Author: "X. Durrieu de Madron" - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

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1. A synthesis of ocean total alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon measurements from 1993 to 2022: the SNAPO-CO2-v1 dataset

Author: N. Metzl, J. Fin, C. Lo Monaco, C. Mignon, S. Alliouane, D. Antoine, G. Bourdin, J. Boutin, Y. Bozec, P. Conan, L. Coppola, F. Diaz, E. Douville, X. Durrieu de Madron, J.-P. Gattuso, F. Gazeau, M. Golbol, B. Lansard, D. Lefèvre, N. Lefèvre, F. Lombard, F. Louanchi, L. Merlivat, L. Olivier, A. Petrenko, S. Petton, M. Pujo-Pay, C. Rabouille, G. Reverdin, C. Ridame, A. Tribollet, V. Vellucci, T. Wagener, and C. Wimart-Rousseau
Subjects: Environmental sciences, GE1-350, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract: Total alkalinity (AT) and dissolved inorganic carbon (CT) in the oceans are important properties with respect to understanding the ocean carbon cycle and its link to global change (ocean carbon sinks and sources, ocean acidification) and ultimately finding carbon-based solutions or mitigation procedures (marine carbon removal). We present a database of more than 44 400 AT and CT observations along with basic ancillary data (spatiotemporal location, depth, temperature and salinity) from various ocean regions obtained, mainly in the framework of French projects, since 1993. This includes both surface and water column data acquired in the open ocean, coastal zones and in the Mediterranean Sea and either from time series or dedicated one-off cruises. Most AT and CT data in this synthesis were measured from discrete samples using the same closed-cell potentiometric titration calibrated with Certified Reference Material, with an overall accuracy of ±4 µmol kg−1 for both AT and CT. The data are provided in two separate datasets – for the Global Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea (https://doi.org/10.17882/95414, Metzl et al., 2023), respectively – that offer a direct use for regional or global purposes, e.g., AT–salinity relationships, long-term CT estimates, and constraint and validation of diagnostic CT and AT reconstructed fields or ocean carbon and coupled climate–carbon models simulations as well as data derived from Biogeochemical-Argo (BGC-Argo) floats. When associated with other properties, these data can also be used to calculate pH, the fugacity of CO2 (fCO2) and other carbon system properties to derive ocean acidification rates or air–sea CO2 fluxes.
Published: 2024
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2. Seasonal dynamics and annual budget of dissolved inorganic carbon in the northwestern Mediterranean deep-convection region

Author: C. Ulses, C. Estournel, P. Marsaleix, K. Soetaert, M. Fourrier, L. Coppola, D. Lefèvre, F. Touratier, C. Goyet, V. Guglielmi, F. Kessouri, P. Testor, and X. Durrieu de Madron
Subjects: Ecology, QH540-549.5, Life, QH501-531, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract: Deep convection plays a key role in the circulation, thermodynamics, and biogeochemical cycles in the Mediterranean Sea, which is considered to be a hotspot of biodiversity and climate change. In the framework of the DEWEX (Dense Water Experiment) project, the seasonal and annual budgets of dissolved inorganic carbon in the deep-convection area of the northwestern Mediterranean Sea are investigated over the period September 2012–September 2013 using a 3D coupled physical–biogeochemical–chemical modeling approach. At the annual scale, we estimate that the northwestern Mediterranean Sea's deep-convection region was a moderate sink of 0.5 mol C m−2 yr−1 of CO2 for the atmosphere. The model results show the reduction of oceanic CO2 uptake during deep convection and its increase during the abrupt spring phytoplankton bloom following the deep-convection events. We highlight the major roles in the annual dissolved inorganic carbon budget of both the biogeochemical and physical fluxes, which amount to −3.7 and 3.3 mol C m−2 yr−1, respectively, and are 1 order of magnitude higher than the air–sea CO2 flux. The upper layer (from the surface to 150 m depth) of the northwestern deep-convection region gained dissolved inorganic carbon through vertical physical transport and, to a lesser extent, oceanic CO2 uptake, and it lost dissolved inorganic carbon through lateral transport and biogeochemical fluxes. The region, covering 2.5 % of the Mediterranean, acted as a source of dissolved inorganic carbon for the surface and intermediate water masses of the Balearic Sea and southwestern Mediterranean Sea and could represent up to 22 % and 11 %, respectively, of the CO2 exchanges with the Atlantic Ocean at the Strait of Gibraltar.
Published: 2023
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3. Calcification response of planktic foraminifera to environmental change in the western Mediterranean Sea during the industrial era

Author: T. M. Béjard, A. S. Rigual-Hernández, J. A. Flores, J. P. Tarruella, X. Durrieu de Madron, I. Cacho, N. Haghipour, A. Hunter, and F. J. Sierro
Subjects: Ecology, QH540-549.5, Life, QH501-531, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract: The Mediterranean Sea sustains a rich and fragile ecosystem currently threatened by multiple anthropogenic impacts that include, among others, warming, pollution, and changes in seawater carbonate speciation associated to increasing uptake of atmospheric CO2. This environmental change represents a major risk for marine calcifiers such as planktonic foraminifera, key components of pelagic Mediterranean ecosystems and major exporters of calcium carbonate to the sea floor, thereby playing a major role in the marine carbon cycle. In this study, we investigate the response of planktic foraminifera calcification in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea on different timescales across the industrial era. This study is based on data from a 12-year-long sediment trap record retrieved in the in the Gulf of Lions and seabed sediment samples from the Gulf of Lions and the promontory of Menorca. Three different planktic foraminifera species were selected based on their different ecology and abundance: Globigerina bulloides, Neogloboquadrina incompta, and Globorotalia truncatulinoides. A total of 273 samples were weighted in both sediment trap and seabed samples. The results of our study suggest substantial different seasonal calcification patterns across species: G. bulloides shows a slight calcification increase during the high productivity period, while both N. incompta and G. truncatulinoides display a higher calcification during the low productivity period. The comparison of these patterns with environmental parameters indicate that controls on seasonal calcification are species-specific. Interannual analysis suggests that both G. bulloides and N. incompta did not significantly reduce their calcification between 1994 and 2005, while G. truncatulinoides exhibited a constant and pronounced increase in its calcification that translated in an increase of 20 % of its shell weight. The comparison of these patterns with environmental data reveals that optimum growth conditions affect positively and negatively G. bulloides and G. truncatulinoides calcification, respectively. Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) have a positive influence on N. incompta and G. truncatulinoides calcification, while carbonate system parameters appear to affect positively the calcification of three species in the Gulf of Lions throughout the 12-year time series. Finally, comparison between sediment trap data and seabed sediments allowed us to assess the changes of planktic foraminifera calcification during the late Holocene, including the pre-industrial era. Several lines of evidence indicate that selective dissolution did not bias the results in any of our data sets. Our results showed a weight reduction between pre-industrial and post-industrial Holocene and recent data, with G. truncatulinoides experiencing the largest weight loss (32 %–40 %) followed by G. bulloides (18 %–24 %) and N. incompta (9 %–18 %). Overall, our results provide evidence of a decrease in planktic foraminifera calcification in the western Mediterranean, most likely associated with ongoing ocean acidification and regional SST trends, a feature consistent with previous observations in other settings of the world's oceans.
Published: 2023
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4. A global marine particle size distribution dataset obtained with the Underwater Vision Profiler 5

Author: R. Kiko, M. Picheral, D. Antoine, M. Babin, L. Berline, T. Biard, E. Boss, P. Brandt, F. Carlotti, S. Christiansen, L. Coppola, L. de la Cruz, E. Diamond-Riquier, X. Durrieu de Madron, A. Elineau, G. Gorsky, L. Guidi, H. Hauss, J.-O. Irisson, L. Karp-Boss, J. Karstensen, D. Kim, R. M. Lekanoff, F. Lombard, R. M. Lopes, C. Marec, A. M. P. McDonnell, D. Niemeyer, M. Noyon, S. H. O'Daly, M. D. Ohman, J. L. Pretty, A. Rogge, S. Searson, M. Shibata, Y. Tanaka, T. Tanhua, J. Taucher, E. Trudnowska, J. S. Turner, A. Waite, and L. Stemmann
Subjects: Environmental sciences, GE1-350, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract: Marine particles of different nature are found throughout the global ocean. The term “marine particles” describes detritus aggregates and fecal pellets as well as bacterioplankton, phytoplankton, zooplankton and nekton. Here, we present a global particle size distribution dataset obtained with several Underwater Vision Profiler 5 (UVP5) camera systems. Overall, within the 64 µm to about 50 mm size range covered by the UVP5, detrital particles are the most abundant component of all marine particles; thus, measurements of the particle size distribution with the UVP5 can yield important information on detrital particle dynamics. During deployment, which is possible down to 6000 m depth, the UVP5 images a volume of about 1 L at a frequency of 6 to 20 Hz. Each image is segmented in real time, and size measurements of particles are automatically stored. All UVP5 units used to generate the dataset presented here were inter-calibrated using a UVP5 high-definition unit as reference. Our consistent particle size distribution dataset contains 8805 vertical profiles collected between 19 June 2008 and 23 November 2020. All major ocean basins, as well as the Mediterranean Sea and the Baltic Sea, were sampled. A total of 19 % of all profiles had a maximum sampling depth shallower than 200 dbar, 38 % sampled at least the upper 1000 dbar depth range and 11 % went down to at least 3000 dbar depth. First analysis of the particle size distribution dataset shows that particle abundance is found to be high at high latitudes and in coastal areas where surface productivity or continental inputs are elevated. The lowest values are found in the deep ocean and in the oceanic gyres. Our dataset should be valuable for more in-depth studies that focus on the analysis of regional, temporal and global patterns of particle size distribution and flux as well as for the development and adjustment of regional and global biogeochemical models. The marine particle size distribution dataset (Kiko et al., 2021) is available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.924375.
Published: 2022
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5. Impact of Dense Water Formation on the Transfer of Particles and Trace Metals from the Coast to the Deep in the Northwestern Mediterranean

Author: X. Durrieu de Madron, D. Aubert, B. Charrière, S. Kunesch, C. Menniti, O. Radakovitch, and J. Sola
Subjects: dense water formation, cascading, convection, Mediterranean, particulate flux, metals, Hydraulic engineering, TC1-978, Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes, TD201-500
Abstract: This study aimed to describe the interannual variability of dense shelf water cascading and open ocean convection in the Gulf of Lions (NW Mediterranean) based on long-term temperature and current records and its impact on particle fluxes and associated metals. These observations highlight the predominant role of the rare intense events of dense shelf water cascading (1999/2000, 2005/2006, 2012/2013) in the basinward export of particles, which are mainly brought by rivers. Measurements of particulate trace metals in 2012 indicate that the monitored intense cascading event may be responsible for a significant fraction (~15%) of the annual input to the shelf. To this first process is added the effect of somehow more recurrent deep convection events (2005, 2009–2013) that remobilize the deep sediments, receptacle of coastal inputs, and disperse them rapidly at the scale of the northern Mediterranean basin, and gradually over the entire western basin. Coastal and oceanic dense water formations are key physical processes in the Mediterranean margins, whose reduction in intensity and recurrence has already been observed and also anticipate in climate scenarios that will likely change the dispersion pathways of chemical particles in this region.
Published: 2023
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6. Particle size distribution and estimated carbon flux across the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone

Author: F. Roullier, L. Berline, L. Guidi, X. Durrieu De Madron, M. Picheral, A. Sciandra, S. Pesant, and L. Stemmann
Subjects: Ecology, QH540-549.5, Life, QH501-531, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract: The goal of the Arabian Sea section of the TARA oceans expedition was to study large particulate matter (LPM > 100 μm) distributions and possible impact of associated midwater biological processes on vertical carbon export through the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) of this region. We propose that observed spatial patterns in LPM distribution resulted from the timing and location of surface phytoplankton bloom, lateral transport, microbial processes in the core of the OMZ, and enhanced biological processes mediated by bacteria and zooplankton at the lower oxycline. Indeed, satellite-derived net primary production maps showed that the northern stations of the transect were under the influence of a previous major bloom event while the most southern stations were in a more oligotrophic situation. Lagrangian simulations of particle transport showed that deep particles of the northern stations could originate from the surface bloom while the southern stations could be considered as driven by 1-D vertical processes. In the first 200 m of the OMZ core, minima in nitrate concentrations and the intermediate nepheloid layer (INL) coincided with high concentrations of 100 μm < LPM < 200 μm. These particles could correspond to colonies of bacteria or detritus produced by anaerobic microbial activity. However, the calculated carbon flux through this layer was not affected. Vertical profiles of carbon flux indicate low flux attenuation in the OMZ, with a Martin model b exponent value of 0.22. At three stations, the lower oxycline was associated to a deep nepheloid layer, an increase of calculated carbon flux and an increase in mesozooplankton abundance. Enhanced bacterial activity and zooplankton feeding in the deep OMZ is proposed as a mechanism for the observed deep particle aggregation. Estimated lower flux attenuation in the upper OMZ and re-aggregation at the lower oxycline suggest that OMZ may be regions of enhanced carbon flux to the deep sea relative to non OMZ regions.
Published: 2014
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7. Sediment transport along the Cap de Creus Canyon flank during a mild, wet winter

Author: J. Martín, X. Durrieu de Madron, P. Puig, F. Bourrin, A. Palanques, L. Houpert, M. Higueras, A. Sanchez-Vidal, A. M. Calafat, M. Canals, S. Heussner, N. Delsaut, and C. Sotin
Subjects: Ecology, QH540-549.5, Life, QH501-531, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract: Cap de Creus Canyon (CCC) is known as a preferential conduit for particulate matter leaving the Gulf of Lion continental shelf towards the slope and the basin, particularly in winter when storms and dense shelf water cascading coalesce to enhance the seaward export of shelf waters. During the CASCADE (CAscading, Storm, Convection, Advection and Downwelling Events) cruise in March 2011, deployments of recording instruments within the canyon and vertical profiling of the water column properties were conducted to study with high spatial-temporal resolution the impact of such processes on particulate matter fluxes. In the context of the mild and wet 2010–2011 winter, no remarkable dense shelf water formation was observed. On the other hand, the experimental setup allowed for the study of the impact of E-SE storms on the hydrographical structure and the particulate matter fluxes in the CCC. The most remarkable feature in terms of sediment transport was a period of dominant E-SE winds from 12 to 16 March, including two moderate storms (maximum significant wave heights = 4.1–4.6 m). During this period, a plume of freshened, relatively cold and turbid water flowed at high speeds along the southern flank of the CCC in an approximate depth range of 150–350 m. The density of this water mass was lighter than the ambient water in the canyon, indicating that it did not cascade off-shelf and that it merely downwelled into the canyon forced by the strong cyclonic circulation induced over the shelf during the storms and by the subsequent accumulation of seawater along the coast. Suspended sediment load in this turbid intrusion recorded along the southern canyon flank oscillated between 10 and 50 mg L−1, and maximum currents speeds reached values up to 90 cm s−1. A rough estimation of 105 tons of sediment was transported through the canyon along its southern wall during a 3-day-long period of storm-induced downwelling. Following the veering of the wind direction (from SE to NW) on 16 March, downwelling ceased, currents inside the canyon reversed from down- to up-canyon, and the turbid shelf plume was evacuated from the canyon, most probably flowing along the southern canyon flank and being entrained by the general SW circulation after leaving the canyon confinement. This study highlights that remarkable sediment transport occurs in the CCC, and particularly along its southern flank, even during mild and wet winters, in absence of cascading and under limited external forcing. The sediment transport associated with eastern storms like the ones described in this paper tends to enter the canyon by its downstream flank, partially affecting the canyon head region. Sediment transport during these events is not constrained near the seafloor but distributed in a depth range of 200–300 m above the bottom. Our paper broadens the understanding of the complex set of atmosphere-driven sediment transport processes acting in this highly dynamic area of the northwestern Mediterranean Sea.
Published: 2013
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8. Major consequences of an intense dense shelf water cascading event on deep-sea benthic trophic conditions and meiofaunal biodiversity

