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Appropriate arrangement of the fin structures in the evaporator and condenser not only enhances the heat transfer coefficient but also suppresses the increase of pressure drop. Due to this reason, ...

Chaetomiaceae comprises phenotypically diverse species, which impact biotechnology, the indoor environment and human health. Recent studies showed that most of the traditionally defined genera in Chaetomiaceae are highly polyphyletic. Many of these morphology-based genera, such as Chaetomium, Thielavia and Humicola, have been redefined using multigene phylogenetic analysis combined with morphology; however, a comprehensive taxonomic overview of the family is lacking. In addition, the phylogenetic relationship of thermophilic Chaetomiaceae species with non-thermophilic taxa in the family is largely unclear due to limited taxon sampling in previous studies. In this study, we provide an up-to-date overview on the taxonomy and phylogeny of genera and species belonging to Chaetomiaceae, including an extensive taxon sampling of thermophiles. A multigene phylogenetic analysis based on the ITS (internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 including the 5.8S nrDNA), LSU (D1/D2 domains of the 28S nrDNA), rpb2 (partial RNA polymerase II second largest subunit gene) and tub2 (β-tubulin gene) sequences was performed on 345 strains representing Chaetomiaceae and 58 strains of other families in Sordariales. Divergence times based on the multi-gene phylogeny were estimated as aid to determine the genera in the family. Genera were delimited following the criteria that a genus must be a statistically well-supported monophyletic clade in both the multigene phylogeny and molecular dating analysis, fall within a divergence time of over 27 million years ago, and be supported by ecological preference or phenotypic traits. Based on the results of the phylogeny and molecular dating analyses, combined with morphological characters and temperature-growth characteristics, 50 genera and 275 species are accepted in Chaetomiaceae. Among them, six new genera, six new species, 45 new combinations and three new names are proposed. The results demonstrate that the thermophilic species fall into seven genera (Melanocarpus, Mycothermus, Remersonia, Thermocarpiscus gen. nov., Thermochaetoides gen. nov., Thermothelomyces and Thermothielavioides). These genera cluster in six separate lineages, suggesting that thermophiles independently evolved at least six times within the family. A list of accepted genera and species in Chaetomiaceae, together with information on their MycoBank numbers, living ex-type strains and GenBank accession numbers to ITS, LSU, rpb2 and tub2 sequences is provided. Furthermore, we provide suggestions how to describe and identify Chaetomiaceae species. Taxonomic novelties: new genera: Parvomelanocarpus X.Wei Wang & Houbraken, Pseudohumicola X.Wei Wang, P.J. Han, F.Y. Bai & Houbraken, Tengochaeta X.Wei Wang & Houbraken, Thermocarpiscus X.Wei Wang & Houbraken, Thermochaetoides X.Wei Wang & Houbraken, Xanthiomyces X.Wei Wang & Houbraken; New species: Botryotrichum geniculatum X.Wei Wang, P.J. Han & F.Y. Bai, Chaetomium subaffine Sergejeva ex X.Wei Wang & Houbraken, Humicola hirsuta X.Wei Wang, P.J. Han & F.Y. Bai, Subramaniula latifusispora X.Wei Wang, P.J. Han & F.Y. Bai, Tengochaeta nigropilosa X.Wei Wang & Houbraken, Trichocladium tomentosum X.Wei Wang, P.J. Han & F.Y. Bai; New combinations: Achaetomiella gracilis (Udagawa) Houbraken, X.Wei Wang, P.J. Han & F.Y. Bai, Allocanariomyces americanus (Cañete-Gibas et al.) Cañete-Gibas, Wiederhold, X.Wei Wang & Houbraken, Amesia dreyfussii (Arx) X.Wei Wang & Houbraken, Amesia raii (G. Malhotra & Mukerji) X.Wei Wang & Houbraken, Arcopilus macrostiolatus (Stchigel et al.) X.Wei Wang & Houbraken, Arcopilus megasporus (Sörgel ex Seth) X.Wei Wang & Houbraken, Arcopilus purpurascens (Udagawa & Y. Sugiy.) X.Wei Wang & Houbraken, Arxotrichum deceptivum (Malloch & Benny) X.Wei Wang & Houbraken, Arxotrichum gangligerum (L.M. Ames) X.Wei Wang & Houbraken, Arxotrichum officinarum (M. Raza & L. Cai) X.Wei Wang & Houbraken, Arxotrichum piluliferoides (Udagawa & Y. Horie) X.Wei Wang & Houbraken, Arxotrichum repens (Guarro & Figueras) X.Wei Wang & Houbraken, Arxotrichum sinense (K.T. Chen) X.Wei Wang & Houbraken, Botryotrichum inquinatum (Udagawa & S. Ueda) X.Wei Wang & Houbraken, Botryotrichum retardatum (A. Carter & R.S. Khan) X.Wei Wang & Houbraken, Botryotrichum trichorobustum (Seth) X.Wei Wang & Houbraken, Botryotrichum vitellinum (A. Carter) X.Wei Wang & Houbraken, Collariella anguipilia (L.M. Ames) X.Wei Wang & Houbraken, Collariella hexagonospora (A. Carter & Malloch) X.Wei Wang & Houbraken, Collariella pachypodioides (L.M. Ames) X.Wei Wang & Houbraken, Ovatospora amygdalispora (Udagawa & T. Muroi) X.Wei Wang & Houbraken, Ovatospora angularis (Yu Zhang & L. Cai) X.Wei Wang & Houbraken, Parachaetomium biporatum (Cano & Guarro) X.Wei Wang & Houbraken, Parachaetomium hispanicum (Guarro & Arx) X.Wei Wang & Houbraken, Parachaetomium inaequale (Pidopl. et al.) X.Wei Wang & Houbraken, Parachaetomium longiciliatum (Yu Zhang & L. Cai) X.Wei Wang & Houbraken, Parachaetomium mareoticum (Besada & Yusef) X.Wei Wang & Houbraken, Parachaetomium muelleri (Arx) X.Wei Wang & Houbraken, Parachaetomium multispirale (A. Carter et al.) X.Wei Wang & Houbraken, Parachaetomium perlucidum (Sergejeva) X.Wei Wang & Houbraken, Parachaetomium subspirilliferum (Sergejeva) X.Wei Wang & Houbraken, Parathielavia coactilis (Nicot) X.Wei Wang & Houbraken, Parvomelanocarpus tardus (X.Wei Wang & Samson) X.Wei Wang & Houbraken, Parvomelanocarpus thermophilus (Abdullah & Al-Bader) X.Wei Wang & Houbraken, Pseudohumicola atrobrunnea (X.Wei Wang et al.) X.Wei Wang, P.J. Han, F.Y. Bai & Houbraken, Pseudohumicola pulvericola (X.Wei Wang et al.) X.Wei Wang, P.J. Han, F.Y. Bai & Houbraken, Pseudohumicola semispiralis (Udagawa & Cain) X.Wei Wang, P.J. Han, F.Y. Bai & Houbraken, Pseudohumicola subspiralis (Chivers) X.Wei Wang, P.J. Han, F.Y. Bai & Houbraken, Staphylotrichum koreanum (Hyang B. Lee & T.T.T. Nguyen) X.Wei Wang & Houbraken, Staphylotrichum limonisporum (Z.F. Zhang & L. Cai) X.Wei Wang & Houbraken, Subramaniula lateralis (Yu Zhang & L. Cai) X.Wei Wang & Houbraken, Thermocarpiscus australiensis (Tansey & M.A. Jack) X.Wei Wang & Houbraken, Thermochaetoides dissita (Cooney & R. Emers.) X.Wei Wang & Houbraken, Thermochaetoides thermophila (La Touche) X.Wei Wang & Houbraken, Xanthiomyces spinosus (Chivers) X.Wei Wang & Houbraken; New names: Chaetomium neoglobosporum X.Wei Wang & Houbraken, Thermothelomyces fergusii X.Wei Wang & Houbraken, Thermothelomyces myriococcoides X.Wei Wang & Houbraken; Lecto- and / or epi-typifications (basionyms): Botryoderma rostratum Papendorf & H.P. Upadhyay, Botryotrichum piluliferum Sacc. & Marchal, Chaetomium carinthiacum Sörgel, Thielavia heterothallica Klopotek. Citation: Wang XW, Han PJ, Bai FY, Luo A, Bensch K, Meijer M, Kraak B, Han DY, Sun BD, Crous PW, Houbraken J (2022). Taxonomy, phylogeny and identification of Chaetomiaceae with emphasis on thermophilic species. Studies in Mycology 101: 121-243. doi: 10.3114/sim.2022.101.03.

