (≥ 65 years old) in two towns in Zhejiang Province with the highest incidence of TB. All participants underwent assessment using standardized questionnaires, physical examinations, interferon-gamma release assays, and chest radiography. All the participants with suspected TB based on the clinical symptoms or abnormal chest radiography results, as well as those with LTBI, were referred for diagnostic investigation in accordance with the national guidelines. Those with an initial diagnosis of TB were then excluded, whereas those with LTBI were included in a follow-up at baseline. Incident patients with active TB were identified from the Chinese Tuberculosis Management Information System, and a multivariate Cox regression model was used to estimate the incidence and risk of TB among those with LTBI.ResultsIn total, 667 participants with LTBI were followed up for 1,315.3 person-years, revealing a disease density of 1,292.5 individuals/100,000 person-years (17/1,315.3). For those with LTBI, chest radiograph abnormalities had adjusted hazard ratios for active TB of 4.9 (1.6–15.3).ConclusionsThe presence of abnormal chest radiography findings increased the risk of active TB among older individuals with LTBI in high-epidemic sites in eastern China.

Abstract Purpose Tuberculosis is a high-burden disease and a major health concern in China, especially among children and adolescents. The purpose of this study was to assess risk factors for diagnostic delay in students with pulmonary tuberculosis in Quzhou City in eastern China. Patients and methods Cases of PTB in students and relevant information in Quzhou from 2011 to 2021 were collected using the TB Management Information System. The outcome of interest was diagnostic delay (i.e. ≥ 28 days between symptom onset and treatment initiation). Risk factors for diagnostic delay were identified using multivariable logistic regression. Results A total of 629 students in Quzhou were diagnosed with PTB during the study period, of whom 55.5% were male. The median diagnostic delay was 18 days (Inter Quartile Range, [IQR]: 8–38) and 38.0% of the students had a diagnostic delay. Living in a rural area (adjusted odds ratio, [AOR]: 1.56, 95% confidence interval [CI:] 1.11–2.19), developing PTB symptoms in the first quarter of the year (AOR: 2.18, 95% CI: 1.40–3.40), and no sputum smear result (AOR: 8.73, 95% CI: 1.68–45.30) were significantly associated with a diagnostic delay. Discovery through health examinations (AOR: 0.33, 95% CI: 0.17–0.63) was associated with reduced risk of diagnostic delay. Conclusion Schools in rural areas should pay special attention to increasing student awareness of the symptoms of tuberculosis and provide health education on tuberculosis prevention and control to students and staff.

Purposes Electrochemically switched ion permselective (ESIP) is a novel ion selective membrane separation technology, which has been applied for the efficient, continuous and selective separation of low-concentration target ions. However, the ion transfer in the ESIP membrane is disobedient to the Nernst-Planck theory, and the development of mass transfer model of ESIP contributes to the understanding of ESIP separation process. Methods In the ESIP membrane separation system, a modified Nernst-Planck model was proposed to study the mass transfer behavior in the dynamic field coupled with the double pulse potential on the membrane and the cell voltage on the electrode compartment. According to Donnan equilibrium and electroneutrality hypothesis, the steady state model of ion transfer in ESIP membrane separation process was established. The effects of current density, membrane thickness and ionic active site concentration on ion concentration and resistance distribution in membrane separation system were investigated by numerical simulation. Findings The results show that in the diffusion layer of feed solution and the membrane phase, the membrane thickness and the ionic active site concentration have great influence on the ion concentration distribution, and reducing the membrane thickness and increasing the ionic active site concentration are the main ways to improve the ion mass transfer. Under the influence of high current density, thin membrane and ionic active site concentration, resistance in the diffusion layer of feed solution plays a dominant role in the overall resistance, and the ion mass transfer rate can be increased by increasing the flow rate or decreasing the chamber thickness. Conclusions At low current density and thick membrane, the resistance of Donnan layer plays a dominant role, and the ion mass transfer rate is improved by increasing the ionic active sites of the membrane.

