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The photoionization and dissociative photoionization of m-xylene (C8H10) were researched by using synchrotron radiation vacuum ultraviolet (SR-VUV) and supersonic expanding molecular beam reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer (RFTOF-MS) system. The photoionization efficiency spectra (PIEs) of parent ion C8H10+ and main fragment ions C8H9+ and C7H7+ were observed, and the ionization energy (IE) of m-xylene and appearance energies (AEs) of main fragment ions C8H9+ and C7H7+ were determined to be 8.60±0.03 eV, 11.76±0.04 eV and 11.85±0.05 eV, respectively. Structures of reactant, transition states (TSs), intermediates (INTs), and products involved in two dominant dissociation channels were optimized at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level, and the relative energies were calculated at the G3 level. Based on the results, two major dissociative photoionization channels, C7H7++CH3 and C8H9++H were calculated at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level. On the basis of theoretical and experimental results, the dissociative photoionization mechanisms of m-xylene were proposed. The C–H or C–C bond dissociation and hydrogen migration are the main processes in the dissociation channels of m-xylene cation.

PurposeDifferent information sharing mechanisms and online platform information sharing to different charging models are compared and analyzed.Design/methodology/approachThis paper uses the Stackelberg game model to study the demand information sharing and pricing decisions.FindingsThe results show that: (1) the retailer's pricing strategy is the highest when both of them obtain information, while the manufacturer's pricing strategy is affected by the related attributes of different products, such as the sensitivity of consumers to product prices; (2) in the online platform sales model, the demand information data sharing owned by the online platform can bring more expected profits to the whole supply chain and the members of the supply chain, and the higher the accuracy of the information, the higher the expected profit; (3) when the cost of obtaining demand information is zero, that is, the online platform shares the information data about market demand free of charge, the retailer and manufacturer tend to obtain information; (4) for the online platform, charging a certain fee can achieve higher expected profits than free sharing.Originality/valueBased on the single platform online sales model, this paper uses the Stackelberg game model to study the demand information sharing and pricing decision of a manufacturer and a retailer selling products through the same online platform.

PurposeThis paper studies how government subsidies (GS) and extended warranties (EW) feed decision-making about low-quality recycled used products (RUP) in closed-loop supply chains (CLSC).Design/methodology/approachThe authors use the Stackelberg game and numerical simulation to analyze how the quality of RUP affects decision-making about remanufacturing and EW.FindingsThe results show that (1) low-quality RUP will weaken the environmental and economic value of EW and harm the profits of the CLSC, and the retailer is more vulnerable to low-quality RUP than the manufacturer; (2) the participation of GS can weaken the negative impact of low-quality RUP on the CLSC, while the participation of EW cannot; (3) the participation of GS or EW can increase the recycling rate of used products and revenues of the CLSC; (4) the linkage of the two can further enhance the economic and environmental value of EW and significantly improve the resource utilization efficiency and benefits of the CLSC.Originality/valueThe authors study the impact of GS, EW and the linkage between the two on resource utilization and revenue of the CLSC.

Graphene/graphene nanoribbons hybrid aerogel (GA/GNRs) was prepared via a hydrothermal process by using graphene oxide as precursor, and the graphene oxide nanoribbons unzipped from multi-walled carbon nanotubes were compound together. Various techniques were used to investigate the morphology, surface properties and structure of aerogel samples. Besides, the adsorption properties of the hybrid aerogel for the removal of U(VI) were further studied. The results showed that GNRs was grafted on the surface of graphene, and the specific surface area and porous pores structure were enhanced. The adsorption process of hybrid aerogel for U(VI) was pH-dependent, rapid, spontaneous and endothermic, and the maximum adsorption capacity for U(VI) was calculated to be 327.8 mg/g, which is expected to separate uranium from wastewater.