Author: A. Pusceddu, M. Mea, M. Canals, S. Heussner, X. Durrieu de Madron, A. Sanchez-Vidal, S. Bianchelli, C. Corinaldesi, A. Dell'Anno, L. Thomsen, and R. Danovaro
Subjects: Ecology, QH540-549.5, Life, QH501-531, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract: Numerous submarine canyons around the world are preferential conduits for episodic dense shelf water cascading (DSWC), which quickly modifies physical and chemical ambient conditions while transporting large amounts of material towards the base of slope and basin. Observations conducted during the last 20 yr in the Lacaze-Duthiers and Cap de Creus canyons (Gulf of Lion, NW Mediterranean Sea) report several intense DSWC events. The effects of DSWC on deep-sea ecosystems are almost unknown. To investigate the effects of these episodic events, we analysed changes in the meiofaunal biodiversity inside and outside the canyon. Sediment samples were collected at depths varying from ca. 1000 to > 2100 m in May 2004 (before a major event), April 2005 (during a major cascading event) and in October 2005, August 2006, April 2008 and April 2009 (after a major event). We report here that the late winter–early spring 2005 cascading led to a reduction of the organic matter contents in canyon floor sediments down to 1800 m depth, whereas surface sediments at about 2200 m depth showed an increase. Our findings suggest that the nutritional material removed from the shallower continental shelf, canyon floor and flanks, and also the adjacent open slope was rapidly transported to the deep margin. During the cascading event the meiofaunal abundance and biodiversity in the studied deep-sea sediments were significantly lower than after the event. Benthic assemblages during the cascading were significantly different from those in all other sampling periods in both the canyon and deep margin. After only six months from the cessation of the cascading, benthic assemblages in the impacted sediments were again similar to those observed in other sampling periods, thus illustrating a quick recovery. Since the present climate change is expected to increase the intensity and frequency of these episodic events, we anticipate that they will increasingly affect benthic bathyal ecosystems, which may eventually challenge their resilience.
Published: 2013
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9. Impact of open-ocean convection on particle fluxes and sediment dynamics in the deep margin of the Gulf of Lions

Author: M. Stabholz, X. Durrieu de Madron, M. Canals, A. Khripounoff, I. Taupier-Letage, P. Testor, S. Heussner, P. Kerhervé, N. Delsaut, L. Houpert, G. Lastras, and B. Dennielou
Subjects: Ecology, QH540-549.5, Life, QH501-531, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract: The deep outer margin of the Gulf of Lions and the adjacent basin, in the western Mediterranean Sea, are regularly impacted by open-ocean convection, a major hydrodynamic event responsible for the ventilation of the deep water in the western Mediterranean Basin. However, the impact of open-ocean convection on the flux and transport of particulate matter remains poorly understood. The variability of water mass properties (i.e., temperature and salinity), currents, and particle fluxes were monitored between September 2007 and April 2009 at five instrumented mooring lines deployed between 2050 and 2350-m depth in the deepest continental margin and adjacent basin. Four of the lines followed a NW–SE transect, while the fifth one was located on a sediment wave field to the west. The results of the main, central line SC2350 ("LION") located at 42°02.5′ N, 4°41′ E, at 2350-m depth, show that open-ocean convection reached mid-water depth (≈ 1000-m depth) during winter 2007–2008, and reached the seabed (≈ 2350-m depth) during winter 2008–2009. Horizontal currents were unusually strong with speeds up to 39 cm s−1 during winter 2008–2009. The measurements at all 5 different locations indicate that mid-depth and near-bottom currents and particle fluxes gave relatively consistent values of similar magnitude across the study area except during winter 2008–2009, when near-bottom fluxes abruptly increased by one to two orders of magnitude. Particulate organic carbon contents, which generally vary between 3 and 5%, were abnormally low (≤ 1%) during winter 2008–2009 and approached those observed in surface sediments (≈ 0.6%). Turbidity profiles made in the region demonstrated the existence of a bottom nepheloid layer, several hundred meters thick, and related to the resuspension of bottom sediments. These observations support the view that open-ocean deep convection events in the Gulf of Lions can cause significant remobilization of sediments in the deep outer margin and the basin, with a subsequent alteration of the seabed likely impacting the functioning of the deep-sea ecosystem.
Published: 2013
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10. Effects of storm events on the shelf-to-basin sediment transport in the southwestern end of the Gulf of Lions (Northwestern Mediterranean)

Author: A. Palanques, P. Puig, J. Guillén, X. Durrieu de Madron, M. Latasa, R. Scharek, and J. Martin
Subjects: Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering, TD1-1066, Geography. Anthropology. Recreation, Environmental sciences, GE1-350, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract: Shelf-to-basin sediment transport during storms was studied at the southwestern end of the Gulf of Lions from November 2003 to March 2004. Waves, near-bottom currents, temperature and sediment fluxes were measured on the inner shelf at 28-m depth, in the Cap de Creus submarine canyon head at 300-m depth and in the northwestern Mediterranean basin at 2350-m depth. This paper is a synthesis of results published separately in different papers; it includes some new data and focusses on the subject of storms. It is the first paper in which simultaneous data about the effect of storms on the shelf, the slope and in the basin are shown together. During the winter studied, there were two severe E-SE storms with significant wave heights ≥ 7 m: one in December 2003 and one in February 2004. During these storms, coastal water was exported off-shelf producing strong near-bottom currents (up to 82 cm s−1) at the canyon head that resuspended sediment and increased the downcanyon sediment fluxes by several orders of magnitude. The suspended sediment flux increase in the canyon head was much larger during the February storm than during the December storm. At the deep basin site, particle fluxes also increased drastically (1–2 orders of magnitude) immediately after the February storm but not after the December storm. The reason was that the February storm was reinforced by dense shelf water cascading and was long enough (43 h) to transfer large amounts of resuspended sediment from shallow shelf areas to the canyon head and from there to the northwestern Mediterranean basin. Thus, in the western Gulf of Lions, severe winter E-SE storms occurring during the dense shelf water cascading period can significantly increase the transfer to deep-sea (> 2000 m) environments of shelf and slope resuspended material, including anthropogenic contaminants and organic matter.
Published: 2011
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11. Flux and composition of settling particles across the continental margin of the Gulf of Lion: the role of dense shelf water cascading

Author: C. Pasqual, A. Sanchez-Vidal, D. Zúñiga, A. Calafat, M. Canals, X. Durrieu de Madron, P. Puig, S. Heussner, A. Palanques, and N. Delsaut
Subjects: Ecology, QH540-549.5, Life, QH501-531, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract: Settling particles were collected using sediment traps deployed along three transects in the Lacaze-Duthiers and Cap de Creus canyons and the adjacent southern open slope from October 2005 to October 2006. The settling material was analyzed to obtain total mass fluxes and main constituent contents (organic matter, opal, calcium carbonate, and siliciclastics). Cascades of dense shelf water from the continental shelf edge to the lower continental slope occurred from January to March 2006. They were traced through strong negative near-bottom temperature anomalies and increased current speeds, and generated two intense pulses of mass fluxes in January and March 2006. This oceanographic phenomenon appeared as the major physical forcing of settling particles at almost all stations, and caused both high seasonal variability in mass fluxes and important qualitative changes in settling material. Fluxes during the dense shelf water cascading (DSWC) event ranged from 90.1 g m−2 d−1 at the middle Cap de Creus canyon (1000 m) to 3.2 g m−2 d−1 at the canyon mouth (1900 m). Fractions of organic matter, opal and calcium carbonate components increased seaward, thus diminishing the siliciclastic fraction. Temporal variability of the major components was larger in the canyon mouth and open slope sites, due to the mixed impact of dense shelf water cascading processes and the pelagic biological production. Results indicate that the cascading event remobilized and homogenized large amounts of material down canyon and southwardly along the continental slope contributing to a better understanding of the off-shelf particle transport and the internal dynamics of DSWC events.
Published: 2010
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12. A review of the role of submarine canyons in deep-ocean exchange with the shelf

Author: S. E. Allen and X. Durrieu de Madron
Subjects: Geography. Anthropology. Recreation, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract: Cross shelf-break exchange is limited by the tendency of geostrophic flow to follow bathymetric contours, not cross them. However, small scale topography, such as canyons, can reduce the local lengthscale of the flow and increase the local Rossby number. These higher Rossby numbers mean the flow is no longer purely geostrophic and significant cross-isobath flow can occur. This cross-isobath flow includes both upwelling and downwelling due to wind-driven shelf currents and the strong cascading flows of dense shelf-water into the ocean. Tidal currents usually run primarily parallel to the shelf-break topography. Canyons cut across these flows and thus are often regions of generation of strong baroclinic tides and internal waves. Canyons can also focus internal waves. Both processes lead to greatly elevated levels of mixing. Thus, through both advection and mixing processes, canyons can enhance Deep Ocean Shelf Exchange. Here we review the state of the science describing the dynamics of the flows and suggest further areas of research, particularly into quantifying fluxes of nutrients and carbon as well as heat and salt through canyons.
Published: 2009

13. Field calibration of optical sensors for measuring suspended sediment concentration in the western Mediterranean

Author: J. Guillén, A. Palanques, P. Puig, X. Durrieu de Madron, and F. Nyffeler
Subjects: sediment concentration, field calibrations, nw mediterranean, Aquaculture. Fisheries. Angling, SH1-691
Abstract: The water turbidity measured with optical methods (transmittance and backscattering) is usually expressed as beam attenuation coefficient (BAC) or formazin turbidity units (FTU). The transformation of these units to volumetric suspended sediment concentration (SSC) units is not straightforward, and accurate calibrations are required in order to obtain valuable information on suspended sediment distributions and fluxes. In this paper, data from field calibrations between BAC, FTU and SSC are presented and best-fit calibration curves are shown. These calibrations represent an average from different marine environments of the western Mediterranean (from estuary to continental slope). However, the general curves can only be applied for descriptive or semi-quantitative purposes. Comparison of turbidity measurements using the same sensor with different calibration ranges shows the advantage of simultaneously combining two instruments calibrated in different ranges when significant changes in suspended sediment concentrations are expected.
Published: 2000
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14. Sources of the Levantine Intermediate Water in Winter 2019

Author: V. Taillandier, F. D’Ortenzio, L. Prieur, P. Conan, L. Coppola, M. Cornec, F. Dumas, X. Durrieu de Madron, B. Fach, M. Fourrier, M. Gentil, D. Hayes, S. Husrevoglu, H. Legoff, L. Le Ster, H. Örek, T. Ozer, P. M. Poulain, M. Pujo‐Pay, M. Ribera d’Alcalà, B. Salihoglu, P. Testor, D. Velaoras, T. Wagener, C. Wimart‐Rousseau, Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Service Hydrographique et Océanographique de la Marine (SHOM), Ministère de la Défense, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditérranéens (CEFREM), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Middle East Technical University [Ankara] (METU), Cyprus Oceanography Center, University of Cyprus [Nicosia] (UCY), Développement Instrumental et Techniques Marines (DITM), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 (CEBC), La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research (IOLR), National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics (OGS), Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne (LOMIC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire océanologique de Banyuls (OOB), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), Variabilité de l'Océan et de la Glace de mer (VOG), Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and ANR-10-EQPX-0040,NAOS,Observations de l'océan global pour l'étude et la prévision de l'océan et du climat: préparation de la nouvelle décennie d'Argo(2010)
Subjects: overturning circulation, Levantine intermediate water, ocean observations, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Oceanography, Geophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Geochemistry and Petrology, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), descriptive oceanography, Mediterranean Sea, water mass formation, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography
Abstract: Climatic changes and interannual variability in the Mediterranean overturning circulation are crucially linked to dense water formation in the Levantine Sea, namely the Levantine Intermediate Water whose formation zone, comprising multiple and intermittent sources, extends over fluctuating pathways. To probe into the variability of this water formation and spreading, a unique dataset was collected during the winter of 2019 in the western Levantine Sea, via oceanographic cruises, profiling floats and a glider, at a spatio-temporal distribution suited to resolve mesoscale circulation features and intermittent convection events. This study highlights the competition between two source regions, the Cretan Sea and the Rhodes Cyclonic Gyre, to supply the Mediterranean overturning circulation in Levantine Intermediate Water. The Cretan source was estimated as the most abundant, supported by increasingly saltier water masses coming from the Levantine Sea under the pumping effect of a water deficit caused by strong western outflow towards the Ionian Sea. Key Points Descriptive oceanography of the Levantine Intermediate Water formation zone using an in-situ multiplatform approach Competition between two source regions to supply the Mediterranean overturning circulation in Levantine Intermediate Water The Cretan Sea is the most abundant source, supported by increasingly saltier waters coming from the Levantine Sea Plain Language Summary The Mediterranean overturning circulation is a conveyor belt transporting salt from its easternmost areas towards the North Atlantic Ocean. To explore how the formation of dense and salty waters called the Levantine Intermediate Water fits into this circulation, the western Levantine Sea was investigated during the winter of 2019 via cruise surveys and an array of autonomous sensors. This study highlights the competition between two source regions, the southern Aegean Sea and the northwestern Levantine Sea, to supply the Mediterranean overturning circulation in Levantine Intermediate Water. In the period under study, the first region was estimated as the most abundant source. This source was supported by increasingly saltier water masses coming from the Levantine Sea, under the pumping effect of a water draught in the Aegean Sea. These observations help to nuance the complex picture of Levantine circulation patterns which are subject to large variability.
Published: 2022

