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Digestive stability of a food protein in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) continues to be considered a risk factor for allergy, even though the current science does not support this belief. Methodological shortcomings of the adaption of the SGF assay for use with purified proteins has been cited as a reason to discount results that do not conform to this belief. Missteps in conducting and interpreting the results of SGF assays are reviewed here. However, these methodological shortcomings do not invalidate the conclusion that allergenic proteins are not systematically more stable to digestion than non-allergens. The growing evidence for the dual allergen exposure hypothesis, whereby sensitization to food allergens is primarily caused by dermal and inhalation exposure to food dust, and tolerization against food allergy is primarily induced by gut exposure in food, likely explains why the digestive stability of a protein is not a risk factor for allergenicity.

In this study, two homogeneous chitin and chitosan hexamers and one partially acetylated chitosan hexamer were used to investigate the degree of acetylation (DA) effects of chitooligosaccharides on the growth and photosynthesis of wheat seedlings. Both chitin and chitosan hexamers showed a significant promoting effect on the growth and photosynthesis of wheat seedlings but the positive effect depended on their DA. The homogeneous chitosan hexamers [(GlcN)6] exhibited the optimal activity compared to other samples. Seven days after (GlcN)6 treatment, the growth parameters of wheat seedlings were all significantly enhanced including fresh mass, dry mass, and length of both shoots and roots, and the contents of soluble sugar were increased by 22.8%. Additionally, (GlcN)6 could significantly promote (by 90.0%) the photosynthetic rate of wheat seedlings. Both Rubisco and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase activity of photosynthetic carbon metabolism was also found to be significantly improved by (GlcN)6 treatment.

The hydrogen absorbed on the first wall of the tokamak device will desorbed during the experiment. This additional hydrogen makes plasma density increase so that the plasma density cannot be controlled at experimental setting value. In this paper, in order to remove the adsorbed hydrogen on the first wall of the vacuum chamber as much as possible before the formal experiment, we measured the desorption rate of hydrogen in helium Taylor discharge cleaning and helium Taylor discharge cleaning with baking. Experimental results show that the use of helium Taylor discharge cleaning on J-TEXT can effectively remove hydrogen in the main vacuum chamber. The next experiments of adjusting the discharge cleaning parameters were carried out to measure the desorption rate change of hydrogen. And the best Taylor discharge cleaning parameters were determined according to the highest hydrogen desorption rate.

High-density experiments in the high-field-side mid-plane single-null divertor configuration have been performed for the first time on J-TEXT. The experiments show an increase in the highest central channel line-averaged density from 2.73 × 10 19 m − 3 to 6.49 × 10 19 m − 3 , while the X-point moves away from the target by increasing the divertor coil current. The corresponding Greenwald fraction rises from 0.50 to 0.79. For the impurity transport, the density normalized radiation intensity (absolute extreme ultraviolet and soft x-ray) of the central channel density decreased significantly (>50%) with an increase in the plasma density. To better understand the underlying physics mechanisms, the 3D edge Monte Carlo code coupled with EIRENE (EMC3- EIRENE) has been implemented for the first time on J-TEXT. The simulation results show good agreement with the experimental findings. As the X-point moves away from the target, the divertor power decay length drops and the scrape-off layer impurity screening effect is enhanced.

Dietary supplementation with Urtica cannabina is a viable source of available protein and fibre for livestock nutrition. To investigate the effect of U. cannabina on gastrointestinal development of growing animals, 32 male, 120-day-old Ujumuqin × small-tailed Han lambs were randomly assigned to one of the four dietary treatment groups: (1) G50 = 500 g/kg concentrate + 500 g/kg mixed forage (control); (2) L50 = 500 g/kg concentrate + 500 g/kg Leymus chinensis; (3) U50 = 500 g/kg concentrate + 500 g/kg U. cannabina, or (4) L25-U25 = 500 g/kg concentrate + 250 g/kg L. chinensis + 250 g/kg U. cannabina. The four dietary treatments had similar energy and crude protein (CP) levels but different neutral detergent fibre level. Diets were provided in single pellet form and separately offered for the 57-day experimental period. All lambs were slaughtered after the feeding trial. The results showed the following: (i) there was no differences in dry matter intake or weight gain between groups; (ii) lambs fed the U50 and L25-U25 diets had greater apparent digestibility values of CP (P = 0.003) and neutral and acid detergent fibre (P = 0.020; P = 0.030), as compared to those fed the control diet; (iii) the molar proportion of acetate in rumen fluid increased (P = 0.039) and that of butyrate decreased (P

Sb2S3-based bulk/nano planar heterojunction (BnPHJ) films are promising photoelectric conversion materials for photovoltaics. Here, a solution-processing polymer/graphene composite film is employed as hole transporting layer in Sb2S3/TiO2-BnPHJ solar cells for the first time. The morphology and hole mobility of the composite film is investigated by SEM, AFM, SCLC techniques, and IMVS and EIS are applied to study the charge transport and recombination mechanism in the solar cells. The Sb2S3/TiO2-BnPHJ solar cells delivers a power conversion efficiency of 5.72% and a good stability.

