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The chemical interactions in Fe–HfH2 metal matrix composites (MMCs) are studied across multiple length scales to elucidate the decomposition of the parent phases and corresponding reaction zone physics during direct current sintering. Fe–HfH2 composites were synthesized with increasing as-mixed hydride contents of Fe–25% HfH2, Fe–40% HfH2, Fe–55% HfH2, and Fe–70% HfH2 (all in vol. %) to demonstrate the ability to achieve sintered MMCs with target hydride contents. Samples were probed across multiple length scales through a multi-modal workflow employing x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and segmentation analysis, and synchrotron techniques including hard x-ray fluorescence mapping and nanoprobe x-ray absorption near-edge structure measurements. Under the selected sintering temperature and pressure conditions, hydrogen evolution is seen to evolve through parallel paths: thermal decomposition from during the transformation of HfH2 to HfHx<2 and through subsequent reaction with the Fe matrix leading to intermetallic phase formation. Specifically, HfFe and HfFe2 intermetallic formation accelerates the release of hydrogen with a subsequent HfO2 phase forming at grain boundaries. For this MMC, the consumption or loss of hydrogen can be considerable in compacts with initial hydride loading of 25%–40% HfH2 approaching 83% hydrogen loss for the lower volume fraction composites. Increasing the volume fraction of HfH2 to 70% enhanced the retained hydrogen content to 53% and attributed to the reduced interfacial area intrinsic to the increased HfH2 loading in this MMC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Australia's metalliferous abandoned mine sites (MAMSs), pose tangible threats to the environment and human health. To address these concerns, our study utilised state-of-the-art handheld XRF technology to conduct a real-time assessment of the Mole River arsenic mine site. The data revealed notably elevated levels of arsenic and manganese, with the southeast corner of the site identified as a contaminant hotspot. We used a tiered risk assessment approach to compare the detected contaminant concentrations to the Australian health investigation levels (tier 1). This led us to a broader examination of erosion vulnerabilities and the potential migration of contaminants (tier 2). Further, a hydrological assessment (tier 3) identified significant erosion in southern regions, indicating the potential for contaminants to be transported off-site through surface water runoff to Sam's Creek and Mole River. The proximity of a reservoir to these runoff pathways brought forth additional challenges, especially during heavy rainfall events. Subsequent laboratory analysis of water samples reinforced our findings, as they confirmed heightened arsenic concentrations in Mole River downstream, accentuating the potential risks to ecosystems and human health. By integrating the XRF contour map and erosion assessment with the RUSLE model, valuable insights are gained into critical hotspots with high contamination and erosion potential. By directing rehabilitation efforts towards critical hotspots, resources can be allocated more efficiently and cost-effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New, asymmetric quinizarin‐Au(I)‐NHC complexes were designed, isolated, and fully characterised including by single crystal X‐ray crystallography. Cytotoxicity studies showed effective growth inhibition in HeLa cervical cancer cells with IC50 values ranging from 2.4 μM to 5.3 μM. The successful cellular uptake was evidenced by X‐ray fluorescence imaging on cryo‐preserved whole HeLa cells and the sub‐cellular localisation was monitored by live‐cell fluorescence microscopy. Notably, complex 2 b showed circumvention of acquired anthracycline resistance in K562 leukaemia cells as well as synergistic activity with doxorubicin against both wild‐type and anthracycline‐resistant Nalm‐6 leukaemia cells. Interestingly, sub‐cellular localisation towards mitochondria proved to be more important than the compounds’ overall cytotoxicity for potent antiproliferative activity and to achieve effective resistance circumvention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the health risks of typical soil heavy metals to surrounding residents of industrial land in the urban-rural area of Liuquan Town, Xigu District, Lanzhou City, China. The contents of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn were analyzed using an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of the heavy metals to children and adults were evaluated. Results showed higher soil Hg, Pb, and Zn contents in the study area than the corresponding background values of Gansu Province. The Hg pollution was the most serious, showing higher contents than the background water at 56.41% of the soil sampling sites. As, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb showed normal distributions, while Cd, Hg, and Zn exhibited skewed distributions. Hg and Cd showed the highest coefficients of variation of 0.966 and 0.548, respectively. Health risk evaluation results showed higher total non-carcinogenic risk (HI) and total carcinogenic risk (TCR) for children than those for adults by 5.411 and 2.156, respectively, indicating children are more susceptible to non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks. In addition, As, Cr, and Pb were the main contributors to the non-carcinogenic risk, while As and Cr were the main contributors to the carcinogenic risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the elemental composition, a total of 19 potteries and two representative clay samples from Senjikothamangalam (Villupuram district) and 12 potteries and one representative clay sample from the Palayanur (Chengalpattu) archaeological sites in Tamil Nadu were analyzed using total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The presence of elements such as Fe, Ca, K, Ti, Al, Sr, Mn, P, V, Cr, Zn, Rb, Ni, Cu, Pb, Ga, Y, Bi, Br, and As were identified in the pottery and clay samples. Statistical analysis, such as Pearson correlation, cluster and principal component analysis were used to categorize the samples based on their elemental composition. The outcome of the Pearson correlation and cluster analysis corroborated that the Senjikothamangalam pottery samples (P-1 to P-19) were made using the same type of clay, except P-10. Similarly, all Palayanur pottery samples (P-20 to P-31) were manufactured from the same clay. The petrographic analysis of the potteries revealed further information about its provenance and making methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

St Agnes Museum, Cornwall, currently holds in its collections a paint box with a metal plaque reading 'John Opie 1806', containing pigments and other artists' materials. John Opie produced hundreds of oil paintings until his untimely death in 1807 and was a well-known and successful painter of portraits and historical scenes. However, his work has been little studied, in comparison to his contemporaries such as Joshua Reynolds. This paper discusses the identification of the pigments in the paint box using infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR), optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Seven pigments have been identified as ultramarine, lead white, fustic and carmine lakes, carbon black (likely ivory), hematite, and burnt sienna, consistent with the bottle labels where present. The identification has been further confirmed using historical literature, which has shown that the pigments are likely to be contemporary with the stated date of 1806. This information adds to the body of knowledge about the artist specifically, and the artists pigments generally available at the time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document provides a comprehensive list of international conferences and meetings related to X-ray spectrometry scheduled for the years 2025 to 2029. The events cover various topics such as industrial radiation, electron tomography, nanotechnology, X-ray fluorescence, and crystallography, among others, taking place in different countries around the world. The information is valuable for researchers and professionals in the field of X-ray spectrometry seeking opportunities to engage with the latest developments and advancements in the industry. [Extracted from the article]

