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Abstract Objective To evaluate the prevalence of and risk factors for attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with epilepsy (CWE). Methods We conducted a systematic search in PubMed and Embase for the meta‐analysis. The pooled prevalence of ADHD was calculated using a random‐effects model; subgroup analyses were performed to explore heterogeneity. We collected raw data from articles reporting potential risk factors, which were included in the subsequent risk factor analysis. Results Forty‐six articles met the inclusion criteria for the meta‐analysis, which showed a pooled ADHD prevalence of 30.7% in CWE, with a predominance of the inattentive subtype of ADHD; the heterogeneity of prevalence was related to population source/study setting (clinic based, community based, or database based) and method of ADHD diagnosis (with or without clinical review). Risk factors for ADHD in epilepsy included younger age, intellectual/developmental disabilities, a family history of epilepsy, earlier epilepsy onset, absence epilepsy, more frequent seizures, and polytherapy; In contrast, risk factors such as sex, generalized epilepsy or seizures, epilepsy etiology, and electroencephalogram abnormalities were not significantly associated with the occurrence of ADHD. Significance The prevalence of ADHD in CWE is high and several potential risk factors are associated with it. This study contributes to a better understanding of ADHD in epilepsy for screening and treatment. Plain Language Summary This systematic review summarizes the prevalence of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) occurring in children with epilepsy and analyses the risk factors for comorbid ADHD in epilepsy. By reviewing 46 articles, we concluded that the overall prevalence of ADHD in children with epilepsy was 30.7% and that intellectual/developmental disabilities were the most significant risk factor for combined ADHD in children with epilepsy. This study provides a wealth of information on comorbid ADHD in epilepsy, which will help clinicians identify and treat potential ADHD in children with epilepsy in a timely manner.

Abstract Autoreactive CD4+ T helper cells are critical players that orchestrate the immune response both in multiple sclerosis (MS) and in other neuroinflammatory autoimmune diseases. Ubiquitination is a posttranslational protein modification involved in regulating a variety of cellular processes, including CD4+ T cell differentiation and function. However, only a limited number of E3 ubiquitin ligases have been characterized in terms of their biological functions, particularly in CD4+ T cell differentiation and function. In this study, we found that the RING finger protein 213 (RNF213) specifically promoted regulatory T (Treg) cell differentiation in CD4+ T cells and attenuated autoimmune disease development in an FOXO1-dependent manner. Mechanistically, RNF213 interacts with Forkhead Box Protein O1 (FOXO1) and promotes nuclear translocation of FOXO1 by K63-linked ubiquitination. Notably, RNF213 expression in CD4+ T cells was induced by IFN-β and exerts a crucial role in the therapeutic efficacy of IFN-β for MS. Together, our study findings collectively emphasize the pivotal role of RNF213 in modulating adaptive immune responses. RNF213 holds potential as a promising therapeutic target for addressing disorders associated with Treg cells.

Angiogenesis is essential for diabetic wound healing. Endothelial progenitor cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EPC-EVs) are known to promote wound healing by enhancing angiogenesis, while the low yield and lack of effective targeting strategies limit their therapeutic efficacy. Here, the biomimetic nanovesicles (NVs) prepared from EPC (EPC-NV) through an extrusion approach were reported, which functioned as EV mimetics to deliver contents from EPC to the wound. Besides, the cRGD peptide was coupled to the surface of EPC-NV (mEPC-NV) to achieve active endothelial cells (ECs)-targeting. Furthermore, we developed a dual hydrogel network by combining Fe3+@ Protocatechualdehyde (PA) complex-modified Acellular Dermal Matrix (ADM) with light-cured gelatin (GelMA), to enrich and sustainably release mEPC-NV. The hydrogel system with antioxidant and antibacterial properties also made up for the deficiency of mEPC-NV, reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibiting infection in diabetic wound. Taken together, this study established a novel bioactive delivery system with angiogenesis, antioxidant and antibacterial activities, which might be a promising strategy for the treatment of diabetic wound.

Abstract The inhibition of foliar respiration by light is a crucial yet often overlooked component in estimating ecosystem respiration. However, current estimations of the light inhibition of ecosystem respiration are biased by ignoring the effects of moisture factors. We developed a novel physics‐constrained machine learning method to quantify the extent of light inhibition (Reli) driven by multiple factors in global ecosystems. Our findings revealed significant seasonal variations in light inhibition rate aligned with vegetation growth. Temperature predominantly influenced variations in Reli, and the temperature‐Reli relationship was regulated by vapor pressure deficit rather than soil water content. A reassessment of global ecosystem respiration revealed that current Earth system models (ESMs) overestimate ecosystem respiration in mid‐to‐high latitude dryland regions, with a global average light inhibition strength of 0.51 (±0.16). Knowledge from this study provides an accurate understanding of light inhibition driven by temperature and moisture coupling in simulating carbon cycle.

Cybercrime statistics highlight the severe and growing impact of digital threats on individuals and organizations, with financial losses escalating rapidly. As cybersecurity becomes a central challenge, several modern cyber defense strategies prove insufficient for effectively countering the threats posed by sophisticated attackers. Despite advancements in cybersecurity, many existing frameworks often lack the capacity to address the evolving tactics of adept adversaries. With cyber threats growing in sophistication and diversity, there is a growing acknowledgment of the shortcomings within current defense strategies, underscoring the need for more robust and innovative solutions. To develop resilient cyber defense strategies, it remains essential to simulate the dynamic interaction between sophisticated attackers and system defenders. Such simulations enable organizations to anticipate and effectively counter emerging threats. The Flip-It game is recognized as an intelligent simulation game for capturing the dynamic interplay between sophisticated attackers and system defenders. It provides the capability to emulate intricate cyber scenarios, allowing organizations to assess their defensive capabilities against evolving threats, analyze vulnerabilities, and improve their response strategies by simulating real-world cyber scenarios. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the Flip-It game in the context of cybersecurity, tracing its development from inception to future prospects. It highlights significant contributions and identifies potential future research avenues for scholars in the field. This study aims to deliver a thorough understanding of the Flip-It game’s progression, serving as a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners involved in cybersecurity strategy and defense mechanisms.

Grasslands, which cover approximately 40 % of the global land surface, are crucial to the global carbon cycle due to their substantial carbon storage capacity and sensitivity to environmental changes. Net primary productivity (NPP) serves as a critical indicator of ecological function, representing the net carbon input to terrestrial ecosystems. Accurately quantifying and understanding grassland NPP, particularly below-ground net primary productivity (BNPP), and its responses to environmental changes are essential for assessing carbon sequestration potential and predicting future dynamics under varying environmental conditions. However, this remains challenging at large spatial scales. In our study, we integrated observations of above-ground net primary productivity (ANPP) with satellite-derived total net primary productivity (MODIS NPP) products across 508 individual locations in the diverse grasslands of Northern China. Plot-level BNPP was derived by subtracting field-measured ANPP from MODIS NPP and has been rigorously validated using field-measured BNPP from 68 ground sites. We then explored how climate, soil characteristics, topography, and grassland types influence ANPP and BNPP using machine learning models. Our results indicate that ANPP and BNPP averaged 154 g m−2 and 273 g m−2, respectively, exhibiting significant variations across different grassland types. Furthermore, national mapping revealed regional disparities, with higher ANPP and BNPP values in the northeast compared to the southwest of Northern China. Climate was identified as the predominant driver of ANPP, explaining 41 % of the variance, followed by topography (26 %) and soil conditions (25 %). Conversely, topography had the most substantial impact on BNPP, accounting for 44 % of the explained variance, with climate and soil each contributing 25 %. These findings underscore the vulnerability of ANPP to climate change impacts such as droughts and temperature increases, and highlight how landscape features, such as elevation, slope, and aspect significantly influence BNPP, with crucial implications for soil carbon inputs and sequestration. Overall, this comprehensive study advances our understanding of the spatial patterns and environmental determinants of ANPP and BNPP in Northern China’s grasslands. It offers valuable insights for developing sustainable management practices and for the preservation and effective management of these crucial ecosystems, especially in the context of ongoing environmental changes.