Our purpose was to measure the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) synovial fluid (SF) levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) before and after intra-articular injection of hyaluronic acid (HA) and to investigate the possible mechanism involved in the therapeutic value of HA. We analysed the synovial fluid of 30 patients with unilateral internal derangement (ID) or osteoarthritis (OA) of the TMJ (confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging and cone-beam computed tomography) and recorded clinical signs and symptoms including maximal mouth opening, subjective joint pain, and joint noise at the patient's each visit. All clinical signs significantly improved after injection of HA, and there was no significant difference between ID and OA groups. In synovial fluid parameters, the concentration of VEGF was significantly higher before treatment with HA than after treatment, but there was no significant difference in the concentration of FGF-2 between before and after treatment. The study findings suggest intra-articular injection of HA may reduce the synovitis and improve the internal state of the TMJ in a short period.

Anaerobic fungi (Neocallimastigomycetes) play an important role in fermenting lignin-rich plant biomass into sugars in the rumen of animals, representing a very promising enzyme resource to contribute to the conversion of plant biomass into biofuels. However, current studies about their functions mainly focus on limited species, and little is known about the coordination of different members of the anaerobic fungi in the digestion process of plant fibres. In this study, the community composition of anaerobic fungi in the rumens of yaks at five different time points (1, 3, 5, 7.5 and 24 h after feeding wheat straw) was investigated employing a cultivation-independent method using ITS clone libraries. Comparison of five pairs of primers showed that PCR primer sets could have clear amplification bias and therefore potentially affect the interpretation of the resulting fungal community structure; then two primer sets GM1/MNGM2 and ITS1/ITS4 were selected. Among the 398 sequences from 10 clone libraries, 18 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of Neocallimastigomycetes were obtained, covering five known genera and one yet uncultured lineage. OTUs belonging to the bulbous-type morphotype (Caecomyces- or Cyllamyces-related) and the rhizoidal genus Neocallimastix were abundant and predominantly present, representing 62.7% and 19.3% OTUs respectively. In all the later samples taken from 3 h to 24 Neocallimastigomycetes h after feeding, a relatively stable community composition was revealed: members of Neocallimastix increased to represent 43.4–49.4% and the bulbous-type morphotype declined to represent 39.5–42.7%. This implies a substantial turnover and synergy between bulbous and rhizoidal morphotypes of anaerobic fungi during the process of fibre digestion. Our study provided the first insight into the in vivo temporal change in the anaerobic fungal community, and the role of Neocallimastigomycetes with a bulbous morphotype in the degradation of plant cell wall in the yak rumen.

Water droplets on eight different enhanced surfaces were experimentally investigated to determine the droplet impact behaviors and their effects on the cooling performances of these enhanced surfaces. The surfaces were fabricated using selective laser melting (SLM), which is an Additive Manufacturing (AM) technique that uses a high power-density laser to melt and fuse metallic powders together. In the experiments, the surface material is an aluminum alloy (AlSi10Mg) and the liquid is water. The droplet diameter was maintained at 2.4 mm, impact Weber numbers of 28, 122 and 202 were used and the droplet frequencies ranged from 0.79 Hz to 3.97 Hz. These surfaces, which were heated above the Leidenfrost temperature, were investigated at incidence angles of 90° and 45° and their results were compared against a smooth surface. Using high speed imaging, the evolutions of droplet dynamics on the heated surfaces were determined and the effects of the droplets’ behavior on the cooling performances of the enhanced surfaces were elucidated. Our results showed that fin density played an important role in the droplet dynamics. When the fin density was high, the integrity of the droplet can be maintained after impact. On the other hand, increasing the fin height can usually improve the droplet heat transfer on clavate fin surface. For the Low density and the Globe surfaces (cylindrical + clavate), the droplets could be trapped on the fin surfaces which enhanced cooling. A combination of film boiling and nucleate boiling was observed on the Low density, the Clavate fins and the Globe fin surfaces. From transient cooling curves obtained for the various surfaces, it was determined that the Globe, High clavate and Low density surfaces demonstrated significantly better cooling performances as compared to the other enhanced and smooth surfaces. The best cooling performance was achieved with the Globe surface at We=121, f=3.97 and θ=90°. NRF (Natl Research Foundation, S’pore) Accepted version

A numerical analysis of laminar film condensation of pure vapor on an isothermal vertical fluted tube surface is presented using a surface-fitted orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system. Based on the assumptions employed in Nusselt's analysis on a flat plate, a liquid film thickness equation for film-wise condensation on fluted surface is obtained by simplifying the Navier-Stokes equations. By defining the fluted fin surface curvatures, different fin shapes can be obtained. A relationship between curvature parameters of the sinuous fluted tube such as fin height and fin arc length is obtained. A general condensation performance comparison method for different fin geometries which is set up using the Fourier's series approximation is presented by defining the fin surface curvature parameters. By solving the liquid film thickness equation, the curvature variation effects on a condensing surface and the stable film profiles are investigated. The calculations show that the standard sinuous fin's crest region area is crucial for total condensation heat transfer. It is demonstrated that the effect of surface tension because of curvature change on fluted sinuous fins is important in heat transfer enhancement as compared to other rectangular, triangular and other sinuous fin surfaces. For a constant base diameter tube, it was determined that heat transfer enhancement of the sinuous fins can be achieved by increasing the number of fins and the fin length. However, it is not a valid method to lengthen the fin height for rectangular or triangular fin when the liquid flow does not reach flooding. A more useful outside tube fin arrangement, which takes full advantage of fin tip effect and flooding flow characteristic, is presented.

