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With the increasing number of COVID-19 cases and related deaths worldwide, we decided to share the development of this condition in Singapore and Malaysia. First few cases were diagnosed in the two countries at the end of January 2020, and the numbers have surged to thousands by end of March 2020. We will focus on strategies adopted by the government and also the Orthopaedic community of the two countries up till the beginning of April 2020. We hope that by sharing of relevant information and knowledge on how we are managing the COVID-19 condition, we can help other communities, and health care workers to more effectively overcome this pandemic.

Objectives Human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cancers disproportionately affect those infected with HIV despite effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). The primary aim of this study was to quantify HPV16 and HPV52 E6-specific interferon (IFN)-γ enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) T-cell responses, a correlate of protective immunity, in the first year following cART initiation and subsequently in those patients with suboptimal (sIR) and optimal (oIR) immune reconstitution. Methods Ninety-four HIV-infected patients were recruited to the study; a longitudinal cohort of patients recruited just prior to commencing cART and followed up for 48 weeks (n = 27), and a crosssectional cohort (n = 67) consisting of patients with sIR (CD4 T-cell count < 350 cells/µL) and oIR (CD4 T-cell count > 500 cells/µL) after a minimum of 2 years on cART. Controls (n = 29) consisted of HIV-negative individuals. IFN-γ ELISPOT responses against HPV16 and HPV52 E6 were correlated to clinical characteristics, anal and oral HPV carriage, T-cell maturational subsets, markers of activation, senescence and T-regulatory cells. Results HPV16 and HPV52 E6-specific T-cell responses were detected in only one of 27 patients (3.7%) during the initial phase of immune recovery. After at least 2 years of cART, those who achieved oIR had significantly higher E6-specific responses (9 of 34; 26.5%) compared with those with sIR (2 of 32; 6.3%) (P = 0.029). Apart from higher CD4 T-cell counts and lower CD4 T-cell activation, no other immunological correlates were associated with the detection of HPV16 and HPV52 E6-specific responses. Conclusions HPV16 and HPV52 E6-specific IFN-γ T-cell responses, a correlate of protective immunity, were detected more frequently among HIV-infected patients who achieved optimal immune recovery on cART (26.5%) compared with those with suboptimal recovery (6.3%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global supply of human papillomavirus (HPV) prophylactic vaccines has been constrained since 2020.Vaccine manufacturers have increased capacity and new HPV vaccines are now available. Vaccine supply is now able to meet the full HPV vaccine demand which has been achieved earlier than predicted., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors [AK, KC, JB, MS, NW, KS, SF] declare that they have no conflict of interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. SMG, ABM and AG are consultants to Merck & CO, Inc. as a member of several Advisory Boards: SMG and AG through their institution receives funds from Merck & CO, Inc. to conduct research. YLW is a principal investigator for an investigator-initiated study funded by Merck. NB has received a research grant through her institution from Serum Institute of India Ltd. for the trial of the Indian quadrivalent vaccine., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Cervical cancer remains a disease burden in Asia. The Asia and Oceania Federation of Obstetrics and Gynecology envisages a need to produce a set of recommendations on the implementation of human papilloma virus vaccination program for both lower-middle-income countries (LMICs) and high-income countries (HICs), with an attempt to harmonize the practices yet allow flexibility to cater for different cultures, religions, needs and background of individual countries/cities. International guidelines and literature were sought, and recommendations were made in seven selected areas, including (i) the target groups for vaccination, (ii) the doses of vaccination including the use of single-dose vaccination, (iii) the types of vaccines, (iv) suggestions for special populations including those with previous HPV infection, human immunodeficiency virus carriers, and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, questioning/queer group, (v) inter-changeability and the need of revaccination/booster, (vi) novel technologies and vaccines, and (vii) public education., (© 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology.)