The effective removal of radioactive iodine under harsh high-temperature conditions, akin to those encountered in real spent nuclear fuel reprocessing, remains a formidable challenge. Herein, a novel bismuth-based mesoporous silica nanoreactor with a distinctive hollow yolk–shell structure was successfully synthesized by using silica-coated Bi2O3 as a hard template and alkaline organic ammonia for etching (Bi@HMS-1, HMS = hollow mesoporous silica). In contrast to conventional inorganic alkali-assisted methods with organic template agents, our approach yielded a material with thinner and more disordered shell layers, along with a relatively smaller pore volume. This led to a significant reduction in the physisorption of Bi@HMS-1 onto iodine while maintaining a smooth passage of guest iodine molecules into and out of the shell channels. Consequently, the resulting sorbent exhibited an outstanding iodine sorption capacity at high temperatures, achieving a chemisorption percentage as high as 96.5%, which makes it extremely competitive among the currently reported sorbents.

C1q/TNF-related protein-9 (CTRP9) has been reported to play roles in several types of retinal diseases. However, the role and the potential mechanism of CTRP9 in glaucoma are still incompletely understood. The expression of CTRP9 in OGD/R-induced retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot assay. Cell proliferation was identified by cell counting Kit-8 assay. Flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blot assay were performed to assess cell apoptosis. Unfolded protein response (UPR), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the AMPK pathway were evaluated by western blot assay. The data showed that the expression of CTRP9 was significantly downregulated in OGD/R-induced 661W cells. OGD/R treatment reduced cell viability, promoted cell apoptosis and activated the UPR and ER stress. The overexpression of CTRP9 reversed the effects of OGD/R on 661W cell viability, apoptosis, the UPR and ER stress, as well as the AMPK pathway. However, Compound C, an inhibitor of AMPK signaling, reversed the protection of CTRP9 overexpression against injury from OGD/R in 661W cells. In summary, the results revealed that CTRP9 abated the apoptosis and UPR of OGD/R-induced RGCs by regulating the AMPK pathway, which may provide a promising target for the treatment of glaucoma.

Abstract Considerable progress has been made in the development of drug delivery systems for diabetic wounds. However, underlying drawbacks, such as low delivery efficiency and poor tissue permeability, have rarely been addressed. In this study, a multifunctional biohybrid nanorobot platform comprising an artificial unit and several biological components is constructed. The artificial unit is a magnetically driven nanorobot surface modified with antibacterial 2‐hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan, which enables the entire platform to move and has excellent tissue penetration capacity. The biological components are two‐step engineered extracellular vesicles that are first loaded with mangiferin, a natural polyphenolic compound with antioxidant properties, and then glycoengineered on the surface to enhance cellular uptake efficiency. As expected, the platform is more easily absorbed by endothelial cells and fibroblasts and exhibits outstanding dermal penetration performance and antioxidant properties. Encouraging results are also observed in infected diabetic wound models, showing improved wound re‐epithelialization, collagen deposition, angiogenesis, and accelerated wound healing. Collectively, a biohybrid nanorobot platform that possesses the functionalities of both artificial units and biological components serves as an efficient delivery system to promote diabetic wound repair through dual‐enhanced cell and tissue penetration and multistep interventions.

Abstract Saline lakes contributions to the carbon cycle is crucial to the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau (QTP) carbon budget. Here, based on the 8‐year direct measurement of CO2 flux over the Qinghai Lake (QHL) and 83 collected CO2 flux data estimated by pCO2 sampling from 45 lakes over the QTP, we identified the interannual variations of CO2 flux and its response to the extreme climate events. Results showed: (a) the QHL CO2 absorption weakened in the spring, autumn and winter and turn to CO2 emissions in the summer during 2013–2020; (b) with higher Ts and less precipitation, coupling of positive Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and El Niño enhanced the summer CO2 emissions; and (c) the PDO and ENSO had obvious superposition effect on the decrease of CO2 absorption in autumn. Our results show the potential mechanism of lake CO2 flux responses to extreme climate and further defines the significance of the QTP carbon budget and cycling.

Abstract Background Deep learning (DL), a specialized form of machine learning (ML), is valuable for forecasting survival in various diseases. Its clinical applicability in real-world patients with gastric cancer (GC) has yet to be extensively validated. Methods A combined cohort of 11,414 GC patients from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database and 2,846 patients from a Chinese dataset were utilized. The internal validation of different algorithms, including DL model, traditional ML models, and American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage model, was conducted by training and testing sets on the SEER database, followed by external validation on the Chinese dataset. The performance of the algorithms was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, decision curve, and calibration curve. Results DL model demonstrated superior performance in terms of the area under the curve (AUC) at 1, 3, and, 5 years post-surgery across both datasets, surpassing other ML models and AJCC stage model, with AUCs of 0.77, 0.80, and 0.82 in the SEER dataset and 0.77, 0.76, and 0.75 in the Chinese dataset, respectively. Furthermore, decision curve analysis revealed that the DL model yielded greater net gains at 3 years than other ML models and AJCC stage model, and calibration plots at 3 years indicated a favorable level of consistency between the ML and actual observations during external validation. Conclusions DL-based model was established to accurately predict the survival rate of postoperative patients with GC.

Study region: Precipitation phase in China has changed with global warming, and accurate partitioning of the precipitation phase is crucial for understanding the hydrological processes and energy balance. Study focus: Based on a 36-year daily meteorological dataset from the China Meteorological Administration, this study conducted a comprehensive evaluation of six empirical methods in estimating the precipitation phase nationwide and explored the applicability and distinction across different meteorological, topographic and geographic categories. These methods utilized inputs of air temperature, with two variants incorporating relative humidity, and encompassed a range of combined non-linear air temperature and hydrometeor temperature methods to more simple air temperature threshold methods. New hydrological insights for the region: Methods implementing non-linear functions without air temperature thresholds performed better than those relying solely on air temperature thresholds. The exponential functions with air temperature and relative humidity exhibited the best performance, while those relying only on air temperature thresholds exhibited the worst overall performance. Optimal methods were identified and recommended under different scenarios (i.e., multivariate meteorological and geographic parameters, different geographic regions). The rain–precipitation ratio exhibited a significant increasing trend, and the meteorological stations showing an increase were primarily concentrated in the three major snow-covered areas, the west and vicinity of the “Hu Huanyong Line”. This study can be applied to other regions and offers valuable insights for analyzing precipitation data and developing hydrological models.