Enhancements of edge zonal flows, radial electric fields, and turbulence are observed in electron cyclotron resonance heating-heated plasmas (Zhao et al 2013 Nucl. Fusion 53 083011). In this paper, the effects of sawtooth heat pulses on flows and turbulence are presented. These experiments are performed using multiple Langmuir probe arrays in the edge plasmas of the HL-2A tokamak. The edge zonal flows, radial electric fields, and turbulence are all enhanced by sawteeth. Propagation of the zonal flow and turbulence intensities is also observed. The delay time of the maximal intensity of the electric fields, zonal flows, and turbulence with respect to the sawtooth crashes is estimated as ∼1 ms and comparable to that of the sawtooth-triggered intermediate phases. Not only the zonal flows but also the radial electric fields lag behind the turbulence. Furthermore, the intensities of both the zonal flows and electric fields nearly linearly increase/decrease with the increase/decrease of the turbulence intensity. A double-source predator–prey model analysis suggests that a relatively strong turbulence source may contribute to the dominant zonal flow formation during sawtooth cycles.

Purpose This paper aims to propose a two-period model, including an original manufacturer, a retailer and a third-party remanufacturer, in which the products manufactured by the original manufacturer are patent-protected and the remanufacturing degree of remanufactured products influences the purchasing decisions of consumers. Design/methodology/approach This paper analyzes the decisions of the original manufacturer, the retailer and the third-party remanufacturer of two periods, using Stackelberg game and obtains the equilibrium solutions of the three parties. Findings The study finds that consumers’ focus degree to the remanufacturing degree has a negative correlation with the equilibrium unit patent-licensing fee, the retail price of remanufactured products, the remanufacturing degree of remanufactured products and the wholesale price of new products in the first period, but has a positive correlation with the retail price of new products in the second period. Originality/value (1) Consumers’ focus degree to the remanufacturing degree has a negative correlation with the equilibrium unit patent-licensing fee, the retail price of remanufactured products, the remanufacturing degree of remanufactured products and the wholesale price of new products in the first period, but has a positive correlation with the retail price of new products in the second period. (2) The remanufacturing action efficiency of the third-party remanufacturer has a positive correlation with the equilibrium unit patent-licensing fee, the retail price of remanufactured products, the remanufacturing degree of remanufactured products and the wholesale and retail prices of new products in the second period.

In recent years, the market economy has been booming, and the demand of consumers has begun to become diversified. Consumers’ preferences for products, the sensitivity of product prices, and other factors can often affect the market demand and also make enterprises realize the importance of consumer preferences. The decision-making model of the supply chain with consumer preference composed of a retailer and a third-party presale platform is established, and we analyze the implementation of a single presale model, a single spot-sale model, and decision-making models under the “presale and sale” mode. The equilibrium strategy of centralized decision and decentralized decision under the mode of “presale and sale” is compared, and the influence of the proportion of informed consumers and the exogenous variables of cross-period discount on supply chain decision is further analyzed. The coordination strategy of the decentralized decision supply chain under the mode of “presale and sale” is put forward, and the coordinated operation among supply chain members is realized. The results show that compared with other sales models, the “presale and spot-sale” model is more beneficial to the profit of the supply chain.

Ar + H2 plasma interacting with liquid lithium was carried out on a one-cathode linear plasma device (SCU-PSI). The lithium sample was covered with capillary porous structure (CPS). It is found that the electron temperature of applied plasma ranged from ~0–1 eV and electron density ranged from 0.1 × 1020 to 1 × 1020 m−3. The experimental results indicate that a reduction in the electron temperature and the lithium evaporation is found as the percentage of H2 increases When the ratio of argon and hydrogen keeps constant, the electron temperature and lithium evaporation increase with applied input power, respectively. The retention of hydrogen atoms in lithium surface results in reducing the lithium evaporation. The XRD analysis result shows that during plasma radiation no LiH is formed.

Formation of lithium vapor cloud occurs above lithium surface as temperature goes up. Experiments devoted to investigating lithium vapor cloud interacting with expanding argon plasma under applied electric field have been carried out in a linear plasma device. Lithium spectrum has been characterized by utilizing optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and many emission lines of lithium atoms have been observed, including Li_670.78 nm (1.9 eV), Li_610.36 nm (3.87 eV), Li_460.30 nm (4.54 eV) and Li_323.26 nm (3.83 eV). Enhanced erosion of lithium surface caused by surface adatoms was found when bias is high, its effective adatoms sublimation energy was calculated to be 1.72 eV at the high temperature through Arrhenius plot in enhanced region. The surface temperature of liquid lithium has been monitored by a thermocouple. Since incident argon ion energy has been elevated due to the applied electric field acceleration, the temperature of lithium surface will have different behaviors with different biases, and it turns out that the temperature has a linear relation with bias, about an increase of 16–17 °C per 5 V bias voltage. By calculating evaporation power, excitation power and ionization power, indicating that at temperatures above 700–800 °C, heat flux dissipated in the lithium vapor can have a huge meaningful decrease.