The damage localization of rocks is an open issue in rock engineering. Moreover, it is difficult to observe directly the micro-scale process of damage localization and damage evolution of rocks. Therefore, in this paper, the General Particle Dynamic method (GPD) is developed to simulate the damage localization and failure process of 3D rock samples. The effect of the intermediate principal stress on the strength, the stress-strain curve and the damage localization modes of a cubical rock specimen subjected to the true triaxial compressive loads is investigated. The different failure modes including the single shear damage localization mode, axial splitting damage mode, X-shaped conjugate shear damage localization mode and Cone-shaped damage localization are found. It is found that the numerical results obtained from GPD are in good agreement with experimental observations. It is implied that the formation of damage localization band induced by the initiation and propagation and coalescence of micro-cracks in rocks can be well simulated using GPD.

In2S3 is a promising electron transporting material for solar cells. In this paper, In2S3 nanosheet arrays are grown on TiO2 films by a facile molecular precursor solution method for the first time. The composition, morphology and chemical valance states of the In2S3 nanosheet arrays are investigated by XRD, SEM, TEM and XPS techniques. Upon the in situ growth of CuInS2 nanoparticles into the In2S3 nanosheet arrays, the novel CuInS2 bulk heterojunction solar cells are obtained with a peak power conversion efficiency of 2.58% depending on the In2S3 nanosheet array height.

In this study, the effects of substitution of mixed grass hay with Urtica cannabina hay and/or Leymus chinensis hay on blood metabolites, carcass traits, and intramuscular fatty acid composition of finishing lambs were assessed. Thirty-two male Ujumuqin × small-tailed Han lambs were randomly allocated into four dietary treatment groups (n = 8): (1) 500 g/kg mixed grass hay + 500 g/kg concentrate (control, G50); (2) 500 g/kg Leymus chinensis hay + 500 g/kg concentrate (L50); (3) 500 g/kg flowering U. cannabina hay + 500 g/kg concentrate (U50); and (4) 250 g/kg L. chinensis hay + 250 g/kg flowering U. cannabina hay + 500 g/kg concentrate (L25-U25). Diets were provided in a pellet form and animals were individually fed during the 57-day experimental period. All lambs were slaughtered after the feeding trial. Compared to the control diet, the U50 and L25-U25 diets increased (P = 0.001) glucose concentration and decreased total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in lamb’s blood (P = 0.022 and 0.015, respectively). The U50 and L25-U25 groups had greater (P = 0.001) total antioxidant capacity and lower (P = 0.019) malondialdehyde value; and the U50 group had greater (P = 0.003) catalase activity, compared to the control group. Carcass traits were unaffected by dietary treatment, but meat of the U50 and L25-U25 lambs contained lower levels of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (P = 0.031 and 0.048, respectively), and greater (P

In this work, an extended finite element method with partial Heaviside function enrichment (XFEM-P) in the crack tip element is proposed for fracture analysis for the first time. In this method, the crack tip element is divided into cracked and uncracked domains naturally by the crack geometry. In the cracked domain, Heaviside function enrichment is employed to simulate the crack discontinuity across the crack surface. In the uncracked domain, the displacement from standard finite element method is employed. Ramp function is used to ensure the displacement continuity in the method. Through this way, the crack tip can be arbitrarily located inside the crack tip element, which is a great advantage over traditional counterpart, i.e., XFEM with only Heaviside function enrichment (XFEM-H). Thus the mesh work for the XFEM-P is much easier than that of the XFEM-H, resulting in great conveniences for crack propagation. The new method is applied to several examples. From the computed results, it is observed that the XFEM-P offers more accurate results than the XFEM-H in terms of strain energy and SIFs. The XFEM-P performs better than XFEM-H in numerical properties such as convergence rate and condition number.

Author(s): Zhao, KJ; Chen, ZP; Shi, Y; Diamond, PH; Dong, JQ; Chen, ZY; Ding, YH; Zhuang, G; Liu, YB; Zhang, HQ; Chen, YQ; Liu, H; Cheng, J; Nie, L; Rao, B; Cheng, ZF; Gao, L; Zhang, XQ; Yang, ZJ; Wang, NC; Wang, L; Li, JQ; Jin, W; Xu, JQ; Yan, LW; Liang, YF; Xie, YY; Liu, B | Abstract: Enhancements of residual Reynolds stresses and symmetry breaking with resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) are presented. These experiments were performed using a Langmuir probe array in the edge plasmas of the J-TEXT tokamak. This study aims to explain the mechanisms for generating residual stresses and intrinsic rotations. It is observed that with RMPs, peaked residual stresses, steeper pressure gradients and stronger shear layers all appear around the resonant surface. The toroidal rotation is accelerated in the direction of the plasma current and shows a correlation with turbulence and the measured residual stresses near the resonant surfaces of RMPs. Symmetry breaking induced by magnetic islands is proposed as a new mechanism, which qualitatively explains the enhanced residual stresses and the acceleration of the toroidal rotation. The changes to the residual stresses and symmetry breaking with RMPs near the last closed surface are also discussed.