Flexible psammophytes play an important role in controlling soil wind erosion and desertification, owing to their characteristics. Although flexibility of psammophytes has been considered in previous studies, the interaction between flexible psammophytes and the surrounding airflow field still remained unclear. In this study, we used the Young’s modulus to describe plant flexibility and conducted a 3D computational fluid dynamics simulation using a standard k-ε model and a fluid–structure interaction model. Taking Caragana korshinskii (Caragana), a typical psammophyte, as the research object, we constructed 3D geometric models with different diameters to simulate the airflow field around the flexible psammophytes. By comparing with the simulation results of rigid plants and simulation results of flexible plants at different wind speeds, we could verify the rationality of the simulation method. Based on the simulation results, the maximum swing amplitude of the model and the Young’s modulus were found to have a negative correlation, presenting an exponential functional relationship with good fitting. The relationship between the actual Young’s modulus of the plant branches and that of different diameter models in the numerical simulation was also established. This study is expected to improve our basic understanding of the interaction between flexible psammophytes and the surrounding airflow field, and provide some qualitative reference for the numerical simulation of the airflow field around flexible psammophytes.

Life history theory provides a unified perspective for understanding human behaviors as adaptive strategies to specific environmental conditions. Within this theoretical framework, hoarding emerges as a behavior reflecting an evolved strategy in response to unpredictable environmental challenges, serving as a buffer against resource scarcity and enhancing survival prospects. This study aimed to explore the key roles of childhood environmental unpredictability, attachment, and sense of security in the development of hoarding. 662 participants completed scales on childhood environmental unpredictability, Revised Experiences in Close Relationships (ECR-R), sense of insecurity, and Savings Inventory-Revised (SI-R). The results showed that childhood environmental unpredictability was significantly positively correlated with hoarding. Attachment anxiety and sense of security individually mediate the effect of childhood environmental unpredictability on hoarding. Additionally, ‘attachment anxiety--sense of security’ and ‘attachment avoidance--sense of security’ serve as chain mediators in this relationship separately. This study offers insights into the cognitive-behavioral model of hoarding, highlighting the importance of life history theory in examining childhood environmental unpredictability's relationship with hoarding. It also integrates insights from the psychosocial acceleration theory into our comprehension of hoarding's development. Future research directions are also discussed.

The preparation of a high-performance hard coating on the surface of a carbide PCB (Printed Circuit Board) milling cutter can address the issue of rapid tool wear during cutting. In this study, AlCrN single coating, CrN/AlCrN composite coating and AlCrSiN/AlCrN composite coating were prepared on YG06 cemented carbide specimens and PCB milling cutter substrates by a multi-arc ion plating process, respectively. The mechanical properties and morphological characteristics of the three coatings were observed and analyzed using an indenter and a scanning electron microscope. The above three coated milling cutters were tested under the same conditions, and the coating performance and the tool wear mechanism were compared and analyzed. The results show that the coatings prepared by the above three processes exhibit good film-base adhesion, with the AlCrSiN/AlCrN composite coating milling cutter having the longest service life — approximately 1.5 times that of the CrN/AlCrN coating milling cutter and 1.9 times that of the AlCrN single coating milling cutter. The AlCrSiN/AlCrN composite coating demonstrates the best compactness and surface quality, making it more suitable for high-speed machining of PCB (IT158 copper-clad laminate).

Abstract The myocardial single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is a good study due to its clinical significance in the diagnosis of myocardial disease and the requirement for improving image quality. However, SPECT imaging faces challenges related to low spatial resolution and significant statistical noise, which concerns patient radiation safety. In this paper, a novel reconstruction system combining multi-detector elliptical SPECT (ME-SPECT) and computer tomography (CT) is proposed to enhance spatial resolution and sensitivity. The hybrid imaging system utilizes a slit-slat collimator and elliptical orbit to improve sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), obtains accurate attenuation mapping matrices, and requires prior information from integrated CT. Collimator parameters are corrected based on CT reconstruction results. The SPECT imaging system employs an iterative reconstruction algorithm that utilizes prior knowledge. An iterative reconstruction algorithm based on prior knowledge is applied to the SPECT imaging system, and a method for prioritizing the reconstruction of regions of interest (ROI) is introduced to deal with severely truncated data from ME-SPECT. Simulation results show that the proposed method can significantly improve the system's spatial resolution, SNR, and image fidelity. The proposed method can effectively suppress distortion and artifacts with the higher spatial resolution ordered subsets expectation maximization (OSEM); slit-slat collimation.

Abstract Background Senescent adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) exhibit reduced therapeutic efficacy during wound healing. Transcriptional regulation factors including long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) reportedly have essential roles in stem cell aging. However, the mechanisms of which lncRNAs influence mesenchymal stem cell aging and how it works need further investigation. Methods The expression patterns of lncRNA senescence-associated noncoding RNA (SAN) and miR-143-3p in ASCs obtained from old and young volunteer donors were detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. ASCs with overexpression or knockdown of SAN and γ-adducin (ADD3) were constructed by lentiviral transduction. Mimic and inhibitor were used to manipulate the cellular level of miR-143-3p in ASCs. The effects of these RNAs on ASCs proliferation, migration and cellular senescence were examined by EdU, transwell and senescence-activated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining assays. Wound scratch and tube formation assays were conducted to evaluate the capacities of ASCs in promoting fibroblasts migration and endothelial cells angiogenesis. Furthermore, dual-luciferase assays and rescue experiments were performed to identify the RNA interactions. Finally, the therapeutic effects of SAN-depleted aged ASCs were evaluated in a skin injury model. Results The lncRNA SAN (NONHSAT035482.2) was upregulated in aged ASCs; it controlled cellular senescence in ASCs. lncRNA SAN knockdown in ASCs led to ASC functional enhancement and the inhibition of cellular senescence; it also promoted the effects of conditioned medium (CM) on endothelial cell tube formation and fibroblast migration. Mechanistic analysis showed that SAN serves as a sponge for miR-143-3p, thereby regulating the expression of ADD3. The application of SAN-depleted aged ASCs increased re-epithelialization, collagen deposition, neovascularization and led to accelerated skin wound closure, compared with transplantation of aged ASCs. Conclusion The lncRNA SAN mediates ASC senescence by regulating the miR-143-3p/ADD3 pathway, providing a potential target for rejuvenation of senescent ASCs and enhancement of wound repair.

Morphological organization, ultrastructure and adaptational changes under different light intensities (10000, 100, 1, and 0.01 mW/m2) of the compound eye of the oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta (Busck 1916) were investigated. Its superposition type of eyes consist of approximately 1072 ommatidia in males and 1029 ommatidia in females with ommatidial diameters of around 15 μm. Each ommatidium features a laminated corneal lens densely covered by corneal nipples of 256 nm in height. Crystalline cones are formed by four cone cells, proximally tapering to form a narrow crystalline tract with a diameter of 1.5 μm. Eight retinula cells, two primary and six secondary pigment cells per ommatidium are present. The 62.3 μm long rhabdom is divided into a thin 1.8 μm wide distal and a 5.2 μm wide proximal region. Distally the fused rhabdom consists of the rhabdomeres of seven retinula cells (R1-R7) and connects with the crystalline cone. In the proximal rhabdom region, the pigment-containing retinula cell R8 occupies a position in centre of the rhabdom while R1-R7 cells have taken peripheral positions. At this level each ommatidial group of retinula cells is surrounded by a tracheal tapetum. In response to changes from bright-light to dim-light adaptations, the pigment granules in the secondary pigment cells and retinula cells migrate distally, with a decrease in the length of crystalline tract.