Purpose of Review: Cervical cancer can be eliminated as a public health problem through a three-pillar approach including high coverage of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination and HPV-based cervical screening, and treatment of precancers and invasive cancers. However, access inequities prevent many women and people with a cervix benefitting from these life-saving advances. This review focuses on evidence-based interventions that can improve equity and scale-up of cervical screening., Recent Findings: The transition from conventional cytology to HPV screening provides multiple opportunities to address equity and a multipronged approach can be used to identify priority groups, understand barriers and develop tailored solutions. There are proven financing mechanisms, tools, technologies and screening delivery methods to overcome screening barriers in different settings. This includes self-sampling interventions, point-of-care testing, health service integration, consumer-led co-design processes and digital screening registries., Summary: To achieve cervical cancer elimination globally, cervical screening must be delivered in an inclusive, culturally safe and context-appropriate manner. There are multiple tools and strategies that can be implemented to improve participation of never- and under-screened groups, and to enhance equity in cervical screening., (Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare the clinical, radiological and functional outcomes between cannulated compression screw with cable construct (CS) and tension band wiring (TBW) in transverse patella fractures., Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on patients surgically treated for AO/OTA 34C1 or 34C2 transverse patella fractures with CS or TBW technique between January 2019 and January 2023. Clinical outcomes included complications related to the implant, wound and fracture at 6 months and 1 year, time to achieving full weight bearing status and early perioperative clinical outcomes. Radiological outcomes included the time to fracture heals and delayed union. Functional outcome measures using the Oxford Knee Scale, 36-short form questionnaire and the Bartlett Anterior Knee Score were assessed., Results: 73 patients were treated with CS (n = 33) or TBW (n = 40). TBW had higher complication rates: 25.0% (n = 10) required implant removal, 12.5% (n = 5) had wire breakage, 12.5% (n = 5) experienced fracture displacement while 52.5% (n = 21) experienced implant migration. In contrast, no CS patients had implant removals, wire breakage or fracture displacement and 3.0% (n = 1) experienced implant migration. At 1 day post-operatively, 87.9% (n = 29) CS group patients were able to ambulate as compared to the 55.0% (n = 22) of TBW patients. Furthermore, CS patients ambulated further distances at 11.8 ± 10.6 m than the TBW group (6.4 ± 7.4 m). The CS group (25.9 ± 24.6 days) also achieved full weight bearing status faster than the TBW group (43.6 ± 39.4 days). The time taken for the fracture to heal and functional outcomes were comparable among the two groups., Conclusions: The CS technique demonstrated lower complications, in particular, no CS patient had implant removals, wire migration or fracture displacement. Additionally, CS technique showed a faster return to ambulation and time to achieving full weight bearing status., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Objective: To compare insertion failure rates for Pipelle endometrial sampling with a full bladder compared with the standard process (not taking into account bladder status) without cervical manipulation., Methods: A single-masked randomized trial was conducted in a single tertiary care center from July 2021 to January 2022. Two hundred fourteen participants aged 18 years or older who were scheduled for outpatient Pipelle endometrial sampling were randomized: 107 each to having a full bladder (by oral water intake) or standard process (without delayed sampling and bladder status not taken into account). Women with known cervical stenosis, gynecologic malignancy, uterine anomalies, leiomyoma distorting the uterine cavity, acute cervicitis, urge bladder dysfunction, intense anxiety, need for anesthesia or analgesic before the procedure, positive pregnancy test, or previous failed office endometrial sampling were excluded. The primary outcome was the insertion failure rate of endometrial sampling at first attempt. Secondary outcomes were pain during procedure, satisfaction score, analgesia use, procedure duration, and need for cervical manipulation. Factoring in a baseline insertion failure rate of 30.0%, relative risk of 0.45, α of 0.05, 80.0% power, and a dropout rate of 10.0%, we needed 107 participants in each arm., Results: The insertion failure rate was significantly lower in the full bladder group compared with standard process: 25 of 107 (23.4%) compared with 45 of 107 (42.1%) (relative risk 0.56, 95% CI, 0.37-0.84; number needed to treat to benefit 6.0, 95% CI, 3.20-15.70). Pain score (median) during the procedure (interquartile range) was 4 (3-6) compared with 5 (3-8) ( P =.004); patient satisfaction score was 8 (7-9) compared with 7 (4-8) ( P <.001); and mean±SD procedure duration was 3.0±2.4 compared with 4.7±2.9 minutes ( P <.001) for the full bladder and standard process arm, respectively. Other secondary outcomes of cervical laceration, analgesia use, and adequacy of endometrial tissue for histopathologic assessment were not significantly different between groups., Conclusion: Pipelle endometrial sampling with a full bladder reduces the initial insertion failure rate, procedure-related pain, and duration of sampling and increases patient satisfaction compared with the standard process., Clinical Trial Registration: ISRCTN, ISRCTN33938192., Competing Interests: Financial Disclosure The authors did not report any potential conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