15. Deep sediment resuspension and thick nepheloid layer generation by open-ocean convection

Author: Anthony Bosse, Jean-François Ghiglione, S. Kunesch, Patrick Marsaleix, N. Delsaut, Loïc Houpert, C. Curtil, Tatiana Severin, Léo Berline, Lionel Guidi, Pierre Testor, Mireille Pujo-Pay, Pascal Conan, X. Durrieu de Madron, Séverine Martini, Simon Ramondenc, and Christian Tamburini
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Convection, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Nepheloid layer, Lead (sea ice), Sediment, Particulates, Oceanography, Mooring, 01 natural sciences, Bathyal zone, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Geochemistry and Petrology, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), 14. Life underwater, Sediment transport, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: The Gulf of Lions in the northwestern Mediterranean is one of the few sites around the world ocean exhibiting deep open‐ocean convection. Based on 6 year long (2009–2015) time series from a mooring in the convection region, shipborne measurements from repeated cruises, from 2012 to 2015, and glider measurements, we report evidence of bottom thick nepheloid layer formation, which is coincident with deep sediment resuspension induced by bottom‐reaching convection events. This bottom nepheloid layer, which presents a maximum thickness of more than 2000 m in the center of the convection region, probably results from the action of cyclonic eddies that are formed during the convection period and can persist within their core while they travel through the basin. The residence time of this bottom nepheloid layer appears to be less than a year. In situ measurements of suspended particle size further indicate that the bottom nepheloid layer is primarily composed of aggregates between 100 and 1000 µm in diameter, probably constituted of fine silts. Bottom‐reaching open ocean convection, as well as deep dense shelf water cascading that occurred concurrently some years, lead to recurring deep sediments resuspension episodes. They are key mechanisms that control the concentration and characteristics of the suspended particulate matter in the basin, and in turn affect the bathypelagic biological activity
Published: 2017

16. Observations of open-ocean deep convection in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea: Seasonal and interannual variability of mixing and deep water masses for the 2007-2013 Period

Author: H. Le Goff, Matthieu Labaste, X. Durrieu de Madron, Pierre Testor, Laurent Mortier, Denis Dausse, Stéphane Kunesch, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, M. N. Bouin, Laurent Coppola, Anthony Bosse, Loïc Houpert, and Patrick Raimbault
Subjects: Convection, Ocean observations, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010505 oceanography, Mixed layer, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Deep sea, Geophysics, Mediterranean sea, Water column, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Geochemistry and Petrology, Circumpolar deep water, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Deep ocean water, 14. Life underwater, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: We present here a unique oceanographic and meteorological data set focus on the deep convection processes. Our results are essentially based on in situ data (mooring, research vessel, glider, and profiling float) collected from a multiplatform and integrated monitoring system (MOOSE: Mediterranean Ocean Observing System on Environment), which monitored continuously the northwestern Mediterranean Sea since 2007, and in particular high-frequency potential temperature, salinity, and current measurements from the mooring LION located within the convection region. From 2009 to 2013, the mixed layer depth reaches the seabed, at a depth of 2330m, in February. Then, the violent vertical mixing of the whole water column lasts between 9 and 12 days setting up the characteristics of the newly formed deep water. Each deep convection winter formed a new warmer and saltier “vintage” of deep water. These sudden inputs of salt and heat in the deep ocean are responsible for trends in salinity (3.3 ± 0.2 × 10−3/yr) and potential temperature (3.2 ± 0.5 × 10−3 C/yr) observed from 2009 to 2013 for the 600–2300 m layer. For the first time, the overlapping of the three “phases” of deep convection can be observed, with secondary vertical mixing events (2–4 days) after the beginning of the restratification phase, and the restratification/spreading phase still active at the beginning of the following deep convection event.
Published: 2016

17. Geometry, fractal dimension and settling velocity of flocs during flooding conditions in the Rhône ROFI

Author: Frédéric Jourdin, François Bourrin, P. R. Renosh, Romaric Verney, Gaël Many, X. Durrieu de Madron, Aurélien Gangloff, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditérranéens (CEFREM), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - Brest (IFREMER Centre de Bretagne), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Centre de formation et de recherche sur l'environnement marin (CEFREM), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d’Océanologie et de Géosciences (LOG) - UMR 8187 (LOG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Flocculation, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Rhone, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Soil science, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Fractal dimension, Sphericity, Settling, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Settling velocity, Advection, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Sediment, 6. Clean water, Plume, ROFI, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, Particle size
Abstract: Regions Of Freshwater Influence (ROFI) are of particular interest in a source-to-sink approach in terms of sediment advection, settling, and deposition in the coastal zone. An experiment was carried out in the ROFI of the Rhone River in February 2016 to describe the properties of suspended particulate matter (SPM) during a flood event. A digital holographic camera (LISST-HOLO, 20–2000 μm) was used to estimate the variability of fine sediment floc properties (size, nature and shape) formed in the Rhone mouth. An automatic image toolbox was developed to classify the different constituents of the SPM (as diatoms, bubbles and flocs) and to describe the diversity of floc shapes existing in the material in suspension. We estimated the fractal dimension (DF3D), the aspect ratio (AR) and the settling velocity of flocs (Ws). The estimated DF3D ranged between 2.0 and 2.5 highlights the complexity of floc shape, which was used as a proxy of the flocculation mechanism functioning in the Rhone mouth. Additionally, we performed a sensitivity analysis on the estimate of Ws using different shape-related coefficients (α/β) and primary particle size (dP). The results highlighted the impact of the flocculation of fine sediments on the increase of Ws from 0.01 to 3 mm s−1 when floc sizes increase from 30 to 500 μm. Ws showed a decrease of 41% considering the sphericity of flocs that emphasized the need to consider the floc shape to properly estimate their settling velocity. We showed that an increase of dP from 1 to 12 μm induces a fivefold increase of Ws that showed the need for an adequate system to properly estimate the size of primary particles. These results emphasized the need to take into account such variability in future model of floc dynamics in ROFI to properly estimate plume sinking rate and SPM dynamics.
Published: 2019

18. A review of the role of submarine canyons in deep-ocean exchange with the shelf

Author: Susan E. Allen and X. Durrieu de Madron
Subjects: lcsh:GE1-350, 0106 biological sciences, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Advection, 010505 oceanography, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Baroclinity, lcsh:Geography. Anthropology. Recreation, Submarine canyon, Internal wave, 01 natural sciences, Rossby number, Oceanography, lcsh:G, Downwelling, 13. Climate action, Bathymetry, 14. Life underwater, lcsh:Environmental sciences, Geology, Geostrophic wind, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Cross shelf-break exchange is limited by the tendency of geostrophic flow to follow bathymetric contours, not cross them. However, small scale topography, such as canyons, can reduce the local lengthscale of the flow and increase the local Rossby number. These higher Rossby numbers mean the flow is no longer purely geostrophic and significant cross-isobath flow can occur. This cross-isobath flow includes both upwelling and downwelling due to wind-driven shelf currents and the strong cascading flows of dense shelf-water into the ocean. Tidal currents usually run primarily parallel to the shelf-break topography. Canyons cut across these flows and thus are often regions of generation of strong baroclinic tides and internal waves. Canyons can also focus internal waves. Both processes lead to greatly elevated levels of mixing. Thus, through both advection and mixing processes, canyons can enhance Deep Ocean Shelf Exchange. Here we review the state of the science describing the dynamics of the flows and suggest further areas of research, particularly into quantifying fluxes of nutrients and carbon as well as heat and salt through canyons.
Published: 2018

19. Long term monitoring of cold-water coral growth shows response to episodic meteorological events in the NW Mediterranean

Author: N. Le Bris, Leila Chapron, Erwan Peru, Franck Lartaud, X. Durrieu de Madron, and Pierre E. Galand
Subjects: Water mass, biology, Global change, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, biology.organism_classification, Deep sea, Plume, Mediterranean sea, Lophelia, Downwelling, Environmental science, Madrepora oculata
Abstract: Lophelia pertusa and Madrepora oculata, two cosmopolitan coral species of the deep ocean, build reef-like structures that provide ecological niches and nurseries for many species. These cold-water corals (CWCs) are thought to grow slowly making associated communities vulnerable to disturbance. However, in situ growth dynamics remains poorly known. The aim of this study was thus to quantify the growth rates of L. pertusa and M. oculata and their variability in relation to environmental conditions that are expected to influence their physiological functions. Such data can be useful to ground-truth physiological rates and improve the prediction of their sensitivity to global change. As part of a long-term monitoring programme of the Lacaze-Duthiers canyon in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea, fragments of the two species were repeatedly sampled and redeployed at 530 m depth, from November 2010 to May 2018. Budding rates and linear extensions of L. pertusa and M. oculata were hence quantified and their inter-annual variability documented. The data were analyzed in relation to in situ monitoring of water temperature, current speed and turbidity. This study presents the longest in situ survey of the growth patterns of L. pertusa and M. oculata. The observations revealed a strong inter-annual variability in growth rates, both for L. pertusa and M. oculata, and suggest an influence of hydrological conditions on the growth dynamics. Particularly, as regard to episodic water plumes events such as NW wind-induced dense water shelf cascades and E-SE storm-induced downwellings in autumn-winter. In this study, three types of responses were observed: (i) high budding rates but low colony linear extension for strong water plume events periods (ii) high budding rates and high linear extension associated to organic matter supply during medium intensity water plume events, and (iii) low budding rates, low linear extension and high mortality due to high sedimentation rates in the absence of water plume event. Lophelia pertusa appears to be more resilient to these hydrological changes. Disturbance of the regional circulation patterns, in addition to longer-term change in water mass properties such as warming, deoxygenation and acidification, are thus important parameters to consider for CWC reef stability. This is particularly important since increased storminess, and decreased cascading/downwelling intensities, are predicted to occur within the next century.
Published: 2020

20. Benthic foraminiferal assemblages in the Cap de Creus canyon and adjacent open slope: Potential influence of dense shelf water cascading and open-ocean convection

Author: Maria Pia Nardelli, X. Durrieu de Madron, Anna Sabbatini, E. Bonnot, Marianna Mea, Alessandra Negri, Antonio Pusceddu, Erica Bicchi, Roberto Danovaro, Dpto Sc. Vita & Ambiente Ancona, Università Politecnica delle Marche [Ancona] (UNIVPM), Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditérranéens (CEFREM), and Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Mediterranean climate, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Aquatic Science, Mediterranean, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Mediterranean sea, Dominance (ecology), 14. Life underwater, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Dense shelf water cascading, Seabed, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Canyon, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Resilience, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Pelagic zone, Disturbance, 15. Life on land, Seafloor spreading, Open-ocean convection, 13. Climate action, Benthic zone, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Gulf of Lions, Geology
Abstract: International audience; The NW Mediterranean Sea is subjected to episodically intense events of dense shelf water cascading (DSWC) and open-ocean convection (OOC) that ventilate the seafloor and also have important consequences on organic matter inputs to the seabed and sediment dynamics. The influence of the massive physico-chemical disturbance driven by these events on deep-sea ecosystems is poorly known, and, to date, no information is available on the response of benthic foraminiferal assemblages. To provide insights on these gaps of knowledge, in April 2009 we investigated the foraminiferal faunas along the major axis of the Cap de Creus canyon (at 1000, 1900 and 2400 m depth) and at two additional stations located on the adjacent open slope (at 1000 and 1900 m). The area under scrutiny was hit by intense DSWC and OOC events in winters 2005 and 2006, and during winter 2009 an intense OOC event occurred, with detectable consequences observed at > 1500 m depth.We report here foraminiferal faunas characterized by low densities but relatively high levels of biodiversity at 1000-m depth stations. On the contrary, at the deeper depths, very high densities (associated with low organic matter contents) and strong dominance of the disaster species Usbekistania charoides were observed in the > 63 μm fraction.The comparison of our results - obtained immediately after an OOC event - to those previously described in spring 2004, before DSWC and OOC events, reveals the presence of largely different foraminiferal assemblages in the two periods. Based on a detailed analysis of the ecological traits of the faunas encountered in the two sampling periods, we suggest that either DSWC or OOC can have a role in shaping deep-sea foraminiferal faunas. Moreover, we contend that, at 1000 m depth, the composition of the foraminiferal assemblages in spring 2009 is suggestive of a resilient stage following the major DSWC events in 2005/2006, whereas the low evenness of faunas at ≥ 1900 m depth is, most likely, the result of the OOC event that occurred in winter 2009, a few months before our sampling.
Published: 2018

21. Impact of open-ocean convection on nutrients, phytoplankton biomass and activity

Author: Jocelyne Caparros, Jean-François Ghiglione, X. Durrieu de Madron, Louise Oriol, Matthew J. Oliver, Mireille Pujo-Pay, Loïc Houpert, Pascal Conan, Tatiana Severin, Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne (LOMIC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Observatoire océanologique de Banyuls (OOB), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditérranéens (CEFREM), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware [Newark], Observatoire océanologique de Banyuls (OOB), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Convection, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Phytoplankton bloom, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Algal bloom, Nutrient budgets, chemistry.chemical_compound, Mediterranean sea, Nutrient, Nitrate, 14. Life underwater, Northwestern Mediterranean Sea, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Pelagic zone, Remote sensing, Spring bloom, Open-ocean convection, 6. Clean water, Silicate, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Nutrient stoichiometry, Environmental science
Abstract: International audience; We describe the impact of an open-ocean convection event on nutrient budgets, carbon budget, elemental stoichiometry, phytoplankton biomass and activity in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea (NWM). In the convective episode examined here we estimated an input of nutrients to the surface layer of 7.0, 8.0 and 0.4×108 mol of silicate, nitrate and phosphate, respectively. These quantities correspond to the annual nutrient input by river discharges and atmospheric depositions in the Gulf of Lion. Such nutrient input is sufficient to sustain new primary production from 46 to 63 g C m−2 y−1, which is the same order of magnitude found in the NWM open waters. Our results together with satellite data analysis, propose new scenarios that explain the origin of the spring phytoplankton bloom occurring in NWM.
Published: 2014

22. Interaction of dense shelf water cascading and open-sea convection in the northwestern Mediterranean during winter 2012