The traditional concept of the genus Humicola includes species that produce pigmented, thick-walled and single-celled spores laterally or terminally on hyphae or minimally differentiated conidiophores. More than 50 species have been described in the genus. Species commonly occur in soil, indoor environments, and compost habitats. The taxonomy of Humicola and morphologically similar genera is poorly understood in modern terms. Based on a four-locus phylogeny, the morphological concept of Humicola proved to be polyphyletic. The type of Humicola, H. fuscoatra, belongs to the Chaetomiaceae. In the Chaetomiaceae, species producing humicola-like thick-walled spores are distributed among four lineages: Humicola sensu stricto, Mycothermus, Staphylotrichum, and Trichocladium. In our revised concept of Humicola, asexual and sexually reproducing species both occur. The re-defined Humicola contains 24 species (seven new and thirteen new combinations), which are described and illustrated in this study. The species in this genus produce conidia that are lateral, intercalary or terminal on/in hyphae, and conidiophores are not formed or are minimally developed (micronematous). The ascospores of sexual Humicola species are limoniform to quadrangular in face view and bilaterally flattened with one apical germ pore. Seven species are accepted in Staphylotrichum (four new species, one new combination). Thick-walled conidia of Staphylotrichum species usually arise either from hyphae (micronematous) or from apically branched, seta-like conidiophores (macronematous). The sexual morph represented by Staphylotrichum longicolleum (= Chaetomium longicolleum) produces ascomata with long necks composed of a fused basal part of the terminal hairs, and ascospores that are broad limoniform to nearly globose, bilaterally flattened, with an apical germ pore. The Trichocladium lineage has a high morphological diversity in both asexual and sexual structures. Phylogenetic analysis revealed four subclades in this lineage. However, these subclades are genetically closely related, and no distinctive phenotypic characters are linked to any of them. Fourteen species are accepted in Trichocladium, including one new species, twelve new combinations. The type species of Gilmaniella, G. humicola, belongs to the polyphyletic family Lasiosphaeriaceae (Sordariales), but G. macrospora phylogenetically belongs to Trichocladium. The thermophilic genus Mycothermus and the type species My. thermophilum are validated, and one new Mycothermus species is described. Phylogenetic analyses show that Remersonia, another thermophilic genus, is sister to Mycothermus and two species are known, including one new species. Thermomyces verrucosus produces humicola-like conidia and is transferred to Botryotrichum based on phylogenetic affinities. This study is a first attempt to establish an inclusive modern classification of Humicola and humicola-like genera of the Chaetomiaceae. More research is needed to determine the phylogenetic relationships of “humicola”-like species outside the Chaetomiaceae. Key words: Humicola, Mycothermus, Phylogeny, Remersonia, Sexual morphs, Staphylotrichum, Trichocladium, 43 Taxonomic novelties, Taxonomic novelties: new genus: Mycothermus D.O. Natvig et al. ex X. Wei Wang, Houbraken & D. O. Natvig, New species: Humicola atrobrunnea X. Wei Wang, Houbraken, Y.L. Jiang & T.Y. Zhang, Humicola christensenii X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Humicola degenerans X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Humicola leptodermospora X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Humicola mutabilis X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Humicola pulvericola X. Wei Wang, Houbraken & Seifert, Humicola quadrangulata X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Mycothermus thermophiloides X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Remersonia tenuis X. Wei Wang, Houbraken & Seifert, Staphylotrichum acaciicola X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Staphylotrichum brevistipitatum X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Staphylotrichum microascosporum X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Staphylotrichum tortipilum X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Trichocladium amorphum X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, New combinations: Botryotrichum verrucosum (Pugh, Blakeman & Morgan-Jones) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Humicola ampulliella (X.Wei Wang) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Humicola cuyabenoensis (Decock & Hennebert) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Humicola distorta (L.M. Ames) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Humicola floriformis (Gené & Guarro) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Humicola homopilata (Omvik) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Humicola malaysiensis (D. Hawksw.) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Humicola pinnata (L.M. Ames) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Humicola seminuda (L.M. Ames) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Humicola semispiralis (Udagawa and Cain) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Humicola sphaeralis (Chivers) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Humicola subspiralis (Chivers) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Humicola udagawae (Sergejeva ex Udagawa) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Humicola wallefii (J.A. Mey. & Lanneau) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Mycothermus thermophilus (Cooney & R. Emers.) X. Wei Wang, Houbraken & D. O. Natvig, Staphylotrichum longicolleum (Krzemien. & Badura) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Trichocladium acropullum (X.Wei Wang) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Trichocladium antarcticum (Stchigel & Guarro) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Trichocladium arxii (Benny) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Trichocladium crispatum (Fuckel) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Trichocladium griseum (Traaen) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Trichocladium heterothallicum (Yu Zhang & L. Cai) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Trichocladium jilongense (Y.M. Wu & T.Y. Zhang) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Trichocladium nigrospermum (Schwein.) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Trichocladium seminis-citrulli (Sergeeva) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Trichocladium uniseriatum (Yu Zhang & L. Cai) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Nomen novum: Trichocladium beniowskiae (M.D. Mehrotra) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Trichocladium gilmaniellae (Moustafa) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken

The genus Thielavia is morphologically defined by having non-ostiolate ascomata with a thin peridium composed of textura epidermoidea, and smooth, single-celled, pigmented ascospores with one germ pore. Thielavia is typified with Th. basicola that grows in close association with a hyphomycete which was traditionally identified as Thielaviopsis basicola. Besides Th. basicola exhibiting the mycoparasitic nature, the majority of the described Thielavia species are from soil, and some have economic and ecological importance. Unfortunately, no living type material of Th. basicola exists, hindering a proper understanding of the classification of Thielavia. Therefore, Thielavia basicola was neotypified by material of a mycoparasite presenting the same ecology and morphology as described in the original description. We subsequently performed a multi-gene phylogenetic analyses (rpb2, tub2, ITS and LSU) to resolve the phylogenetic relationships of the species currently recognised in Thielavia. Our results demonstrate that Thielavia is highly polyphyletic, being related to three family-level lineages in two orders. The redefined genus Thielavia is restricted to its type species, Th. basicola, which belongs to the Ceratostomataceae (Melanosporales) and its host is demonstrated to be Berkeleyomyces rouxiae, one of the two species in the “Thielaviopsis basicola” species complex. The new family Podosporaceae is sister to the Chaetomiaceae in the Sordariales and accommodates the re-defined genera Podospora, Trangularia and Cladorrhinum, with the last genus including two former Thielavia species (Th. hyalocarpa and Th. intermedia). This family also includes the genetic model species Podospora anserina, which was combined in Triangularia (as Triangularia anserina). The remaining Thielavia species fall in ten unrelated clades in the Chaetomiaceae, leading to the proposal of nine new genera (Carteria, Chrysanthotrichum, Condenascus, Hyalosphaerella, Microthielavia, Parathielavia, Pseudothielavia, Stolonocarpus and Thermothielavioides). The genus Canariomyces is transferred from Microascaceae (Microascales) to Chaetomiaceae based on its type species Can. notabilis. Canariomyces is closely related to the human-pathogenic genus Madurella, and includes three thielavia-like species and one novel species. Three monotypic genera with a chaetomium-like morph (Brachychaeta, Chrysocorona and Floropilus) are introduced to better resolve the Chaetomiaceae and the thielavia-like species in the family. Chrysocorona lucknowensis and Brachychaeta variospora are closely related to Acrophialophora and three newly introduced genera containing thielavia-like species; Floropilus chiversii is closely related to the industrially important and thermophilic species Thermothielavioides terrestris (syn. Th. terrestris). This study shows that the thielavia-like morph is a homoplastic form that originates from several separate evolutionary events. Furthermore, our results provide new insights into the taxonomy of Sordariales and the polyphyletic Lasiosphaeriaceae. Key words: Ceratostomataceae, Chaetomiaceae, Multi-gene phylogeny, Non-ostiolate ascomycetes, Taxonomy, 54 Taxonomic novelties, Taxonomic novelties: new family: Podosporaceae X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, New genera: Brachychaeta X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Carteria X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Chrysanthotrichum X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Chrysocorona X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Condenascus X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Floropilus X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Hyalosphaerella X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Microthielavia X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Parathielavia X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Pseudothielavia X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Stolonocarpus X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Thermothielavioides X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, New species: Acrophialophora teleoafricana X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Canariomyces vonarxii X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Carteria arctostaphyli X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Chrysanthotrichum allolentum X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Chrysanthotrichum leptolentum X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Pseudothielavia subhyaloderma X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, New combination: Acrophialophora jodhpurensis (Lodha) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Brachychaeta variospora (Udagawa & Y. Horie) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Canariomyces arenarius (Mouch.) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Canariomyces microsporus (Mouch.) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Canariomyces subthermophilus (Mouch.) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Chrysanthotrichum lentum (van Warmelo) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Chrysanthotrichum peruvianum (Goch.) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Chrysocorona lucknowensis (J.N. Rai & J.P. Tewari) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Cladorrhinum hyalocarpum (Arx) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Cladorrhinum intermedium (Stchigel & Guarro) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Condenascus tortuosus (Udagawa & Y. Sugiy.) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Floropilus chiversii (J.C. Cooke) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Hyalosphaerella fragilis (Natarajan) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Microthielavia ovispora (Pidopl. et al.) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Parathielavia appendiculata (M.P. Srivast. et al.) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Parathielavia hyrcaniae (Nicot) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Parathielavia kuwaitensis (Moustafa) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Podospora bulbillosa (W. Gams & Mouch.) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Pseudothielavia arxii (Stchigel & Guarro) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Pseudothielavia hamadae (Udagawa) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Pseudothielavia terricola (J.C. Gilman & E.V. Abbott) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Stolonocarpus gigasporus (Moustafa & Abdel-Azeem) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Thermothielavioides terrestris (Apinis) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Triangularia anserina (Rabenh.) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Triangularia allahabadensis (M.P. Srivast. et al.) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Triangularia bellae-mahoneyi (C. Boucher et al.) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Triangularia comata (Milovtz.) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Triangularia longicaudata (Cain) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Triangularia pauciseta (Ces.) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Triangularia phialophoroides (Mouch. & W. Gams) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Triangularia pseudoanserina (C. Boucher et al.) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Triangularia pseudocomata (C. Boucher et al.) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Triangularia pseudopauciseta (C. Boucher et al.) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Triangularia setosa (G. Winter) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Triangularia verruculosa (C.N. Jensen) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken, Typifications: Neotypifications: Thielavia basicola Zopf, Chaetomium trilaterale var. chiversii J.C. Cooke, Lectotypifications & Epitypifications: Chaetomium jodhpurense Lodha, Chaetomium lucknowense J.N. Rai & J.P. Tewari, Coniothyrium terricola J.C. Gilman & E.V. Abbott, Schizothecium fimicola Corda