To identify credible causal risk variants (CCVs) associated with different histotypes of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), we performed genome-wide association analysis for 470,825 genotyped and 10,163,797 imputed SNPs in 25,981 EOC cases and 105,724 controls of European origin. We identified five histotype-specific EOC risk regions (p value <5 × 10 -8 ) and confirmed previously reported associations for 27 risk regions. Conditional analyses identified an additional 11 signals independent of the primary signal at six risk regions (p value <10 -5 ). Fine mapping identified 4,008 CCVs in these regions, of which 1,452 CCVs were located in ovarian cancer-related chromatin marks with significant enrichment in active enhancers, active promoters, and active regions for CCVs from each EOC histotype. Transcriptome-wide association and colocalization analyses across histotypes using tissue-specific and cross-tissue datasets identified 86 candidate susceptibility genes in known EOC risk regions and 32 genes in 23 additional genomic regions that may represent novel EOC risk loci (false discovery rate <0.05). Finally, by integrating genome-wide HiChIP interactome analysis with transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS), variant effect predictor, transcription factor ChIP-seq, and motifbreakR data, we identified candidate gene-CCV interactions at each locus. This included risk loci where TWAS identified one or more candidate susceptibility genes (e.g., HOXD-AS2, HOXD8, and HOXD3 at 2q31) and other loci where no candidate gene was identified (e.g., MYC and PVT1 at 8q24) by TWAS. In summary, this study describes a functional framework and provides a greater understanding of the biological significance of risk alleles and candidate gene targets at EOC susceptibility loci identified by a genome-wide association study., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 American Society of Human Genetics. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Ovarian cancer is a challenging disease to diagnose and treat effectively with five-year survival rates below 50%. Previous patient experience research in high-income countries highlighted common challenges and opportunities to improve survival and quality of life for women affected by ovarian cancer. However, no comparable data exist for low-and middle-income countries, where 70% of women with the disease live. This study aims to address this evidence gap., Methods: This is an observational multi-country study set in low- and middle-income countries. We aim to recruit over 2000 women diagnosed with ovarian cancer across multiple hospitals in 24 countries in Asia, Africa and South America. Country sample sizes have been calculated (n = 70-96 participants /country), taking account of varying national five-year disease prevalence rates. Women within five years of their diagnosis, who are in contact with participating hospitals, are invited to take part in the study. A questionnaire has been adapted from a tool previously used in high-income countries. It comprises 57 multiple choice and two open-ended questions designed to collect information on demographics, women's knowledge of ovarian cancer, route to diagnosis, access to treatments, surgery and genetic testing, support needs, the impact of the disease on women and their families, and their priorities for action. The questionnaire has been designed in English, translated into local languages and tested according to local ethics requirements. Questionnaires will be administered by a trained member of the clinical team., Conclusion: This study will inform further research, advocacy, and action in low- and middle-income countries based on tailored approaches to the national, regional and global challenges and opportunities. In addition, participating countries can choose to repeat the study to track progress and the protocol can be adapted for other countries and other diseases., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Reid et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Low vaginal self-sampling has been pioneered as an important development to improve uptake of cervical screening globally. Limited research is available in specific patient groups in the UK exploring views around self-sampling to detect high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) DNA. Therefore, we explored patient views to support development of a novel point-of-care self-sampling cervical cancer screening device, by undertaking a cross-sectional semi-structured questionnaire survey to explore preferences, acceptability, barriers and facilitators around self-sampling. Patients attending a colposcopy clinic, 25-64 years old, were invited to participate after having carried out a low vaginal self-sample using a regular flocked swab. Participants self-completed an anonymous 12-point questionnaire. Quantitative data were analysed in MS Excel and Graphpad Prism, and qualitative data with Nvivo. We recruited 274 patients with a questionnaire response rate of 76%. Acceptability of self-sampling was high (95%, n = 187/197; Cronbachs-α = 0.778). Participants were asked their choice of future screening method: a) low vaginal self-sampling, b) healthcare professional collected vaginal swab, c) cervical brush sample with healthcare professional speculum examination, or d) no preference. Preferences were: a) 37% (n = 74/198), b) 19% (n = 37/198); c) 9% (n = 17/198), and d) 35% (n = 70/198), showing no single option as a strong preference. Key motivators were: Test simplicity (90%, n = 170/190), speed (81%, n = 153/190) and less pain (65%, n = 123/190). Barriers included lack of confidence taking the sample (53%, n = 10/19), resulting in preference for a healthcare professional sample (47%, n = 9/19). Whilst self-sampling showed high acceptability, lack