Author: Laurent Mortier, Samuel Somot, Denis Dausse, Laurent Béguery, Marie-Noëlle Bouin, Albert Palanques, François Bourrin, M. Beauverger, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, H. Le Goff, Dominique Lefèvre, Anna Sanchez-Vidal, Miquel Canals, A. Calafat, X. Durrieu de Madron, Pere Puig, Christophe Cassou, Laurent Coppola, Jacobo Martín, Serge Heussner, Claude Estournel, S. Kunesch, Pierre Testor, Jordi Font, Anthony Bosse, Loïc Houpert, and Patrick Raimbault
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Mediterranean climate, Convection, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Continental shelf, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, 01 natural sciences, Mediterranean Basin, Geophysics, Mediterranean sea, Oceanography, 13. Climate action, Open sea, Formation water, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, 14. Life underwater, Basin scale, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: The winter of 2012 experienced peculiar atmospheric conditions that triggered a massive formation of dense water on the continental shelf and in the deep basin of the Gulf of Lions. Multiplatforms observations enabled a synoptic view of dense water formation and spreading at basin scale. Five months after its formation, the dense water of coastal origin created a distinct bottom layer up to a few hundreds of meters thick over the central part of the NW Mediterranean basin, which was overlaid by a layer of newly formed deep water produced by open-sea convection. These new observations highlight the role of intense episodes of both dense shelf water cascading and open-sea convection to the progressive modification of the NW Mediterranean deep waters.
Published: 2013

23. Role of deep convection on anthropogenic CO2 sequestration in the Gulf of Lions (northwestern Mediterranean Sea)

Author: Dominique Lefèvre, Catherine Goyet, Véronique Guglielmi, Marion Stabholz, Franck Touratier, X. Durrieu de Madron, Loïc Houpert, UMR 228 Espace-Dev, Espace pour le développement, Université de Guyane (UG)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Institut de Modélisation et d'Analyses en géo-environnement et santé - Espace Développement (IMAGES-Espace DEV), Université de Guyane (UG)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université de Guyane (UG)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditérranéens (CEFREM), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université de Guyane (UG)-Université des Antilles (UA), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université de Guyane (UG)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université de Guyane (UG)-Université des Antilles (UA), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)
Subjects: Convection, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Continental shelf, Advection, Climate change, Aquatic Science, Carbon sequestration, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Mediterranean sea, Water column, 13. Climate action, Downwelling, 14. Life underwater, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; The most active deep convection area in the western Mediterranean Sea is located in the Gulf of Lions. Recent studies in this area provides some insights on the complexity of the physical dynamics of convective regions, but very little is known about their impacts on the biogeochemical properties. The CASCADE (CAscading, Surge, Convection, Advection and Downwelling Events) cruise, planed in winter 2011, give us the opportunity to compare vertical profiles of properties sampled either during stratified conditions or after/during a convection event. In the present study, we focus on the distributions of the carbonate system properties (mainly total alkalinity, AT; and total dissolved inorganic carbon, CT) because, in the context of the climate change, deep convection areas are suspected to significantly increase the sequestration of anthropogenic CO2 (CANT). Given its limited size, the impact of the Mediterranean Sea on the global carbon budget is probably minor but this marginal sea can be used as a laboratory to better understand carbon sequestration and its transfer to the basin interior by deep convection processes. Distributions of AT and CT, both measured from bottle samples, and that of CANT (estimated with the TrOCA approach) are first analyzed in the light of other key properties (salinity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen). An objective interpolation procedure is then applied to estimate CT and AT from CTD measured properties. With this procedure, the vertical resolution goes from a maximum of 32 samples per station to one property estimate every meter (more detailed distributions are obtained). Results provide arguments to conclude that CANT is rapidly transferred to the deepest layer due to deep convection events. During deep convection events, the increase of CANT in the water column is positively correlated to that of potential density and oxygen content. The challenge of quantifying the amount of sequestered carbon is however not resolved due to the complexity and the highly dynamical nature of the convective regions. Deep convection in the Gulf of Lions, in parallel with cascading along the continental slope, could thus potentially explain the very high levels of both CANT and acidification estimated in the deep layers of the western Mediterranean Sea.
Published: 2016

24. Atmospheric teleconnections and concomitant oceanographic processes in the North Western Mediterranean Sea and the Bay of Biscay

Author: A. Rumín-Caparrós, A. Sanchez-Vidal, M. Canals, R. Somavilla, C. González-Pola, K. Schroeder, J. Chiggiato, and X. Durrieu De Madron
Published: 2016
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25. Storm-driven shelf-to-canyon suspended sediment transport at the southwestern Gulf of Lions

Author: Pere Puig, Jorge Guillén, X. Durrieu de Madron, and Albert Palanques
Subjects: Canyon, Hydrology, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Sediment, Geology, Storm, Submarine canyon, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, Resuspension, Off-shelf export, Storm events, Downwelling, Gulf of Lions, Suspended sediment transport, Turbidity, Hydrography, Dense shelf water cascading, Sediment transport, Cap de Creus
Abstract: Special issue Sediment Dynamics in the Gulf of Lions; the Impact of Extreme Events.-- 10 pages, 5 figures, Shelf-to-canyon suspended sediment transport during major storms was studied at the southwestern end of the Gulf of Lions. Waves, near-bottom currents, temperature and water turbidity were measured on the inner shelf at 28-m water depth and in the Cap de Creus submarine canyon head at 300 m depth from November 2003 to March 2004. Two major storm events producing waves Hs>6 m coming from the E–SE sector took place, the first on 3–4 December 2003 (max Hs: 8.4 m) and the second on 20–22 February 2004 (max Hs: 7 m). During these events, shelf water flowed downcanyon producing strong near-bottom currents on the canyon head due to storm-induced downwelling, which was enhanced by dense shelf water cascading in February 2004. These processes generated different pulses of downcanyon suspended sediment transport. During the peak of both storms, the highest waves and the increasing near-bottom currents resuspended sediment on the canyon head and the adjacent outer shelf causing the first downcanyon sediment transport pulses. The December event ended just after these first pulses, when the induced downwelling finished suddenly due to restoration of shelf water stratification. This event was too short to allow the sediment resuspended on the shallow shelf to reach the canyon head. In contrast, the February event, reinforced by dense shelf water cascading, was long enough to transfer resuspended sediment from shallow shelf areas to the canyon head in two different pulses at the end of the event. The downcanyon transport during these last two pulses was one order of magnitude higher than those during the December event and during the first pulses of the February event and accounted for more than half of the total downcanyon sediment transport during the fall 2003 and winter 2004 period. Major storm events, especially during winter vertical mixing periods, produce major episodes of shelf-to-canyon sediment transport at the southwestern end of the Gulf of Lions. Hydrographic structure and storm duration are important factors controlling off-shelf sediment transport during these events, This study was supported by the EUROSTRATAFORM Project funded by the EU (EVK3-CT-2002-00079, EU Fifth Framework Programme: Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development) and also by the HERMES Project funded by the EU (Contract no.: 511234-2, EU Sixth Framework Programme: Global Change and Ecosystems)
Published: 2008

26. Impact of natural (waves and currents) and anthropogenic (trawl) resuspension on the export of particulate matter to the open ocean

Author: G. Le Corre, X. Durrieu de Madron, Claude Estournel, Caroline Ulses, and Bénédicte Ferré
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Trawling, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Sediment, Geology, Aquatic Science, Particulates, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Bottom trawling, Deposition (geology), Continental margin, 13. Climate action, Erosion, 14. Life underwater, Sediment transport, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Modern sediment deposits on continental margins form a vast reservoir of particulate matter that is regularly affected by resuspension processes. Resuspension by bottom trawling on shelves with strong fishing activity can modify the scale of natural disturbance by waves and currents. Recent field data show that the impact of bottom trawls on fine sediment resuspension per unit surface is comparable with that of the largest storms. We assessed the impact of both natural and anthropogenic processes on the dispersal of riverborne particles and shelf sediments on the Gulf of Lion shelf. We performed realistic numerical simulations of resuspension and transport forced by currents and waves or by a fleet of bottom trawlers. Simulations were conducted for a 16-month period (January 1998–April 1999) to characterise the seasonal variability. The sediment dynamics takes into account bed armoring, ripple geometry and the cohesive and non-cohesive characteristics of the sediments. Essential but uncertain parameters (clay content, erosion fluxes and critical shear stress for cohesive sediment) were set with existing data. Resuspension by waves and currents was controlled by shear stress, whereas resuspension by trawls was controlled by density and distribution of the bottom trawler fleet. Natural resuspension by waves and currents mostly occurred during short seasonal episodes, and was concentrated on the inner shelf. Trawling-induced resuspension, in contrast, occurred regularly throughout the year and was concentrated on the outer shelf. The total annual erosion by trawls (5.6×106 t y−1, t for metric tonnes) was four orders of magnitude lower than the erosion induced by waves and currents (35.3×109 t y−1). However the net resuspension (erosion/deposition budget) for trawling (0.4×106 t y−1) was only one order of magnitude lower than that for waves and currents (9.2×106 t y−1). Off-shelf export concerned the finest fraction of the sediment (clays and fine silts) and took place primarily at the southwestern end of the Gulf. Off-shelf transport was favoured during the winter 1999 by a very intense episode of dense shelf water cascading. Export of sediment resuspended by trawls (0.4×106 t y−1) was one order of magnitude lower than export associated with natural resuspension (8.5×106 t y−1). Trawling-induced resuspension is thought to represent one-third of the total export of suspended sediment from the shelf. A simulation combining both resuspension processes reveals no significant changes in resuspension and export rates compared with the sum of each individual process, suggesting the absence of interference between both processes.
Published: 2008

27. Suspended sediment transport in the Gulf of Lions (NW Mediterranean): Impact of extreme storms and floods

Author: X. Durrieu de Madron, Albert Palanques, Claude Estournel, Caroline Ulses, Ecosystems Studies, Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Centre de formation et de recherche sur l'environnement marin (CEFREM), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Marine Sciences / Institut de Ciències del Mar [Barcelona] (ICM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 3D sediment transport modeling, Submarine canyon, Aquatic Science, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Oceanography, Sediment budget, 01 natural sciences, Sediment resuspension, Mediterranean sea, Continental margin, 14. Life underwater, Northwestern Mediterranean Sea, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Sedimentary budget, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Canyon, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Continental margins, Sediment, Geology, 15. Life on land, Sediment transport, 6. Clean water, Northwestern Mediterranean, 13. Climate action, Gulf of Lions, Erosion
Abstract: Special issue Sediment Dynamics in the Gulf of Lions; the Impact of Extreme Events.-- 23 pages, 10 figures, 5 tables, 3 appendix, In situ observations were combined with 3D modeling to gain understanding of and to quantify the suspended sediment transport in the Gulf of Lions (NW Mediterranean Sea). The outputs of a hydrodynamic-sediment transport coupled model were compared to near-bottom current and suspended sediment concentration measurements collected at the head of seven submarine canyons and at a shallow shelf site, over a 6-month period (November 2003-May 2004). The comparisons provide a reasonable validation of the model that reproduces the observed spatial and time variations. The study period was marked by an unusual occurrence of marine storms and high river inputs. The major water and sediment discharges were supplied by the Rhone, the largest Mediterranean river, during an exceptional flood accompanying a severe marine storm in early December 2003. A second major storm, with moderate flooding, occurred in February 2004. The estimate of river input during the studied period was 5.9 Mt. Our study reveals (i) that most of the particulate matter delivered by the Rhone was entrapped on the prodelta, and (ii) that marine storms played a crucial role on the sediment dispersal on the shelf and the off-shelf export. The marine storms occurring in early December 2003 and late February 2004 resuspended a very large amount of shelf sediment (>8 Mt). Erosion was controlled by waves on the inner shelf and by energetic currents on the outer shelf. Sediment deposition took place in the middle part of the shelf, between 50 and 100 m depth. Resuspended sediments and river-borne particles were transported to the southwestern end of the shelf by a cyclonic circulation induced by these onshore winds and exported towards the Catalan shelf and into the Cap de Creus Canyon which incises the slope close to the shore. Export taking place mostly during marine storms was estimated to reach 9.1 Mt during the study period. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved, This study was supported by the EUROSTRATAFORM Project funded by EU (EVK3-CT-2002-00079), within EU Fifth Framework Programme: Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development
Published: 2008

28. Settling velocity, effective density, and mass composition of suspended sediment in a coastal bottom boundary layer, Gulf of Lions, France

Author: Paul S. Hill, François Bourrin, Timothy G. Milligan, Ole A. Mikkelsen, B. A. Law, X. Durrieu de Madron, and K. J. Curran
Subjects: Hydrology, Mass distribution, Mineralogy, Sediment, Geology, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, Suspension (chemistry), Water column, Settling, Particle-size distribution, Mass concentration (chemistry), Particle
Abstract: Particle size distribution and size-specific settling velocity are critical parameters for understanding the transport of fine sediment on continental margins. In this study, observed floc size versus settling velocity, volume distributions of particles 2 μm–1 cm in diameter, and calculated effective densities for all particle sizes provided estimates of the mass distribution in suspension, which is used to apportion mass among component particles, microflocs, and macroflocs. Measurements were made during relatively quiescent environmental conditions. Observations of size distributions based on mass demonstrate an increase in the component particle fraction through time. The increase in the percentage of component particles in suspension had implications on water column properties, as small changes in the component particle fraction affected water column optical transmission in a way that was not as easily detected by changes in the volume concentration distribution or total mass concentration. Flocs larger than 133 μm in diameter only comprised one quarter to one third of the mass in suspension. This finding may explain why suspension bulk clearance rates are often an order of magnitude lower than those predicted by other methods.
Published: 2007

29. A MSFD complementary approach for the assessment of pressures, knowledge and data gaps in Southern European Seas: the PERSEUS experience