Forensic Archeology is the application of techniques and principles of archeology in the pursuit of examining a crime or incident with legal interest. A wide range of analytical studies are employed in examining archeological remains. X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy remains to be one of the most used techniques for rapid examination of trace evidence typically found on an archeological crime scene. Studies of interest generally include finding trace elements from various sources, samples, and different environmental conditions and distinguishing whether a skeletal remains under examination is human, animal, or marine species. The present study has been designed to focus on the application of XRF in archeological and anthropological evidences such as the examination of human skeletal and dental remains, determination of species, examination of soil, ceramics, paintings, coins, and so on. The advantage of XRF as derived from the reported literature is that it is a non‐destructive technique making it ideal for forensic analysis and in situ examination. The study also discusses the factors affecting forensic investigations of archeological evidences and the limitations of XRF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of Linz–Donawitz (LD) slag in cementitious applications has gained traction due to its widespread availability, offering a potential solution to reduce global warming. This study evaluates the impact of particle size fractions on the chemical, mineralogical, and dissolution characteristics of LD slag. Nine particle size fractions were analyzed, revealing significant variations in oxide content based on particle size. While CaO, Fe2O3 , and SiO2 contents remain similar in higher (+500 μm and +1,000 μm) and lower (+3 μm) size fractions, particles between +3 μm to +75 μm exhibit a 1.5% free lime content. Quantification using XRD-based Rietveld refinement indicates LD slag primarily consists of crystalline phases (quartz, calcite, portlandite, brownmillerite, wustite, and belite) alongside an amorphous phase, with amorphous content ranging from 40% to 60% across all sizes. The +3 μm size fraction exhibits the highest belite, brownmillerite, and wustite content, with comparatively lower free lime content than other size fractions. Dissolution analysis in an alkaline environment shows a slightly improved dissolution behavior with decreasing particle size from +150 μm to +3 μm. Calcium exhibits higher initial dissolution rates than iron and silicon within the first three hours, with silicon becoming more prominent after twelve hours. Overall, this study offers a comprehensive analysis of the correlation between particle size and chemical/mineralogical composition, highlighting the potential for converting industrial waste into ecofriendly products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the potential of incorporating bamboo leaf as an additive for fired clay brick. The clay and bamboo leaf were characterized by using different techniques [X-ray diffractometer (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry analysis (TGA/DSC)]. The bamboo leaves were prepared as forms of powder (BLP) and ash calcined at 200°C and 300°C (BLA 200°C and BLA 300°C) before being blended with clay raw material. The samples were fired at 1,050°C, 1,100°C, and 1,150°C and then tested for physical, mechanical, and thermal properties to confirm the advantages of bamboo leaf. The results indicated that the addition of bamboo leaf increased porosity on samples during firing process and hence lowered the density and thermal property. The incorporation of 5% by weight BLP resulted in a 10%–30% reduction in thermal conductivity at different firing temperatures, but it also led to the decrease in compressive strength about 17%–30%. These samples added with 15% by weight BLP showed about 40% reduction in thermal conductivity and still had average compressive strength of 15.40 MPa (1,100°C) and 24.90 MPa (1,150°C). The incorporation of BLA was more beneficial to increase porosity and compressive strength simultaneously. The samples added with 5% by weight BLA 300°C showed the average compressive strengths of 81.57 and 121.17 MPa fired at 1,100°C and 1,150°C, respectively. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis was provided on selected samples to see the porous microstructure formed by the addition of bamboo leaf. Samples added with 5% by weight BLP or BLA fired at 1,100°C all have compressive strength higher than 37 MPa and water absorption less than 15%. The corresponding thermal conductivity is between 0.75 and 0.83 W/mK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/Na-Bentonite composites were prepared. In the preparation of composites, a maximum of 13% polymer by mass was loaded into the clay. Structural properties of composites prepared by solution mixing technique were examined using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), Fourier Transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Dielectric properties were determined with the help of Dielectric spectroscopy (DS). From the XRF study, it was understood that the origin of the clay was Calcium bentonite (Ca-Bentonite) provided from the Asbro-Horio reservoir on the island of Milos, Greece, and that the Supplier (Imerys-Türkiye) converted the clay into NaBentonite through the sodium enrichment process. From XRD and FTIR measurements, it was observed that PVA interacted with the Na-Bentonite surface instead of being located between the Na-Bentonite galleries. This interaction between polymer and clay limited both the segmental movement of the polymer chains and the orientation of the hydroxyl groups on the clay surface. The electrode polarization effect is significantly reduced in composites with low PVA content. In low-dimensional capacitive systems, the use of materials with low dielectric constant comes to the fore to prevent resistance-capacitance (RC delay) delay. The important factor affecting the dielectric constant in the low frequency region is the electrode polarization effect. Thus, the low electrode polarization effect composites produced in this study can serve this purpose [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The determination of Cr(VI) ions in real-world samples is of utmost importance due to the critical role it plays in assessing and monitoring the levels of Cr(VI) contamination in water. The present study introduces a time-saving, cost-effective, selective, highly efficient and eco-friendly analytical reagent to detect Cr(VI) ions. This study presents fabrication of immobilised 4,5-dihydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid disodium salt dihydrate (DHNDSADNa) on a polyethylene-polyamine polyacrylonitrile (PPA) matrix for the determination of Cr(VI) ions using X-ray fluorescence, spectroscopic analysis and potentiodynamic titration methods. The findings revealed that the immobilised DHNDSADNa on the PPA matrix is a highly selective, accurate, easily regenerable, and rapid analytical reagent for the determination of Cr(VI) ions. The DHNDSADNa-anchored PPA framework demonstrated distinctive spectroscopic signals at 460 nm and 590 nm for the reagent and its complex with Cr(VI) ions, respectively. The detection limit for Cr(VI) ions was found to be 2 μg/mL, which is lower than that of