The J-TEXT tokamak has been operated for ten years since its first plasma obtained at the end of 2007. The diagnostics development and main modulation systems, i.e. resonant magnetic perturbation (RMP) systems and massive gas injection (MGI) systems, will be introduced in this paper. Supported by these efforts, J-TEXT has contributed to research on several topics, especially on RMP physics and disruption mitigation. Both experimental and theoretical research show that RMP could lock, suppress or excite the tearing modes, depending on the RMP amplitude, frequency difference between RMP and rational surface rotation, and initial stabilities. The plasma rotation, particle transport and operation region are influenced by the RMP. Utilizing the MGI valves, disruptions have been mitigated with pure He, pure Ne, and a mixture of He and Ar (9:1). A significant runaway current plateau could be generated with moderate amounts of Ar injection. The RMP has been shown to suppress the generation of runaway current during disruptions.

In this paper, magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of RCrO 4 (R=Gd and Er) oxides have been investigated. It is found that GdCrO 4 and ErCrO 4 exhibit a second-order magnetic transition from ferromagnetic to paramagnetic states at their Curie temperatures of 22.0 K and 14.9 K, respectively. The maximal magnetic entropy change (Δ S M ) for a field variation of 0–5 T have reached 22.8 J kg −1 K −1 for GdCrO 4 and 20.5 J kg −1 K −1 for ErCrO 4 . The collective magnetic contributions from R 3+ and Cr 5+ ions lead to the large Δ S M . For the same field variation, table-like Δ S M of ~19.5 J kg −1 K −1 and a large refrigerant capacity ( RC ) of 117 J kg −1 have been achieved for the composite material formed by GdCrO 4 and ErCrO 4 with the mass ratio of 1:1 from 16.0 K to 22.0 K. Since the liquid hydrogen temperature (20.3 K) locates within this range, large reversible magnetocaloric effect, high RC as well as the low cost make GdCrO 4 –ErCrO 4 composite material a potential candidate for magnetic refrigerant for the storage of liquid hydrogen.

The structure, magnetic properties and magnetocaloric effects of perovskite manganese oxides La1.4Ca1.6Mn2O7 and La1.3Eu0.1Sr0.05Ca1.55Mn2O7 have been investigated. They undergo a first-order ferromagnetic–paramagnetic phase transition around their respective Curie temperatures (235 K and 215 K, respectively). The doping of Eu and Sr atoms enhances greatly the value of magnetization, which leads to the large magnetocaloric effect. For a field change of 0–5 T, the maximum value of magnetic entropy change is only 4.5 J/kg K for La1.4Ca1.6Mn2O7 compound. However, it increases to 7.1 J/kg K for La1.3Eu0.1Sr0.05Ca1.55Mn2O7 compound. Meanwhile, a large refrigerant capacity of 240.4 J/kg is also achieved. Large reversible magnetocaloric effect and refrigerant capacity indicate the potentiality of La1.3Eu0.1Sr0.05Ca1.55Mn2O7 compound as a candidate for magnetic refrigerant.

Growth traits are important economic traits in broiler chicken production. AluI and Hin1I loci are two restriction sites, which are respectively located in exons 2 and 3 of the IGF-1R gene. These two loci are significantly related to the growth traits in Jinghai Yellow chickens. In this study, a correlation analysis was performed between these two loci and the growth traits of Bian chickens. The results showed a G376A mutation at the AluI site and a C919A mutation at the Hin1I site, which respectively resulted in three genotypes AA, AB, and BB in exon 2 and three genotypes CC, CD, and DD in exon 3. Correlation analysis showed that the female Bian chickens with the AA genotype of the AluI locus had higher body weights than those with the AB genotype (P < 0.05) at 8, 14, 16, and 18 weeks; individuals with CD genotype of Hin1I locus had higher body weights at 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 weeks compared to the CC genotype (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Combined genotypes analysis showed that at the age of 8, 14, 16, and 18 weeks, the body weight of AACC genotype combination was higher than that of the ABCC genotype combination (P < 0.05); at the age of 6, 8, 12, 14, 16, and 18 weeks, the AACD genotype combination had higher (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) body weight than that of the ABCC genotype.