Author: Esra Billur Balcıoğlu, Ozgur Gurses, E. Papathanassiou, C. Dumitrache, O. Ettahiri, Gianmaria Sannino, Marina Panayotova, Çetin Keskin, Stéphane Gasparini, Kalliopi Violaki, M. Ribera d'Alcalà, Argyro Zenetos, Gerasimos Kondylatos, Giuseppe Civitarese, Baris Salihoglu, N. Streftaris, Georg Hanke, Stefano Miserocchi, Maria Grazia Mazzocchi, R. Kosyan, Pere Puig, Catherine Tsangaris, Vladimir A. Mukhanov, Alessandro Dell'Aquila, Slim Gana, José A. Jiménez, Maria Cristina Buia, Marc Bouchoucha, Athanassios Machias, Aristomenis P. Karageorgis, E. Huertas, Alessandro Crise, Chiara Santinelli, Miquel Canals, M.G. Christidis, D. Vasile, M. Tom, Sakina-Dorothée Ayata, Luminita Lazar, Stefanos Kavadas, Jean-Francois Cadiou, Bruno Andral, Laura Prieto, Ayaka Amaha Öztürk, Valentina Tirelli, José Luis Ruiz, K. Tsagarakis, C. Kontogiannis, R. La Ferla, G. Tserpes, Maria Corsini-Foka, Aristides Prospathopoulos, Ahmet E. Kideys, Vassiliki Vassilopoulou, Anna Sanchez-Vidal, Jean-Olivier Irisson, Elena Arashkevich, Volodymyr I. Medinets, Daniel González-Fernández, Melek Isinibilir, Kostas Kapiris, Ali Cemal Gücü, G. Radu, Nomiki Simboura, Dor Edelist, A. Dogrammatzi, Mustafa Koçak, V. Tornero, Violin Raykov, Stefanos Kalogirou, Alenka Malej, Kremena Stefanova, Dan Secrieru, R. Hone, Alan Deidun, Valentina Coatu, Cécile Guieu, Epaminondas Christou, Jingjing Xu, Ioannis Hatzianestis, Patricia Reglero, N. Rougeron, Tamara A. Shiganova, Nikos Mihalopoulos, Grozdan Kušpilić, Andra Oros, Fabio Benedetti, Gabriel Reygondeau, E. Lefkaditou, A. Zatsepin, I.E. Lemeshko, Süleyman Tuğrul, Bayram Öztürk, Helen Kaberi, Gheorghe Oaie, Antonia Giannakourou, Denis Altukhov, Leonardo Langone, Michele Giani, Stefano Cozzi, Snejana Moncheva, Philippe Koubbi, Ahsen Yüksek, Barak Herut, Dror L. Angel, Ventzislav Karamfilov, Georgy Shapiro, Mario Sprovieri, X. Durrieu de Madron, M. Chakroun, Yelda Aktan, Bülent Topaloğlu, S. Fonda-Umani, S. Laroche, A. Gubanova, Nur Eda Topçu, M. T. Gomoiu, Zahit Uysal, Maria Pantazi, François Galgani, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament d'Enginyeria Hidràulica, Marítima i Ambiental, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. LIM/UPC - Laboratori d'Enginyeria Marítima, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e di Oceanografia Sperimentale (OGS), Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucia [Cádiz, Espagne] (ICMAN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology (SIO), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditérranéens (CEFREM), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Marine Sciences / Institut de Ciències del Mar [Barcelona] (ICM), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), University of Haifa [Haifa], A.O. Kovalevskiy Institute of Biology of Southern Seas [Sevastopol, Ukraine], Istanbul University, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface (LRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Robotique de Versailles (LRV), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), SAROST SA [Tunis, Tunisie], Institutul National de Cercetare-Dezvoltare pentru Geologie si Geoecologie Marina (INCD GeoEcoMar), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), University of Malta [Malta], Agenzia Nazionale per le nuove Tecnologie, l’energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile = Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Institut National de Recherche Halieutique [Casablanca, Maroc] (INRH), Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare [Rome, Italie] (CoNISma), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Middle East Technical University [Ankara] (METU), Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research (IOLR), Plymouth University, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l'Environnement [Narbonne] (LBE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS), Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Marine Hydrophysical Institute (MHI), National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NASU), National Institute of Biology [Ljubljana] (NIB), Odessa National I.I.Mechnikov University, Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Institute of Oceanology of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (IO-BAS), Laboratoire des Propriétés Mécaniques et Thermodynamiques des Matériaux (LPMTM), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Institut Galilée-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Institute of Marine Geology and Geoecology (Romania), Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Málaga., UMR 212 EME 'écosystèmes marins exploités' (EME), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Istituto di Biofisica [Pisa] (IBF), University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Huazhong University of Science and Technology [Wuhan] (HUST), European Project: 287600,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-OCEAN-2011,PERSEUS(2012), Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dhorn, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Plankton Department, Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas (IBSS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Stazione Zoologica Napoli, GRC Geociències Marines, Department de Estratigrafía, SAROST, SAROST Agency, Immeuble Saadi Tour EF, El Menzah IV, Tunis, 1082, Tunisia, affiliation inconnue, Institutul Naţional de Cercetare - Dezvoltare Marină 'Grigore Antipa' (INCDM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), ENEA Ente per le Nuove Technologie Energia e Ambiente, Centro Ricerche Casaccia, Centro Ricerche Casaccia, Institut National de Recherche Halieutique, Departement of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Laboratoire Environnement Ressources Provence - Azur - Corse, Institut de recherche en informatique de Toulouse (IRIT), Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Institute of Marine Science (IMS), Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research - IOLR (ISRAEL), Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research (IBER), the Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences, Nacionalni Institut za Biliogito (NIB), Odessa National University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Galilée-Université Paris 13 (UP13), Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, European Commission, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Agenzia Nazionale per le nuove Tecnologie, l’energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile (ENEA), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Crise, A, Kaberi, H., Ruiz, J., Zatsepin, A., Arashkevich, E., Giani, M., Karageorgis, A. P., Prieto, L., Pantazi, M., Gonzalez Fernandez, D., Ribera d'Alcalà, M., Tornero, V., Vassilopoulou, V., Durrieu de Madron, X., Guieu, C., Puig, P., Zenetos, A., Andral, B., Angel, D., Altukhov, D., Ayata, S. D., Aktan, Y., Balcioğlu, E., Benedetti, F., Bouchoucha, M., Buia, M. C., Cadiou, J. F., Canals, M., Chakroun, M., Christou, E., Christidis, M. G., Civitarese, G., Coatu, V., Corsini Foka, M., Cozzi, S., Deidun, A., Dell'Aquila, A., Dogrammatzi, A., Dumitrache, C., Edelist, D., Ettahiri, O., Fonda, Serena, Gana, S., Galgani, F., Gasparini, S., Giannakourou, A., Gomoiu, M. T., Gubanova, A., Gücü, A. C., Gürses, O., Hanke, G., Hatzianestis, I., Herut, B., Hone, R., Huertas, E., Irisson, J. O., Işinibilir, M., Jimenez, J. A., Kalogirou, S., Kapiris, K., Karamfilov, V., Kavadas, S., Keskin, C., Kideyş, A. E., Kocak, M., Kondylatos, G., Kontogiannis, C., Kosyan, R., Koubbi, P., Kušpilić, G., La Ferla, R., Langone, L., Laroche, S., Lazar, L., Lefkaditou, E., Lemeshko, I. E., Machias, A., Malej, A., Mazzocchi, M. G., Medinets, V., Mihalopoulos, N., Miserocchi, S., Moncheva, S., Mukhanov, V., Oaie, G., Oros, A., Öztürk, A. A., Öztürk, B., Panayotova, M., Prospathopoulos, A., Radu, G., Raykov, V., Reglero, P., Reygondeau, G., Rougeron, N., Salihoglu, B., Sanchez Vidal, A., Sannino, G., Santinelli, C., Secrieru, D., Shapiro, G., Simboura, N., Shiganova, T., Sprovieri, M., Stefanova, K., Streftaris, N., Tirelli, V., Tom, M., Topaloğlu, B., Topçu, N. E., Tsagarakis, K., Tsangaris, C., Tserpes, G., Tuğrul, S., Uysal, Z., Vasile, D., Violaki, K., Xu, J., Yüksek, A., Papathanassiou, E., Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: Conservation of Natural Resources, Good Environmental Status, Oceans and Seas, Biodiversity, Initial Assessment, Marine Strategy Framework Directive, PERSEUS project, Southern European Seas, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, Pollution, Biology, Marine pollution--European Union countries, Environmental protection, Marine debris, Pressure, 14. Life underwater, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, Good Environmental Statu, Ecosystem, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, Underwater noise, business.industry, Environmental resource management, Additional research, Environmental Policy, Europe, Enginyeria civil::Impacte ambiental [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Mar -- Contaminació -- Política comunitària -- Unió Europea, 13. Climate action, Enginyeria civil::Enginyeria hidràulica, marítima i sanitària::Ports i costes [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Southern European Sea, business, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract: Crise, A. ... et. al.-- 12 pages, 1 figure, 5 tables, PERSEUS project aims to identify the most relevant pressures exerted on the ecosystems of the Southern European Seas (SES), highlighting knowledge and data gaps that endanger the achievement of SES Good Environmental Status (GES) as mandated by the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). A complementary approach has been adopted, by a meta-analysis of existing literature on pressure/impact/knowledge gaps summarized in tables related to the MSFD descriptors, discriminating open waters from coastal areas. A comparative assessment of the Initial Assessments (IAs) for five SES countries has been also independently performed. The comparison between meta-analysis results and IAs shows similarities for coastal areas only. Major knowledge gaps have been detected for the biodiversity, marine food web, marine litter and underwater noise descriptors. The meta-analysis also allowed the identification of additional research themes targeting research topics that are requested to the achievement of GES. © 2015 The Authors, This work has been partially funded by the EC FP7 PERSEUS Project (Grant. Agr. 287600)
Published: 2015

30. Seasonal cycle of the mixed layer, the seasonal thermocline and the upper-ocean heat storage rate in the Mediterranean Sea derived from observations

Author: Loïc Houpert, Pierre Testor, Héloïse Lavigne, X. Durrieu de Madron, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, Samuel Somot, Claude Estournel, Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditérranéens (CEFREM), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Variabilité de l'Océan et de la Glace de mer (VOG), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Mediterranean climate, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Mixed layer, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Geology, Aquatic Science, Thermal energy storage, 01 natural sciences, Mediterranean sea, Oceanography, 13. Climate action, Ocean gyre, Climatology, Environmental science, 14. Life underwater, Bathythermograph, Seasonal cycle, Thermocline, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; We present a Mediterranean climatology (1° × 1° × 12 months) of the mixed layer and of the seasonal thermocline, based on a comprehensive collection of temperature profiles spanning 44 years (1969–2012). The database includes more than 190,000 profiles, merging CTD, MBT/XBT, profiling floats, and gliders observations. This data set is first used to describe the seasonal cycle of the mixed layer depth and temperature, together with the seasonal thermocline depth and averaged temperature, on the whole Mediterranean on a monthly climatological basis. Our analysis discriminates several regions with coherent behaviors, in particular the deep water formation sites, characterized by significant differences in the winter mixing intensity. Heat Storage Rate (HSR) is calculated as the time rate of change of the heat content due to variations in the temperature integrated from the surface down to the base of the seasonal thermocline. For the first time the quantification of heat storage rate in the upper-ocean, based only on in situ oceanographic data, is made for the whole Mediterranean. The spatial and temporal variability of the HSR in the Mediterranean Sea and its link with dynamic structures like oceanic gyres are also discussed.
Published: 2015

31. Storm-induced transfer of particulate trace metals to the deep-sea in the Gulf of Lion (NW Mediterranean Sea)

Author: Serge Heussner, C. Sotin, C. Dumas, Wolfgang Ludwig, Roselyne Buscail, X. Durrieu de Madron, Christophe Menniti, N. Delsaut, Dominique Aubert, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditérranéens (CEFREM), and Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Environmental Engineering, Element geochemistry, Mineralogy, Submarine canyon, Deep sea, Particulate trace metal, Sediment traps, Mediterranean sea, Settling, Rivers, Geochemistry and Petrology, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, 11. Sustainability, Mediterranean Sea, Environmental Chemistry, 14. Life underwater, Weather, Gulf of Lion, Cap de Creus canyon, General Environmental Science, Water Science and Technology, Total organic carbon, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Continental shelf, Storm event, Water Pollution, Storm, General Medicine, Particulates, 13. Climate action, Metals, Environmental chemistry, Particulate Matter, Geology, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract: International audience; In order to calculate budgets of particulate matter and sediment-bound contaminants leaving the continental shelf of the Gulf of Lion (GoL), settling particles were collected in March 2011 during a major storm, using sediment traps. The collecting devices were deployed in the Cap de Creus submarine canyon, which represents the main export route. Particulate matter samples were analyzed to obtain mass fluxes and contents in organic carbon, Al, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and La, Nd and Sm. The natural or anthropogenic origin of trace metals was assessed using enrichment factors (EFs). Results are that Zn, Cu and Pb appeared to be of anthropogenic origin, whereas Ni, Co and Cr appeared to be strictly natural. The anthropogenic contribution of all elements (except Cd) was refined by acid-leaching (HCl 1 N) techniques, confirming that Zn, Cu and Pb are the elements that are the most enriched. However, although those elements are highly labile (59–77 %), they do not reflect severe enrichment (EFs
Published: 2014

32. Comments on 'Cascades of dense water around the world ocean'

Author: X. Durrieu de Madron, Dimitrios Georgopoulos, Vassilis Zervakis, and A. Theocharis
Subjects: Mediterranean climate, Mediterranean sea, Oceanography, Geology, Aquatic Science
Abstract: Evidences of temperature-controlled dense water cascading off the Gulf of Lion shelf, in the northwestern Mediterranean, and several Aegean shelves in the northeastern Mediterranean are reported. Together with the Adiatic shelf, already listed by Ivanov, Shapiro, Huthnance, Aleynik, & Golovin (2004), these zones represent the major coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea where dense water is produced.
Published: 2005

33. Flow variability in the Gulf of Lions during the MATER HFF experiment (March–May 1997)

Author: Marc A. García, Miquel Canals, María del Mar Flexas, Pedro Arnau, and X. Durrieu de Madron
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Continental shelf, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Baroclinity, Mesoscale meteorology, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Current (stream), Current meter, Sea surface temperature, Eddy, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Meander, 14. Life underwater, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Hydrological and current meter data were gathered during the High Frequency Flux Experiment that took place in the Gulf of Lions from March to May 1997, within a 20×40-km experimental box over the shelf edge and the continental slope offshore of Marseille. The data set has been supplemented and jointly analysed with sea surface temperature images to characterise flow variability with a particular regard on the mesoscale effects associated to the regional circulation. The current meter observations showed a southwestward flow characteristic of the Northern Current. It is strongest near the shelf break, constrained to flow along topography near the bottom but much less polarised over the upper and mid-slope. Mesoscale variability shows up as fluctuations around 3.5- and 7-day periods at 250- and 650-m depth, and around 7-day periods at 1230-m depth. The Northern Current, as observed on satellite images, forms a 30-km-wide stream with meanders displaying length scales longer than 60 km. These meanders are observed to embrace smaller structures, which are responsible for the intense mesoscale activity recorded in current meter data. Both the hydrological observations and current meter data down to 650-m depth match the superficial structures. Two major flow patterns are observed during the experiment: (i) the core of the Northern current flows south of the experimental site during March and early April, with transitory eddies moving over the experimental site; (ii) following the traverse of a westward-propagating large meander on mid-April, the Northern Current remains over the experimental site. We provide evidence that the synoptic current variability observed in the upper layer may be related to baroclinic instability. A distinct near-bottom current variability is also documented on the mid-slope. Bottom trapped topographic waves are proposed as the mechanism which produces the along-slope deep flow variability.
Published: 2002

34. Particle size distribution and estimated carbon flux across the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone

Author: Lionel Guidi, Léo Berline, Stephane Pesant, X. Durrieu de Madron, Antoine Sciandra, F. Roullier, Marc Picheral, Lars Stemmann, Ecologie Marine et BIOdiversité (EMBIO), Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de formation et de recherche sur l'environnement marin (CEFREM), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), The publication of this article is financed by CNRS-INSU, TARA, and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Oxygen Minimum Zone, Nepheloid layer, lcsh:Life, Flux, Oxygen minimum zone, 01 natural sciences, Zooplankton, Deep sea, Life, lcsh:QH540-549.5, QH501-531, 14. Life underwater, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, QH540-549.5, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, QE1-996.5, Detritus, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Arabian Sea, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Geology, Particulates, lcsh:Geology, lcsh:QH501-531, Oceanography, Particles, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, lcsh:Ecology, Bloom
Abstract: The goal of the Arabian Sea section of the TARA oceans expedition was to study large particulate matter (LPM > 100 μm) distributions and possible impact of associated midwater biological processes on vertical carbon export through the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) of this region. We propose that observed spatial patterns in LPM distribution resulted from the timing and location of surface phytoplankton bloom, lateral transport, microbial processes in the core of the OMZ, and enhanced biological processes mediated by bacteria and zooplankton at the lower oxycline. Indeed, satellite-derived net primary production maps showed that the northern stations of the transect were under the influence of a previous major bloom event while the most southern stations were in a more oligotrophic situation. Lagrangian simulations of particle transport showed that deep particles of the northern stations could originate from the surface bloom while the southern stations could be considered as driven by 1-D vertical processes. In the first 200 m of the OMZ core, minima in nitrate concentrations and the intermediate nepheloid layer (INL) coincided with high concentrations of 100 μm < LPM < 200 μm. These particles could correspond to colonies of bacteria or detritus produced by anaerobic microbial activity. However, the calculated carbon flux through this layer was not affected. Vertical profiles of carbon flux indicate low flux attenuation in the OMZ, with a Martin model b exponent value of 0.22. At three stations, the lower oxycline was associated to a deep nepheloid layer, an increase of calculated carbon flux and an increase in mesozooplankton abundance. Enhanced bacterial activity and zooplankton feeding in the deep OMZ is proposed as a mechanism for the observed deep particle aggregation. Estimated lower flux attenuation in the upper OMZ and re-aggregation at the lower oxycline suggest that OMZ may be regions of enhanced carbon flux to the deep sea relative to non OMZ regions.
Published: 2014

35. Comparison of sediment resuspension measurements in sheared and zero-mean turbulent flows

Author: E. Schaaff, X. Durrieu de Madron, M.A. Sanchez, P. Medina, and J.M. Redondo
Subjects: Buoyancy, K-epsilon turbulence model, Turbulence, Geology, Reynolds stress, Aquatic Science, engineering.material, Oceanography, Physics::Geophysics, Condensed Matter::Soft Condensed Matter, Physics::Fluid Dynamics, Lift (force), Boundary layer, engineering, Geotechnical engineering, Shear velocity, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Seabed
Abstract: There are multiple processes at different scales that produce turbulent mixing and sediment lift off in the ocean bottom. Basic aspects of buoyancy and stratification in turbulent flows are used to investigate the lift off of sediments and we describe here some of the innovative techniques used in the laboratory. The present paper describes some of the work that our group has performed within the European Land Ocean Interaction Studies (ELOISE). Further, in a fully detailed paper, a presentation of all the experimental work as well as their results will be submitted. We present in this paper two laboratory experiments with the results of sediment lift off under sheared and zero-mean flow turbulence. We compare actual seabed sediments extracted from the Gulf of Lyon. Comparison is made between the boundary Reynolds stress derived from turbulent r.m.s. velocity, u 0 ; in the zero-mean flow turbulence, and from the friction velocity, u� (Shields critical parameter) in the shear-induced turbulence flow at the sediment laden bottom boundary layer. There is an increase in the sediment lift-off as boundary Reynolds stress increases, whereas there are important differences between zero-mean and shear-dominated boundary flows. Lower boundary Reynolds stresses are required in zero-mean flows to lift off a sediment bed of equal characteristics than in shear-induced flows, indicating the dominant role of r.m.s. velocity fluctuations at the sediment bed. r 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Published: 2001

36. Particles size distribution and carbon flux across the Arabian Sea Oxygen Minimum Zone

Author: Marc Picheral, F. Roullier, Stephane Pesant, Antoine Sciandra, Lars Stemmann, Léo Berline, Lionel Guidi, and X. Durrieu de Madron
Subjects: Oceanography, Distribution (number theory), Oxygen minimum zone, Atmospheric sciences, Geology, Carbon flux
Abstract: The goal of the Arabian Sea section of the TARA oceans expedition was to study Large Particulate Matter (LPM > 100 μm) distributions and possible impact of associated midwater biological processes on vertical carbon export through the Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ) of this region. We found that spatial patterns in LPM distribution resulted from the timing and location of surface phytoplankton bloom, lateral transport, microbial processes in the core of the OMZ, and zooplankton activity at the lower oxycline. Indeed, satellite-derived net primary production maps showed that the northern stations of the transect were under the influence of a previous major bloom event while, the most southern stations were in a more oligotrophic situation. Lagrangian simulations of particle transport showed that deep particles of the northern stations could originate from the surface bloom while the southern stations could be considered as driven by 1-D vertical processes. In the first 200 m of the OMZ core, minima in nitrate concentrations and the Intermediate Nepheloid Layer (INL) coincided with high concentrations of 100 μm < LPM < 200 μm. These particles could correspond to colonies of bacteria or detritus produced by anaerobic microbial activity. However, the calculated carbon flux through this layer was not affected. Vertical profiles of carbon flux indicate low flux attenuation in the OMZ, with a Martin model b exponent value of 0.22. At the lower oxycline, a deep nepheloid layer was associated to an increase of carbon flux and an increase in mesozooplankton abundance. Zooplankton feeding on un-mineralized sinking particles in the OMZ is proposed as a mechanism for the observed deep particle aggregation. These results suggest that OMZ may be regions of enhanced carbon flux to the deep sea relative to non-OMZ regions.
Published: 2013

37. Field calibration of optical sensors for measuring suspended sediment concentration in the western Mediterranean

Author: Jorge Guillén, Paseo Joan de Borbó, X. Durrieu de Madron, Pere Puig, Albert Palanques, and F. Nyffeler
Subjects: lcsh:SH1-691, Mediterranean climate, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Continental shelf, Calibration curve, SH1-691, Mineralogy, Sediment, Estuary, nw mediterranean, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, lcsh:Aquaculture. Fisheries. Angling, sediment concentration, field calibrations, NW Mediterranean, Sediment concentration, Aquaculture. Fisheries. Angling, Calibration, Transmittance, Environmental science, Turbidity, Field calibrations
Abstract: The water turbidity measured with optical methods (transmittance and backscattering) is usually expressed as beam attenuation coefficient (BAC) or formazin turbidity units (FTU). The transformation of these units to volumetric suspended sediment concentration (SSC) units is not straightforward, and accurate calibrations are required in order to obtain valuable information on suspended sediment distributions and fluxes. In this paper, data from field calibrations between BAC, FTU and SSC are presented and "best-fit" calibration curves are shown. These calibrations represent an "average" from different marine environments of the western Mediterranean (from estuary to continental slope). However, the general curves can only be applied for descriptive or semi-quantitative purposes. Comparison of turbidity measurements using the same sensor with different calibration ranges shows the advantage of simultaneously combining two instruments calibrated in different ranges when significant changes in suspended sediment concentrations are expected, Data used in this paper were collected during the projects: FANS (MAS3-CT95-0037), CONCENTRA (AMB92-0251-C02-01), FLUXALB (MAR96-1781-CO2-01), IMPACT (CEE. REF. 95/52), METRO-MED (MAS3-CT96-0049), PNEC and CAÑONES (MAR1999-1060-C03-01)
Published: 2000
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38. Origin and variability of downward biogeochemical fluxes on the Rhone continental margin (NW mediterranean)

Author: X. Durrieu de Madron, Serge Heussner, J. Carbonne, André Monaco, and Olivier Radakovitch
Subjects: Canyon, Water mass, geography, Biogeochemical cycle, geography.geographical_feature_category, Continental shelf, Stratification (water), Aquatic Science, Oceanography, Water column, Mediterranean sea, Continental margin, Geology
Abstract: A one year study of downward particle fluxes conducted in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea is presented. Two mooring lines equipped with sediment traps and current meters were deployed at around 1000 m depth on the northeastern continental slope of the Gulf of Lions, one inside the Grand-Rhone canyon and the other outside on the adjacent open slope. Mean total mass fluxes increased slightly with trap depth inside the canyon, a feature quite typical of fluxes in continental margin environments. The near-bottom trap inside the canyon collected more material than its counterpart deployed at equivalent depth on the open slope, indicating a preferential transport of material within the canyon. Major biogeochemical constituents (organic and inorganic carbon, opal, and siliciclastic residue) revealed a marked difference in particle composition between the sub-surface (80 m) and deeper traps, suggesting the existence of at least two sources of material. The two shallower traps showed a clear biological signal: flux peaks were related to periods of surface biological production, especially perceptible in summer and autumn. The particulate matter trapped at deeper levels in the canyon and on the open slope was characterized by a more stable composition with a major lithogenic contribution, originating from sedimentary material most probably resuspended on the upper- or mid-slope. The seasonal variability was dominated by the summer/winter alternation; the latter period was characterized by a weak stratification of the water column and an enhanced current variability favoring vertical exchanges. The present results are compared with those obtained previously in the Lacaze-Duthiers canyon on the southwestern side of the Gulf of Lions. The comparison shows strong differences between the NE entrance and the SW exit of the gulf, with respect to the general along-slope circulation of water masses, both in terms of intensity of particulate fluxes and transport processes.
Published: 1999

39. Impact of open-ocean convection on particle fluxes and sediment dynamics in the deep margin of the Gulf of Lions

Author: Serge Heussner, Galderic Lastras, Miquel Canals, Alexis Khripounoff, M. Stabholz, Isabelle Taupier-Letage, Pierre Testor, N. Delsaut, Philippe Kerhervé, Bernard Dennielou, Loïc Houpert, X. Durrieu de Madron, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditérranéens (CEFREM), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Departament d*Estratigrafia, Paleontologiai Geociències Marines, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Laboratoire Environnement Profond (LEP), Etudes des Ecosystèmes Profonds (EEP), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Laboratoire de MicrobiologiE de Géochimie et d'Ecologie Marines (LMGEM), Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Universitat de Barcelona, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IFREMER- Département Etude des Ecosystèmes Profonds (DEEP/LEP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Convection, Water mass, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Lleó, Golf del (França), [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Nepheloid layer, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, lcsh:Life, Temperature salinity diagrams, Sediments marins, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], 01 natural sciences, Marine sediments, Mediterranean sea, Continental margin, lcsh:QH540-549.5, 14. Life underwater, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Seabed, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Sediment, Lions, Gulf of (France), lcsh:Geology, lcsh:QH501-531, Oceanography, 13. Climate action, lcsh:Ecology, Geology
Abstract: The deep outer margin of the Gulf of Lions and the adjacent basin, in the western Mediterranean Sea, are regularly impacted by open-ocean convection, a major hydrodynamic event responsible for the ventilation of the deep water in the western Mediterranean Basin. However, the impact of open-ocean convection on the flux and transport of particulate matter remains poorly understood. The variability of water mass properties (i.e., temperature and salinity), currents, and particle fluxes were monitored between September 2007 and April 2009 at five instrumented mooring lines deployed between 2050 and 2350-m depth in the deepest continental margin and adjacent basin. Four of the lines followed a NW–SE transect, while the fifth one was located on a sediment wave field to the west. The results of the main, central line SC2350 ("LION") located at 42°02.5′ N, 4°41′ E, at 2350-m depth, show that open-ocean convection reached mid-water depth (≈ 1000-m depth) during winter 2007–2008, and reached the seabed (≈ 2350-m depth) during winter 2008–2009. Horizontal currents were unusually strong with speeds up to 39 cm s−1 during winter 2008–2009. The measurements at all 5 different locations indicate that mid-depth and near-bottom currents and particle fluxes gave relatively consistent values of similar magnitude across the study area except during winter 2008–2009, when near-bottom fluxes abruptly increased by one to two orders of magnitude. Particulate organic carbon contents, which generally vary between 3 and 5%, were abnormally low (≤ 1%) during winter 2008–2009 and approached those observed in surface sediments (≈ 0.6%). Turbidity profiles made in the region demonstrated the existence of a bottom nepheloid layer, several hundred meters thick, and related to the resuspension of bottom sediments. These observations support the view that open-ocean deep convection events in the Gulf of Lions can cause significant remobilization of sediments in the deep outer margin and the basin, with a subsequent alteration of the seabed likely impacting the functioning of the deep-sea ecosystem.
Published: 2013