of strong preference for screening method may reflect that respondents attending colposcopy are already engaged with screening and have differing perception of cervical cancer risk. This group appear less likely to 'switch' to self-sampling, and it may be better targeted within primary and community care, focusing on under-screened populations. Any shift in this paradigm in the UK requires comprehensive education and support for patients and providers., Competing Interests: I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: SK and HMS are advisors to and shareholders in QuantuMDx, a molecular nucleic acid test-based diagnostic company. SK, YA and HMS are advisors to Global Access Diagnostics, a developer of rapid diagnostic tests, and SK is a member of the Scientific Advisory Committee for the Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), a not-for-profit organisation that produces global guidance on affordable diagnostics. These competing interests will not alter adherence to PLOS Global Public Health policies on sharing data and materials., (Copyright: © 2024 Webb et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

A survey of awareness and attitudes to the management of fragility fractures among the membership of the Asia Pacific Orthopaedic Association conducted in 2022 found considerable variation in care across the region. A Call to Action is proposed to improve acute care, rehabilitation and secondary fracture prevention across Asia Pacific., Purpose: Fragility fractures impose a substantial burden on older people and their families, healthcare systems and national economies. The current incidence of hip and other fragility fractures across the Asia Pacific region is enormous and set to escalate rapidly in the coming decades. This publication describes findings of a survey of awareness and attitudes to the management of fragility fractures among the membership of the Asia Pacific Orthopaedic Association (APOA) conducted in 2022., Methods: The survey was developed as a collaboration between the Asia Pacific Osteoporosis and Fragility Fracture Society and the Asia Pacific Fragility Fracture Alliance, and included questions relating to aspects of care upon presentation, during surgery and mobilisation, secondary fracture prevention, and access to specific services., Results: In total, 521 APOA members completed the survey and marked variation in delivery of care was evident. Notable findings included: Fifty-nine percent of respondents indicated that analgesia was routinely initiated in transit (by paramedics) or within 30 minutes of arrival in the Emergency Department. One-quarter of respondents stated that more than 80% of their patients underwent surgery within 48 hours of admission. One-third of respondents considered non-hip, non-vertebral fractures to merit assessment of future fracture risk. One-third of respondents reported the presence of an Orthogeriatric Service in their hospital, and less than a quarter reported the presence of a Fracture Liaison Service., Conclusion: A Call to Action for all National Orthopaedic Associations affiliated with APOA is proposed to improve the care of fragility fracture patients across the region., (© 2024. International Osteoporosis Foundation and Bone Health and Osteoporosis Foundation.)

Background: Clinical management of Asian BRCA1 and BRCA2 pathogenic variants (PV) carriers remains challenging due to imprecise age-specific breast (BC) and ovarian cancer (OC) risks estimates. We aimed to refine these estimates using six multi-ethnic studies in Asia., Methods: Data were collected on 271 BRCA1 and 301 BRCA2 families from Malaysia and Singapore, ascertained through population/hospital-based case-series (88%) and genetic clinics (12%). Age-specific cancer risks were estimated using a modified segregation analysis method, adjusted for ascertainment., Findings: BC and OC relative risks (RRs) varied across age groups for both BRCA1 and BRCA 2. The age-specific RR estimates were similar across ethnicities and country of residence. For BRCA1 carriers of Malay, Indian and Chinese ancestry born between 1950 and 1959 in Malaysia, the cumulative risk (95% CI) of BC by age 80 was 40% (36%-44%), 49% (44%-53%) and 55% (51%-60%), respectively. The corresponding estimates for BRCA2 were 29% (26-32%), 36% (33%-40%) and 42% (38%-45%). The corresponding cumulative BC risks for Singapore residents from the same birth cohort, where the underlying population cancer incidences are higher compared to Malaysia, were higher, varying by ancestry group between 57 and 61% for BRCA1, and between 43 and 47% for BRCA2 carriers. The cumulative risk of OC by age 80 was 31% (27-36%) for BRCA1 and 12% (10%-15%) for BRCA2 carriers in Malaysia born between 1950 and 1959; and 42% (34-50%) for BRCA1 and 20% (14-27%) for BRCA2 carriers of the same birth cohort in Singapore. There was evidence of increased BC and OC risks for women from >1960 birth cohorts (p-value = 3.6 × 10 -5 for BRCA1 and 0.018 for BRCA 2)., Interpretation: The absolute age-specific cancer risks of Asian carriers vary depending on the underlying population-specific cancer incidences, and hence should be customised to allow for more accurate cancer risk management., Funding: Wellcome Trust [grant no: v203477/Z/16/Z]; CRUK (PPRPGM-Nov20∖100002)., Competing Interests: Z.Z received honorarium from AstraZeneca. J.N received research funding from AstraZeneca and MiRXES. A.C.A is listed as creator of the BOADICEA model which has been licensed by Cambridge Enterprise, from which University of Cambridge may receive royalties. N.A.M.T received honoraria for lectures from Zuellig Pharma Sdn Bhd and Astra Zeneca, received support for attending meetings and/or travel from MSD and Astra Zeneca. S.Y.Y received speaker's honoraria from Astra Zeneca, she is the president of Genetic Counselling Society Malaysia., (© 2024 The Author(s).)