The excitation of internal m = 1 mode during application of resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) is observed on J-TEXT tokamak. It is found that the sawtooth oscillation disappears after RMPs penetration, and subsequently an internal m = 1 mode with a frequency around 2 kHz appears, were m and n are the poloidal and toroidal mode numbers, respectively. In addition, the internal m = 1 mode often coexists with a rotating m/n = 2/1 tearing mode, and its frequency increases by about 0.5 kHz when the 2/1 tearing mode is locked by RMPs. The bispectrum analysis proves that the m = 1 mode interacts with the rotating 2/1 tearing mode, which implies the mode coupling between these two modes. The frequency of m = 1 mode increases for higher electron density. These results reveal that, the internal m = 1 mode can be excited by RMPs and coexist with both locked and rotating 2/1 mode due to toroidal mode coupling.

Herbage intake and production performance of animals are likely to vary between different levels of time grazing pasture because of related changes in foraging behaviour. The effect of restricting pasture access on ingesting behaviour and performance of growing lambs is poorly understood. Thirty-two castrated male Ujumuqin lambs were randomly assigned to the following four treatments: (i) 2-h access to pasture (2H), (ii) 4-h access to pasture (4H), (iii) 8-h access to pasture (8H), and (iv) 12-h access to pasture (12H; control). The lambs began to access pasture at 6:00 h and were removed at 8:00 h, 10:00 h, 14:00 h and 18:00 h for 2H, 4H, 8H and 12H treatments, respectively. All lambs off the pasture were housed and separately fed supplements of concentrate and grass hay. The results showed that ingestive behaviour of lambs was significantly affected by restricting access to pasture. When time at pasture reduced from 12 to 2 h, the proportion of time grazing pasture increased ( P P P

Ultrathin Parylene-N (PPXN) films were prepared by using a home-made Knudsen Cell (KC). The PPXN films were identified by infrared (IR) spectra. The morphology and insulativity of PPXN films were measured by atomic force microscope (AFM) and current density versus voltage ( j – V ) characteristics. Well controlled 1-nm-thick PPXN thin films were inserted at different locations in the N′-bis(naphthalene-1-yl)-N, N′-bis(phenyl) benzidine (NPB) layers of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) with the structure of ITO/NPB/tris (8-hydroxyquinolato) aluminum (Alq 3 )/LiF/Al. For an optimized PPXN inserted structure, current efficiency of 6.27 cd/A was achieved, 11% higher than the 5.64 cd/A of the control one with 1-nm-thick PPXN buffer inserted at the anode interface. The device current efficiency improvement is due to the electron blocking of PPXN buffers, and the current density variation of devices under operation was explained by tunneling barrier reduction.

Amplifier is a key component of the Soft X-ray imaging diagnostic system and the system is one of the most important diagnostic systems on J-TEXT tokamak. Signal generated by the photodiode is current and it’s too small. A high-gain amplifier enable us to observe the soft x-ray radiation signal in J-TEXT tokamak accurately. So an amplifier based on transimpedance circuit was proposed. Through theoretical calculations and simulations, the designed amplifier can achieve the set goals that are the V/I gain of 106 and the bandwidth of 20KHz. In order to ensure the quality of the signal, interface and shell of the amplifier are designed specially. Finally designed amplifier works properly in the experiment and it can meet the needs of the experiment.

Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) source with short wavelength of 13.5 nm sets a solid foundation for extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) that will provide distinguishable limited line width of 30 nm below and enough depth of focus in lithographic process. On the basis of a new scheme of EUV source from three plasmas to be coupled in capillary discharge, the demonstrative setup of three plasmas EUVL source in capillary discharge has been built and tested. By experiment, it is found that the single plasma source just emits very little power of radiation, while three independent plasmas source outputs intense radiation when three anode electrodes are concurrently discharged to the corresponding cathode electrodes. However, it is impossible for three independent plasmas to be coupled in capillary tube without the effect of the additional laser-produced plasma (LPP). As for the next work such as the weak positional coupling, the input of the laser beam and the delay time between the concurrent discharge and the ignition of the laser, it is worthy of doing.

Short- and long-time lasting inverse sawtooth activities during neon (Ne) gas injection, not during helium (He) or argon (Ar) though, have been clearly observed on soft X-ray emissions from chords viewing the central plasma region of the Joint Texas Experimental Tokamak (J-TEXT). A self-consistent interpretation of the inverse sawtooth activity depending on the impurity radiation characteristics is proposed. It is evidenced that the radiation loss caused by the injection of noble gas not only depends on the amount of the noble gas itself, but also depends on the temperature region where the noble gas can reach.