Abstract Introduction Ischemic diseases caused by diabetes continue to pose a major health challenge and effective treatments are in high demand. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived exosomes have aroused broad attention as a cell-free treatment for ischemic diseases. However, the efficacy of exosomes from adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSC-Exos) in treating diabetic lower limb ischemic injury remains unclear. Methods Exosomes were isolated from ADSCs culture supernatants by differential ultracentrifugation and their effect on C2C12 cells and HUVECs was assessed by EdU, Transwell, and in vitro tube formation assays separately. The recovery of limb function after ADSC-Exos treatment was evaluated by Laser-Doppler perfusion imaging, limb function score, and histological analysis. Subsequently, miRNA sequencing and rescue experiments were performed to figure out the responsible miRNA for the protective role of ADSC-Exos on diabetic hindlimb ischemic injury. Finally, the direct target of miRNA in C2C12 cells was confirmed by bioinformatic analysis and dual-luciferase report gene assay. Results ADSC-Exos have the potential to promote proliferation and migration of C2C12 cells and to promote HUVECs angiogenesis. In vivo experiments have shown that ADSC-Exos can protect ischemic skeletal muscle, promote the repair of muscle injury, and accelerate vascular regeneration. Combined with bioinformatics analysis, miR-125b-5p may be a key molecule in this process. Transfer of miR-125b-5p into C2C12 cells was able to promote cell proliferation and migration by suppressing ACER2 overexpression. Conclusion The findings revealed that miR-125b-5p derived from ADSC-Exos may play a critical role in ischemic muscle reparation by targeting ACER2. In conclusion, our study may provide new insights into the potential of ADSC-Exos as a treatment option for diabetic lower limb ischemia.

Abstract The recently discovered kagome metals AV3Sb5 (A = Cs, Rb, K) exhibit a variety of intriguing phenomena, such as a charge density wave (CDW) with time-reversal symmetry breaking and possible unconventional superconductivity. Here, we report a rare non-monotonic evolution of the CDW temperature (T CDW) with the reduction of flake thickness approaching the atomic limit, and the superconducting transition temperature (T c) features an inverse variation with T CDW. T CDW initially decreases to a minimum value of 72 K at 27 layers and then increases abruptly, reaching a record-high value of 120 K at 5 layers. Raman scattering measurements reveal a weakened electron-phonon coupling with the reduction of sample thickness, suggesting that a crossover from electron-phonon coupling to dominantly electronic interactions could account for the non-monotonic thickness dependence of T CDW. Our work demonstrates the novel effects of dimension reduction and carrier doping on quantum states in thin flakes and provides crucial insights into the complex mechanism of the CDW order in the family of AV3Sb5 kagome metals.

This article proposes a novel method for calculating radar cross-sections (RCSs) that combines the spectral element method and the integral method, allowing for RCS calculations at any position in a free space or a half-space. This approach replaces the field source with an incident field using the scattered field equation of the spectral element method, enabling the arbitrary placement of the field source without being limited by the computational domain. By applying the superposition theorem and the volume equivalence principle, the scattered field of the objects at any position is obtained through integral equations, eliminating limitations on the computation points imposed by the computational domain. Based on Green’s function’s important role throughout the calculation process and its symmetry properties, the RCS calculation of symmetric models will be more advantageous. Finally, several examples, including symmetry models, are provided to validate both the feasibility and accuracy of this proposed method.

Non-healing wound, with limited treatment options, remains a prevalent complication of diabetes mellitus. The underlying causes wherein include oxidative stress injury, bacterial infection, cellular dysfunction, and persistent inflammation. Acellular Dermal Matrix (ADM), a wound dressing composed of natural extracellular matrix and abundant bioactive factors, has been successfully developed to treat various wounds, including burns and diabetic ulcers. Protocatechualdehyde (PA) & trivalent iron ion (Fe3+) complex (Fe3+@PA) exhibits potential antioxidant and antibacterial properties. In this study, we developed a dual hydrogel network by combining Fe3+@PA complex-modified ADM with light-cured gelatin (GelMA), supplemented with exosomes derived from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC-Exos), to create an ADM composite hydrogel system (ADM-Fe3+@PA-Exos/GelMA) with antioxidant, antibacterial, and cell-promoting functions for diabetic wound treatment. Through in vitro experiments, we investigated the biosafety, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of ADM composite hydrogel. Furthermore, we examined the protective effects of ADM composite hydrogel on diabetic wound. The above experiments collectively demonstrate that our ADM-Fe3+@PA-Exos/GelMA hydrogel promotes diabetic wound healing by eliminating bacterial infection, reduced the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, protecting cells against oxidative stress damage, promotingcollagen deposition and angiogenesis, which provides a promising strategy to optimize ADM for diabetic wound treatment.

Ultrasound is a promising green technology for modifying starch. The influence of ultrasound pretreatment (UPT) at diverse temperatures on the morphology and molecular structure of pea starch and its ability to form inclusion complexes with lipids were investigated. After UPT at each temperature, the starch granules retained an unchanged crystalline structure but exhibited notable changes in short-range molecular order and molecular structure. In comparison with the samples treated at 0 and 20 °C, pea starch subjected to UPT at 40 °C had a significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher complexing index with lauric acid (LA) and the starch-LA inclusion complex exhibited a higher enthalpy change, relative crystallinity, and resistant starch content. These differences were attributed to the higher temperature causing changes in the disruption points of starch chains and an enlargement in the molecular weight of linear chains. These results may promote the utilization of ultrasound for effective starch modification.

Cancer therapies, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, are often unsatisfactory due to several limitations, including drug resistance, inability to cross biological barriers, and toxic side effects on the body. These drawbacks underscore the need for alternative treatments that can overcome these challenges and provide more effective and safer options for cancer patients. In recent years, the use of live bacteria, engineered bacteria, or bacterial derivatives to deliver antitumor drugs to specific tumor sites for controlled release has emerged as a promising therapeutic tool. This approach offers several advantages over traditional cancer therapies, including targeted drug delivery and reduced toxicity to healthy tissues. Ongoing research in this field holds great potential for further developing more efficient and personalized cancer therapies, such as E. coli, Salmonella, Listeria, and bacterial derivatives like outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), which can serve as vehicles for drugs, therapeutic proteins, or antigens. In this review, we describe the advances, challenges, and future directions of research on using live bacteria or OMVs as carriers or components derived from bacteria of delivery systems for cancer therapy.

The successful management of lepidopteran moths in orchards usually depends on the precise forecast of adult activity. However, the seasonal phenology of moths varies between crop cultivars and years, making it difficult to schedule the control measures. Here, we monitored male flight activity of oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta and summer fruit tortrix moth Adoxophyes orana by using sex pheromone traps in peach orchards of three different cultivars for three successive years. We developed a logistic multiple-peaks model to fit data and then calculated degree-days (DD) required for male activity and neonate emergency. Results show that G. molesta and A. orana males had 4–5 and 3 flight peaks per year, respectively. The seasonal phenology of G. molesta or A. orana was quite stable with an identical timing of each flight peak between cultivars in a year. The flight activity was usually higher in the second and third peaks for both moths, with a higher cumulative number of G. molesta males captured than that of A. orana. Compared to A. orana, G. molesta emerged early in spring and required lower degree-days to reach the subsequent flight peaks and for neonate emergency. Our results suggest that to decline the possibility of outbreaks of moths during the growing seasons, pheromone traps should be scheduled in April with a cumulative DD between 49.6 and 207.1 for G. molesta and in mid-May–early June with a cumulative DD between 450.4 and 866.7 for A. orana, aiming to trap the newly emerged male adults or disrupting female mating success of overwintered moths in orchards. Based on the thermal requirement for egg hatching (i.e., 79.4 DD for G. molesta and 90.0 DD for A. orana), insecticide treatments would be applied in late-April–early May and late May–early June to reduce the field population density of neonates of G. molesta and A. orana, respectively, to reduce fruit damage in orchards. Furthermore, pheromone traps set up in late July–early August (573.8–1025.2 DD) for G. molesta and in mid-September (1539.7–1788.9 DD) for A. orana may suppress overwintering populations and thus decrease pest infestation in next year.