A novel poly(ether block amide) (PEBA) based solid-state polymer electrolyte (SPE) was prepared using a casting method, in which 20wt% lithium (Li) bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles were used as the Li salt and solid plasticizer, respectively. In the case of addition of 3wt% Al2O3 nanoparticles, ion conductivity of the obtained PEBA 2533–20wt% LiTFSI-3wt% Al2O3 SPE was 3.57 × 10−5 S cm−1 at 25 °C. Furthermore, the Li symmetrical battery assembled with it showed excellent cycling stability (1000 h) at 0.1 mA cm−2. While, the assembled all-solid-state Li/PEBA 2533–20% LiTFSI-3wt% Al2O3/LiFePO4 (areal capacity: 0.15 mAh cm−2) battery maintained 94.9% of the maximal capacity (133.9 mAh g−1@0.1 mA cm−2) at 60 °C even after 650 cycles with a superior average coulombic efficiency (CE) of 99.84%. By using X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS), self-aggregation layer (SAL) of polyamide 12 (PA12) of PEBA 2533 was discovered, which should contribute to promoting the robustness of lithium fluoride (LiF) enriched solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer. In addition, it is considered that the state of interface between SPE and cathode should be the cause of voltage polarization of the full cell.

As a new type of green solvent with non-volatility, high thermal stability, high conductivity and various adjustable properties, ionic liquid (IL) has been widely used in the capture and electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2). To date, many studies have been made to investigate CO2 capture by using different types of ILs and CO2 electrochemical reduction (CO2ER) with ILs as either electrolyte or other catalytic active components. Some structure–activity relationships between the structure and adsorption or catalytic properties of ILs have been found. Herein, the absorption performances and mechanisms of conventional ILs, amino-functionalized ILs, non-amino functionalized ILs and supported ILs for CO2 capture, as well as the performances and action mechanisms of ILs as the electrolyte, electrolyte additive, and/or electrode modifier in the process of CO2ER are summarized. Many researches indicate that the unique interaction between the anion or cation of IL and CO2 has a significant contribution to promote the absorption and conversion of CO2. However, the ILs used for CO2 capture and electrochemical reduction should be further explored. Especially, a more in-depth investigation of the adsorption and catalytic mechanisms with the help of quantum chemical calculation, molecular simulation, and in situ characterization techniques is necessary. It is expected to design and develop more efficient ILs used for CO2 capture and conversion on a large scale.

Currently, Sanghuangporus vaninii, a large edible fungus of significant interest, is primarily utilized in its entirety for functional food. To unlock its potential as a health food, this study investigates its polysaccharide composition. We first analyzed the structural characteristics of the Sanghuangporus vaninii polysaccharide, then examined its therapeutic effect on ulcerative colitis (UC) in mice, identified the bioactivity of its acidic polysaccharide fraction (SVP-A-3), and investigated its anti-inflammatory mechanism. We purified SVP-A-3, which has a molecular weight of 3.3 kDa and primarily consists of Gal, Glc, Man and GlcA. The specific rotation degree of SVP-A-3 is +18°, and its structure is right-handed. In vivo, results indicated that SVP-A-3 reduced glandular loss and intestinal mucosal tissue damage in mouse colons and decreased the number of inflammatory factors in colon tissue. The expression of p-AKT, p-ERK1/2, p-JNK1/2, p-p38, and p-p65 was down-regulated in the colon of C57BL/6 mice treated with SVP-A-3. Its specific mechanism may be associated with the regulation of NF-κB, MAPK, and AKT signaling pathways. Furthermore, in this paper, we found that SVP-A-3 could modulate the intestinal microenvironment and could significantly increase the abundance of probiotic Anaerostipes, Lactobacillus and Muribaculaceae. We concluded that SVP-A-3 demonstrated superior anti-inflammatory effects in in vivo animal experiments and has high exploitation potential. Our results provide important structural information about SVP and provide the basis for their further development and application.

The construction of electroactive ion separation membranes with dual functions of electron and ion transfer is a key technology in the field of electronchemically switched ion permselectivity membrane (ESIPM) separation. In this paper, CNT/CNF composite membranes with three-dimensional porous structure in submicron scale were prepared by blending and filtration of conducting carbon nanotubes (CNT) and cellulose nanofibers (CNF). Using CNT/CNF composite membranes as conductive base membrane, the SPS/CNT/CNF composite membrane with dual electron and ion transfer function was prepared by in situ filling of sulfonated polystyrene (SPS) with cation exchange function into the nano-micron channel of CNT/CNF without destroying the structure of CNT crosslinking network through solution penetration strategy. The structure and properties of CNT/CNF membrane were characterized by SEM, XRD, FTIR, and contact angle test. The ion separation performance of CNT/CNF membrane and SPS/CNT/CNF membrane was systematically compared on an electrodrive membrane separation tester. The results show that the SPS/CNT/CNF composite membrane has the cation separation ability equivalent to commercial ion exchange membrane, and has excellent electrical conductivity with an electrical conductivity 7 orders of magnitude higher than that of traditional inert ion exchange membrane. In addition, the SPS/CNT/CNF composite membrane also has excellent electrochemical activity, hydrophilicity, and stability. This study provides a novel synthesis strategy for the preparation of high performance ESIPM.