DHNDSADNa in solution. Furthermore, the reagent exhibited high selectivity and efficiency for Cr(VI) ions even in the presence of other ions such as Co(II), Ni(II), Al(III), Fe(II), Ti(IV), Zr(IV), Ta(V), Mn(II), and W(VI). Last but not least, the immobilised DHNDSADNa on the PPA matrix exhibits superior analytical characteristics compared to previously utilised methods, making it a promising tool for various applications in medicine, pharmacology, biology, chemistry, and engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Outdoor microcosms, metabarcoding with next-generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA bacterial gene, total body score (TBS) and physicochemical analyses were used to monitor Mus musculus decomposition aboveground (A) and in the subsurface (S), and compared to soil-only controls (C). As determined by MaAsLin2 analysis, significant shifts in bacterial communities at 30 cm depths within the A, S and C treatments distinguished control from experimental soils, and between aboveground and subsurface deposition, demonstrating the potential for gravesoil discrimination during the first 90 days. For example, Dokdonella (p = 0.0002), Edaphobaculum (p = 0.0004) and Lacibacter (p = 0.0034) recorded significant shifts relative to sampling time. Furthermore, Massilia (p = 0.0005), Mycobacterium (p = 0.0006) and Sandaracinus (p = 0.0007) increased in abundance for the aboveground mice treatments. This was confirmed with ANOSIM where p = 0.0082 showed statistically significant difference between the aboveground and subsurface deposition. TBS and physicochemical analyses suggested that nutrient release into the soils occurred during active decay and skin rapture on days 7–13 in the subsurface and days 13–20 aboveground, with a particular increase in soil potassium concentration on day 15. Significant differences in soil temperatures resulted between A and S vs. C microcosms, aligning with atmospheric temperature changes. In summary, complementary application of metabarcoding, total body score, exogenous and physicochemical methods for postmortem interval estimation and clandestine grave location highlighted the feasibility of using temperature records downloaded from meteorological stations and portable X-ray fluorescence as indicators for various phases of decomposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The determination of Mn(II) ion in real objects is an important task in the medicine, pharmacology, biology, chemistry, and engineering sciences. The used methods are usually expensive, hazardous, low effective and time-consuming. In this investigation, a new, green, highly effective, selective, cost-effective and time-saving analytical regent was introduced for Mn(II) determination. The analytical properties of alizarin-3-methylamino-N,N-diacetic acid (AMADAA) immobilised onto polyethylene polyamine-modified polyacrylonitrile (PPP) matrix, AMADAA/PPP, in the determination of Mn(II) ion was studied by the spectrophotometric, potentiodynamic titration, spectroscopic analyses, and X-ray fluorescence and, besides comparing the results, selectivity was checked. It was found that (i) high selectivity, high accuracy, low detection limits, good repeatability, easy regeneration, and high speed are accessible for the proposed analytical procedure, using AMADAA/PPP matrix; (ii) spectroscopic signals of AMADAA-immobilised PPP matrix and its complex with Mn(II) ion were at 500 and 580 nm, respectively; (iii) determination limit of the analytical method for Mn(II) ion was 0.02 µg/mL; (iv) the selectivity of the used reagent, AMADAA/PPP, was very high for Mn(II) ion in the presence of Ca(II), Mg(II), Cd(II), Zn(II) and Fe(II) ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bentonite containing smectite group clay minerals is an industrial raw material with a wide range of uses. In this study, the concentration of uranium, thorium, and radioactive potassium in ninety bentonite samples collected from quarries in Turkey was determined using an energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. The concentrations of uranium, thorium and potassium varied from 0.4 to 18.2 with an average of 4.3 mg/kg, 5.4 to 53.4 with an average of 22.7 mg/kg and 0.3 to 3.4 with an average of 1.4 mg/kg, respectively. The radiogenic heat generation caused by the ionising radiation emitted from these radioactive elements in bentonite samples was calculated in the range of 0.9 to 6.6 µW/m3 with an average of 2.8 µW/m3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rare earth elements (REEs) are critical materials to modern technologies. They are obtained by selective separation from mining feedstocks consisting of mixtures of their trivalent cation. We are developing an all-aqueous, bioinspired, interfacial separation using peptides as amphiphilic molecular extractants. Lanthanide binding tags (LBTs) are amphiphilic peptide sequences based on the EF-hand metal binding loops of calcium-binding proteins which complex selectively REEs. We study LBTs optimized for coordination to Tb3+ using luminescence spectroscopy, surface tensiometry, Xray reflectivity, and X-ray fluorescence near total reflection, and find that these LBTs capture Tb3+ in bulk and adsorb the complex to the interface. Molecular dynamics show that the binding pocket remains intact upon adsorption. We find that, if the net negative charge on the peptide results in a negatively charged complex, excess cations are recruited to the interface by nonselective Coulombic interactions that compromise selective REE capture. If, however, the net negative charge on the peptide is -3, resulting in a neutral complex, a 1:1 surface ratio of cation to peptide is achieved. Surface adsorption of the neutral peptide complexes from an equimolar mixture of Tb3+ and La3+ demonstrates a switchable platform dictated by bulk and interfacial effects. The adsorption layer becomes enriched in the favored Tb3+ when the bulk peptide is saturated, but selective to La3+ for undersaturation due to a higher surface activity of the La3+ complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial activities of a silk dyeing factory in Thalwil, on the shore of Lake Zurich, Switzerland, caused extreme Sn contamination of lake sediments. In this study, we determine the contamination source, spread, and age using a multiproxy approach. We used X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) core scanning and further geochemical analyses to assess the contamination spreading and thickness in the sedimentary column. We found elevated Sn levels throughout sediments of Lake Zurich, ranging from 177 g kg - 1 in front of the former silk factory to 0.05 g kg - 1 at the southeast end (background: ca. 0.006 g kg - 1 ). The rapid concentration drop away from the shore suggests quick precipitation of a sparingly soluble inorganic Sn compound, which is confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscope Imaging in tandem with Energy-dispersive XRF spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) data. The Sn XRF profile of a varved core indicates a contamination onset in the early 1890s, a maximum around 1900, and a gradual decrease to low levels in the 1940s. High Sn concentrations in turbidite layers from the deep basin indicate that mass movements physically remobilised Sn. However, in stable conditions, in-situ porewater measurements (conc. < 0.5 μ g L - 1 ) using dialyse plates show little Sn remobilisation into the lake water (0.05 mg a - 1 m - 2 ). The low remobilisation, reducing conditions, and high sulphide contents in the contaminated layers suggest that Sn is firmly bound to the sediments. Combined with the low toxicity of Sn, we conclude that the Sn contamination poses no threat to lake biota or drinking water production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quantitative analysis of a small sample size of soil