Assembling graphene oxide nanoribbons (GONRs) into three-dimensional (3D) materials with controllable and desired structure is an effective way to expand their structural features and enable their practical applications. In this work, an ultralight 3D porous amidoxime functionalized graphene oxide nanoribbons aerogel (PAO/GONRs-A) was prepared via solvothermal polymerization method using acrylonitrile as monomer and GONRs as solid matrices for selective separation of uranium(VI) from water samples. The PAO/GONRs-A possessed a high nitrogen content (13.5%), low density (8.5 mg cm−3), and large specific surface area (494.9 m2 g−1), and presented an excellent high adsorption capacity of uranium, with a maximum capacity of 2.475 mmol g−1 at a pH of 4.5, and maximum uranium-selectivity of 65.23% at a pH of 3.0. The results of adsorption experiments showed that U(VI) adsorption on PAO/GONRs-A was a pH-dependent, spontaneous and endothermic process, which was better fitted to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model. Both X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that U(VI) adsorption on PAO/GONRs-A mainly did rely on the amidoxime groups anchored on the aerogel while UO2(PAO)2(H2O)3 was dominant after interaction of uranyl with PAO/GONRs-A. Therefore, as a candidate adsorbent, PAO/GONRs-A has a high potential for the removal of uranium from aqueous solutions.

A single cathode linear plasma device has been designed and constructed to investigate the interactions between plasma and materials at the Sichuan University. In order to further investigate the Ohmic power of the device, the output heat load on the specimen and electric potential difference (between cathode and anode) have been tested under different discharge currents. This special power distribution in the radial direction of the plasma discharge channel has also been discussed and described by some improved integral equations in this paper; it can be further simplified as P ∝ α−2 in one-parameter. Besides, we have measured the power loss of the channel under different discharge currents by the calorimetric method, calculated the effective power of the device and evaluated the performances of the plasma device through the power efficiency analysis.

A single cathode with a cascaded bias voltage arc plasma source has been developed with a new quartz cathode chamber, instead of the previous copper chambers, to provide better diagnostic observation and access to the plasma optical emission. The cathode chamber cooling scheme is also modified to be naturally cooled only by light emission without cooling water to improve the optical thin performance in the optical path. A single-parameter physical model has been developed to describe the power dissipated in the cascaded bias voltage arc discharge argon plasmas, which have been investigated by utilizing optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and Langmuir probe. In the experiments, discharge currents from 50 A to 100 A, argon flow rates from 800 sccm to 2000 sccm and magnetic fields of 0.1 T and 0.2 T were chosen. The results show: (a) the relationship between the averaged resistivity and the averaged current density exhibits an empirical scaling law as and the power dissipated in the arc has a strong relation with the filling factor; (b) through the quartz, the argon ions optical emission lines have been easily observed and are dominating with wavelengths between 340 nm and 520 nm, which are the emissions of Ar+−434.81 nm and Ar+−442.60 nm line, and the intensities are increasing with the arc current and decreasing with the inlet argon flow rate; and (c) the electron density and temperature can reach 2.0 × 1019 m−3 and 0.48 eV, respectively, under the conditions of an arc current of 90 A and a magnetic field of 0.2 T. The half-width of the ne radial profile is approximatively equal to a few Larmor radii of electrons and can be regarded as the diameter of the plasma jet in the experiments.