Currently, CO2 conversion and utilization have become a key to mitigate the global warming. In this study, a novel separate-type autothermal dry reforming of methane (S-ATDRM) system is proposed and simulated, in which the methane dry reforming combined with methane partial oxidation is performed in a circulating fluidized bed with exergy recuperation to eliminate the negative effect of the products of CH4 partial oxidation on the DRM reaction and further improve the CO2 conversion efficiency. The results demonstrate that this S-ATDRM system can achieve an exergy efficiency of 84.7 %, and about 1055.7 kW of exergy can be recuperated from the process for crude syngas cooling and reapplied for pre-heating of feedstocks of CO2, O2 and CH4. It is found that the largest exergy destruction in this system occurs in the partial oxidation reactor, which occupies ca. 45.6 % of the whole exergy loss. Comparing with the conventional ATDRM system, although the exergy of S-ATDRM system is decreased by approximately 0.3 %, the CO2 conversion is substantially increased by about 11.3 %.

LiV3O8 with nanorod structure was prepared by hydrothermal-solid method. In this work, the structure and morphology of LiV3O8 were characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM, XPS, etc., and the electrochemically switched ion exchange (ESIX) performance of LiV3O8 synthesized at different calcination temperatures was investigated. The experiment results show that LiV3O8 calcined at 500 ℃ had evenly nanorod morphological structure and the best electrochemical performance. The lithium ion adsorption capacity of LiV3O8 film reached 36.36 mg/g at 100 mg/L Li+ solution by ESIX technology. Moreover, LiV3O8 exhibited high selectivity and stability towards Li+. The selectivity factors of Li+/K+ and Li+/Mg2+ reached 38.43 and 4.75, respectively, when the initial molar ratios of Li+/K+/Mg2+ is 1∶1∶1. The lithium ion adsorption capacity of LiV3O8 film still maintained 98.3% of the initial value after 5 cycles.

The composition of metal organic framework materials and conductive polymers has attracted much attention in the field of materials, and theoretical calculations play an indispensable role in understanding the micro-structure and adsorption mechanism of the new materials. The pyrrole adsorption onto MIL-101 was saturated by dipping method, and the drying time of MIL-101/Py was controlled to regulate the content of pyrrole in the cavity of MIL-101 by taking advantage of the volatile characteristics of pyrrole at room temperature. This lays the foundation for the precise design of MIL-101 aperture. Combined with molecular dynamics simulation, it is found that at low loading, pyrrole monomers are distributed on the edge of MIL-101 cage, and gradually aggregated towards the center as the loading increases, while it is difficult for pyrrole monomers to enter when the loading is too large. Simulation auxiliary experiments show that filling of polymer monomers in MIL-101 can optimize the pore structure, and the MOF/polymer composite lays the foundation for ion-selective separation based on the pore size sieving effect. The interaction between MIL-101 and pyrrole was explored by DFT method. The order of the adsorption strength of each part in MIL-101 towards pyrrole is Cr3O-O>Cr3O-F>CH-π/NH-π>Cr3O-Cr, and judged by the adsorption energy, the adsorption between pyrrole and MIL-101 is physical adsorption.

The downer is a promising pyrolyzer, but the low solid holdup restricts the improvement of heat transfer rate. In this regard, this paper proposed the concept of centrifugal double vortex fast pyrolyzer (CDVFP) to solve it. The spatial and temporal characteristics and heat transfer process of gas-solid two-phase in CDVFP were studied by computational fluid dynamics coupled discrete element method (CFD-DEM). The results show that the weakening of the double vortex “flow” by the centrifugal force “field” causes the reversal of gas-solid momentum exchange law. Above the vortex tail, the airflow structure is close to the Rankine vortex, and the airflow transfers momentum to particles; below the vortex tail, the gas velocity is lower than the particle velocity, and the direction of momentum transfer is reversed. The “field” gathers the particles on the wall of vessel, and the “flow” slows down the particles' downward velocity, thereby increasing local solid holdup. Although the uniformity of binary particle mixing in CDVFP is lower than that of conventional downer, the heat transfer rate is higher and the heat loss is less, so the equipment height can be reduced by about 3/4. The synergistic effect of centrifugal force “field” and double vortex “flow” enhances the heat transfer between binary particles in the descending bed.