may not provide an adequate representation of the overall field composition due to its significant heterogeneity. In other words, measuring the organic carbon content of a few grams of soil is not representative of the whole field. The aim of this experimental study is to carry out a global assessment of these types of parameters and investigate the relevance of reactive tracing methods. Reactive tracing consists of injecting into a porous medium a (non-inert) weakly retained tracer whose interaction with the medium is well characterized. Thus, by injecting a solution containing a low-mass organic solute, a breakthrough curve reflecting the distribution of the retention times is obtained. Its delay compared to that of a tracer of water makes it possible to determine the organic carbon fraction in the soil. This approach was applied with two types of organic solutes tracers: the phenol and the toluene in order to measure the organic carbon fraction. In parallel, soil samples were analyzed and characterized by different techniques of chromatography (HPLC), X-ray fluorescence and infrared. The results showed that toluene was not suitable for such measurements because of its high retention time compared to the average residence time of the fluid in the column. Regardless, it yields an organic carbon fraction value of 11%, which is close to the one determined analytically in the soil sample 15%. Phenol has a lower retention time and would therefore be more suitable for field measurements. However, it gives an organic carbon fraction that is five times lower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tef [ Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] is the major staple crop for millions of people in Ethiopia and Eritrea and is believed to have been domesticated several thousand years ago. Tef has the smallest grains of all the cereals, which directly impacts its productivity and presents numerous challenges to its cultivation. In this study, we assessed the natural variation in seed size of 189 tef and 11 accessions of its wild progenitor Indian lovegrass (Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P. Beauv.) and explored the mineral distribution of representative accessions. Our findings revealed significant natural variation in seed size and mineral concentration among both the tef and E. pilosa accessions. We observed significant variation in seed length, seed width, and seed area among the accessions of both Eragrostis spp. we analyzed. Using representative accessions of both species, we also found significant variation in 1000-grain weight. The observed variation in seed size attributes prompted us to use comparative genomics to identify seed size regulating genes based on the well-studied and closely related monocot cereal rice [ Oryza sativa (L.)]. Using this approach, we identified putative orthologous genes in the tef genome that belong to a number of key pathways known to regulate seed size in rice. Phylogenetic analysis of putative tef orthologs of ubiquitin-proteasome, G-protein, MAPK, and brassinosteroid (BR)-family genes indicate significant similarity to seed size regulating genes in rice and other cereals. Because tef is known to be more nutrient-dense than other more common cereals such as rice, wheat, and maize, we also studied the mineral concentration of selected accessions using ICP-OES and explored their distribution within the seeds using synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence (SXRF) microscopy. The findings showed significant variation in seed mineral concentration and mineral distribution among the selected accessions of both Eragrostis spp. This study highlights the natural variation in seed size attributes, mineral concentration, and distribution, while establishing the basis for understanding the genetic mechanisms regulating these traits. We hope our findings will lead to a better understanding of the evolution of tef at the genetic level and for the development of elite tef cultivars to improve seed size, yield, and quality of the grains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we investigated the impact of laser beam shaping during laser sintering on the structural and XEOL properties of Eu-doped LiBaPO 4 ceramic phosphors synthesized via the sol-gel method with PVA. Structural and optical properties were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and X-ray Excited Optical Luminescence (XEOL). XRD analysis revealed a primary trigonal phase (LiBaPO 4 , space group P31c) alongside a minor Ba 3 (PO 4) 2 phase. SEM images indicated a uniform grain size distribution, while XEOL spectra showed emission peaks corresponding to Eu3+ and Eu2+ ions, as well as defects from laser ablation. The Eu2+/Eu3ratio varied from the center to the edge of the ceramic body. Additionally, the laser beam shape contributed to a more homogeneous distribution of Eu ions in the center compared to the edge of the ceramic body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some methods of X-ray spectral analysis used by Russian researchers to determine the elemental composition of medicinal plants are considered. The review focuses on the articles published in Russian journals over the past 20 years. Researchers utilize wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF), energy dispersive XRF (EDXRF), synchrotron radiation XRF (SRXRF), and total reflection XRF (TXRF) spectrometry; electron probe microanalysis, and scanning electron microscopy to analyze both macro- and microelement contents in medicinal plants. The simultaneous determination of macro- and microelements, coupled with nondestructive sample preparation, makes XRF spectrometry an attractive method for identifying and monitoring the chemical composition of plants, especially those employed in medical practice. Most published studies provide comprehensive information on sample preparation and measurement procedures, present metrological evaluations, and discuss the results obtained. However, some publications lack essential methodological details, and misprints in the presented analytical data occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Inter-laboratory determination of critical materials in 3 e-waste matrices. • Six analytical approaches critically evaluated against each other. • X-ray fluorescence successfully determines most major metal contents. • Sample preparation and data processing strategy strongly affect reliability. • Recommendations for metal analysis in e-waste provided. As the drive towards recycling electronic waste increases, demand for rapid and reliable analytical methodology to analyse the metal content of the waste is increasing, e.g. to assess the value of the waste and to decide the correct recycling routes. Here, we comprehensively assess the suitability of different x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF)-based techniques as rapid analytical tools for the determination of critical raw materials, such as Al, Ti, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Nb, Pd and Au, in three electronic waste matrices: printed circuit boards (PCB), light emitting diodes (LED), and lithium (Li)-ion batteries. As validated reference methods and materials to establish metrological traceability are lacking, several laboratories measured test samples of each matrix using XRF as well as other independent complementary techniques (instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and ICP optical emission spectrometry (OES)) as an inter-laboratory comparison (ILC). Results highlighted key aspects of sample preparation, limits of detection, and spectral interferences that affect the reliability of XRF, while additionally highlighting that XRF can provide more reliable data for certain elements compared to digestion-based approaches followed by ICP-MS analysis (e.g. group 4 and 5 metals). A clear distinction was