Soil moisture (SM) is important in understanding Earth's hydrologic cycles. However, an overall performance of multisource SM products is still unclear due to a lack of comprehensive validation. Using SM simulated by hydrologic models as a reference to perform validation is a promising alternative since SM simulation is not restricted by its coverage or scale. In this study, an integrated hydrologic model (ParFlow-CLM) forced by hydrometeorological and agricultural water use reanalysis data is built in the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin (HRB), a typical managed agricultural region in Northwestern China. Using the ParFlow-CLM simulated SM data as the validating reference, ten SM products, including four single-source RS SM, three merged SM, and three assimilated SM products are systematically assessed by a comprehensive evaluation framework composed of fifteen statistical performance indicators. For validation, the results show that ParFlow-CLM SM simulations agree with the time domain reflectometry probe and cosmic ray neutron probes observations. The merged SM and assimilated SM outperform the single-source RS SM products if compared with ParFlow-CLM simulated data. Results from the intercomparison demonstrate that hydraulic conductivity and leaf area index are the dominant factors in SM spatial variations based on the generalized additive model. The statistical linkage indicates that mean absolute deviation, uncertainty at 95% (U95), Nash–Sutcliffe's efficiency, and combined performance index serve as substitutes for quantifying the relative uncertainty of SM. This study paves a way for model-data intercomparison of SM products in the HRB as well as in other arid and semiarid basins.

The refractory diabetic wound has remained a worldwide challenge as one of the major health problems. The impaired angiogenesis phase during diabetic wound healing partly contributes to the pathological process. MicroRNA (miRNA) is an essential regulator of gene expression in crucial biological processes and is a promising nucleic acid drug in therapeutic fields of the diabetic wound. However, miRNA therapies have limitations due to lacking an effective delivery system. In the present study, we found a significant reduction of miR-31-5p expression in the full-thickness wounds of diabetic mice compared to normal mice. Further, miR-31-5p has been proven to promote the proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis of endothelial cells. Thus, we conceived the idea of exogenously supplementing miR-31-5p mimics to treat the diabetic wound. We used milk-derived exosomes as a novel system for miR-31-5p delivery and successfully encapsulated miR-31-5p mimics into milk exosomes through electroporation. Then, we proved that the miR-31-5p loaded in exosomes achieved higher cell uptake and was able to resist degradation. Moreover, our miRNA-exosomal formulation demonstrated dramatically improved endothelial cell functions in vitro, together with the promotion of angiogenesis and enhanced diabetic wound healing in vivo. Collectively, our data showed the feasibility of milk exosomes as a scalable, biocompatible, and cost-effective delivery system to enhance the bioavailability and efficacy of miRNAs.

The Schlafen5(SLFN5)gene belongs to the third group of the Schlafen protein family. As a tumor suppressor gene, SLFN5 plays a pivotal role in inhibiting tumor growth, orchestrating cell cycle regulation, and modulating the extent of cancer cell infiltration and metastasis in various malignancies. However, the high expression of SLFN 5 in some tumors was positively correlated with lymph node metastasis, tumor stage, and tumor grade. This article endeavors to elucidate the reciprocal relationship between the SLFN5 gene and malignant tumors, thereby enhancing our comprehension of the intricate mechanisms underlying the SLFN5 gene and its implications for the progression, invasive potential, and metastatic behavior of malignant tumors. At the same time, this paper summarizes the basis of SLFN 5 as a new biomarker of tumor diagnosis and prognosis, and provides new ideas for the target treatment of tumor.

Coronary artery segmentation is an essential procedure in the computer-aided diagnosis of coronary artery disease. It aims to identify and segment the regions of interest in the coronary circulation for further processing and diagnosis. Currently, automatic segmentation of coronary arteries is often unreliable because of their small size and poor distribution of contrast medium, as well as the problems that lead to over-segmentation or omission. To improve the performance of convolutional-neural-network (CNN) based coronary artery segmentation, we propose a novel automatic method, DR-LCT-UNet, with two innovative components: the Dense Residual (DR) module and the Local Contextual Transformer (LCT) module. The DR module aims to preserve unobtrusive features through dense residual connections, while the LCT module is an improved Transformer that focuses on local contextual information, so that coronary artery-related information can be better exploited. The LCT and DR modules are effectively integrated into the skip connections and encoder-decoder of the 3D segmentation network, respectively. Experiments on our CorArtTS2020 dataset show that the dice similarity coefficient (DSC), Recall, and Precision of the proposed method reached 85.8%, 86.3% and 85.8%, respectively, outperforming 3D-UNet (taken as the reference among the 6 other chosen comparison methods), by 2.1%, 1.9%, and 2.1%.

False data injection attacks (FDIAs) on sensor networks involve injecting deceptive or malicious data into the sensor readings that cause decision-makers to make incorrect decisions, leading to serious consequences. With the ever-increasing volume of data in large-scale sensor networks, detecting FDIAs in large-scale sensor networks becomes more challenging. In this paper, we propose a framework for the distributed detection of FDIAs in large-scale sensor networks. By extracting the spatiotemporal correlation information from sensor data, the large-scale sensors are categorized into multiple correlation groups. Within each correlation group, an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) is built to learn the temporal correlation of cross-correlation, and a consistency criterion is established to identify abnormal sensor nodes. The effectiveness of the proposed detection framework is validated based on a real dataset from the U.S. smart grid and simulated under both the simple FDIA and the stealthy FDIA strategies.

Abstract Background Sestrin2 (SESN2), a stress-inducible protein, has been reported to protect against denervated muscle atrophy through unfolded protein response and mitophagy, while its role in myofiber type transition remains unknown. Methods A mouse sciatic nerve transection model was created to evaluate denervated muscle atrophy. Myofiber type transition was confirmed by western blot, fluorescence staining, ATP quantification, and metabolic enzyme activity analysis. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) was adopted to achieve SESN2 knockdown and overexpression in gastrocnemius. AMPK/PGC-1α signal was detected by western blot and activated with 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR). C2C12 myotubes with rotenone treatment were adopted for in vitro experiments. Results SESN2 was found to be upregulated in denervated skeletal muscles and rotenone-treated C2C12 cells. Knockdown of SESN2 aggravated muscle atrophy and accelerated myofiber type transition from slow-twitch to fast-twitch. Moreover, AMPK/PGC-1α signaling was proven to be activated by SESN2 after denervation, which further induced the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor HIF2α. Exogenous activation of AMPK/PGC-1α signaling could counteract the addition of slow-to-fast myofiber shift caused by SESN2 knockdown and lead to the retainment of muscle mass after denervation. Conclusion Collectively, the present study indicates that SESN2 prevents myofiber type transition from slow-twitch to fast-twitch and preserves muscle mass in denervated atrophy via AMPK/PGC-1α signaling. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of muscle atrophy and provide novel insights into the role of SESN2 in myofiber type transition.

