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Swarm robots are composed of a certain number of physical robots. Through interaction and cooperation, individuals in this kind of system can sprout robust, scalable and flexible swarm intelligence behavior. Behavior modeling of swarm robots is one of the basic methods for scientific analysis of such systems, and it is also an important basis for its capability evaluation. The research and analysis of behavior model of swarm robots is helpful to understand its behavior mechanism. Firstly, this paper summarizes the main characteristics of swarm robots, and lists and summarizes several typical spatial cooperation behaviors of swarm robots. On this basis, the spatial cooperation behavior of swarm robots is classified, and the modeling methods of spatial cooperation behavior of cluster robots are summarized and expounded, including graph theory, bionic model, dynamic model and learning model. Various modeling methods are analyzed and compared from the multi-dimensional aspects of method overview, application examples and applicable scenes. Finally, the problems of spatial cooperative behavior modeling of swarm robots to be further studied are put forward, and possible research directions in the future are prospected, so as to better support the evaluation and optimization design of swarm robots. The purpose of this paper is to enable relevant researchers to comprehensively and systematically understand the spatial cooperative behavior modeling method of swarm robots.

Xuanwei ham is a traditional fermented meat product in China with a unique production process and excellent-quality reputation at home and abroad. To reveal the microbial community succession of Xuanwei ham at different post-ripening times (W1-4) and its relationship with flavour formation, the microbial community, free amino acids, and volatile flavour compounds (VOCs) were analysed by high-throughput sequencing, liquid chromatography (LC), and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. A total of 25 free amino acids were detected, among which W3 contained the fewest, and most were generally lower than in hams in the other three years. Fifty-nine VOCs were detected, among which 17 were esters, and the highest ester content was found in W4. Analysis of the bacterial community composition revealed that the bacterial community composition of ham samples from W3 and other years differed greatly, and at the gate level, the dominant bacterial group of Xuanwei ham from different years was Pseudomonadota. At the genus level, the most abundant genera in W1, W2, and W4 were all dominated by Sarocladium, Klebsiella, and Vibrio, with Klebsiella being the most abundant in W1. The most abundant genus in W3 was Vibrio, and the second most dominant genera were Sarocladium and Gammaretrovirus. In short, this study provides a theoretical basis for the storage, quality, and improvement of Xuanwei ham. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants communicate underground by secreting multiple amino acids (AAs) through their roots, triggering defense mechanisms against cadmium (Cd) stress. However, the specific roles of the individual AAs in Cd translocation and detoxification remain unclear. This study investigated how exogenous AAs influence Cd movement from the roots to the shoots in Cd-resistant and Cd-sensitive Chinese cabbage cultivars (Jingcui 60 and 16-7 cultivars). The results showed that methionine (Met) and cysteine (Cys) reduced Cd concentrations in the shoots of Jingcui 60 by approximately 44% and 52%, and in 16-7 by approximately 43% and 32%, respectively, compared to plants treated with Cd alone. However, threonine (Thr) and aspartic acid (Asp) did not show similar effects. Subcellular Cd distribution analysis revealed that AA supplementation increased Cd uptake in the roots, with Jingcui 60 preferentially storing more Cd in the cell wall, whereas the 16-7 cultivar exhibited higher Cd concentrations in the organelles. Moreover, Met and Cys promoted the formation of Cd-phosphate in the roots of Jingcui 60 and Cd-oxalate in the 16-7 cultivar, respectively. Further analysis showed that exogenous Cys inhibited Cd transport to the xylem by downregulating the expression of HMA2 in the roots of both cultivars, and HMA4 in the 16-7 cultivar. These findings provide insights into the influence of exogenous AAs on Cd partitioning and detoxification in Chinese cabbage plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dual-defected pine-needle W18O49–TiO2(A)–TiO2(R) heterojunction photocatalyst was designed and successfully constructed for the first time through facile hydrothermal and solvothermal methods, and its photocatalytic activity for naphthalene elimination under visible light was investigated. An increase in the content of rutile TiO2 resulted in dual defect formation together with Ti3+ and oxygen vacancy generation was obtained when sea urchin-like W18O49 nanospines were epitaxially grown on the surface of TNWs sample. Compared to the naphthalene degradation ratio of TNWs (37.3%) and W18O49 (53.1%), the WTNWs-2 sample with the best light scattering effect and a longer average lifetime τave of 7.59 ns can offer complete naphthalene degradation owing to the synergistic effects between ternary heterojunction and defect engineering. Combined with the LSPR effect of W18O49, a dual S-scheme mechanism was followed when ˙O2− and h+ were the main active substances. Through this study, an effective strategy is provided to eliminate the impact of naphthalene on the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additive manufacturing technology (AM) is a new type of manufacturing technology based on the discrete-stacking principle and processing component with computer model data. Selective laser melting (SLM) is an important technology in the field of additive manufacturing. With its integrated manufacturing characteristics and significant advantages in the field of complex structural parts manufacturing, it has become a key development technology and frontier direction in the field of aerospace manufacturing. This article reviews the material system and application fields of SLM technology, and mainly analyzes the latest process research of SLM technology and typical applications in the aerospace field. It focuses on the research progress and results of SLM iron-based alloys, nickel-based alloys, titanium alloys and aluminum alloys. While SLM technology is widely used in various fields, there are also many problems and shortcomings, such as many internal defects of forming materials, cracks and deformations of high-performance materials, lack of standard systems, and low compatibility of powder materials. Constraints require further in-depth work in these areas.

High-quality training of future musicians requires systematic improvement of teaching approaches. Hence, the primary goal of this research was to determine the effectiveness of a piano training programme introducing new features and possibilities in the framework of distance learning. With this aim in view, the learning process presupposed the use of the Xiaoyezi AI Piano Tutor online platform for information and knowledge sharing, engagement in daily practice sessions under the Leimer-Gieseking method and development of technical skills through application technique. The findings suggested that strong knowledge is observed among 56% of students after the first semester and among 82% of students upon completion of the second semester. Student's t-test showed that sufficient (1.03) and poor (1.08) knowledge indicators in the two semesters have almost the same values, because the tabulated number of degrees of freedom (2.571) is higher than the calculated value. The survey revealed that 35% of students improved their cognitive skills; the programme helped 11% of students learn to play other musical instruments. The SWOT analysis determined that the strengths of the online learning process within the developed programme outweigh its weaknesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the synthesis of key intermediates for the production of fluoroquinolones, a group of antibiotics. The article compares two existing synthetic routes for these intermediates and highlights their limitations. The authors then propose a new synthetic route that utilizes a cheaper starting material and achieves a higher overall yield. The new route is described in detail, including the experimental procedures and results. The authors acknowledge the financial support they received for this research. [Extracted from the article]