In this paper, the design, simulation results, and measurements of a coaxial-fed dual-polarized patch antenna with high port isolation are presented. The proposed antenna consists of two cross center-fed patch dipole antennas against a reflector as ground plane, while the patch antenna contains two pairs of X-shaped slots along the diagonals and two pairs of T-shaped slots along the centerlines. The proposed antenna achieves a -10 dB with bandwidth of 470–730 MHz and demonstrates the dual polarization in both directions. Stable radiation patterns at slanted polarization have been obtained within the band. Measurements show two linear polarizations with an isolation of more than 33 dB over the operating frequency band. The proposed antenna can be used for Digital television applications (DTV).

The effects of the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS) on NiO–TiO 2 sols, xerogels and films have been studied. Xerogels and films with Ni concentration of 80 mol% have been prepared using sols containing 3, 6, 9 wt% of SDS added to nickel acetate tetrahydrate (Ni(CH 3 COO) 2 ·4H 2 O) and tetra- n -butyl titanate (TNBT) as precursors in a mixture of ethanol and n -butanol. The thermal analysis of dried xerogels has been measured by thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) in air up to 500 °C. The structural properties of xerogels sintered at 300 °C have been determined by XRD and the xerogels consist predominantly of bunsenite nanoparticles embedded in an amorphous TiO 2 phase. Single layers have been deposited by dip coating on FTO (fluorine doped tin oxide, SnO 2 :F) coated glasses and sintered at 300 °C. Their thickness is found to increase with the SDS amount while the roughness of the surface is reduced. The electrochromic properties of films deposited on FTO coated glasses have been studied in 1 M KOH aqueous electrolyte via cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CA) and visible light transmission. The anodic and cathodic peaks in CV cycles and the charge intercalated during CA cycles increase with the SDS content. The transmission in the bleached and colored states as well as the change in optical density remain stable for the film prepared with 9 wt% SDS up to almost 18,000 CA cycles, a great improvement compared to films prepared without surfactant. The coloration efficiency of the film prepared with 9 wt% SDS is about 30 cm 2 /C, a value comparable to that obtained for pure NiO film.

The mechanical properties of both as-cast and as-extruded Zr-based metallic glass reinforced with tungsten composites with 33, 28, and 21 vol. % of metallic glass were investigated under quasi-static compression at strain rates from 10 −4 s −1 to 10 −1 s −1 . These two types of composites exhibited a strain rate sensitivity exponent that increased with the increase of the tungsten volume fraction. Compared to the composites with 33 and 21 vol. % of the metallic glass, the two types of composites with 28 vol. % of the metallic glass phase exhibited superior fracture energies. The in-situ compression test on the as-cast composites using high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction (HEXRD) revealed that the yield stress of the tungsten phase increased with a decrease in the metallic glass volume fraction. The as-cast composite with 28 vol. % of the metallic glass exhibited relatively great mechanical properties compared to the composites that contained 33 and 21 vol. % of the metallic glass. This result was attributed to the great coupling of the load distribution between the two phases and the high lattice strain in the tungsten phase.

A series of experiments on the interactions between external resonant magnetic perturbations (RMP) and plasmas has recently been conducted, using static resonant magnetic perturbation (SRMP) coils on the Joint Texas Experimental Tokamak (J-TEXT). The tearing mode can be completely suppressed by applying SRMP. However, the locked mode is likely to be stimulated under a larger SRMP field even though the tearing mode has been first suppressed. A numerical simulation shows three typical regimes of RMPʼs effects on the tearing mode, which are consistent with experimental results.

The acceleration of the co-current toroidal rotations around resonant surfaces by resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) through turbulence is presented. These experiments were performed using a Langmuir probe array in the edge plasmas of the J-TEXT tokamak. This study aims at understanding the RMP effects on edge toroidal rotations and exploring its control method. With RMPs, the flat electron temperature T e profile, due to magnetic islands, appears around resonant surfaces (Zhao et al 2015 Nucl. Fusion 55 073022). When the resonant surface is closer to the last closed flux surface, the flat T e profile vanishes with RMPs. In both cases, the toroidal rotations significantly increase in the direction of the plasma current around the resonant surfaces with RMPs. The characteristics of turbulence are significantly affected by RMPs around the resonant surfaces. The turbulence intensity profile changes and the poloidal wave vector k θ increases with RMPs. The power fraction of the turbulence components in the ion diamagnetic drift direction increases with RMPs. The measurements of turbulent Reynolds stresses are consistent with the toroidal flows that can be driven by turbulence. The estimations of the energy transfer between the turbulence and toroidal flows suggest that turbulence energy transfers into toroidal flows. The result has the implication of the intrinsic rotation being driven by RMPs via turbulence.