Pyrolysis technology has received increasing attention in recent years due to its great potential in the field of low-rank coal clean and efficient conversion. Since pyrolysis reaction is very fast and prone to overreaction, the downer-type reactor is considered as a pyrolyzer due to its unique plug flow reactor characteristics. However, the low solids holdup, which is not beneficial for the fast heat transfer, limits its industrial application. Thus, how to realize high-density operation is crucial to the successful application of the downer reactor. Herein, the definition and strategies of high-density operation in the downer were introduced at first. And then, considering the increasing influence of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in the fluidization industry, the state-of-the-art progress in downer simulation was reviewed, in which the newly developed drag models for downers were carefully discussed and compared. Also, to help prediction of the pyrolysis behaviors, the widely used pyrolysis kinetic models were systematically summarized. Combined with the potential of the downer in the field of coal pyrolysis, the relevant research progress of hot-state simulation of the downer pyrolyzer were introduced and analyzed. Finally, the suggestions on how to carry out follow-up work were given. It is expected that this review could give a better understanding for designing and optimizing downer pyrolyzer.

Diagnosis and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is critical to tuberculosis (TB) control. Identifying the risk factors associated with LTBI can contribute to developing an optimized strategy for LTBI management. We conducted a survey of adults aged 65 years and older living in rural areas in Zhejiang Province during July 2021, followed by a one-year follow-up period to determine TB incidence. Participants underwent a physical examination and 5–6 mL of blood was drawn to test for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection A total of 1856 individuals participated in the study, of whom 50.5% were men and 80.1% were married. Most participants (96.8%) often opened windows for ventilation at home. One-third (33.4%) of participants had abnormal chest radiographs and 34.9% had LTBI. Nine participants (0.5%) developed active TB patients during the one-year follow-up period. People who frequented closed entertainment places such as chess and card rooms had a relatively high percentage of LTBI (39.5%). Factors associated with a higher risk of LTBI in multivariable logistic regression analysis included being male (odds ratio [OR]:1.32; 95% confidence interval [CI] =:1.01-1.72), smoking (OR: 1.43; 95% CI:1.04-1.97), not opening windows for ventilation at home frequently (OR: 1.88; 95% CI: 1.10–3.22), and abnormal chest radiographs (OR; 1.48; 95% CI; 1.20–1.81). LTBI was prevalent among the elder adults living in high-epidemic rural areas of TB in Zhejiang province. Men, people who smoke, and people without the habit of ventilating at home should be targeted for LTBI screening to accelerate the decline of the TB epidemic in Zhejiang Province.

A high-density array of ZIF-9 was grown on the carbon fiber of carbon paper by a solvothermal method, followed by one-step pyrolysis and reoxidation to form a ZIF-9 based porous carbon/carbon fiber conductive composite material. SEM, TEM, EDS, XRD, XPS, and BET characterization results show that the materials prepared at different oxidation times had the same morphology and composition; With the increase of oxidation time, the pore size shows the tendency of unimodal porous carbon→bimodal porous carbon→unimodal porous carbon. The galvanostatic charge/discharge, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance measurements show that the specific discharge capacity and cycle stability of the battery increased first and then decreased with increasing oxidation time. When the oxidation time was 2 h, the prepared C-N-Co3O4(2)/CP material was bimodal porous carbon with the most probable pore diameter of 2.0 nm, and its battery had the best specific capacitance and cycle stability. Porous carbon with suitable pore size and bimodal pores can improve battery capacity and stability.

Introduction of vacancies is a promising route to enhance the performance of electrocatalysts by tuning the electronic structure and bonding energy. Here, the influence of ultrasound treatment on the O vacancies formation and interlayer spacing in NiFe layered double hydroxide (LDH) was investigated. It is found that the strong ultrasound treatment results in rich O vacancies on the surface of NiFe LDH, which affect the electrocatalysis performance. Besides, the ultrasound treated NiFe LDH electrocatalysts had a reduced thickness with a hexagonal nanosheet morphology and expanded interlayer distance, which could promote the diffusion of reactant and generated gas. When the obtained defect-rich NiFe LDH electrocatalyst prepared by a 10-min ultrasonic treatment was applied to catalyze oxygen evolution reaction (OER), only 194 mV of overpotential was needed to maintain a current density of 10 mA·cm−2.