BackgroundAnti-leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1) encephalitis is infrequently reported but more and more recognizable in children. Here we give detailed description of the clinical features and long-term outcome of three cases of childhood onset anti-LGI1 encephalitis.MethodsThree anti-LGI1 encephalitis patients were hospitalized in the Department of Pediatrics at Qilu Hospital of Shandong University. Data about the clinical manifestations, treatments and long-term follow-up outcomes were described in detail.ResultsCase 1 showed an adolescent girl with initiating symptom of acute-onset frequent focal seizures. Her serum LGI1-antibody test was positive, and she had a good response to antiseizure medication (ASM) and IVIG. Case 2 showed a preschool-age boy with long-period refractory focal seizures and recent behavioral change. Both serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tests of LGI1-antibody were positive, and the MRI showed progressive atrophy in the left hemisphere. The symptoms got improved after receiving second-line immunotherapy initially but there are still the sequelae of drug-resistant epilepsy and mild to moderate intellectual disability. Case 3 showed an adolescent boy with initiating symptom of acute-onset frequent focal seizures. Both serum and CSF tests of LGI1-antibody were positive, and he had a good response to immunotherapy. By analyzing all literature-reported 19 pediatric cases, we found pediatric anti-LGI1 encephalitis is more common in female and adolescent. Seizures and behavioral changes were the most common symptoms. CSF pleocytosis and LGI1-antibodies results were mostly negative. Most patients showed good response to immunotherapy.ConclusionChildhood onset anti-LGI1 encephalitis is a heterogeneous clinical syndrome, ranging from typical limbic encephalitis to isolating focal seizures. It is important to test autoimmune antibodies when encountering similar cases and repeat antibody testing if necessary. Timely recognition leads to earlier diagnosis and more rapid initiation of effective immunotherapy and potentially better outcomes.

Abstract Epilepsy of Infancy with Migrating Focal Seizures (EIMFS) is a rare developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEEs) with unknown etiology, and poor prognosis. In order to explore new genetic etiology of EIMFS and new precision medicine treatment strategies, 36 children with EIMFS were enrolled in this study. 17/36 cases had causative variants across 11 genes, including 6 novel EIMFS genes: PCDH19, ALDH7A1, DOCK6, PRRT2, ALG1 and ATP7A. 13/36 patients had ineffective seizure control, 14/36 patients had severe retardation and 6/36 patients died. Of them, the genes for ineffective seizure control, severe retardation or death include KCNT1, SCN2A, SCN1A, ALG1, ATP7A and WWOX. 17 patients had abnormal MRI, of which 8 had ineffective seizure control, 7 had severe retardation and 4 died. 13 patients had hypsarrhythmia, of which 6 had ineffective seizure control, 6 had severe retardation and 2 died. Also, 7 patients had burst suppression, of which 1 had ineffective seizure control, 3 had severe retardation and 3 died. This study is the first to report that ALDH7A1, ATP7A, DOCK6, PRRT2, ALG1, and PCDH19 mutations cause the phenotypic spectrum of EIMFS to expand the genotypic spectrum. The genes KCNT1, SCN2A, SCN1A, ALG1, ATP7A and WWOX may be associated with poor prognosis. The patients presenting with MRI abnormalities, hypsarrhythmia and burst suppression in EEG may be associated with poor prognosis.

Abstract A single layer reflective array is designed to generate orbital angular momentum (OAM) beam at microwave frequency. The unit cell of this design is smile face shape distributed over a planar surface. Phase modulation can be realised by changing the size of each unit cell, with very low variation in reflection amplitude. By careful design, oblique incident can be obtained, reducing feed blockage to the output beam. The direction of the output beam can also be intendedly designed. In this work, the front output is chosen as a demonstrative example. In addition, the input beam can be either TE or TM wave, enable dual‐mode operation. Furthermore, it is flexible to design the topological mode of the output OAM. The smile array is developed by cutting slots on circular patch array to produce perturbation on TE and TM waves, so that the difference in TE and TM incidence is reduced. As an instance, the topological modes of l = (−2, −1, 1, 2) are simulated, and the mode l = 1 is fabricated and measured. Measurements are conducted for both near field and far field. The measured results show good agreement with the simulated ones, indicating that this dual mode design works satisfactorily when oblique feed is used.

Abstract The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global pandemic of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). The neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 are among the most promising strategies to prevent and treat COVID-19. However, SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) profoundly reduced the efficacies of most of mAbs and vaccines approved for clinical use. Herein, we demonstrated mAb 35B5 efficiently neutralizes both wild-type (WT) SARS-CoV-2 and VOCs, including B.1.617.2 (delta) variant, in vitro and in vivo. Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) revealed that 35B5 neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 by targeting a unique epitope that avoids the prevailing mutation sites on RBD identified in circulating VOCs, providing the molecular basis for its pan-neutralizing efficacy. The 35B5-binding epitope could also be exploited for the rational design of a universal SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.

Abstract Clinical work and research on diabetic wound repair remain challenging globally. Although various conventional wound dressings have been continuously developed, the efficacy is unsatisfactory. The effect of drug delivery is limited by the depth of penetration. The sustained release of biomolecules from biological wound dressings is a promising treatment approach to wound healing. An assortment of cell-derived exosomes (exos) have been proved to be instrumental in tissue regeneration, and researchers are dedicated to developing biomolecules carriers with unique properties. Herein, we reported a methacrylate gelatin (GelMA) microneedles (MNs) patch to achieve transdermal and controlled release of exos and tazarotene. Our MNs patch comprising GelMA/PEGDA hydrogel has distinctive biological features that maintain the biological activity of exos and drugs in vitro. Additionally, its unique physical structure prevents it from being tightly attached to the skin of the wound, it promotes cell migration, angiogenesis by slowly releasing exos and tazarotene in the deep layer of the skin. The full-thickness cutaneous wound on a diabetic mouse model was carried out to demonstrate the therapeutic effects of GelMA/PEGDA@T + exos MNs patch. As a result, our GelMA/PEGDA@T + exos MNs patch presents a potentially valuable method for repairing diabetic wound in clinical applications. Graphic Abstract

Light is an important abiotic factor affecting insect behavior. In nature, linearly polarized light is common, but circularly polarized light is rare. Left circularly polarized (LCP) light is selectively reflected by the exocuticle of most scarab beetles, including Anomala corpulenta. Despite our previous research showing that this visual signal probably mediates their mating behavior, the way in which it does so is not well elucidated. In this study, we investigated how LCP light affects not only mating behavior but also gene expression in this species using RNA-seq. The results indicated that disruption of LCP light reflection by females of A. corpulenta probably affects the process by which males of A. corpulenta search for mates. Furthermore, the RNA-seq results showed that genes of the environmental signaling pathways and also of several insect reproduction-related amino acid metabolic pathways were differentially expressed in groups exposed and not exposed to LCP light. This implies that A. corpulenta reproduction is probably regulated by LCP light-induced stress. Herein, the results show that LCP light is probably perceived by males of the species, further mediating their mating behavior. However, this hypothesis needs future verification with additional samples.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder affecting up to 5% of children worldwide. The lack of understanding of ADHD etiology prevented the development of effective treatment for the disease. Here, using in vivo electrophysiology recordings, we have recorded and analyzed the neuronal encoding of delay discounting behavior in prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex of spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). We found that in the presence of rewards, neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) were activated regardless to the value of the rewards and OFC neurons in SHR exhibited significantly higher rates of neuronal discharging towards the presence of rewards. While in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), neurons of SHR responded similarly in the presence of large rewards compared with control rats whereas they displayed higher firing rates towards smaller rewards. In addition, the reward-predicting neurons in the OFC encodes for value of rewards in control animals and they were strongly activated upon receiving a small immediate reinforcer in the SHR whereas the reward-predicting neurons in the mPFC neurons generally did not respond to the value of the rewards. Our study characterized the neuronal discharging patterns of OFC and mPFC neurons in the SHR and the control animals and provided novel insights for further understanding the neuronal basis of ADHD pathology.