The phylum Neocallimastigomycota contains eight genera (about 20 species) of strictly anaerobic fungi. The evolutionary relationships of these genera are uncertain due to insufficient sequence data to infer their phylogenies. Based on morphology and molecular phylogeny, thirteen isolates obtained from yak faeces and rumen digesta in China were assigned to Neocallimastix frontalis (nine isolates), Orpinomyces joyonii (two isolates) and Caecomyces sp. (two isolates), respectively. The phylogenetic relationships of the eight genera were evaluated using complete ITS and partial LSU sequences, compared to the ITS1 region which has been widely used in this phylum in the past. Five monophyletic lineages corresponding to six of the eight genera were statistically supported. Isolates of Caecomyces and Cyllamyces were present in a single lineage and could not be separated properly. Members of Neocallimastigomycota with uniflagellate zoospores represented by Piromyces were polyphyletic. The Piromyces-like genus Oontomyces was consistently closely related to the traditional Anaeromyces, and separated the latter genus into two clades. The phylogenetic position of the Piromyces-like genus Buwchfawromyces remained unresolved. Orpinomyces and Neocallimastix, sharing polyflagellate zoospores, were supported as sister genera in the LSU phylogeny. Apparently ITS, specifically ITS1 alone, is not a good marker to resolve the generic affinities of the studied fungi. The LSU sequences are easier to align and appear to work well to resolve generic relationships. This study provides a comparative phylogenetic revision of Neocallimastigomycota isolates known from culture and sequence data. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10482-016-0779-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Y and Sr co-doped ceria (Ce 0.8 + x Y 0.2 − 2x Sr x O 1.9 ) samples which have the fixed oxygen vacancies concentrations, were synthesized by a gel combustion method followed by the common ceramic preparation process, and the effect of co-doping on the ionic conductivity was investigated. XRD results confirmed cubic fluorite structure in the samples. The lattice constant increases with increasing Sr content, and different strains of the compressive strain and the tensile strain exist in different samples. The sintered samples with the relative density of about 92% showed well defined grains, good densification with few closed pores. The activation energies of co-doped ceria decreased, reached a minimum and then increased with the increasing of Sr 2 + concentration. The ionic conductivity of co-doped ceria increased with increasing Sr 2 + doping concentration, reached a maximum and then decreased at higher doping level. The variation of the ionic conductivity and the activation energy with increasing Sr 2 + doping concentration can be attributed to the different strain state in samples. The activation energy reached a minimum value and conductivity reached a maximum value for YSDC-05. The conductivity of YSDC-05 at 600 °C, 700 °C and 800 °C reached 0.0058 S·cm − 1 , 0.0088 S·cm − 1 and 0.0099 S·cm − 1 , respectively.

Chaetomium globosum, the type species of the genus, is ubiquitous, occurring on a wide variety of substrates, in air and in marine environments. This species is recognised as a cellulolytic and/or endophytic fungus. It is also known as a source of secondary metabolites with various biological activities, having great potential in the agricultural, medicinal and industrial fields. On the negative side, C. globosum has been reported as an air contaminant causing adverse health effects and as causal agent of human fungal infections. However, the taxonomic status of C. globosum is still poorly understood. The contemporary species concept for this fungus includes a broadly defined morphological diversity as well as a large number of synonymies with limited phylogenetic evidence. The aim of this study is, therefore, to resolve the phylogenetic limits of C. globosum s.str. and related species. Screening of isolates in the collections of the CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre (The Netherlands) and the China General Microbiological Culture Collection Centre (China) resulted in recognising 80 representative isolates of the C. globosum species complex. Thirty-six species are identified based on phylogenetic inference of six loci, supported by typical morphological characters, mainly ascospore shape. Of these, 12 species are newly described here. Additionally, C. cruentum, C. mollipilium, C. rectum, C. subterraneum and two varieties of C. globosum are synonymised under C. globosum s.str., and six species are resurrected, i.e. C. angustispirale, C. coarctatum, C. cochliodes, C. olivaceum, C. spiculipilium and C. subglobosum. Chaetomium ascotrichoides is segregated from C. madrasense and the genus name Chaetomidium is rejected. Five species, including C. globosum s.str., are typified here to stabilise their taxonomic status. A further evaluation of the six loci used in this study as potential barcodes indicated that the 28S large subunit (LSU) nrDNA and the internal transcribed spacer regions and intervening 5.8S nrRNA (ITS) gene regions were unreliable to resolve species, whereas β-tubulin (tub2) and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2) showed the greatest promise as DNA barcodes for differentiating Chaetomium species. This study provides a starting point to establish a more robust classification system for Chaetomium and for the Chaetomiaceae.

During a study of indoor fungi, 145 isolates belonging toChaetomiaceaewere cultured from air, swab and dust samples from 19 countries. Based on the phylogenetic analyses of DNA-directed RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2), β-tubulin (tub2), ITS and 28S large subunit (LSU) nrDNA sequences, together with morphological comparisons with related genera and species, 30 indoor taxa are recognised, of which 22 represent known species, seven are described as new, and one remains to be identified to species level. In our collection, 69 % of the indoor isolates with six species cluster with members of theChaetomium globosumspecies complex, representingChaetomium sensu stricto. The other indoor species fall into nine lineages that are separated from each other with several known chaetomiaceous genera occurring among them. No generic names are available for five of those lineages, and the following new genera are introduced here:Amesiawith three indoor species,Arcopiluswith one indoor species,Collariellawith four indoor species,Dichotomopiluswith seven indoor species andOvatosporawith two indoor species. The generic concept ofBotryotrichumis expanded to includeEmilmuelleriaand the chaetomium-like speciesB. muromum(=Ch. murorum) in which two indoor species are included. The generic concept ofSubramaniulais expanded to include several chaetomium-like taxa as well as one indoor species.Humicolais recognised as a distinct genus including two indoor taxa. According to this study,Ch. globosumis the most abundantChaetomiaceaeindoor species (74/145), followed byCh. cochliodes(17/145),Ch. elatum(6/145) andB. piluliferum(5/145). The morphological diversity of indoorChaetomiaceaeas well as the morphological characteristics of the new genera are described and illustrated. This taxonomic study redefines the generic concept ofChaetomiumand provides new insight into the phylogenetic relationships among different genera withinChaetomiaceae.

Mn-doped BiFeO3 films were prepared by chemical solution deposition method on fluorine doped tin oxide conductive glass via spin-coating technique. XRD pattern reveals the presence of the impurity phase of Bi2Fe4O9 in BiFeO3 films, while no impurity phase is found in the Mn-doped thin films. XPS spectrum demonstrates the purity of prepared thin films by exhibiting the desired elements alone and it also shows that Mn-doping restrains the change of Fe3+ valency. The leakage current result shows that Mn-doping causes the change of conduction mechanism led by the change of microstructure and the restraint of Fe ions valence. BiFe0.95Mn0.05O3 thin film has a good ferroelectric performance with high remnant polarization (Pr) value of 27 μC/cm2. Mn doped BiFeO3 films have stronger saturation magnetization than the BiFeO3 thin films. UV vis NIR transmittance spectra depicts the optical property, which shows the optical band gap decreases with the concentration of Mn increases.