In this paper, a closed-loop supply chain consisting of a manufacturer, a retailer and a third-party remanufacturer responsible for collecting used products and remanufacturing is constructed. Considering the quality level of remanufactured products, four kinds of closed-loop supply chain alliance structure models are constructed. The optimal equilibrium decisions of these four models are compared and analyzed. The optimal decisions of the models are verified by numerical analysis. Furthermore, the impacts of the quality of remanufactured products and the decision influence of the third-party remanufacturer in the alliance on the remanufacturer’s decision are further analyzed. The results show that remanufactured products are competitive with new products, and the improvement of the remanufactured product quality will reduce the market demand of new products. The equilibrium decision of the closed-loop supply chain is affected by the alliance behavior of members in the closed-loop supply chain and the quality level of remanufactured products. The higher the decision concentration of the closed-loop supply chain is, the more favorable the supply chain is; the higher the remanufacturing quality level is, the more favorable the supply chain is, and the alliance decision of the third-party remanufacturer is affected by the quality level of remanufactured products and the decision-making influence of the third-party remanufacturer in the alliance structure. We find that the improvement of the concentration degree of closed-loop supply chain decision can benefit the supply chain by improving the remanufacturing quality level, which has direct effect on the alliance decision of the third-party remanufacturer. In most cases, the choice of the alliance is the dominant decision of the third-party remanufacturer.

This paper studies the closed-loop supply chain decision problem in which the original manufacturer allows the third-party remanufacturer to remanufacture under patent protection. In the two cycle mode, the authors discuss the pricing decision problem of the original manufacturer, the retailer, and the third-party remanufacturer in centralized and decentralized decision-making cases. The authors obtain the optimal sale price and wholesale price of new products and remanufactured products in two cases, and the optimal recycling rate of used products in centralized decision-making case. Finally, the authors carry out the corresponding numerical simulation of the pricing decision.

In this work, we studied the effects of the discharge current, gas flow rate and vessel pressure on the electron temperature and density of Ar plasma by Langmuir probe measurement. The argon plasma was created by a one-cathode arc source. The experimental results show that with increasing discharge current and gas flow rate, the electron temperature and density increase. It is found that when the discharge current is 70 A, 90 A and 110 A at an argon flow rate of 2000 sccm, the electron densities at about 0.186 m distance from the nozzle are 13.00?1018 m?3, 14.04?1018 m?3 and 15.62?1018 m?3, and the electron temperatures are 0.38 eV, 0.58 eV and 0.71 eV, respectively. The positive I-V characteristic is explained.

In this thesis, the interaction between Ar Plasma and lithium is studied by Langmuir probe and Spectrometer. We have studied the effects of the applied discharge current, the gas flow rate, the magnetic field on emission spectrum, electron temperature and electron density. The experimental results show that spectrum intensity, electron temperature and electron density all increase with the increasing discharge current, gas flow rate or magnetic field when the other experimental conditions were fixed, and it is also found that the intensity of Li-670.78 nm increases slowly at first and then increases rapidly, at last, it tends to be stable figure at the beginning of experiment. What is more, spectrum of lithium (670.78 nm) is also detected at the first diagnostic window (viewing window).

A new facility to study plasmas interacting with flowing liquid lithium surface was designed and is constructing in Sichuan University. The integrated setup includes the liquid lithium circulating part and linear high density plasma generator. The circulating part is consisted of main loop, on-line monitor system, lithium purification system and temperature programmed desorption system. In our group a linear high density plasma generator was built in 2012. Three coils were mounted along the vessel to produce an axial magnetic field inside. The magnetic field strength is up to 0.45 T and work continuously. Experiments on plasmas interacting with free flowing liquid lithium surface will be performed.

In this paper, we consider a class of semivectorial bilevel programming problem. An exact penalty function is proposed for such a problem. Based on this penalty function, an algorithm, which can obtain a global solution of the original problem, is presented. Finally, some numerical results illustrate its feasibility.

The huge market and perfect production system in China are attracting more multi-national companies’ interest to invest in China in the form of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Therefore, multi-national companies are willing to integrate and optimize global supply chain networks of their own, which enable them to reduce cost and improve market response. As a result, multi-national companies usually embed into local industrial clusters through financial and technological comparative merits to sharpen their competitive edge. This paper considers the across-chain network equilibrium problem involving process of competition and melting between this new global chain and an already existing local chain. The authors model the optimizing behavior of these two chains, derive the equilibrium conditions, and establish the variational inequality formulation, and solve it by using the modified algorithm. Finally, the authors illustrate the model through numerical example and discuss relationships among the price, quantity, technological progress, and satisfaction among two dynamic phases.