The emergence and spread of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) is a serious medical problem worldwide. Acquired OXA-48-like carbapenemases encoded by plasmids are important causes of carbapenem resistance in K. pneumoniae. To explore the links between plasmids and blaOXA-48-like genes in K. pneumoniae, we systematically analyzed the variants of blaOXA-48-like plasmid replicon types, phylogenetic patterns, geographic distribution, conjugative transfer regions, and the genetic environments surrounding blaOXA-48-like of 191 blaOXA-48-like-harboring plasmids, which were identified from 4451 plasmids of K. pneumoniae downloaded from GenBank. Our results showed that seven different variants of blaOXA-48-like genes were identified from the 191 blaOXA-48-like-harboring plasmids in K. pneumoniae, with blaOXA-48, blaOXA-232, and blaOXA-181 being highly prevalent. In K. pneumoniae, blaOXA-48 was mainly carried by the composite transposon Tn1999.2 located on IncL/M-type conjugative plasmids, which were mainly geographically distributed in Switzerland, Germany, and China. In K. pneumoniae, the blaOXA-232 gene was mainly carried by 6.1-kb ColKP3-type mobilizable plasmids, which were mainly isolated in India. In K. pneumoniae, blaOXA-181 was mainly carried by a group of 50-kb ColKP3-IncX3 hybrid conjugative plasmids and a group of small ColKP3-type mobilizable plasmids with lengths of 5.9–9.3 kb, the former was sporadically discovered in China, South Korea, India, and Czech Republic, while the latter was almost all isolated in India. In addition, five blaOXA-245-harboring 65.9-kb IncL plasmids of K. pneumoniae isolated in Spain were found to have the genetic context of blaOXA-245 more complicated than that of blaOXA-48-harboring IncL/M-type plasmids, with two copies of IS1R inserted both upstream and downstream of blaOXA-245-lysR. These findings enhance our understanding of the genetic diversity of blaOXA-48-like-harboring plasmids in K. pneumoniae.

Diabetic wound complications are financially costly and difficult to heal in worldwide. Whereas the therapies of diabetic wound, such as wound dressing, endocrine therapy or flap-transplantations, were not satisfied. Based on our previous study of exosome secreted by adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC-exo), we loaded ADSC-exo into the matrix metalloproteinase degradable polyethylene glycol (MMP-PEG) smart hydrogel. Physical and chemical properties of ADSC-exo@MMP-PEG smart hydrogel were tested by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), weight loss examination, etc. As the hydrogel degraded in response to MMP, ADSC-exo was released and subsequently enhanced cell function via Akt signaling. Moreover, treatment with ADSC-exo@MMP-PEG smart hydrogel significantly relieved the H2O2-induced oxidative stress, which was widely recognized as a major cause of diabetic wound nonhealing. Similar results were achieved in mice diabetic wound models, in which the ADSC-exo@MMP-PEG treatment group displayed a significantly accelerated wound healing. To summarize, the present smart hydrogel with enzyme-response and exosome-release was proved to be benefit for diabetic wounds healing, which provides a reliable theoretical basis for application of ADSC-exo in treatment of diabetic wounds.

Background: Despite ample evidence demonstrating that anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and meniscus tears are associated with posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) development, the contributing factors remain unknown. Synovial inflammation has recently been recognized as a pivotal factor in the pathogenesis of OA. However, there is a lack of data on synovial profiles after ACL or meniscus injuries, which may contribute to PTOA.Methods: Twelve patients with ACL tears and/or meniscus injuries were recruited. During surgery, synovial tissues were obtained from the injured knees. The inflammation status of the synovium was characterized according to macroscopic criteria and histological synovitis grades. Then the synovial tissues were classified as control group or inflamed group. High-throughput RNA sequencing of the synovial samples (3 vs. 3) was conducted to identify differentially expressed (DE) RNAs. Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway, and protein–protein interaction (PPI) analyses were performed to investigate DE mRNAs. Next, competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks were constructed based on bioinformatics analyses. Associations of the identified DE genes (DEGs) with infiltrating immune cells were explored using Pearson correlation analysis.Results: The results showed that 2793 mRNAs, 3392 lncRNAs and 211 miRNAs were significantly DE between two groups. The top 3 significantly upregulated GO terms and KEGG pathways were immune response, adaptive immune response and immune system process, systemic lupus erythematosus, haematopoietic cell lineage and cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction, respectively. In PPI networks, the top 10 hub genes were IL6, CCR7, C3, CCR5, CXCR3, CXCL8, IL2, CCR3, CCR2 and CXCL1. Seven mRNAs (EPHA5, GSN, ORC1, TLN2, SOX6, NKD2 and ADAMTS19), 4 lncRNAs (MIR4435-2HG, TNXA, CEROX1 and TMEM92-AS1) and 3 miRNAs (miR-486-5p, miR-199a-3p and miR-21-3p) were validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and sub-networks were constructed. In correlation analysis, MMP9 correlated positively with M0 macrophages and plasma cells, NKD2 positively with CD8 T cells, and CCR7 and IL2RB positively with naive B cells.Conclusion: Our study provides foundational synovial inflammation profiles following knee trauma. The ceRNA and PPI networks provide new insight into the biological processes and underlying mechanisms of PTOA. The differential infiltration profiles of immune cells in synovium may contribute to PTOA development. This study also highlights immune-related DEGs as potential PTOA treatment biomarkers.

Objective: The primary objective of this study is to investigate the relationships between perceived social support and mobile phone addiction, as well as the mediating effect of depressive symptoms and the moderating effect of self-compassion. Methods: A total of 874 college students completed questionnaires, including the perceived social support scale, depression–anxiety–stress scale, mobile phone addiction index, and the short form of the self-compassion scale. The participants included 202 males and 672 females, with an average age of 19.54 (SD = 2.16). Results: A moderated mediation analysis was conducted. The results revealed that perceived social support fully mediated the negative relationship between perceived social support and mobile phone addiction. Self-compassion attenuated the mediating effects. Conclusions: The present study indicated that insufficient perceived social support may increase the risk of mobile phone addiction among college students because of the impact of depressive symptoms. However, self-compassion could buffer this adverse effect.