This paper presents the design and implementation of a novel Quasi-Yagi antenna with arrow-shaped driven element and a director for DTV applications. The proposed antenna has three resonant frequencies in the operating frequency band. Both simulation and measurement results show that the operating frequency bandwidth of the antenna for S11

A metal-plate monopole antenna for indoor digital television (DTV) signal coverage in the Ultra High Frequency (UHF) is presented. The proposed antenna is a planar metal-plate monopole with symmetrical bevels, which is easily fabricated by a single metal plate. Parametric study on the metal-plate parameters is conducted to achieve a return loss of 10 dB over the DTV band frequency range (470–860 MHz). The stability of the radiation pattern is also presented.

A wideband operating antenna for digital television in the 485–895 MHz band is presented. This antenna consists of an irony-mark-shaped monopole antenna fed by a microstrip line and a stepped ground for impedance matching. The monopole includes five parallel strips with 1.5 mm gaps between adjacent strips. The impedance matching and bandwidth of the proposed antenna are significantly affected by the width of the strips and the gaps between them. The stepped ground is used for size reduction and impedance matching. The simulation and measurement results indicate that the proposed antenna is applicable to mobile and indoor terrestrial broadcast TV signal reception.

To correctly estimate the biological dose of victims accidentally exposed to a very high dose of 60Co gamma-ray, a new dose–effect curve of chromosomal dicentrics/multicentrics and rings in the supra-high dose range was established. Peripheral blood from two healthy men was irradiated in vitro with doses of 60Co gamma-rays ranging from 6 to 22 Gy at a dose rate of 2.0 Gy/min. Lymphocytes were concentrated, cultured and harvested at 52 h, 68 h and 72 h. The numbers of dic + r were counted. The dose–effect curves were established and validated using comparisons with doses from the Tokai-mura accident and were then applied to two victims of supra-high dose exposure accident. The results indicated that there were no significant differences in chromosome aberration frequency among the different culture times from 52 h to 72 h. The 6–22 Gy dose–effect curve was fitted to a linear quadratic model Y = −2.269 + 0.776D − 7.868 × l0−3D2. Using this mathematic model, the dose estimates were similar to data from Tokai-mura which were estimated by PCC ring. Whole body average doses of 9.7 Gy and 18.1 Gy for two victims in the Jining accident were satisfactorily given. We established and successfully applied a new dose–effect curve of chromosomal dicentrics plus ring (dic + r) after 6–22 Gy γ-irradiation from a supra-high dose 60Co gamma-ray accident.

The uniaxial compressive responses of 3003 Al–Mn alloy upon strain rates ranging from 0.001/s to about 10 4 /s with initial temperatures from 77 K to 800 K were investigated. Instron servohydraulic testing machine and enhanced split Hopkinson bar facilities have been employed in such uniaxial compressive loading tests. The maximum true strain up to 80% has been achieved. The following observations have been obtained from the experimental results: 1) 3003 Al–Mn alloy presents remarkable ductility and plasticity at low temperatures and high strain rates; 2) its plastic flow stress strongly depends on the applied temperatures and strain rates; 3) the temperature history during deformation strongly affects the microstructure evolution within the material. Finally, paralleled with the systematic experimental investigations, a physically-based model was developed based on the mechanism of dislocation kinetics. The model predictions are compared with the experimental results, and a good agreement has been observed.

Surface plastic deformation form and residual stress distribution of nano-ceramics machined by ordinary grinding and two-dimensional ultrasonic grinding respectively were investigated. The obtained results show that machined surface residual stress in the two grinding modes is extrusion stress, and it decreased with the increasing of grinding depth. But the decrease of residual stress under two-dimensional ultrasonic grinding is less than that under normal grinding. In addition, under the same grinding parameters, the surface residual stress on two-dimensional ultrasonic vibration grinding is larger than that on ordinary grinding, and if other parameters unchanged, it is increased with the increase of wear particle granularity in the two grinding modes. It is produced by the reason that ductile regime of ceramic grinding become larger under ultrasonic grinding, so that material is still removed by plastic form at great depth. Plastic removal mode will produce greater surface extrusion stress, so with the increasing of grinding depth, the decreasing of residual stress under two-dimensional ultrasonic vibration grinding is less than that under the normal grinding. At the same time, the regular separating between wear particle and work piece improves the heat emission condition, which is also one of the reasons that the surface residual stress under two-dimensional ultrasonic grinding is larger than that under ordinary grinding.

Two approximate analytical methods are used to calculate and analyze the poloidal magnetic field configuration for the J-TEXT tokamak, an iron core tokamak. The methods are based on a spool model and an infinite length model, respectively. By comparing the calculated results with the experimental data, the two methods are modified by the least square method. The results given by the modified method based on the spool model shows good agreements with the experimental data. The modified method based on the spool model replaces the similar function in a general equilibrium code, EFIT. The displacements of the centriod of the plasma current in the J-TEXT tokamak reconstructed by the revised EFIT are coincident with the results measured by the soft-X ray array and magnetic probes.