40. Sediment transport along the Cap de Creus Canyon flank during a mild, wet winter

Author: François Bourrin, M. Higueras, Jacobo Martín, Serge Heussner, Anna Sanchez-Vidal, Christine Sotin, X. Durrieu de Madron, Loïc Houpert, Pere Puig, N. Delsaut, Miquel Canals, Albert Palanques, A. Calafat, and Universitat de Barcelona
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Water mass, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Transport de sediments, lcsh:Life, 01 natural sciences, Mediterranean sea, Water column, Downwelling, lcsh:QH540-549.5, 14. Life underwater, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Canyon, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Continental shelf, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Hivern, Winter, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Sediment transport, Plume, lcsh:Geology, lcsh:QH501-531, Oceanography, 13. Climate action, Creus, Cap de (Catalunya), lcsh:Ecology, Creus, Cape (Catalonia), Geology
Abstract: Martín, Jacobo ...et al. -- 19 pages, 12 figures, Cap de Creus Canyon (CCC) is known as a preferential conduit for particulate matter leaving the Gulf of Lion continental shelf towards the slope and the basin, particularly in winter when storms and dense shelf water cascading coalesce to enhance the seaward export of shelf waters. During the CASCADE (CAscading, Storm, Convection, Advection and Downwelling Events) cruise in March 2011, deployments of recording instruments within the canyon and vertical profiling of the water column properties were conducted to study with high spatial-temporal resolution the impact of such processes on particulate matter fluxes. In the context of the mild and wet 2010–2011 winter, no remarkable dense shelf water formation was observed. On the other hand, the experimental setup allowed for the study of the impact of E-SE storms on the hydrographical structure and the particulate matter fluxes in the CCC. The most remarkable feature in terms of sediment transport was a period of dominant E-SE winds from 12 to 16 March, including two moderate storms (maximum significant wave heights = 4.1–4.6 m). During this period, a plume of freshened, relatively cold and turbid water flowed at high speeds along the southern flank of the CCC in an approximate depth range of 150–350 m. The density of this water mass was lighter than the ambient water in the canyon, indicating that it did not cascade off-shelf and that it merely downwelled into the canyon forced by the strong cyclonic circulation induced over the shelf during the storms and by the subsequent accumulation of seawater along the coast. Suspended sediment load in this turbid intrusion recorded along the southern canyon flank oscillated between 10 and 50 mg L−1, and maximum currents speeds reached values up to 90 cm s−1. A rough estimation of 105 tons of sediment was transported through the canyon along its southern wall during a 3-day-long period of storm-induced downwelling. Following the veering of the wind direction (from SE to NW) on 16 March, downwelling ceased, currents inside the canyon reversed from down- to up-canyon, and the turbid shelf plume was evacuated from the canyon, most probably flowing along the southern canyon flank and being entrained by the general SW circulation after leaving the canyon confinement. This study highlights that remarkable sediment transport occurs in the CCC, and particularly along its southern flank, even during mild and wet winters, in absence of cascading and under limited external forcing. The sediment transport associated with eastern storms like the ones described in this paper tends to enter the canyon by its downstream flank, partially affecting the canyon head region. Sediment transport during these events is not constrained near the seafloor but distributed in a depth range of 200–300 m above the bottom. Our paper broadens the understanding of the complex set of atmosphere-driven sediment transport processes acting in this highly dynamic area of the northwestern Mediterranean Sea, We are grateful to the crew and officials of R/V l’Atalante and to all the scientific and technical staff involved in the CASCADE cruise. This work was funded by the HERMIONE Project (FP7-ENV-2008-1-226354) under the European Commission’s Seventh Framework Programme, the French programme MERMEX under the MISTRALS framework, the GRACCIE-CONSOLIDER project (CSD2007-00067) and the Spanish project DOS MARES (CTM2010-21810-C03-01). University of Barcelona researchers benefitted from grant 2009 SGR 1305 by Generalitat de Catalunya to excellence research groups. L. Houpert acknowledges the support of the Direction Générale de l’Armement (supervisor: Elisabeth Gibert-Brunet). J. Martín was funded through a JAE-DOC contract within the programme “Junta para la Ampliación de Estudios”, granted by Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (Spain) and co-financed by the European Social Fund. We thank the constructive comments of two reviewers who helped to improve the manuscript
Published: 2013

41. Sediment transport along the Cap de Creus Canyon flank during a mild, wet winter

Author: J. Martín, X. Durrieu de Madron, P. Puig, F. Bourrin, A. Palanques, L. Houpert, M. Higueras, A. Sanchez-Vidal, A. M. Calafat, M. Canals, and S. Heussner
Abstract: Cap de Creus Canyon (CCC) is known as a preferential conduit for particulate matter leaving the Gulf of Lion continental shelf towards the slope and the deep basin, particularly in winter when storms and dense shelf water cascading coalesce to enhance the seaward export of shelf waters. During the CASCADE (CAscading, Storm, Convection, Advection and Downwelling Events) cruise in March 2011, deployments of recording instruments within the canyon and vertical profiling of the water column properties were conducted to study with high spatial-temporal resolution the impact of such processes on particulate matter fluxes. In the context of a mild and wet 2010–2011 winter, no remarkable dense shelf water formation was observed. On the other hand, the experimental setup allowed to study the impact of E-SE storms on the hydrographical structure and the particulate matter fluxes in the CCC. The most remarkable feature in terms of sediment transport was a period of dominant E-SE winds from 12 to 16 March, including two moderate storms of significant wave heights = 4–4.5 m. During this period, a plume of freshened, relatively cold and turbid water flowed at high speeds along the southern flank of CCC in an approximate depth range of 150–350 m. The density of this water mass only reached ~ 28.78 kg m−3, indicating that it did not cascade into the canyon and that merely downwelled into it forced by the accumulation of seawater along the coast during the storms and by the subsequent strong cyclonic circulation induced over the shelf. Suspended sediment load in this turbid intrusion was comparable at three heights above bottom where turbidimeters were installed (10, 75 and 115 m above bottom) on the southern canyon flank and oscillated between 10 and 50 mg L−1. Current speeds were also comparable in the depth range profiled by ADCPs (40 to 150 mab) and reached values up to 90 cm s−1 during the peak of the strongest storm (13 March, Hs = 4.5 m). Sediment transport at 75 mab on the southern canyon flank was estimated at 1–1.5 t m−2 for the entire deployment while very close to the bottom (5 m above) in the canyon head it was less than 0.6 t m−2 during the same period. We provide a rough estimation of 105 t of sediment transported through the canyon along its southern wall during a 3 day-long period of storm-induced downwelling. Following the veering of the wind direction (from SE to NW) on 16 March, downwelling ceased, currents inside the canyon reversed from down to up-canyon, and the turbid shelf plume was evacuated from the canyon, most probably flowing along the southern canyon flank and being entrained by the general SW circulation after leaving the canyon confinement. This study highlights that remarkable sediment transport occurs in the CCC, and particularly along its southern flank, even during mild and wet winters, in absence of cascading and under limited external forcing. The sediment transport associated to eastern storms like the ones described in this paper tends to enter the canyon by its downstream flank, partially affecting the canyon head region. Sediment transport during these events is not constrained near the seafloor but distributed in a depth range of 200–300 m above the bottom. Our paper broadens the understanding of the complex set of atmosphere-driven sediment transport processes acting in this highly dynamic area of the northwestern Mediterranean Sea.
Published: 2012

42. Deep-sea benthic ecosystem collapse and recovery after an intense Dense Shelf Water Cascading event

Author: Silvia Bianchelli, Antonio Dell'Anno, Miquel Canals, Serge Heussner, Marianna Mea, Antonio Pusceddu, X. Durrieu de Madron, Cinzia Corinaldesi, Roberto Danovaro, Anna Sanchez-Vidal, and Laurenz Thomsen
Subjects: Oceanography, Benthic zone, Event (relativity), medicine, Ecosystem, medicine.symptom, Deep sea, Collapse (medical), Geology
Abstract: Submarine canyons of several regions of the world are preferential conduits for Dense Shelf Water Cascading (DSWC), which quickly modify physical and chemical conditions while transporting large amounts of material towards the adjacent deep margin. Observations conducted during the last 15 yr in the Cap de Creus Canyon (Gulf of Lion, NW Mediterranean Sea) reported several intense events of DSWC. Their effects on the deep-sea biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are almost unknown. To investigate the effects of these episodic events we analysed changes in the meiofaunal biodiversity inside and outside the canyon. Sediment samples were collected at depths varying from ca. 1000 to > 2100 m in May 2004 (before a major event), April 2005 (during a major cascading event) and in October 2005, August 2006 April 2008 and April 2009. We report here that the late winter-early spring 2005 cascading led to a reduction of the organic matter contents in canyon floor sediments down to 1800 m depth, whereas surface sediments at about 2200 m depth showed an increase. Our findings suggest that the nutritional material removed from the shallower continental shelf open slope and canyon was transported to the deep margin. During the cascading event the meiofaunal abundance and biodiversity in the studied deep-sea sediments dropped down by a factor of 5 to 10. Benthic assemblages in the impacted seafloor recovered to pre-cascading conditions after only six months from the cessation of the cascading. Since the present climate change is expected to increase the intensity and frequency of these episodic events, we anticipate that they will increasingly impact biodiversity and functioning of the benthic bathyal ecosystems, which may eventually challenge their resilience.
Published: 2012

43. Supplementary material to 'Deep-sea benthic ecosystem collapse and recovery after an intense Dense Shelf Water Cascading event'

Author: A. Pusceddu, M. Mea, M. Canals, S. Heussner, X. Durrieu de Madron, A. Sanchez-Vidal, S. Bianchelli, C. Corinaldesi, A. Dell'Anno, L. Thomsen, and R. Danovaro
Published: 2012

44. Sediment transport to the deep canyons and open-slope of the western Gulf of Lions during the 2006 intense cascading and open-sea convection period

Author: Pere Puig, Jacobo Martín, Albert Palanques, Serge Heussner, A. Calafat, Miquel Canals, Anna Sanchez-Vidal, Catalina Pasqual, X. Durrieu de Madron, and Universitat de Barcelona
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Convection, Canyon, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Canyons, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Sediments marins, Congostos, Sediment, Geology, Submarine canyon, Storm, Aquatic Science, 01 natural sciences, Head (geology), Marine sediments, Oceanography, Eddy, 14. Life underwater, Sediment transport, Geomorphology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: 15 pages, 14 figures, An array of mooring lines deployed between 300 and 1900 m depth along the Lacaze-Duthiers and Cap de Creus canyons and in the adjacent southern open slope was used to study the water and sediment transport on the western Gulf of Lions margin during the 2006 intense cascading period. Deep-reaching cascading pulses occurred in early January, in late January and from early March to mid-April. Dense water and sediment transport to the deep environments occurred not only through submarine canyons, but also along the southern open slope. During the deep cascading pulses, temporary upper and mid-canyon and open slope deposits were an important source of sediment to the deep margin. Significant sediment transport events at the canyon head only occurred in early January because of higher sediment availability on the shelf after the stratified and calm season, and in late February because of the interaction of dense shelf water cascading with a strong E–SE storm. During the January deep cascading pulses, increases in suspended sediment concentration within the canyon were greater and earlier at 1000 m depth than at 300 m depth, whereas during the March–April deep cascading pulses sediment concentration only increased below 300 m depth, indicating resuspension and redistribution of sediments previously deposited at upper and mid-canyon depths. Deeper than 1000 m depth, net fluxes show that most of the suspended sediment left the canyon and flowed along the southern open slope towards the Catalan margin, whereas a small part flowed down-canyon and was exported basinward. Additionally, on the mid- and lower-continental slope there was an increase in the near-bottom currents induced by deep open-sea convection processes and the propagation of eddies. This, combined with the arrival of deep cascading pulses, also generated moderate suspended sediment transport events in the deeper slope regions, We thank all participants, UTM technicians and crews of R/V Garcia del Cid and R/V Universitatis, for their help and dedication during the cruises. The research projects HERMES (GOCE-CT-2005-511234-1), HERMIONE (FP7-ENV-2008-1-226354), DOS MARES (CTM2007-66316-C02-01/MAR) and GRACCIE-CONSOLIDER (CSD2007-00067) supported this research. A.S.V., C.P., A.C. and M.C. belong to CRG on Marine Geosciences, supported by Grant 2009 SGR 1305 of the Generalitat de Catalunya. A.P., P.P. and J.M. belong to CRG on Littoral and Oceanic Processes, supported by Grant 2009 SGR 899 of the Generalitat de Catalunya. J.M was partially funded through a JAE-Doc contract granted by CSIC and co-financed by CEE
Published: 2012

45. Circulation, transport and bottom boundary layers of the deep currents in the Brazil Basin

Author: X. Durrieu de Madron and G. Weatherly
Subjects: geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ocean current, Structural basin, Oceanography, Geostrophic current, Bottom water, Boundary layer, Circulation (fluid dynamics), Potential temperature, Oceanic basin, Geomorphology, Geology
Published: 1994

46. Hydrography and nepheloid structures in the Grand-Rhoˆne canyon

Author: X. Durrieu de Madron
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Canyon, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Advection, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Nepheloid layer, Geology, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Continental margin, Suspended matter, Hydrography, Geomorphology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Hydrographic and nephelometric data were gathered in the vicinity of the Grand-Rhoˆne canyon on the Golfe du Lion continental margin. These are used to describe the hydrographic structures and the suspended matter distribution. The results highlight the influence of wind-forced processes and current-canyon interaction on the dynamics in the canyon. These processes control the shelf-slope suspended matter exchanges, which are characterized by cross-canyon advection and near-bottom transfer along the axis of the canyon.
Published: 1994

47. Corrigendum to 'Marine ecosystems' responses to climatic and anthropogenic forcings in the Mediterranean' [Prog. Oceanogr. 91 (2011) 97-166]

Author: P. L. Merle, Frédéric Mélin, David Doxaran, D. Ruiz Pino, Christian Tamburini, Christophe Migon, Marcel Babin, B. Bonsang, Stéphane Gasparini, Romaric Verney, J. L. Gonzalez, F. Eyrolles, Thierry Moutin, Jordi Dachs, Chrystelle Bancon-Montigny, Andrew P. Rees, William L. Miller, Jean-François Ghiglione, Lars Stemmann, Camila Fernandez, Lars-Eric Heimbürger, F. Van Wambeke, René Galzin, Tsuneo Tanaka, Isabelle Taupier-Letage, Bruno Charrière, Jean-Claude Gaertner, J. F. Cadiou, Ioanna Bouloubassi, Bastien Mérigot, Malik Chami, Olivier Radakovitch, Richard Sempéré, Christophe Rabouille, Wade H. Jeffrey, Anne Petrenko, Jean-François Rontani, M. Eléaume, C. Mellon, Vincent Taillandier, J. Para, Mireille Pujo-Pay, Cécile Guieu, Marie-Dominique Loÿe-Pilot, Behzad Mostajir, Louis Marie Prieur, Karine Leblanc, Marie-Alexandrine Sicre, Catherine Goyet, L. Mousseau, Thierry Perez, Melika Baklouti, Sophie Bonnet, Frédéric Gazeau, Frédéric Diaz, Marc Mallet, R. Lemé, Jean-Christophe Poggiale, Christophe Brunet, Franck Touratier, Francois Carlotti, Sandrine Vaz, Nathaniel Bensoussan, Fabien Joux, Patrick Raimbault, S. H.M. Jacquet, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, Benedicte Thouvenin, Pulido-Villena, Lionel Guidi, Dominique Lefèvre, Claude Estournel, Pierre Testor, Françoise Elbaz-Poulichet, Hervé Thébault, L. Méjanelle, Vincent Vantrepotte, P. Le Hir, Caroline Ulses, Sabine Charmasson, Daniel Cossa, S. Fowler, Laurent Mortier, Jacek Tronczynski, Philippe Koubbi, Katell Guizien, Sauveur Belviso, X. Durrieu de Madron, Patrice Francour, Pascal Conan, Marc Tedetti, Jean-Claude Dutay, Christophe Lejeusne, Céline Ridame, Paléoclimats, proxies, processus ( PALEOPROXUS ), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques ( LOCEAN ), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle ( MNHN ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle ( MNHN ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle ( MNHN ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Couplage physique-biogéochimie-carbone ( PHYBIOCAR ), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] ( LSCE ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditérranéens (CEFREM), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de MicrobiologiE de Géochimie et d'Ecologie Marines (LMGEM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2, Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne (LOMIC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Observatoire océanologique de Banyuls (OOB), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marine (LBCM), Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines (LBCM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS), JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Hydrosciences Montpellier (HSM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paléoclimats, proxies, processus (PALEOPROXUS), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Laboratoire d'Ecogéochimie des environnements benthiques (LECOB), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire océanologique de Banyuls (OOB), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Couplage physique-biogéochimie-carbone (PHYBIOCAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire océanologique de Banyuls (OOB), and Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Mediterranean climate, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], 010505 oceanography, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Geology, Aquatic Science, 01 natural sciences, [ SDU.STU.GP ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], [ SDE.MCG ] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Oceanography, [ PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH ] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Environmental science, Marine ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; Not Available
Published: 2011