A high-flux linear plasma device in Sichuan University plasma-surface interaction (SCU-PSI) based on a cascaded arc source has been established to simulate the interactions between helium and hydrogen plasma with the plasma-facing components in fusion reactors. In this paper, the helium plasma has been characterized by a double-pin Langmuir probe. The results show that the stable helium plasma beam with a diameter of 26 mm was constrained very well at a magnetic field strength of 0.3 T. The core density and ion flux of helium plasma have a strong dependence on the applied current, magnetic field strength and gas flow rate. It could reach an electron density of 1.2 × 1019 m−3 and helium ion flux of 3.2 × 1022 m−2 s−1, with a gas flow rate of 4 standard liter per minute, magnetic field strength of 0.2 T and input power of 11 kW. With the addition of −80 V applied to the target to increase the helium ion energy and the exposure time of 2 h, the flat top temperature reached about 530 °C. The different sizes of nanostructured fuzz on irradiated tungsten and molybdenum samples surfaces under the bombardment of helium ions were observed by scanning electron microscopy. These results measured in the SCU-PSI linear device provide a reference for International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor related PSI research.

We propose a continuously deterministic procurement-production-inventory model to optimize the raw material procurement and production problem with raw material inventory and finished products inventory when the raw material purchasing price, the production cost, the raw material inventory holding cost, the finished products holding cost, and the demand rate fluctuate over time. We use Hamilton-Lagrange function and Pontryagin’s maximum principle in optimal control theory to analyze the model, and we obtain the necessary and sufficiency conditions of the optimal solution to the model. We find some optimal policies regarding the procurement and production under some special circumstances.

The effect of fluorine content on the crystallization of fluorsilicic mica glass was investigated by differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). A single phase, KMg3.25Si3.625O10F2, precipitates in all the glasses. Both the crystallization activation energy (E n ) and the frequency factor (ν) increase with the increase of the fluorine content. This means that the fluorine content has dual effects on the crystallization of fluorsilicic mica glass, while the effect on the frequency factor is predominant.

Polycrystalline BiFeO3 nanoparticles (size 30-50 nm) were prepared by a simple microwave synthesis technique. The nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, TEM and TG-DTA. The applied experiments show that they are very efficient for photo-catalytic decomposition of organic contaminants under irradiation ultraviolet frequency. The as-obtained BiFeO3 nanoparticles also demonstrate strong ferromagnetism of about 0.045 microB/Fe at room temperature, which is in good agreement with theoretical calculations.

The huge market and perfect production system in China are attracting more multi-national companies’ interest to invest in China in the form of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Therefore, multi-national companies are willing to integrate and optimize global supply chain networks of their own, which enable them to reduce cost and improve market response. As a result, multi-national companies usually embed into local industrial clusters through financial and technological comparative merits to sharpen their competitive edge. This paper considers the across-chain network equilibrium problem involving process of competition and melting between this new global chain and an already existing local chain. The authors model the optimizing behavior of these two chains, derive the equilibrium conditions, and establish the variational inequality formulation, and solve it by using the modified algorithm. Finally, the authors illustrate the model through numerical example and discuss relationships among the price, quantity, technological progress, and satisfaction among two dynamic phases.

This paper studies a procurement model with dynamic prices and demand. Through the research on the optimal procurement and inventory strategy, we provide some managerial insights regarding the practical production activity.

We address the raw material procurement-inventory problem by using the deterministic-control approach. A company has to decide on rates at which raw-material procurement is carried out, while raw material prices and demand levels vary over time. Through the study of optimality control conditions, we derive insightful properties of the optimal procurement controls for a few special cases.

According to the characteristics of customer relationship management, we build the optimal control model of customer relationship management using the optimal control theory. Through the model we can get some useful managerial insights into the customer relationship management about the optimal new customer acquisition and existing customer retention strategy.