The surface-wave modal inversion is generally the final step in various surface-wave exploration methods. The most widely used inversion strategies are the iterative-linear methods, which usually only invert S-wave velocities while keep other parameters, including the thickness of each layer, as known a priori. Though easy implementation and fast computation, these strategies make the establishment of an appropriate initial model a time-consuming process, especially when other priori information is unavailable. We propose an inversion strategy that simultaneously inverts S-wave velocity and layer thickness, within the frame of iterative-linearization. To enhance the stability of this inversion strategy, we have made a comprehensive application of a logarithmic transform and the smoothness constraint on model. Additionally, the elements of the Jacobian matrix are calculated by an analytical method combining the Implicit Function Theorem and the reduced delta matrix. A synthetic example and a field data demonstrate that the proposed strategy has a comparable computation efficiency and stability as the traditional Vs-only iterative-linear inversion methods, and meanwhile, makes the building of initial model more straightforward. This inversion strategy can be used alone or be used jointly with the traditional schemes to considerably facilitate the building of initial model for surface-wave exploration methods.

BACKGROUND: Tinea capitis is very common in Western China, with the most widespread aetiological agent being Trichophyton violaceum, while Microsporum canis is prevalent in the remainder of China. Conventional diagnostics and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing analyses have proven relatively limited due to the close phylogenetic relationship of anthropophilic dermatophytes. Therefore, alternative molecular tools with sufficient specificity, reproducibility and sensitivity are necessary. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate two molecular techniques [multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) and rolling circle amplification (RCA)] for rapid detection of the aetiological agents of tinea capitis, T. violaceum and M. canis. METHODS: Probes of RCA and MLPA were designed with target sequences in the rDNA ITS gene region. Strains tested consist of 31 T. violaceum, 22 M. canis and 24 reference strains of species that are taxonomically close to the target species. RESULTS: The specificity and reproducibility of RCA and MLPA in detection of T. violaceum and M. canis were both 100% in both species. Sensitivity testing showed that RCA was positive at concentrations down to 1·68 × 10(6) copies of DNA in the TvioRCA probe, and 2·7 × 10(8) copies of DNA in McRCA. MLPA yielded positive results at concentrations of DNA down to 1·68 × 10(1) copies in the TvioMLPA probe and 2·7 × 10(2) in McMLPA. CONCLUSIONS: The two techniques were sufficiently specific and sensitive for discriminating the target DNA of T. violaceum and M. canis from that of closely related dermatophytes. RCA and MLPA are advantageous in their reliability and ease of operation compared with standard polymerase chain reaction and conventional methods.

An experimental investigation of the use of pin fin arrays to enhance filmwise condensation of steam on vertical plates was carried out. New fin geometries of cylindrical, conical and sinusoidal profiles were produced and investigated in a condensation chamber. The effects of fin geometry and fin height were systematically examined and a comparison of the heat transfer performances of the pin fin structures and equivalent longitudinal fins was made. Visualization studies were carried to determine the condensate retention heights of the various fin structures and to elucidate the possible mechanisms affecting the condensation heat transfer coefficient. Our results show that the pin fin structures exhibit higher heat transfer performances as compared to the equivalent longitudinal fins of the same fin base diameter/width, pitch and height even though the longitudinal fins have larger heat transfer area as compared to the pin fins. The conical fin geometry of Specimen C1 was shown to promote condensate drainage away from the specimen surface, which reduced the condensate retention height and enhanced the heat transfer. In addition, the three-dimensional geometry of the conical fin also resulted in additional variation of curvature that reduces the film thickness near the fin tip and promotes heat transfer. On the other hand, the sinusoidal fin geometry of Specimen S1 promoted the draining of the condensate film from the fin tip to the fin base which significantly improved heat transfer near the fin tip. In comparison with the plain surface, enhancement factors (η) of 2.04 and 1.80 were achieved with Specimens C1 and S1, respectively. NRF (Natl Research Foundation, S’pore) Accepted version

This paper reports a study of condensation heat transfer and pressure drop of R134a inside four enhanced tubes and one plain tube fabricated by Selective Laser Melting (SLM). The results are compared to a plain commercial aluminum tube. The enhanced tubes consist of a tube with a metallic foam structure, a tube with eight short circumferential pin fins, a tube with five long circumferential pin fins and a tube with five twisted pin fins. The experiments were conducted at mass fluxes from 50 to 150 kg/m2 s. Throughout the experiments, the inlet and outlet vapor qualities were maintained at 0.9 and 0.3, respectively. Two saturation pressures of 13.4 bar and 11.6 bar were investigated. The effects of fin height, refrigerant flow direction and mass flux on the heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop were studied. Our results show that for the wavy flow pattern, the saturation pressure, vapor quality, mass flux, refrigerant flow direction and fin structure have significant effects on the condensation heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop. At higher saturation pressures, the head impact on the fins with shorter fin height has a higher heat transfer coefficient than the back impact. For the longer and twisted fins, a reversed trend was observed. With an increase in the mass flux or a decrease in the saturation pressure, the difference in heat transfer coefficients between the head and back impact for the same tube structure reduces. The heat transfer coefficients of the metallic foam tubes are higher than that of the plain SLM tube with a large penalty of pressure drop. The eight-fin tubes yield higher efficiency indices in terms of heat transfer over pressure drop when compared to the other tubes. NRF (Natl Research Foundation, S’pore) Accepted version

Insect-repellent textiles provide an important protection against insect bites and thus the infection of insect-borne diseases and poison. This chapter outlines the categories of insect-repellent materials currently used in terms of natural and synthetic substances and the technologies of synthesis and preparation of insect-repellent agents for textile finishing, such as nanoemulation and nano- and microencapsulation. It also describes various techniques of imparting the repellency onto the textile substrate, which consist of the conventional dip-pad-dry-cure, garment finishing, spray, and rinse cycle in laundry. The insect-repellency and knock-down assessments to determine the efficacy of the treated textile against mosquitos are also described. There are many factors that influence the efficacy of the insect-repellency attributable to the types of insecticidal or repellent substances used, types of preparation techniques used, and types of treatment processes used.

We investigated the expression differences of the TEL-AML1 fusion gene in a leukemia glucocorticoid (GC)-sensitive cell line (CEM) and a GC-resistant cell line (Jurkat). Changes in TEL-AML1 expression before and after GC exposure were analyzed. Expression of GC-sensitive and GC-resistant leukemia cells following initial diagnosis and during treatment was simulated. Leukemia cells were divided into a GC-unexposed or a GC-exposed group. A methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay was used to detect cell proliferation inhibition, flow cytometry was used to observe cell apoptosis, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the mRNA expression of TEL-AML1 before and after exposure, and western blotting was used to analyze protein levels of TEL-AML1 before and after exposure. Inhibitory concentrations of 50% of cells in the Jurkat and CEM cells at 24 h were 382 and 9 mM, respectively, and at 48 h they were 216 and 2 mM. The proliferation inhibition effect of dexamethasone sodium phosphate on Jurkat cells was much lower than that on CEM cells. Jurkat cells showed obvious apoptosis after exposure to 100 mM dexamethasone sodium phosphate for 48 h. In the exposed group, Jurkat cells showed higher TEL-AML1 expression than did CEM cells (P0.05). In the unexposed group, TEL-AML1 gene expression in Jurkat cells was not affected by GC exposure (P0.05), while the CEM cells presented significant differences before and after exposure (P0.05). Sustained high expression of TEL-AML1 participated in and maintained the occurrence of GC resistance. Inhibition of TEL-AML1 may provide a new therapeutic approach to reverse GC resistance.