Increasing the plasma density is one of the key methods in achieving an efficient fusion reaction. High-density operation is one of the hot topics in tokamak plasmas. Density limit disruptions remain an important issue for safe operation. An effective density limit disruption prediction and avoidance system is the key to avoid density limit disruptions for long pulse steady state operations. An artificial neural network has been developed for the prediction of density limit disruptions on the J-TEXT tokamak. The neural network has been improved from a simple multi-layer design to a hybrid two-stage structure. The first stage is a custom network which uses time series diagnostics as inputs to predict plasma density, and the second stage is a three-layer feedforward neural network to predict the probability of density limit disruptions. It is found that hybrid neural network structure, combined with radiation profile information as an input can significantly improve the prediction performance, especially the average warning time (). In particular, the is eight times better than that in previous work (Wang et al 2016 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 58 055014) (from 5 ms to 40 ms). The success rate for density limit disruptive shots is above 90%, while, the false alarm rate for other shots is below 10%. Based on the density limit disruption prediction system and the real-time density feedback control system, the on-line density limit disruption avoidance system has been implemented on the J-TEXT tokamak.

widely‐used hypoelastic model for four well‐known objective stress rates under a four‐phase stress cycle associated with axial tension and/or torsion of thin‐walled cylindrical tubes. Here, two kinds of models based upon the Cauchy stress and the Kirchhoff stress will be treated. The reduced systems of differential equations of these rate constitutive equations are derived and studied for Jaumann, Green‐ Naghdi, logarithmic and Truesdell stress rates, separately. Analytical solutions in some cases and numerical solutions in all cases are obtained using these reduced systems. Comparisons between the residual deformations are made for different cases. It may be seen that only the logarithmic stress rate results in no residual deformation. In particular, results indicate that Green‐Naghdi rate would generate unexpected residual deformation effect that is essentially different from that resulting from Jaumann rate. On the other hand, it is realized that this study accomplishes an alternative, direct proof for the nonintegrability problem of Truesdell’s hypoelastic rate equation with classical stress rates. This problem has been first treated successfully by Simo and Pister in 1984 using Bernstein’s integrability conditions. However, such treatment needs to cope with a coupled system of nonlinear partial differential equations in Cauchy stress. Here, a different idea is used. It is noted that every integrable hypoelastic equation is just an equivalent rate form of an elastic equation and hence should produce no residual deformations under every possible stress cycle. Accordingly, a hypoelastic model with a stress rate has to be non‐integrable, whenever a stress cycle can be found under which this model generates residual deformation. According to this idea of reductio ad absurdum, a well‐designed stress cycle is introduced and the corresponding residual deformations are calculated. Unlike the treatment of Bernstein’s integrability conditions, it may be a simple and straightforward matter to calculate the final deformations for a given stress cycle. This has been done in this study for several well‐known stress rates.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate a new approach for making a bio‐based adhesive from a new resource, rice bran (RB) adhesive.Design/methodology/approachRB solution was prepared and its pHs were adjusted to either 8.5‐9.0 or 10.0‐10.5. The solid content of slurry was controlled at ≈18 per cent and then gelatinised in a water bath shaker at 60°C for 2 h or at 100°C for 1 h. The bonding strength of RB adhesive was determined by testing the strength of three‐layer plywood. A differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was used for detecting the reaction energy and curing temperature. According to the DSC analysis, hot pressing at three temperatures was performed to select the best bonding conditions. Then, a two level split‐plot design was used to determine the effects of gelatinisation and pH on the bonding strength of RB adhesive. Thus, the formulation of RB adhesive was optimised. In order to improve the water resistance of RB adhesive, toluene diisocyanate (TDI) was used as a cross linking agent.FindingsIn the study reported here, a RB adhesive was developed by alkaline modification. Very high pH was not necessary, when RB adhesive with pH 10.0‐10.5 was gelatinised at 100°C for 1 h, its bonding strength was significantly lower than pH 8.5‐9.0 gelatinised at 60°C for 2 h. Water resistance of RB adhesive improved significantly when TDI was added as a cross linking agent. Compared to pure RB adhesive, the RB‐TDI mixed adhesive started curing at a higher temperature. For RB adhesive curing, 130°C was a suitable hot pressing temperature.Research limitations/implicationsThough the RB adhesive developed had a good bonding strength, its water resistance and dark colour was not satisfactory, which risks discolour of light colour wood. Further study is needed to solve this problem.Practical implicationsThe approach provided a bio‐adhesive with good bonding strength, reasonable working life, and without formaldehyde emission. Based on further study, RB adhesive could be considered a promising alternate adhesive in many applications such as paper board bonding and plywood.Originality/valueIt provided a potential way to utilise by‐product of agriculture, RB as industrial raw material. This will do farmers a great favour. Meanwhile, the modified RB adhesive is promising to partly or completely replace urea formaldehyde resin that mainly used in wood industry, avoiding formaldehyde emission and reducing the dependence on petroleum products.