observed in data processing methodologies for wavelength dispersive XRF, highlighting that considering the metals present as elements (rather than oxides) induces overestimations of the mass fractions when compared to other techniques. Eventually, the effect of sample particle size was studied and indicated that smaller particle size (<200 µm) is essential for reliable determinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A biomonitoring study of air pollution was developed in an urban-industrial area (Seixal, Portugal) using leaves of strawberry plants (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne ex Rozier) as biomonitors to identify the main sources and hotspots of air pollution in the study area. The distribution of exposed strawberry plants in the area was based on a citizen science approach, where residents were invited to have the plants exposed outside their homes. Samples were collected from a total of 49 different locations, and their chemical composition was analyzed for 22 chemical elements using X-ray Fluorescence spectrometry. Source apportionment tools, such as enrichment factors and principal component analysis (PCA), were used to identify three different sources, one geogenic and two anthropogenic (steel industry and traffic), besides plant major nutrients. The spatial distribution of elemental concentrations allowed the identification of the main pollution hotspots in the study area. The reliability of using strawberry leaves as biomonitors of air pollution was evaluated by comparing them with the performance of transplanted lichens by regression analysis, and a significant relation was found for Fe, Pb, Ti, and Zn, although with a different accumulation degree for the two biomonitors. Furthermore, by applying PCA to the lichen results, the same pollution sources were identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 1870s case of the archaeological forgeries attributed to Jerusalem antiquities dealer Moses Wilhelm Shapira continues to provoke interest. This article examines the association of the Moabitica, marketed by Shapira, to their Moabite origin using the modern scientific methods of ceramic petrography and X-ray fluorescence. The results serve, in turn, to illuminate an unanswered question raised by the historical account of the German explorers’ provisional delegation to Moab. The delegation traced the sources of the Moabitica antiquities in an attempt to locate additional Moabitica in situ where they had allegedly been found. The historical account is unclear as to whether this research trip was also part of the conspiracy organised by the Jerusalem counterfeiters or whether it solely involved a workshop and a team acting east of the Dead Sea. Combining the historical narrative and the geoarchaeological analysis, the affair is examined from a perspective never before undertaken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forty-six ceramic shards from the Early Bronze Age (EBA) archaeological site of Tappeh Gabri (the archaeological site 013), dated back to the latter half of the third millennium BCE and located at the Varzaneh Plain, central Iran, were studied using micro energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (µ-EDXRF) and petrographic analysis. The precision and accuracy of quantitative data obtained by µ-EDXRF were tested using a series of geological certified reference materials (CRM). The expanded uncertainty and the Mantel test on data obtained by µ-EDXRF showed accurate and precise quantitative µ-EDXRF estimation of elements present in the CRMs above their quantification limit. We show that the majority of the ceramics at the Varzaneh Plain is most probably local product. Discussions prompted collecting further compositional data and performing petrographic investigation from the ceramic shards from southern and south-western Iran in order to shed light on the origin of the ceramic shards excavated at the Varzaneh Plain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment aimed to establish a monochromatic wavelength excitation-energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (MW-EDXRF) method for determining iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in feed and feed raw materials. Selected common feeds such as fish meal, soybean meal, soybeans, chickpeas, barley, sorghum, dry corn distiller's grains, cat food, and dog food as samples, used MW-EDXRF for measurement. After optimizing the pretreatment and analysis conditions, the linearity, accuracy and precision tests were carried out. The results showed that the linear regression coefficient R² of the standard curves established for the above four elements was greater than 0.99, and the detection limits (LOD) were 0.411, 0.404, 0.408, 0.387 mg/kg, respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of the measurement was within 0.5 %. The measured values of the quality control samples are within the standard value range of the certificate. The study indicates that the method established in the experiment is simple, fast, reliable, and accurate, and is suitable for the detection of heavy metals in feed and feed raw materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents progress made toward the overarching goal to adapt single-photon-counting microcalorimeters to magnetic fusion energy research and demonstrate the value of such measurements for fusion. Microcalorimeter spectrometers combine the best characteristics of x-ray instrumentation currently available on fusion devices: high spectral resolution similar to an x-ray crystal spectrometer and broad spectral coverage sufficient to measure impurity species from Be to W. As a proof-of-principle experiment, a NASA-built x-ray microcalorimeter spectrometer has been installed on the Madison Symmetric Torus (MST) at the Wisconsin Plasma Physics Laboratory. For fusion applications, microcalorimeters will provide multi-species impurity ion data and will also contribute to the measurements of impurity ion temperature and flow velocity, Zeff, and electron density. Here, improvements to the microcalorimeter setup at MST and spectra acquired with the upgraded system are presented. Four motor-controlled wheels, loaded with x-ray fluorescence targets for continuous gain-drift tracking and broad energy-scale calibration, filters, and apertures, were added to the diagnostic's beamline. A stronger 55Fe source was added as an additional x-ray source for calibration. The 55Fe source, targets, filters, and apertures can be moved into and out of the optical path. Several configurations are now accessible for shot-to-shot adjustments to the count rate and waveband, enabling the measurement of x-ray photons emitted by a variety of impurity ions in the majority deuterium plasma, including aluminum, carbon, and argon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep coal seams in China have the characteristics of low permeability, low porosity, and poor gas permeability, which makes the extraction of coalbed methane very difficult. To study the modification effect of acidic solutions on coal pore structure and mineral components, this study used three different concentrations (5%, 10%, and 15%) of organic acids (HCOOH and CH3COOH) to treat coal. Through industrial/elemental analysis, low-temperature nitrogen adsorption experiments, and x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy detection experiments, the pore size distribution, mineral elements, and oxides of the acidified coal were analyzed. The strength of the acid solution's modification effect on coal was analyzed, as well as the relationship between different mineral elements and changes in pore structure. The results show that the two acids have a pore expanding effect on coal, with an increase in average pore size; the pore size distribution is between 2 and 50 nm, belonging to mesopores; acetic acid has a stronger