48. Marine ecosystems’ responses to climatic and anthropogenic forcings in the Mediterranean

Author: Romaric Verney, William L. Miller, Lars-Eric Heimbürger, Pierre-Laurent Merle, Louis Marie Prieur, Sauveur Belviso, Scott W. Fowler, Frédéric Gazeau, Francois Carlotti, D. Ruiz Pino, Richard Sempéré, Bastien Mérigot, Jean-Christophe Poggiale, Lars Stemmann, Camila Fernandez, David Doxaran, Stéphane Gasparini, Patrice Francour, Marc Tedetti, Sabine Charmasson, Laure Mousseau, Marcel Babin, Jean-Claude Dutay, R. Lemé, Frédéric Diaz, Stéphan Jacquet, F. Van Wambeke, J. L. Gonzalez, Jean-François Ghiglione, Vincent Vantrepotte, P. Le Hir, Hervé Thébault, Christophe Lejeusne, Marc Mallet, X. Durrieu de Madron, Françoise Elbaz-Poulichet, Pulido-Villena, Benedicte Thouvenin, Malik Chami, Pascal Conan, Philippe Koubbi, Claude Estournel, Laurent Mortier, Christian Tamburini, Bruno Charrière, Dominique Lefèvre, Catherine Goyet, Jean-François Rontani, C. Mellon, B. Bonsang, Thierry Moutin, René Galzin, Nathaniel Bensoussan, Vincent Taillandier, Olivier Radakovitch, Jacek Tronczynski, Katell Guizien, Behzad Mostajir, F. Eyrolles, Daniel Cossa, Christophe Rabouille, Frédéric Mélin, Andrew P. Rees, Wade H. Jeffrey, Jordi Dachs, Chrystelle Bancon-Montigny, M. Eléaume, Sandrine Vaz, Laurence Méjanelle, Thierry Perez, Tsuneo Tanaka, Melika Baklouti, J. Para, Christophe Brunet, Ioanna Bouloubassi, Marie-Dominique Loÿe-Pilot, Mireille Pujo-Pay, Caroline Ulses, Anne Petrenko, Sophie Bonnet, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, Fabien Joux, Franck Touratier, Lionel Guidi, Pierre Testor, Cécile Guieu, Patrick Raimbault, Jean-Francois Cadiou, Marie-Alexandrine Sicre, Christophe Migon, Jean-Claude Gaertner, Isabelle Taupier-Letage, Karine Leblanc, Céline Ridame, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditérranéens (CEFREM), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne (LOMIC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire océanologique de Banyuls (OOB), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Océanographie côtière, Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Biogéochimique (LOPB), Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Hydrosciences Montpellier (HSM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), IPSO FACTO [Marseille], Laboratoire de Robotique de Versailles (LRV), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire océanologique de Banyuls (OOB), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Etudes Radioécologiques des milieux Continental et marin (IRSN/PRP-ENV/SESURE/LERCM), Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'étude radioécologique du milieu continental et marin (IRSN/DEI/SESURE/LERCM), Service d'étude et de surveillance de la radioactivité dans l'environnement (IRSN/DEI/SESURE), Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN)-Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Laboratoire catalyse et spectrochimie (LCS), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Marine Environment Laboratories [Monaco] (IAEA-MEL), International Atomic Energy Agency [Vienna] (IAEA), Ecosystèmes Côtiers Marins et Réponses aux Stress (ECOMERS), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Laboratoire de MicrobiologiE de Géochimie et d'Ecologie Marines (LMGEM), Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Insulaire du Vivant et de l'Environnement (LIVE), Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (UNC), Institut de Modélisation et d'Analyses en géo-environnement et santé - Espace Développement (IMAGES-Espace DEV), UMR 228 Espace-Dev, Espace pour le développement, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université de Guyane (UG)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université de Guyane (UG)-Université des Antilles (UA), Sorbonne Université (SU), Laboratoire d'Ecogéochimie des environnements benthiques (LECOB), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Biogéochimie et Ecotoxicologie (BE), Laboratoire d’Océanologie et de Géosciences (LOG) - UMR 8187 (LOG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Nord]), Laboratoire Ressources halieutiques Boulogne sur mer (LRHBL), Halieutique Manche Mer du Nord (HMMN), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), The MerMex Group, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'océanographie biologique de Banyuls (LOBB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Observatoire océanologique de Banyuls (OOB), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Biogéochimie des Contaminants Métalliques (LBCM), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre atlantique, Nantes, Laboratoire d'aérologie (LA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC (UMR_7057)), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Biologique (LOPB), Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Collège de France (CdF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Tunis - Unité de Recherche Synthèse et Analyse des Matériaux, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Tunis (ENIT), Centre de formation et de recherche sur l'environnement marin (CEFREM), IPSO FACTO, SCOPARL, Pôle Océanologie et Limnologie, Paléoclimats, proxies, processus (PALEOPROXUS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institut de biologie et chimie des protéines [Lyon] (IBCP), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'étude radioécologique du milieu continental et marin (LERCM), Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN)-Direction de l'Environnement et de l'Intervention, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Biologie et écologie tropicale et méditerranéenne (BETM), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Ecosystèmes (UMR ASTRE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Center for Environmental Diagnostics and Bioremediation, University of west Florida, IFREMER (IFREMER), College of Marine Studies (CMS), University of Delaware [Newark], Diversité, évolution et écologie fonctionnelle marine (DIMAR), MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Systématique, adaptation, évolution (SAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Couplage physique-biogéochimie-carbone (PHYBIOCAR), Ecologie des systèmes marins côtiers (Ecosym), Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'océanographie et de biogéochimie (LOB), CE, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Pôle de recherche pour l'organisation et la diffusion de l'information géographique (PRODIG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Sorbonne (UP4)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), Austral Boréal, Laboratoire de mesure du carbone 14 (LMC14 - UMS 2572), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - Brest (IFREMER), Aubert & Duval, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - Nantes (IFREMER Nantes), Université de Nantes (UN), UMR 212 EME 'écosystèmes marins exploités' (EME), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Océan et Interfaces (OCEANIS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Tunis El Manar (UTM), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire océanologique de Banyuls (OOB), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Biologie et écologie tropicale et méditerranéenne [2007-2010] (BETM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), Center for Environmental Diagnostics and Bioremediation [Pensacola] (UWF | CEDB), University of West Florida [Pensacola] (UWF), Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Avignon Université (AU), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Marine Sciences [Athens], University of Georgia [USA], Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris-Sorbonne (UP4)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Austral Boréal (AB), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - Brest (IFREMER Centre de Bretagne), Image, Modélisation, Analyse, GEométrie, Synthèse (IMAGES), Laboratoire Traitement et Communication de l'Information (LTCI), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Télécom Paris-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Télécom Paris, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - Atlantique (IFREMER Atlantique), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biologie des organismes marins et écosystèmes (BOME), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Observatoire océanologique de Banyuls (OOB), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA), CBETM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Modélisation et d'Analyse en Géo-Environnement et Santé (IMAGES), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), Département Biogéochimie et Ecotoxicologie, Centre d'Enseignement et de Recherche sur l'Environnement et la Societé / Environmental Research and Teaching Institute (CERES-ERTI), JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques (LRH), Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis (UNSA), Department of Marine Sciences [Athènes], Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines (LBCM), Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS), Biogéochimie des contaminants organiques (LBCO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1), Paléoclimats, proxies, processus ( PALEOPROXUS ), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques ( LOCEAN ), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle ( MNHN ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle ( MNHN ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle ( MNHN ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Couplage physique-biogéochimie-carbone ( PHYBIOCAR ), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] ( LSCE ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire océanologique de Banyuls (OOB), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ipso Facto ScopARL, Association Arkaeos, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire océanologique de Banyuls (OOB), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Observatoire océanologique de Banyuls (OOB), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), CNRS UMR 7057 - Laboratoire Matières et Systèmes Complexes (MSC) (MSC), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Mediterranean climate, Biogeochemical cycle, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Biodiversity, Climate change, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Aquatic Science, 01 natural sciences, [ SDU.STU.GP ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Mediterranean sea, [ PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH ] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Marine ecosystem, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Geology, Global change, 15. Life on land, [ SDE.MCG ] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Oceanography, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental science
Abstract: Corrigendum : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2011.08.003; International audience; The semi-enclosed nature of the Mediterranean Sea, together with its smaller inertia due to the relative short residence time of its water masses, make it highly reactive to external forcings, in particular variations of water, energy and matter fluxes at the interfaces. This region, which has been identified as a “hotspot” for climate change, is therefore expected to experience environmental impacts that are considerably greater than those in many other places around the world. These natural pressures interact with the increasing demographic and economic developments occurring heterogeneously in the coastal zone, making the Mediterranean even more sensitive. This review paper aims to provide a review of the state of current functioning and responses of Mediterranean marine biogeochemical cycles and ecosystems with respect to key natural and anthropogenic drivers and to consider the ecosystems’ responses to likely changes in physical, chemical and socio-economical forcings induced by global change and by growing anthropogenic pressure at the regional scale. The current knowledge on and expected changes due to single forcing (hydrodynamics, solar radiation, temperature and acidification, chemical contaminants) and combined forcing (nutrient sources and stoichiometry, extreme events) affecting the biogeochemical fluxes and ecosystem functioning are explored. Expected changes in biodiversity resulting from the combined action of the different forcings are proposed. Finally, modeling capabilities and necessity for modeling are presented. A synthesis of our current knowledge of expected changes is proposed, highlighting relevant questions for the future of the Mediterranean ecosystems that are current research priorities for the scientific community. Finally, we discuss how these priorities can be approached by national and international multi-disciplinary research, which should be implemented on several levels, including observational studies and modeling at different temporal and spatial scales.
Published: 2011

49. Effects of storm events on the shelf-to-basin sediment transport in the southwestern end of the Gulf of Lions (Northwestern Mediterranean)

Author: Mikel Latasa, Jacobo Martín, Jorge Guillén, Renate Scharek, Pere Puig, Albert Palanques, and X. Durrieu de Madron
Subjects: Mediterranean climate, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Submarine canyon, Structural basin, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Mediterranean Basin, lcsh:TD1-1066, 14. Life underwater, lcsh:Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering, Medio Marino, lcsh:Environmental sciences, Centro Oceanográfico de Gijón, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, lcsh:GE1-350, Canyon, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, lcsh:QE1-996.5, lcsh:Geography. Anthropology. Recreation, Sediment, Storm, lcsh:Geology, Oceanography, lcsh:G, 13. Climate action, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Sediment transport, Geology
Abstract: 8 pages, 4 figures, Shelf-to-basin sediment transport during storms was studied at the southwestern end of the Gulf of Lions from November 2003 to March 2004. Waves, near-bottom currents, temperature and sediment fluxes were measured on the inner shelf at 28-m depth, in the Cap de Creus submarine canyon head at 300-m depth and in the northwestern Mediterranean basin at 2350-m depth. This paper is a synthesis of results published separately in different papers; it includes some new data and focusses on the subject of storms. It is the first paper in which simultaneous data about the effect of storms on the shelf, the slope and in the basin are shown together. During the winter studied, there were two severe E-SE storms with significant wave heights ≥ 7 m: one in December 2003 and one in February 2004. During these storms, coastal water was exported off-shelf producing strong near-bottom currents (up to 82 cm s−1) at the canyon head that resuspended sediment and increased the downcanyon sediment fluxes by several orders of magnitude. The suspended sediment flux increase in the canyon head was much larger during the February storm than during the December storm. At the deep basin site, particle fluxes also increased drastically (1–2 orders of magnitude) immediately after the February storm but not after the December storm. The reason was that the February storm was reinforced by dense shelf water cascading and was long enough (43 h) to transfer large amounts of resuspended sediment from shallow shelf areas to the canyon head and from there to the northwestern Mediterranean basin. Thus, in the western Gulf of Lions, severe winter E-SE storms occurring during the dense shelf water cascading period can significantly increase the transfer to deep-sea (> 2000 m) environments of shelf and slope resuspended material, including anthropogenic contaminants and organic matter, This study was supported by the European research projects EUROSTRATAFORM (EVK3-CT-2002-00079), and HERMIONE (ref. 544 226354). We thank the officers and crew of the R/V Thetis II and the Nereis for their help and dedication during the cruises
Published: 2011

50. Settling particle fluxes across the continental margin of the Gulf of Lion: the role of dense shelf water cascading

Author: C. Pasqual, A. Sanchez-Vidal, D. Zúñiga, A. Calafat, M. Canals, X. Durrieu de Madron, P. Puig, S. Heussner, A. Palanques, and N. Delsaut
Subjects: Biogeoquímica, Mediterrània (Mar), Mediterranean Sea, Biogeochemistry
Abstract: Settling particles were collected using sediment traps deployed along three transects in the Lacaze-Duthiers and Cap de Creus canyons and the adjacent southern open slope from October 2005 to October 2006. The settling material was analysed to obtain total mass fluxes and main constituent contents (organic matter, opal, calcium carbonate, and siliciclastics). Cascades of dense shelf water from the continental shelf edge to the lower continental slope occurred from January to March 2006. They were traced through strong negative near-bottom temperature anomalies and increased current speeds, and generated two intense pulses of mass fluxes in January and March 2006. This oceanographic phenomenon appeared as the major physical forcing of settling particles at almost all stations, and caused both high seasonal variability in mass fluxes and important qualitative changes in settling material. Fluxes during the dense shelf water cascading (DSWC) event ranged from 90.1 g m−2 d−1 at the 1000 m depth station in the Cap de Creus canyon to 3.2 g m−2 d−1 at the canyon mouth at 1900 m. Fractions of organic matter, opal and calcium carbonate components increased seaward, thus diminishing the siliciclastic fraction. Temporal variability of the major components was larger in the canyon mouth and open slope sites, due to the mixed impact of dense shelf water cascading processes and the pelagic biological production. Results indicate that the cascading event remobilized and homogenized large amounts of material down canyon and southwardly along the continental slope contributing to a better understanding of the internal dynamics of DSWC events. While the late winter/early spring bloom signature was diluted when DSWC occurred, the primary production dynamics were observable at all stations during the rest of the year and highlighted the biological community succession in surface waters.
Published: 2010

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