PurposeTo investigate a new approach for making soy‐based adhesive having appropriate properties for potential application in wood industry.Design/methodology/approachThree chemicals were used for modifying protein contained in soy flour. According to orthogonal experiment design, nine soy‐based adhesives were prepared. Shearing strength of plywood bonded with these adhesives was measured to evaluate the bonding strength of nine formulas. Based on statistic analysis, the main effect factor and an optimised formula were determined. Further investigation on the modification effect to protein molecule was conducted by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. In order to facilitate practical application, the viscosity of optimum formula adhesive was measured to determine possible working life. Three additives were added to optimise formula for reducing mould growth.FindingsBased on soy‐flour mass, the best combination of lime milk, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate was 10, 2, and 20 per cent, respectively. NaOH was considered the main effect factor on bonding strength, and sodium silicate was of the second importance. The viscosity of the optimised adhesive changed lightly in 2 h, and significantly increased from 2 to 4 h. However, it still could spread on veneer, which indicated a reasonable working life for practical application. Based on soy flour mass, when 0.5 per cent sodium benzoate or 25 per cent phenol formaldehyde was added, mould growth could be restrained after early stage.Research limitations/implicationsThough the studied soy‐based adhesive had a good bonding strength and comparative water resistance, its pH was a little too high, which may cause risks of discolour of light coloured wood. Further study is needed to solve this problem.Practical implicationsThe approach provided a bio‐adhesive with good bonding strength, comparative water resistance, reasonable working life, and without formaldehyde emission. Soy‐based adhesive is considered a promising alternate adhesive in wood industry and other applications because of the above mentioned advantages.Originality/valueIt provided a potential way to utilise by‐product of agriculture, soy‐flour, as industrial raw material. This will benefit farmers significantly. Meanwhile, the modified soy‐based adhesive is promising to partly or completely replace urea formaldehyde resin that are mainly used in wood industry, avoiding formaldehyde emission and reducing the dependence on petroleum products.

A glycoprotein α-amylase inhibitor (α-AI) was extracted and purified from white kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris. L) by ethanol fractional precipitation, ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration column chromatography. The homogeneity of α-AI was demonstrated by gel filtration on sepharose CL-6B and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The molecular weight was estimated to be about 36,000 Da by SDS-PAGE. The glycoprotein α-AI contained 88.2% protein and was rich in aspartic acid, glutamic acid, leucine, threonine and serine, with a trace amount of cysteine. The carbohydrate moiety, determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), consisted of Man, Glc, Gal and Xyl in a mole ratio of 2.42:1.50:1.52:1.00. The glycan and the core protein backbone was connected by O-linkage as determined by β-elimination reaction. PRACTICAL APPLICATION The α-amylase inhibitors are important because of their potential effects of insect control and crop plant defense against pests. The selective inhibition of human α-amylase also plays an important role in reducing digestive-starch degradation in patients suffering from diabetes and has high value in controlling human weight. In this paper, an α-amylase inhibitor that effectively inhibits porcine pancreatic and salivary amylases was isolated and purified from white kidney bean. Therefore, it may have high potential pharmaceutical value as a regulative agent in reducing digestive-starch degradation in patients suffering from diabetes and obesity.

Objective: Obstetrical complications such as preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, and placental abruption are associated with inadequate placental perfusion. Previous studies have shown that the angiotensinogen (AGT) Thr235 mutation is associated with abnormal remodeling of the uterine spiral arteries and occurs at higher frequencies in preeclampsia. This study was done to evaluate whether the AGT Thr235 mutation increases the risk of placental abruption. Materials and methods: We compared 62 placentas from women who had placental abruption with 240 control patients of similar age and ethnicity. DNA was extracted from paraffin blocks from placentas. AGT Met235Thr mutation status was determined by single fluoresceine labeled probe real-time PCR using a LightCycler system. Result: AGT genotypes were divided into three groups: MM (homozygous wild), TT (homozygous mutant), and MT (heterozygous). The constituent ratio of AGT genotype in abrupted placentas (MM 14.5%, MT 43.5%, TT 41.9%) was significantly different from in control group (MM42.5%, MT 39.6%, TT 17.9%) (p < 0.001). AGT mutant allele frequency in placental abruption (0.637) was significantly higher than in the control group (0.377) (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The AGT Thr235 mutation was observed more frequently in placental abruption. AGT Thr235 mutation may be considered a risk factor for placental abruption. Published by Elsevier Ltd.