overall dissolution efficiency on inorganic minerals, while formic acid has a better effect on the removal of Ca and P elements, but none of them can effectively remove silicoaluminates; the content of Ca element in coal is positively correlated with the specific surface area provided by mesopores; and iron dolomite is not sensitive to the reaction with acetic acid, resulting in an opposite trend in Fe content and mesoporous specific surface area. Organic acid solution changes the pore and fracture distribution structure of coal through chemical dissolution by dissolving the mineral components inside the coal, thereby affecting its internal structural characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on elemental distribution in plants is crucial for understanding nutrient uptake, environmental adaptation and optimizing agricultural practices for sustainable food production. Plant trichomes, with their self-contained structures and easy accessibility, offer a robust model system for investigating elemental repartitioning. Transport proteins, such as the four functional cation exchangers (CAXs) in Arabidopsis , are low-affinity, high-capacity transporters primarily located on the vacuole. Mutants in these transporters have been partially characterized, one of the phenotypes of the CAX1 mutant being altered with tolerance to low-oxygen conditions. A simple visual screen demonstrated trichome density and morphology in cax1 , and quadruple CAX (cax1-4 : qKO) mutants remained unaltered. Here, we used synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (SXRF) to show that trichomes in CAX-deficient lines accumulated high levels of chlorine, potassium, calcium and manganese. Proteomic analysis on isolated Arabidopsis trichomes showed changes in protein abundance in response to changes in element accumulation. The CAX mutants showed an increased abundance of plasma membrane ATPase and vacuolar H-pumping proteins, and proteins associated with water movement and endocytosis, while also showing changes in proteins associated with the regulation of plasmodesmata. These findings advance our understanding of the integration of CAX transport with elemental homeostasis within trichomes and shed light on how plants modulate protein abundance under conditions of altered elemental levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses a sample of pegmatite (LS-1) from the Longquanping deposit in Lushi County, Henan Province, to evaluate its potential as a valuable source of HPQ. This investigation uses various analytical techniques to assess the quality of quartz and its suitability for industrial applications. The methods used in this study include optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to analyze the petrographic, mineralogical, and trace element characteristics of quartz before and after purification and comprehensively evaluate the potential of quartz in these rocks as an HPQ raw material ore. The optical and scanning electron microscopic observations reveal several impurities and associated minerals in quartz, including feldspar, biotite, magnetite, sphene, and large number of fluid inclusions composed of both gas and liquid phases. The content of trace element in raw quartz ore in the LS-1 sample as determined by LA-ICP-MS analysis ranges from 41.61 to 256.13 ppm, with the main impurity elements being Al, Ti, Li, Na, K, and Ca. After purification, the SiO2 contents and total trace elements contents of the LS-1 refined quartz sand was 99.997 wt.% and 29.29 ppm, respectively, with Al (13.29 ppm), Ti (4.20 ppm), Li (1.15 ppm), and Na (10.32 ppm). The major trace element contents of Al and Ti in the quartz concentrates were lower than the upper limit of the HPQ standard and thus belonged to the high-end products (4N8). Results of this study show that quartz from a pegmatite in the Lushi region has the potential to be purified HPQ. This study underscores the importance of thorough mineralogical and elemental analyses in assessing the suitability of quartz raw material deposits for HPQ production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solvent extraction of metals from Ti ore was investigated with a view of enhancing extraction yields by changing the concentration of the ligands, the rate of mixing, the pH, and the temperature of the solution. Norwegian Ti ore was leached with 5M HNO3 alongside 10% ascorbic acid to obtain a pregnant solution containing transition metals and some rare earth elements (REEs). Part Two of the study will address the recovery of the REEs in the ore. The elemental analysis of solid and aqueous samples was done by two models of total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometers (S2 PICOFOX, Bruker Corporation, Berlin, Germany; and T-STAR, Bruker Corporation, Berlin, Germany). The same analysis was repeated using an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (Perkin Elmer Sciex ELAN DRC II, Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA). The extraction process and parameters were examined by ICP-MS. The extraction efficiencies were studied under different conditions through the use of various concentrations of ligands at different pHs, temperatures, and mixing rates of the solution. At pH 1.0, 22.5 °C, and a mixing rate of 1400 rpm, the selectivity of 150 g/L trioctyl methyl ammonium chloride (Aliquat 336) was 99% Ti4+, 94% V4⁺, and 82% Hf4+, while 99% of Co2⁺ was recovered at pH 0.8. The extraction efficiency of triethyl phosphate (10% TEP) was 58% Cu2⁺, 68% Mn2⁺, and 63% V4⁺ at 55 °C, 1400 rpm, and without a pH change. Tributyl phosphate (10% TBP) was able to retrieve 87% Cu2⁺ and 78% Zn2⁺ at pH 1.3, 1400 rpm, and 22.5 °C, and 80% Ti4+ at pH 1.2. A 10% solution of 2,4,6-tris (allyloxy)-1,3,5-triazine (TAOT) demonstrated 61% Mn2⁺ and 56% Hf4+ extraction at pH 1.3, 22.5 °C, and 1400 rpm. Under the same conditions, 10% methyl salicylate (MS) was able to recover 56% Hf4+ at pH 1.3. Using 1400 rpm, di (2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (10% D2EHPA) was found to selectively extract 87% Hf4+ at 22.5 °C without a pH change, and around 99% Co2⁺, Ti4+, and Fe2⁺ at pH 1.3. This study provides valuable insights into optimizing solvent extraction conditions for transition metals' recovery and serves as a precursor to future research on the extraction of REEs from Ti ores. This process is relevant from the environmental and economic perspectives since it provides the best approach to recycling metals to reduce the rate of raw ore mining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spherical graphite (SG) is a crucial raw material for the preparation of lithium-ion battery anodes. The rapid advancement of Li-ion battery materials has imposed rigorous demands on the production of ultrapure SG materials. However, SG derived from natural flake graphite (FG) via spheronization often fails to meet these quality requirements. This study investigates the physical and chemical properties of SG and the natural FG used in its production, employing techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis, and various microscopy techniques. Results reveal that FG purified via flotation retains significant impurities, and the spheronization process yields only marginal improvements in SG quality. Most impurities are distributed in the intercalation of the graphite flakes, while a smaller fraction is contributed by flotation entrainment. These distributions were visualized using FIB-SEM-EDS analysis and quantified through additional flotation tests in highly dilute solutions. This study offers a promising strategy for determining the distribution of impurities in graphite minerals and explains the limitations of flotation in upgrading graphite materials from a more microscopic perspective. Furthermore, it provides practical guidance for further SG purification using hydrometallurgical leaching techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geochemical mapping of river sands in the Manufahi area of Timor-Leste revealed potential areas for future mineral exploration. River sand samples from the study area were collected and geochemically analyzed to identify anomalous concentration distributions of several valuable elements and locate potential target areas and geological formations that may host mineral deposits. The 26 major and minor elements were identified using wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence. The river sands exhibited varying elemental concentrations, with Cr, Cu, Zn, and Ba showing deviations from the normal distribution patterns. Identification of geochemical anomalies is an important task in mineral exploration geochemistry. The mean+2 standard deviations (mean+2STD), median+2 median absolute deviations (median+2MAD), and Tukey's inner fence (TIF) methods were used to determine the geochemical thresholds. This study shows that TIF and principal component analysis (PCA) methods are highly effective in calculating appropriate threshold values and identifying relevant elemental associations. These approaches have proven useful for delineating target areas for mineral deposits, resulting in reliable outcomes. Four predicted target areas with high potential for deposits and mineralization anomalies of Cr, Cu, Ni, and Ba were delineated in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocomposites containingTiO2 and activated carbon were obtained by the sol-gel method in the presence of Brij 58 surfactant. The sample with a higher surface area (185.6 m2/g) was promoted with Fe by impregnating it with aqueous solution of Fe(NO3)3. The obtained iron loadings, measured using X-ray fluorescence, were 0.83%, 3.30% and 7.17%. TiO2 anatase was identified in all the samples by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy, but the presence of iron oxides could not be detected. However, infrared spectroscopy indicated the existence of Fe-O and Fe-O-Ti bonds. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed the presence of Fe2+ for samples with a lower Fe content and a mixture of Fe2+ and Fe3+ in the sample with 7.17% Fe. UV-Vis and photoluminescence spectroscopy showed the presence of carbon and Fe alongside TiO2. This combination led to new properties due to the generation of intermediate energy levels and defects, contributing to an enhancement in the photocatalytic performance. The highest photodegradation efficiency of Congo red in solution (84.46%) was obtained for the sample with 7.17% Fe under visible light irradiation and acidic conditions. The synergistic contribution of dye adsorption and photodegradation was demonstrated, taking into account ZPC values of nanocomposites. Kinetic studies were completed with reaction mechanisms based on the results obtained in the presence of scavengers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global awareness of the harmful effects of heavy metal contamination in soil has increased significantly. Understanding the vertical distribution of oxides and elements is vital for tracing the history of potential contamination. Thus, this study focuses on deep sediment cores primarily composed of quartz and clay minerals from a small village in the western Tamnava Basin of Serbia. The aim was to assess the vertical distribution of 11 oxides and 21 elements and the ecological risks of eight heavy metals by analyzing 250 sediment samples from 18 boreholes at depths ranging from 5 to 58.5 m. Deep sediment core samples were analyzed using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (ED-XRF). Potential contamination levels were evaluated within the study area. Additionally, samples were analyzed for total carbonate and organic carbon contents and particles retained on a 0.063 mm sieve. Higher than permitted concentrations of vanadium (V), thallium (Tl), and barium (Ba) were found. Notably, this zone is located above a proposed lithium and boron mine in Gornje Nedeljice, making it crucial for monitoring efforts. Even if mining operations do not commence, examining the deep sediment layers in this rural area remains important. This study offers novel and valuable data on the concentrations of potentially toxic elements in undisturbed deep sediment, serving as a benchmark for future comparisons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of archaeometric research on the white and red materials used to decorate some ceramic vessels belonging to the Boian culture, the Vidra and Spanţov phases from the 5th millennium BC, discovered at Hârşova-Tell, on the right bank of the Danube, Romania. Digital microscopy, wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to identify the morphology, the crystalline phases, chemical formula, and percentage content of each crystalline phase in the white decoration materials and what type of pigment was used to prepare the red paint. The results obtained reveal that the white decorating material in the pottery is mostly made of calcite. It was added after the pottery was fired. Sometimes, powders from burnt bones were also used. The red pigment is hematite. The work contributes to the completion of a puzzle related to the artistic vision of the members of the Boian communities in decorating ceramics with culture-specific motifs, preserving the pattern, and adapting to the local natural resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Choirbooks are historical heritage manuscripts used for the performance of vocal music in religious ceremonies in colonial times. This study aimed to understand the characteristics of choirbook manuscripts produced in the Real Audiencia de Quito during the 17th century. The methodology combined non-invasive techniques, such as infrared false-color imaging (IRFC) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF), together with spot analysis by scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR). The analytical results revealed the use of pumice, chalk and lime carbonate as support materials in the manufacturing process and surface treatment of the parchment. In the illuminations, three pictorial techniques based on protein, polysaccharide and lipid binders were recognized, establishing that the pigments used with greater regularity in the illuminations were vermilion, minium, verdigris, orpiment, azurite, and indigo, preferably in a pure state. Materials used less regularly were also identified, such as yellow ochre, saffron, smalt, red ochre, and bone black, among others. Regarding the vulnerability of the pictorial materials, it was determined that, although most of the pigments exhibit chemical stability, they present some vulnerabilities associated with their intrinsic composition and the medium that contains them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geogenic chromium (Cr) and vanadium (V) contamination of groundwater in the Piedmont region of North Carolina poses threats to public health. These contaminants are naturally derived from saprolite and aquifer materials, but geochemical variability in these materials makes it difficult to predict specific risks of Cr and V in well water. The objectives of this study were to (1) determine host phases of Cr and V in representative subsurface materials; (2) characterize contaminant binding parameters of chemically variable saprolites; and (3) examine the influence of saprolite chemistry on contaminant sorption, speciation, and phase associations. Isotherm experiments revealed that saprolite samples sorbed roughly an order of magnitude more V than Cr. Chemical extractions and synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence showed that substantial Cr and V were bound with metal oxide/oxyhydroxides in native and Cr-and V-sorbed saprolites; however, electrostatically bound fractions were also present, representing potentially important