In this study, a ternary blend modifier (TBM) was prepared with RPE, RPP, and various dosages of PP-g-MAH (i.e., 0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 9% by weight of RPE and RPP) by a twin-screw extruder. The performance of TBM (4% by weight of asphalt) modified asphalt was studied, with the increase of PP-g-MAH content, the penetration decreases gradually, but softening point and viscosity increases and ductility exists minimum value at 7% content, with the increasing of PP-g-MAH percentage, the dynamic rheological properties show that |G*| increases, while the δ and |G*|cosδ decrease, and the fatigue performance (|G*|sinδ) of TBM modified asphalt is worse than virgin asphalt. Dynamic stability test shows that TBM shows the prominent high-temperature properties of a modified (asphalt mixture. BBR test indicates that the m-value of asphalt modified with TBM does not fulfill the requirements (m-value>0.3) except at 5% and 7%, but the S meets the standard requirements (S < 300 MPa), and increases from 0% to 7%, then decreases slightly. In order to illuminate possible reasons, a chemical reaction (ester compounds generated) and physical twines of concerned polymer molecules were put forward, and the results were confirmed by infrared analysis.

A series of hetero-metal (Ni, Mn, and Cu) doped Co-based catalysts were prepared by a unipolar pulse electro-deposition (UPED) method and applied for the catalytic combustion of toluene. It is found that hetero-metal doping significantly influenced the morphology and surface elemental compositions of Co-based catalysts, and the increase in the contents of Ni and Mn elements made a negative influence on the catalyst structure. H2-TPR and O2-TPD analysis results suggested that the hetero-metal doping enhanced the low temperature reducibility and resulted in the formation of lattice defects, which were favorable to generate more easily reducible species and facilitate the oxygen mobility, thereby improved the performance for the catalytic combustion of toluene. Especially, the Co-Cu/NF catalyst performed the best catalytic activity with the lowest toluene conversion temperature of T90 at 248 °C, which should be contributed by its low-temperature reducibility, increased surface and lattice oxygen species, and high content of active Co3+ species promoted by the interaction of the mixed metal oxides. Moreover, the Co-Cu/NF also performed excellent catalytic stability and high selectivity to CO2 in the presence and absence of water vapor for the catalytic combustion of toluene for a long term.

Mn–Co mixed oxides were electrodeposited on Cu nanowires generated on Cu foam (CF) and used for effectively catalytic oxidation of toluene. The physical and chemical properties of the prepared catalysts were characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD, H2-TPR, O2-TPD and XPS. It is found that the Mn–Co mixed metal oxides were uniformly coated on the Cu nanowires by the electrochemical method, whose Mn/Co ratio can be tuned by adjusting the molar ratio of Mn/Co in the initial solution for the electrodeposition. The intimate contact between Mn and Co nanocrystals was found by HRTEM, which is important for realizing synergetic effects on improving catalytic activity. Meanwhile, the formation of the active surface oxygen species and the increase of the active species of Mn4+ and Co3+ were considered to make significant contribution to the catalytic oxidation of toluene. Mn–Co mixed metal oxide catalysts exhibited higher performance than the single metal oxide, and especially 0.10Mn–0.01Co/CF catalyst with the Mn/Co molar ratio of 10:1 in the initial solution for the electrodeposition achieved the highest catalytic activity with a low toluene conversion temperature (T90%) of 251 °C, and displayed excellent catalytic stability even in the presence of water vapor. It is expected that such a simply-electrodeposited mixed metal oxides based catalysts could be applied for the oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in a practical process.

A solid oxygen carrier is usually applied in a chemical looping conversion process to transfer oxygen from the gaseous oxygen source to the fuel, which can avoid the direct contact of these two reactants and hence decrease the energy penalty of separation. Among the solid oxygen carriers, iron-based oxygen carrier is an attractive option due to its inherent properties of low cost and environmentally-friendly. Several processes such as chemical looping combustion (CLC), chemical looping gasification (CLG), chemical looping reforming (CLR), and chemical looping hydrogen generation (CLHG) have been proposed and investigated based on the iron-based oxygen carrier. In this review, the relevant researches on the iron-based oxygen carrier are summarized, which include the characteristics of iron oxides, the preparations of the iron-based oxygen carrier based on the iron ores and some other low-cost iron contained materials, and their applications in the continuous operated chemical looping conversion processes. It is expected to provide a better understanding for the development and utilization of iron-based oxygen carrier in the practical chemical looping processes. Keywords: Chemical looping, Oxygen carrier, Iron oxide, CO2, Hydrogen, Reforming