Members of the family Chaetomiaceae are ubiquitous ascosporulating fungi commonly, which reside in soil enriched with manure or cellulosic materials. Their role as human pathogens is largely ignored. However, the ability of some species to grow at high temperature enables them to play an important role as opportunistic pathogens. The family contains several genera and species that have never been reported to cause human infection. Hereby, three new species are described; two belong to the genus Subramaniula and one represents a Chaetomium species. Subramaniula asteroides was isolated from various sources including eye and skin infections as well as from the natural environment, and S. obscura was isolated from a toe infection. Chaetomium anamorphosum was isolated from a kidney transplant patient suffering from fungal peritonitis. All species described were previously misidentified as Papulaspora spp. due to the formation of cellular clumps or bulbil-like structures, which are characteristic of Papulaspora. The isolates failed to form sexual fruit bodies and ascospores remained absent, which is an unusual feature for the generally ascosporulating genera Chaetomium and Subramaniula; minute conidia from phialides were sometimes observed.

Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Antarctica: Cadophora antarctica from soil. Australia: Alfaria dandenongensis on Cyperaceae, Amphosoma persooniae on Persoonia sp., Anungitea nullicana on Eucalyptus sp., Bagadiella eucalypti on Eucalyptus globulus, Castanediella eucalyptigena on Eucalyptus sp., Cercospora dianellicola on Dianella sp., Cladoriella kinglakensis on Eucalyptus regnans, Cladoriella xanthorrhoeae (incl. Cladoriellaceae fam. nov. and Cladoriellales ord. nov.) on Xanthorrhoea sp., Cochlearomyces eucalypti (incl. Cochlearomyces gen. nov. and Cochlearomycetaceae fam. nov.) on Eucalyptus obliqua, Codinaea lambertiae on Lambertia formosa, Diaporthe obtusifoliae on Acacia obtusifolia, Didymella acaciae on Acacia melanoxylon, Dothidea eucalypti on Eucalyptus dalrympleana, Fitzroyomyces cyperi (incl. Fitzroyomyces gen. nov.) on Cyperaceae, Murramarangomyces corymbiae (incl. Murramarangomyces gen. nov., Murramarangomycetaceae fam. nov. and Murramarangomycetales ord. nov.) on Corymbia maculata, Neoanungitea eucalypti (incl. Neoanungitea gen. nov.) on Eucalyptus obliqua, Neoconiothyrium persooniae (incl. Neoconiothyrium gen. nov.) on Persoonia laurina subsp. laurina, Neocrinula lambertiae (incl. Neocrinulaceae fam. nov.) on Lambertia sp., Ochroconis podocarpi on Podocarpus grayae, Paraphysalospora eucalypti (incl. Paraphysalospora gen. nov.) on Eucalyptus sieberi, Pararamichloridium livistonae (incl. Pararamichloridium gen. nov., Pararamichloridiaceae fam. nov. and Pararamichloridiales ord. nov.) on Livistona sp., Pestalotiopsis dianellae on Dianella sp., Phaeosphaeria gahniae on Gahnia aspera, Phlogicylindrium tereticornis on Eucalyptus tereticornis, Pleopassalora acaciae on Acacia obliquinervia, Pseudodactylaria xanthorrhoeae (incl. Pseudodactylaria gen. nov., Pseudodactylariaceae fam. nov. and Pseudodactylariales ord. nov.) on Xanthorrhoea sp., Pseudosporidesmium lambertiae (incl. Pseudosporidesmiaceae fam. nov.) on Lambertia formosa, Saccharata acaciae on Acacia sp., Saccharata epacridis on Epacris sp., Saccharata hakeigena on Hakea sericea, Seiridium persooniae on Persoonia sp., Semifissispora tooloomensis on Eucalyptus dunnii, Stagonospora lomandrae on Lomandra longifolia, Stagonospora victoriana on Poaceae, Subramaniomyces podocarpi on Podocarpus elatus, Sympoventuria melaleucae on Melaleuca sp., Sympoventuria regnans on Eucalyptus regnans, Trichomerium eucalypti on Eucalyptus tereticornis, Vermiculariopsiella eucalypticola on Eucalyptus dalrympleana, Verrucoconiothyrium acaciae on Acacia falciformis, Xenopassalora petrophiles (incl. Xenopassalora gen. nov.) on Petrophile sp., Zasmidium dasypogonis on Dasypogon sp., Zasmidium gahniicola on Gahnia sieberiana., Brazil: Achaetomium lippiae on Lippia gracilis, Cyathus isometricus on decaying wood, Geastrum caririense on soil, Lycoperdon demoulinii (incl. Lycoperdon subg. Arenicola) on soil, Megatomentella cristata (incl. Megatomentella gen. nov.) on unidentified plant, Mutinus verrucosus on soil, Paraopeba schefflerae (incl. Paraopeba gen. nov.) on Schefflera morototoni, Phyllosticta catimbauensis on Mandevilla catimbauensis, Pseudocercospora angularis on Prunus persica, Pseudophialophora sorghi on Sorghum bicolor, Spumula piptadeniae on Piptadenia paniculata. Bulgaria: Yarrowia parophonii from gut of Parophonus hirsutulus. Croatia: Pyrenopeziza velebitica on Lonicera borbasiana. Cyprus: Peziza halophila on coastal dunes Czech Republic: Aspergillus contaminans from human fingernail. Ecuador: Cuphophyllus yacurensis on forest soil, Ganoderma podocarpense on fallen tree trunk. England: Pilidium anglicum (incl. Chaetomellales ord. nov.) on Eucalyptus sp. France: Planamyces parisiensis (incl. Planamyces gen. nov.) on wood inside a house. French Guiana: Lactifluus ceraceus on soil. Germany: Talaromyces musae on Musa sp. India: Hyalocladosporiella cannae on Canna indica, Nothophoma raii from soil. Italy: Setophaeosphaeria citri on Citrus reticulata, Yuccamyces citri on Citrus limon. Japan: Glutinomyces brunneus (incl. Glutinomyces gen. nov.) from roots of Quercus sp. Netherlands (all from soil): Collariella hilkhuijsenii, Fusarium petersiae, Gamsia kooimaniorum, Paracremonium binnewijzendii, Phaeoisaria annesophieae, Plectosphaerella niemeijerarum, Striaticonidium deklijnearum, Talaromyces annesophieae, Umbelopsis wiegerinckiae, Vandijckella johannae (incl. Vandijckella gen. nov. and Vandijckellaceae fam. nov.), Verhulstia trisororum (incl. Verhulstia gen. nov.). New Zealand: Lasiosphaeria similisorbina on decorticated wood. Papua New Guinea: Pseudosubramaniomyces gen. nov. (based on Pseudosubramaniomyces fusisaprophyticus comb. nov.). Slovakia: Hemileucoglossum pusillum on soil. South Africa: Tygervalleyomyces podocarpi (incl. Tygervalleyomyces gen. nov.) on Podocarpus falcatus. Spain: Coniella heterospora from herbivorous dung, Hymenochaete macrochloae on Macrochloa tenacissima, Ramaria cistophila on shrubland of Cistus ladanifer. Thailand: Polycephalomyces phaothaiensis on Coleoptera larvae, buried in soil. Uruguay: Penicillium uruguayense from soil. Vietnam: Entoloma nigrovelutinum on forest soil, Volvariella morozovae on wood of unknown tree. Morphological and culture characteristics along with DNA barcodes are provided., The research of Vit Hubka was supported through the project BIOCEV (CZ.1.05/1.1.00/02.0109) provided by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of CR and ERDF. Maria E. Ordoñez and colleagues obtained financial support from the Secretaria de Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación del Ecuador (SENESCYT), Arca de Noé Initiative. Olinto L. Pereira would like to thank the CNPq, CAPES and FAPEMIG for the financial support. Jadson D.P. Bezerra and colleagues thank CAPES, CNPq and FACEPE from Brazil for financial support and scholarships. Rafael J.V. Oliveira and colleagues express their gratitude to the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for a scholarship to R.J.V. Oliveira and grant to J.L. Bezerra. Donis S. Alfredo and Luri G. Baseia would like to thank the Brazilian agency CAPES for providing Ph.D. scholarships and CNPq, for providing the financial support of the Projeto Pesquisador Visitante Especial (PVE-407474/2013-7). Alina V. Alexandrova acknowledges financial support from the Russian Science Foundation (project N 14-50-00029). Financial support for Olga V. Morozova and Ekaterina F. Malysheva was provided in the framework of an institutional research project of the Komarov Botanical Institute RAS (N 01201255603) and the Russian Foundation for the Basic Research (project 15-04-04645a). Lynn Delgat was funded by a doctoral scholarship of the Special Research Fund (BOF), and together with Annemieke Verbeken and Mélanie Roy would like to thank Labex CEBA ANR-10-LABX-25-01 and Reserve Naturelle La Trinité. Tiara S. Cabral and colleagues acknowledge Charles R. Clement for the English revision of the text, and for coordinating financial support., Rohit Sharma and colleagues thank the Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi for financial support for the establishment of National Centre for Microbial Resource (NCMR), Pune wide grant letter no. BT/Coord.II/01/03/2016 dated 6 April 2017 and the MycoBank team for nomenclatural corrections. Dilnora E. Gouliamova was financed by the Bulgarian Science Fund (project TK-176) and by a fellowship from Wallonie – Bruxelles International agency of the French Community of Belgium. Neven Matočec and colleagues express their gratitude to Public Institution Northern Velebit National Park for providing financial support. We are thankful to P. Evrard from Mycothèque de l‘Université Catholique de Louvain who obtained fermentation and assimilation profiles of the studied strains. Financial support from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project 16-34-00510 mol_a) is acknowledged to Anna G. Fedosova, and a grant from VEGA (project 2/0008/15) to Viktor Kučera. We would also like to thank Prof. Morakot Tanticharoen for her support of the program Biodiversity studies of entomopathogenic fungi in Thailand. This study was supported by the National Science and Technology Development Agency, Cluster and Program Management Office (Grant no. P15-51544).