About 95% of cervical cancers worldwide are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). Cervical cancer is preventable and curable if it is detected and treated early. We reviewed the latest national cervical cancer indicators, and barriers to HPV vaccination and cervical cancer screening in 21 Asian National Cancer Centers Alliance (ANCCA) member countries. Half (n = 11, 52%) of the countries have introduced HPV vaccination for girls as part of their national vaccination programme, three countries reported coverage of over 90%. Most ANCCA member countries have cervical cancer screening programmes, only five countries reported screening uptake of over 50%. The barriers to HPV vaccination coverage and cervical cancer screening participation have been identified. Ensuring health service accessibility and affordability for women, addressing sociocultural barriers, and strengthening the healthcare system and continuum of care are essential to increase HPV vaccination and cervical cancer screening coverage., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (© 2023 Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Cervical cancer has killed millions of women over the past decade. In 2019 the World Health Organization launched the Cervical Cancer Elimination Strategy, which included ambitious targets for vaccination, screening, and treatment. The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted progress on the strategy, but lessons learned during the pandemic - especially in vaccination, self-administered testing, and coordinated mobilization on a global scale - may help with efforts to achieve its targets. However, we must also learn from the failure of the COVID-19 response to include adequate representation of global voices. Efforts to eliminate cervical cancer will only succeed if those countries most affected are involved from the very start of planning. In this article we summarize innovations and highlight missed opportunities in the COVID response, and make recommendations to leverage the COVID experience to accelerate the elimination of cervical cancer globally., Competing Interests: RL received a grant from NIH NCI 1K08CA271949-01. The author has no other competing interests to declare, SF received grants from NCI/NIH and the Society to Improve Diagnosis in Medicine, and has received royalties from Uptodate. They have received payment for post-graduate talks at the Indian Health Service and Harvard Medical School, and for a community talk at Team Maureen. They received support for attending meetings of the ASCCP and the American Cancer Society. The author participated on the Mitre CDC sponsored initiative to integrate cervical cancer screening results into EHR and the American Cancer Society Advisory Committee ACS Cervical Cancer Roundtable. They are a Board Member of the IPVS and co-chair for ACS. The author has no other competing interests to declare, YW is a committee member for policy as part of IPVS. The author has no other competing interests to declare, AM has received from consulting fees from the Merck Advisory Board. The author participated on a Data Safety Monitoring Board/Advisory Board for CVIA 087 DSMB funded by PATH, and is an International Papillomavirus Society Board member. The author has no other competing interests to declare, AG has received grants and consulting fees from Merck & Co, Inc No other competing interests to declare, Sd is a consultant at the National Cancer Institute (NIH, United States). No other competing interests to declare, AK has received grants from the EU EUROSTARS Program; has received payment for consultation from Paul-Ehrlich Gesellschaft e.V; has been issued with patent WO 2020/161285 A1 (Inventor); member of the Data Safety Monitoring Board/Advisory Board for the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ). No other competing interests to declare, SL, FG, NB No competing interests declared, KC member of Hong Kong SAR cancer coordinating committee (advisory board ) and the HK SAR cancer expert working group; President of the Hong Kong College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists; council member of the Asian Society of Gynaecological Oncology (ASGO); board member for the Asia-Oceania Research Organisation in Genital Infection and Neoplasia. No other competing interests to declare, MS Has received consulting fees from MSD Merck UK; has participated in a Global Advisory Board for HPV vaccines for Merck. No other competing interests to declare, JB has received donated HPV tests and swabs for validation and