Abstract Denervation of skeletal muscles results in a rapid and programmed loss of muscle size and performance, termed muscle atrophy, which leads to a poor prognosis of clinical nerve repair. Previous researches considered this process a result of multiple factors, such as protein homeostasis disorder, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), and apoptosis, while their intrinsic association remains to be explored. In this study, Sestrin2 (SESN2), a stress-inducible protein, was shown to act as a key protective signal involved in the crosstalk therein. SESN2 expression was induced in the gastrocnemius two weeks post denervation, which was accompanied by ERS, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis. Knockdown of SESN2 aggravated this situation and resulted in severer atrophy. Similar results were also found in rotenone-treated C2C12 cells. Furthermore, SESN2 was demonstrated to be induced by an ERS-activated transcription factor CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBPβ). Once induced, SESN2 halted protein synthesis by inhibiting the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), thereby attenuating ERS. Moreover, increased SESN2 activated the specific autophagic machinery and facilitated the aggregation of sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1, p62) on the mitochondrial surface, which promoted the clearance of damaged mitochondria through mitophagy. Collectively, the SESN2-mediated unfolded protein response (UPR) and mitophagy play a critical role in protecting against denervated muscle atrophy, which may provide novel insights into the mechanism of skeletal muscle atrophy following denervation.

Sulfonamide antibiotics (SAs) are widely used in medicine, animal husbandry and aquaculture, and excessive intake of SAs may pose potential toxicity to organisms. The toxicological mechanisms of two classical SAs, sulfamerazine (SMR) and sulfamethoxazole (SMT), were investigated by molecular docking, DFT and multi-spectroscopic techniques using HSA and BSA as model proteins. The quenching of HSA/BSA endogenous fluorescence by SMR was higher than that by SMT due to the stronger binding effect of the pyrimidine ring on HSA/BSA compared to the oxazole ring, and that result was consistent with that predicted by DFT calculations. Thermodynamic parameters show that the binding of SAs to HSA/BSA is an exothermic process that proceeds spontaneously (ΔG < 0). Marker competition experiments illustrate that the binding site of SMR/SMT on serum albumin is located in subdomain IIIA. The combination of SAs and HSA/BSA is mainly realized by hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interaction, and the concept is also supported by molecular modeling. The reduced α-helix content of HSA/BSA induced by SMR/SMT indicates a greater stretching of the protein α-helix structure of the SMR/SMT-HSA/BSA. The results could provide useful toxicological information on the hazards of SAs in response to growing concern that SAs may pose a toxic threat to organisms.

This study aimed to discuss clinical characteristics, therapy, and antibody prevalence in epilepsy (APE) score for short-term, frequent epileptic seizures in children who are autoimmune-antibody negative and respond well to immunotherapy. The clinical characteristics, imaging manifestations, electrophysiology, and effective treatment plan of 9 children who met the above criteria were retrospectively analyzed in the Pediatric Neurology Department of Qilu Hospital at Shandong University from June 2019 to December 2021. All 9 patients (6 boys, 3 girls; aged 13 months−11 years and 5 months, median 3.5 years) had acute-onset seizures within 3 months. All had previous normal growth/development with no family history of disease. Seizure types were focal motor seizures (6), generalized tonic-clonic seizures (2), and generalized secondary-to-focal (1); occurred >10 times/day; and lasted

Abstract Purine rich element binding protein A (Purα), encoded by the Purα gene, is an important transcriptional regulator that binds to DNA and RNA and is involved in processes such as DNA replication and RNA translation. Purα also plays an important role in the nervous system. To identify the function of Pura, we performed RNA sequence (RNA-seq) analysis of Purɑ-KO mouse hippocampal neuron cell line (HT22) to analyze the effect of Purα deletion on neuronal expression profiles. And combined with ChIP-seq analysis to explore the mechanism of Purα on gene regulation. In the end, totaly 656 differentially expressed genes between HT22 and Purα-KO HT22 cells have been found, which include 7 Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-related genes and 5 Aβ clearance related genes. 47 genes were regulated by Purα directly, the evidence based on CHIP-seq, which include Insr, Mapt, Vldlr, Jag1, etc. Our study provides the important informations of Purα in neuro-development. The possible regulative effects of Purα on AD-related genes consist inthe direct and indirect pathways of Purα in the pathogenesis of AD.

Abstract Background Mesenchymal stem cells including adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) have a considerable potential in the field of translational medicine. Unfortunately, multiple factors (e.g., older age, co-existing diabetes, and obesity) may impair cellular function, which hinders the overall effectiveness of autologous stem cell therapy. Noncoding RNAs—including microRNAs (miRNAs), long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs)—have been shown to play important roles in stem cell biology. However, the overall diabetes-related and aging-related expression patterns and interactions of these RNAs in ASCs remain unknown. Method The phenotypes and functions of ASCs isolated from diabetic (D-ASCs), old (O-ASCs), and young (Y-ASCs) donors were evaluated by in vitro assays. We conducted high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) in these ASCs to identify the differentially expressed (DE) RNAs. Gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analyses were performed to investigate mRNAs with significant differences among groups. The lncRNA- or circRNA-associated competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks were constructed based on bioinformatics analyses and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) results. The miR-145-5p mimics were transfected into O-ASCs and verified by PCR. Results ASCs from diabetic and old donors showed inferior migration ability and increased cellular senescence. Furthermore, O-ASCs have decreased capacities for promoting endothelial cell angiogenesis and fibroblast migration, compared with Y-ASCs. The DE miRNAs, mRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs were successfully identified by RNA-seq in O-ASCs vs. Y-ASCs and D-ASCs vs. O-ASCs. GO and KEGG analyses demonstrated that DE mRNAs were significantly enriched in aging and cell senescence terms separately. PPI networks revealed critical DE mRNAs in the above groups. RNAs with high fold changes and low p values were validated by PCR. ceRNA networks were constructed based on bioinformatics analyses and validated RNAs. Additionally, the lncRNA RAET1E-AS1–miR-145-5p–WNT11/BMPER axis was validated by PCR and correlation analyses. Finally, the overexpression of miR-145-5p was found to rejuvenate O-ASCs phenotype and augment the functionality of these cells. Conclusion Our research may provide insights regarding the underlying mechanisms of ASC dysfunction; it may also offer novel targets for restoring therapeutic properties in ASCs.

The collusive false data injection attack (CFDIA) is a false data injection attack (FIDA), in which false data are injected in a coordinated manner into some adjacent pairs of captured nodes of an attacked wireless sensor network (WSN). As a result, the defense of WSN against a CFDIA is much more difficult than defense against ordinary FDIA. This paper is devoted to identifying the compromised sensors of a well-behaved WSN under a CFDIA. By establishing a model for predicting the reading of a sensor and employing the principal component analysis (PCA) technique, we establish a criterion for judging whether an adjacent pair of sensors are consistent in terms of their readings. Inspired by the system-level fault diagnosis, we introduce a set of watchdogs into a WSN as comparators between adjacent pairs of sensors of the WSN, and we propose an algorithm for diagnosing the WSN based on the collection of the consistency outcomes. Simulation results show that the proposed diagnosis scheme achieves a higher probability of correct diagnosis.

A polarization rotator based on loaded parallel strip-lines is theoretically and experimentally investigated. The unit cells are short-stub loaded parallel strip-lines. The arrays on the front and back layers are rotated by 90° to each other. By loading the stubs, good coupling between the two layers is obtained. Such a structural rotation along with the loading stubs allow the y-polarized wave to be converted to x-polarized wave through field coupling. Abroad transmission bandwidth of 30% (86-116 GHz) by using the proposed structure has been reached. In addition, the PTFE substrate is only 0.25 mm thick, which is less than 0.1λ at 86 GHz. Such a thickness allows the polarization rotator to be easily mounted on antenna radomes. The fabricated prototype demonstrates good agreement between simulation and measurement results.