Despite the on-going downturn of oil price, exploration seismic techniques still make great progress, which leads to a huge increase in the amount of seismic data and further poses significant challenges to quality control (QC) and archiving of seismic data processing results. Quality control for processing results plays an important role in quality assurance of the data to be archived. Based on the analysis of challenges brought by massive data volumes, QC method of verifying stack and migration for seismic processing results was proposed to ensure the archives quality. Stand-alone QC strategy was proposed to avoid the time-consuming data I/O process and corresponding stand-alone QC software was also developed. Application examples of the proposed QC method in a western-China oilfield show the applicability and effectiveness in improving the efficiency of the QC workflow and in reducing the number of problems found in further interpretation and archives reuse process.

In order to improve the performance of vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT), this paper designs a new type of VAWT. It contains a tower cowling and a wind rotor. The tower cowling is actually a tower. The rotational axle of this new structure is mounted on the two sides of the tower, so this new type of wind turbine has a very good mechanical performance. To illuminate the influence of tower cowling, this paper chooses a variety of Savonius wind rotor to represent different kinds of VAWT. There is a cylindrical space used to place the wind rotor in the center of the tower cowling. There are eight baffles with circular distribution in the tower. Through adjusting wind direction, the tower cowling can make more wind forcing on the inner part of blades which produce positive torque, and prevent wind from forcing on outer part of blades which produce negative torque. Furthermore, the tower cowling can increase wind speed reaching the wind rotor, so the wind rotor can gather more energy and start more easily. To get the best performance of this new type of wind turbine, with the help of Fluent 6.3 software, this paper optimizes the main structural parameters that affect the power coefficient ( C P ) of this wind turbine. The vector and pressure around the wind turbine are compared when the wind rotor is with a cowing and without a tower cowling. Finally by comparing the value of C P and analyzing the influence tendency of the parameters, this paper obtains the optimal structural parameters and their influencing rule.

According to the crane’s bridge structure assembly characteristics, taking advantages of 3D CAD software about “top-down” parameterization model design, importing the concept of product holograph assembly, all-purpose distortional module was established. Adaptive architecture based on holographic assembling and knowledge reuse was constituted ,through renewing and reusing the distinct assembly module knowledge, which used “Layout Sketch “controlling the assembly parameter and adopted the constraint relation of holographic model realized the product design alteration. The results show that the technology has satisfied the needs for assembly knowledge reuse of the products variant design, to greatly enhance product knowledge inheritance.

Aerodynamic interference between two cylinders involves most of the generic flow features associated with multiple structures, thus providing an excellent model for gaining physical insight into the wake of multiple cylindrical structures. This work aims to provide an experimental systematic study of the flow behind two side-by-side square cylinders. The square cylinder is a representative model for bluff bodies with sharp corners, characterized by a fixed flow separation point, which are distinct from those of continuous curvature with oscillating separation points, typically represented by the circular cylinder. Experiments were performed at a Reynolds number Re of 4.7 × 104 and a cylinder centre-to-centre spacing ratio T/d (d is the cylinder height) of 1.02–6.00. The flow was measured using different techniques, including hot wires, load cell, particle imaging velocimetry and laser-induced fluorescence flow visualization. Four distinct flow regimes and their corresponding T/d ranges are identified for the first time on the basis of the flow structure and the Strouhal number. Physical aspects in each regime, such as interference between shear layers, gap flow deflection and changeover, multiple flow modes, entrainment, recirculation bubble, vortex interactions and formation lengths, are investigated in detail and are connected to the characteristics of the time-averaged and fluctuating fluid forces. The flow displays a marked difference in many facets from that behind two side-by-side circular cylinders, which is linked to their distinct flow separation natures. A crucial role played by the gap flow and its passage geometry in contributing to the observed difference is also unveiled.

Activity of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), an enzyme involved in folate metabolism, is influenced by mutations in the corresponding gene, contributing to a decrease in 5,10-MTHF. Due to such polymorphisms, individuals differ in MTHFR enzyme activity and plasma folate levels. We investigated the relationship between two common MTHFR polymorphisms (C677T and A1298C) and breast cancer (BC) chemotherapy response. From February 2013 to January 2016, 148 advanced BC patients at the Center Hospital of Cangzhou were enrolled and treated with six different chemotherapy regimens. Subjects were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Forty-one (27.7%), 70 (47.3%), and 37 (25.0%) patients carried the C/C, C/T, and T/T C677T genotypes, respectively; 101 (68.2%), 42 (28.4%), and 5 (3.4%) had the A/A, A/C, and C/C genotypes of A1298C, respectively. Total chemotherapy efficacy was 66.9% (99/148), with 7 (4.7%), 92 (62.2%), 36 (24.3%), and 13 (8.8%) cases showing complete response, partial response, no change, and progressive disease, respectively. Chemotherapy regimens did not differ in effectiveness (P0.05). Efficacy rates associated with C677T C/C, C/T, and T/T genotypes were 58.5, 58.6, and 91.9%, respectively, with T/T carriers exhibiting significantly better responses than the C/C (P0.05) and C/T groups (P0.05). Effectiveness among A1298C A/A, A/C, and C/C carriers was 70.6, 64.3, and 0.0%, respectively, but no difference was established between these genotypes in this regard (P0.05). The MTHFR C677T genotype may be associated with BC chemotherapy response, and could be of great value in guiding individualized treatment for this disease.

Stable and accurate quasi-P waves simulating has always been a significant aspect in P-wave seismic imaging and inversion. We develop a stable quasi-P wave simulating algorithm based on the elliptic decomposition approach proposed by Xu et al. (2015). The first-order differential equation system of pure quasi-P wave corresponding to the decomposed scalar operator and elliptic differential operator for transverse isotropic (TI) media is derived. In order to ensure stabilities, we introduce self-adjoint operator to generalize the equation to tilted transverse isotropic (TTI) media. Then under Lebedev staggered grid framework, we deduce the high-order finite difference scheme of the equation and discuss specific issues such as calculation accuracy and efficiency of the numerical implementation. We test our algorithm in homogeneous anisotropic model and part of BP TTI model with extremely complex anisotropic parameters. The results show that the quasi-P wavefiled produced by our algorithm is not affected by pseudo-S-waves and anomalous amplitude. In complex TTI media with abrupt changes of the tilted symmetric axis, our algorithm also produces stable and accurate quasi-P wavefield which shows that it has a high tolerance to the spatial variation of anisotropic parameters.