sources of groundwater contamination. X-ray absorption-near-edge-structure spectroscopy indicated that sorbed Cr was found as reduced Cr(III), whereas sorbed V was dominated by the oxidized V(V) and intermediate V(IV) species. Results from this study could be used to help parameterize mechanistic models and improve prediction of the Cr and V contamination potential of shallow aquifers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ceramic and vitreous materials can be functionalized to exhibit biocidal activity. This research evaluates the biocidal properties of silver-modified vitreous microspheres designed to be included in water endpoints and siphons to prevent nosocomial diseases produced in hospital environments. The microspheres obtained from a coating and heat treatment process at 650 °C have been chemically and microstructurally characterized using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES), Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (WD-XRF), Scanning Electron Microscopy (FEG-SEM) and Energy-dispersive X-ray Microanalysis (EDS) to determine how silver particles are distributed in the glassy matrix and to relate their bactericidal capacity by means of leaching tests. Microbiological tests have been performed against microorganisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Candida auris. The results revealed that these silver-coated microspheres had significant bactericidal activity, with a significant reduction in the population of E. coli, C. auris, and P. aeruginosa, with no cytotoxic effect of these microspheres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research addresses the significant challenges of waste disposal and the need for sustainable production in the ceramics industry by introducing an approach to fabricating calcium-alumino-silicate-fluoride (CASF) based glass ceramics. Using recyclable materials such as waste soda-lime-silicate (SLS) glass and clam shells (CS) as primary precursors, a controlled melt-quenching process was employed to investigate how varying the CaO/CaF2 ratios influences the physical and structural properties of CASF glass ceramics. The waste materials and CASF glass ceramics were analyzed using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. XRD indicated the crystalline structure in all CASF glass ceramics samples while FTIR spectroscopy detected several linkages, including PO43−, Si-OH, Si-O-Si, CO2, and O-H indicating the development of CASF glass ceramics. SEM analysis showed a non-uniform distribution of particles and EDX analysis, shows the calcium-to-phosphate molar ratio (Ca/P) of CASF glass ceramics. The glass ceramics labeled as G6 possessed better properties, with a minor crystalline phase identified as fluorapatite (Ca5(PO4)3F), which is compatible with the commercial bioglass. These results demonstrate a cost-effective waste-derived bioglass system used in biomedical fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge of the chemical composition of particulate matter (PM) is essential for understanding its source distribution, identifying potential health impacts of toxic elements, and developing efficient air pollution abatement strategies. Traditional methods for analysing PM composition, such as collection on filter substrates and subsequent offline analysis with, for example, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), are time-consuming and prone to measurement errors due to multiple preparation steps. Emerging near-real-time techniques based on non-destructive energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) offer advantages for continuous monitoring and source apportionment. This study characterizes the Horiba PX-375 EDXRF monitor by applying a straightforward performance evaluation including (a) limit of detection (LoD), (b) identification and quantification of uncertainty sources, and (c) investigation and comparison of measurement results from three contrasting sites in Luxembourg (urban, semi-urban, rural). We used multi-element reference materials (ME-RMs) from UC Davis for calibration and performed measurements during spring and summer 2023. The LoDs for toxic elements like Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb were below 3 ng m−3 at 1 h time resolution. Higher LoDs were observed for lighter elements (e.g. Al, Si, S, K, Ca). Expanded uncertainties ranged between 5 % and 25 % for elemental concentrations above 20 ng m−3 and were maximal for concentrations below 10 ng m−3, reaching 60 %–85 %. Elemental analysis revealed S and mineral elements (Fe, Si, Ca, Al) as dominant contributors to PM10. Although the PM mass contribution of toxic trace elements (e.g. Zn, Cu, As) was generally very low, they were found to be enriched at the urban site Belvaux and the semi-urban site Remich compared to the more rural site Vianden. Our results explained on average 51 %–74 % of the gravimetric PM10 mass at the three sites. The study highlights the suitability and importance of the continuous PX-375 particle monitor for future air quality monitoring and source apportionment studies, particularly under changing emission scenarios and air pollution abatement strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the investigation of a chrisov written on parchment, issued by Ștefan Lupu, the prince (voivode) of Moldavia (1659-1661), in 1660, from the collection of the National Museum of History of Romania (MNIR), in Bucharest. By using an analytical protocol based on corroboration of macroscopic and microscopic observations with the attenuated total reflection infrared spectrometry (ATR-FTIR) and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), information concerning parchment, inks and pigments were obtained. The Ștefan Lupu’ chrisov is written on high quality goat parchment, matte, smooth, velvety, and it presents only a few manufacturing defects. ATRFTIR analysis revealed a well-preserved structure of the collagen molecules, with a low level of hydrolytic decay. According to the XRF results, ferogallic and golden inks were used to write the Chrisov text whereas the ornaments were painted with vermilion pigment (for red color), verdigris pigment (for green color), Co-based pigment (for blue color) and fine gold powder. Both inks and pigments show a very good state of conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to clarify the effect of metal elements in the coloring liquids used in the infiltration method on the physical properties of zirconia. Two types of zirconia discs 5Y-PSZ (SHOFU Disc ZR Lucent FA, SHOFU, Kyoto, Japan) were used: with monolayer shades from W2 to W3 (Pearl White) and 5Y-PSZ with multilayer shades from A3 to A4 (L). Five kinds of coloring liquid were used to infiltrate into semi-sintered Pearl White (T-glass [CT], A4 [CA], White-Opaque [CW], Gingiva 1 [CG], and Blue X [CB]). In addition, uncolored Pearl White set to as the control (C). These specimens were analyzed using a three-point bending test (3PBT), and the fracture surface after the test was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, elemental analysis, and crystal structure analysis. In addition, from the polished surface part of the after the 3PBT specimens, the elemental composition was analyzed using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). The flexural strength of CB and CG were lower than that of C (p < 0.05). XRF results showed that the Erbium (Er) content of CG was significantly greater than that of C (p < 0.05). CB exhibited a significantly higher Yttrium (Y) content compared with C (p < 0.05), and numerous pores were observed in the micrographs of the fracture surface of CG and CB. In zirconia, where the content of Y and Er was significantly increased by infiltration with a coloring liquid, pores were observed between the zirconia crystals, and the mechanical strength decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]