Abstract This work reports a novel approach for the synthesis of FeCo alloy nanoparticles (NPs) embedded in the N,P‐codoped carbon coated nitrogen‐doped carbon nanotubes (NPC/FeCo@NCNTs). Specifically, the synthesis of NCNT is achieved by the calcination of graphene oxide‐coated polystyrene spheres with Fe3+, Co2+ and melamine adsorbed, during which graphene oxide is transformed into carbon nanotubes and simultaneously nitrogen is doped into the graphitic structure. The NPC/FeCo@NCNT is demonstrated to be an efficient and durable bifunctional catalyst for oxygen evolution (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). It only needs an overpotential of 339.5 mV to deliver 10 mA cm−2 for OER and an onset potential of 0.92 V to drive ORR. Its bifunctional catalytic activities outperform those of the composite catalyst Pt/C + RuO2 and most bifunctional catalysts reported. The experimental results and density functional theory calculations have demonstrated that the interplay between FeCo NPs and NCNT and the presence of N,P‐codoped carbon structure play important roles in increasing the catalytic activities of the NPC/FeCo@NCNT. More impressively, the NPC/FeCo@NCNT can be used as the air‐electrode catalyst, improving the performance of rechargeable liquid and flexible all‐solid‐state zinc–air batteries.

Recently, nanocellulose and its applications gain high attraction in both research and industrial areas due to its attractive properties such as excellent mechanical properties, high surface area, rich hydroxyl groups for modification, and natural properties with 100% environmental friendliness. In this review, the background of nanocellulose originated from lignocellulosic biomass and the typical extraction methods and general applications are summarized, in which the nanocellulose extraction methods related to ball milling are mainly introduced. Also, an outlook on its future is given. It is expected to provide guidance on the effective extraction of nanocellulose from biomass and its most possible applications in the future. Keywords: Biomass, Cellulose, Nanocellulose fiber, Extraction, Application, Outlook

The poor discharge and charge capacities, and the cycle performance of current Li–air batteries represent critical obstacles to their practical application. The fabrication of an integrated structural air electrode with stable parallel micropore channels and excellent electrocatalytic activity is an efficient strategy for solving these problems. Herein, a novel approach involving the synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube (N-CNT) arrays on a carbon paper substrate with a conductive carbon-black layer for use as the air electrode is presented. This design achieves faster oxygen, lithium ion, and electron transfer, which allows higher oxygen reduction/evolution reaction activities. As a result, the N-CNT arrays (N/C = 1:20) deliver distinctly higher discharge and charge capacities, 2203 and 186 mAh g−1, than those of active carbons with capacities of 497 and 71 mAh g−1 at 0.05 mA cm−2, respectively. A theoretical analysis of the experimental results shows that the parallel micropore channels of the air electrode decrease oxygen diffusion resistance and lithium ion transfer resistance, enhancing the discharge and charge capacities and cycle performance of Li–air batteries. Additionally, the N-CNT arrays with a high pyridinic nitrogen content can decompose the lithium peroxide product and recover the electrode morphology, thereby further improving the discharge–charge performance of Li–air batteries.

Despite an increased interest in sustainable energy conversion systems, there have been limited studies investigating the electrocatalytic reaction mechanism of methanol oxidation on Ni-based amorphous materials in alkaline media. A thorough understanding of such mechanisms would aid in the development of amorphous catalytic materials for methanol oxidation reactions. In the present work, amorphous Ni-B and Ni-B-Co nanoparticles were prepared by a simple chemical reduction, and their electrocatalytic properties were investigated by cyclic voltammetry measurements. The diffusion coefficients (D0) for Ni-B, Ni-B-Co0.02, Ni-B-Co0.05, and Ni-B-Co0.1 nanoparticles were calculated to be 1.28 × 10−9, 2.35 × 10−9, 4.48 × 10−9 and 2.67 × 10−9 cm2 s−1, respectively. The reaction order of methanol in the studied transformation was approximately 0.5 for all studied catalysts, whereas the reaction order of the hydroxide ion was nearly 1. The activation energy (Ea) values of the reaction were also calculated for the Ni-B and Ni-B-Co nanoparticle systems. Based on our kinetic studies, a mechanism for the methanol oxidation reaction was proposed which involved formation of an electrocatalytic layer on the surface of amorphous Ni−B and Ni-B-Co nanoparticles. And methanol and hydroxide ions could diffuse freely through this three-dimensional porous conductive layer.