We report an experimental study of captures cross-sections of traps in some ultra-thin high-k gate dielectrics. We focus on a surprising finding that the effective capture cross-sections seemed to be extraordinarily small (between 10e-22 and 10e-19cm2) compared. We arrived at the conclusion that the low values of the effective capture cross-section arise from significant de-trapping, which is not accounted for in the trapping models used in extracting the trap cross-sections. The results of this study point out that it is important to consider the film thickness and leakage current when extracting capture cross-sections in ultra thin gate dielectrics.

We strongly suggest an idea we call Global Scope Assessment (GSA) on the basis of popular Life Cycle Assessment and Environomics. It is used to justify the industry development pattern in a region (country) considering the specific regional resources conditions. In terms of GSA, the greatest synthetic benefit is expected while taking full advantage of regional comparative superiority and the worldwide distribution of related industry links. As an example, we choose Chinese paper industry to be the subject for application of GSA and the optimal industry links distribution among related countries is obtained. Our study indicates that the adjustment of industry structure should be a fair approach to relieve the pressure from environment and resources and to balance the contradiction between development and resources.

In recent years, rapidly accumulating genomic data have posed a challenge to integrate multiple data sources and to analyze the integrated networks globally. In this paper we present a method to reverse engineer integrative gene networks. The main advantage of our method is the integration of different quantitative and qualitative data sets in order to reconstruct a multiplex network, without necessarily imposing data constraints, such as each genomic datum needs to have the same number of entities. The computation boils down to solving small quadratic programs based on local neighborhood of nodes. We applied the method to DREAM5 dataset, and compared the results with the community networks from the challenge. We further demonstrated our method through a case study using breast cancer data, integrating metastasis gene expression data with interactome data. Overall, our method can be applied in many settings of network system biology.

This study analyzed the effect of small interfering RNA specific for the Bcl-2 gene (siRNA Bcl-2) on the proliferation and chemotherapeutic sensitivity of pediatric A-BLL cells. Marrow samples were obtained from sixty newly-diagnosed A-BLL pediatric patients. The Bcl-2 mRNA expression in these samples was quantified by real time polymerase chain reaction. The Bcl-2 mRNA re-expression was analyzed by RNA interference using Bcl-2-siRNA. Cellular proliferation was detected using the MTT (Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium Bromide) assay. The cell apoptosis was quantified by flow cytometry. The Bcl-2 mRNA expression was significantly higher in the drug-resistance group than in the chemotherapy sensitivity group prior to chemotherapy (P < 0.05). In addition, the Bcl-2 mRNA expression in the chemotherapy sensitivity group was significantly higher before chemotherapy than that after chemotherapy (P < 0.05). The Bcl-2 mRNA expression significantly decreased in the leukemic cells of the Bcl-2-siRNA transfection group. We observed statistically significant differences in the relative mRNA expression levels among the Bcl-2-siRNA transfection, blank control, liposome empty transfection, and unrelated sequence oligonucleotide groups (P < 0.05). The rate of apoptosis in pediatric A-BLL leukemic cells was observed to increase significantly after transfection with Bcl-2-siRNA compared to the control, liposome empty transfection, and unrelated sequence oligonucleotide groups (P < 0.05). Therefore, we concluded that Bcl-2-siRNA can successfully inhibit the multiplicative capacity of A-BLL leukemic cells and promote apoptosis.

Angle gathers from RTM are important input for migration velocity model building and amplitude variation with angle analysis (AVA) in complex area, such as subsalt area. In this paper, we present a method to generate RTM angle gathers. This method decomposes both the source and receiver wavefield into their local angle components and applies the imaging condition to the decomposed angle components to form the angle gathers. Conventionally, the angle decomposition is performed in frequency domain or by wavefield from multiple time steps which are not convenient and efficient for time domain RTM. We propose an analytic equation to make the angle decomposition performed on snapshot from each time step of the time domain wave extrapolator. In addition, to make the angle domain imaging condition efficient, we propose an angle decomposition method based on matching pursuit. Numerical examples on synthetic and real data demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method.

The output power of distributed power (such as photo-voltaic power and wind power) is affected enormously by the external environment factors, showing the characteristics of instability and randomness. After they are accessed to the power grid distributively in high density, their fluctuating power might present a tremendous influence on the main power grid, with the consequence of harmonic pollution and system’s unstable operation. For this reason, it can stabilize the power fluctuation of the main power grid by the connection of energy storage system, so as to improve the power quality and system stability. The traditional battery provides the advantages of high energy density, easy operation and maintenance. But the disadvantages are its low power density, short cycle life and slow velocity of charge/discharge response. As a new type of energy storage elements, Super-Capacitor (SC) has the virtue of high power density, long cycle life and high efficiency of charge/discharge. Nevertheless, because of the relatively low energy density, it will reach the limit within a short period of time. As a consequence, if mixing battery up with SC to constitute a hybrid energy storage system, it can make full use of the advantages of both to improve the performance of energy storage system and stabilize the power fluctuation of system effectively.

A worldwide outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) had been reported. Over 8439 SARS cases and 812 SARS-related deaths were reported to the World Health Organization from 32 countries around the world up to 5 July 2003. The mechanism of transmission of SARS-CoV has been limited only to close contacts with patients. Attention was focused on possible transmission by the sewage system because laboratory studies showed that patients excreted coronavirus RNA in their stools in Amoy Gardens in Hong Kong. To explore whether the stool of SARS patients or the sewage containing the stool of patients would transmit SARS-CoV or not, we used a style of electropositive filter media particle to concentrate the SARS-CoV from the sewage of two hospitals receiving SARS patients in Beijing, as well as cell culture, semi-nested RT–PCR and sequencing of genes to detect and identify the viruses from sewage. There was no live SARS-CoV detected in the sewage in these assays. The nucleic acid of SARS-CoV was found in the sewage before disinfection from both hospitals by PCR. After disinfection, SARS-CoV RNA could be detected from some samples from the 309th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, but not from Xiao Tang Shan Hospital after disinfection. In this study, we found that the virus can survive for 14 days in sewage at 4°C, 2 days at 20°C, and its RNA can be detected for 8 days though the virus had been inactivated. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the RNA of SARS-CoV could be detected from the concentrates of sewage of both hospitals receiving SARS patients before disinfection and occasionally after disinfection though there was no live SARS-CoV; thus much attention should be paid to the treatment of stools of patients and the sewage of hospitals receiving SARS patients.

Delaminations cause a reduction in the compressive strength of a composite material and multiple delaminations cause greater strength reduction than single ones. Since realistic damage such as that resulting from an impact consists of multiple delaminations, it is of interest to understand the mechanism of strength reduction for laminates containing multiple delaminations. In this work, compression testing of glass fibre reinforced plastic specimens containing single and multiple embedded delaminations was carried out. Finite element modelling was used to gain further understanding of the mechanisms of compressive failure. Reasonable agreement between finite element predictions and experimental measurements were found for the whole range of delamination geometries that were tested. It is demonstrated that the maximum reduction in strength for a multiple occurs when the delaminations split the laminate into sub-laminates of similar thickness.

The absolute muon flux between 20 and 3000 GeV is measured with the L3 magnetic muon spectrometer for zenith angles ranging from 0°to 58°. Due to the large exposure of about 150 m2sr d, and the excellent momentum resolution of the L3 muon chambers, a precision of 2.3% at 150 GeV in the vertical direction is achieved.The ratio of positive to negative muons is studied between 20 and 500 GeV, and the average vertical muon charge ratio is found to be 1.285±0.003(stat.)±0.019(syst.)., Physics Letters B, 598 (1-2), ISSN:0370-2693, ISSN:0031-9163, ISSN:1873-2445