research from Cepheid, Abbott, Seegene, Roche, AusDiagnostics, BD, and Copan. No other competing interests to declare, JP has received grants from Merck & Co., Roche Diagnostics, Antiva Biosciences, Vir Biotechnologies and Virion Therapeutics; has received consulting fees from Merck & Co., Roche Diagnostics, Antiva Biosciences and Vir Biotechnologies; has received payment for consultation from Gilead Pharmaceuticals, Merck & Co. and Janssen Pharmaceuticals; has received support for attending meetings from Merck & Co. and Roche Diagnostics; participates on the Data Safety Monitoring Board/Advisory Board for the IPVS; is Chair of the International HPV Awareness Day Campaign; has stock or stock options in Virion Therapeutics; has received resources/services from Atila Biosystems. No other competing interests to declare, SG has received consulting fees and lecture fees from Merck; has participated in an advisory Board for Merck; is President of the International Papillomavirus Society; has received an education grant for a study of HPV in young women. No other competing interests to declare

Various metal-on-metal (MoM) total hip replacements (THRs) have been found to have high short-term failure rates due to adverse responses to metal debris (ARMD). As a consequence, several low-performing THRs have been removed off the market. The purpose of this research was to look at the at least five-year outcomes of patients who had MoM hip arthroplasty at our institution. In one specialised centre between 2007 and 2008, 24 Articular Surface Replacement (ASR TM , DePuy, Warsaw, IN, USA) MoM THRs (in 24 patients, mean age: 56.4 years) were implanted. DePuy ASR hip prosthesis for osteoarthritis or hip fractures were employed in the THR system. All patients were summoned back for a clinical assessment, and imaging was done as needed. The average period of follow-up was 8.0 years (6.0-10 years). In all, eight instances (33.3%) were discovered to have pseudotumors, four hips (16.7%) were revised, and one (4.1%) was operated for ARMD. The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) and Oxford ratings improved statistically significantly five years after surgery in all three areas of pain, disability, and stiffness; however, there was no statistically significant change in the 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36) (mental) score. MoM hip arthroplasty had a greater revision incidence at five years in our group, presumably owing to the adoption of a smaller femoral head size., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Yuen et al.)

To increase the coverage of HPV vaccination, Malaysia implemented a national school-based vaccination program for all 13-year-old girls in 2010. Two years later, a clinic-based catch-up program was started for 16 to 21-year-old girls. We assessed the prevalence of a range of HPV genotypes, among a sample of urban women within the age groups of 18-24 and 35-45 years in 2019-2020, a decade into the national vaccination program. The HPV prevalence was then compared to that reported in an unvaccinated population in 2013-2015. We sampled a total of 1134 participants, comprising of 277 women aged 18-24 years and 857 women aged 35-45 years, from several urban clinics in the state of Selangor. Participants provided a self-acquired vaginal sample for HPV genotyping. Comprehensive sociodemographic and vaccination history were collected. The HPV vaccination coverage among women in the younger age group increased from 9.3% in 2013-2015 to 75.5% in 2019-2020. The prevalence of vaccine-targeted HPV16/18 decreased 91% (CI: 14.5%-99.0%) among the younger women, from 4.0% in 2013-2015 to 0.4% in 2019-2020. There was also an 87% (CI: 27.5%-97.5%) reduction in HPV6/11/16/18. There was no difference in the prevalence of non-vaccine targeted HPV genotypes among younger women. The HPV prevalence among older women, for both vaccine targeted and non-vaccine targeted genotypes in 2019-2020, did not differ from 2013-2015. The observed decline in prevalence of vaccine-targeted HPV genotype among younger women a decade after the national HPV vaccination program is an early indication of its effectiveness in reducing the burden of cervical cancer., Competing Interests: YLW has received travel grants and honoraria for speaking and participating at meetings by Merck Sharp & Dohme, Copan, Cepheid and Roche. YLW has also received investigator-initiated study grants from Roche, Merck and Cepheid. YLW does not have any further declarations relating to employment, consultancy, patents, products in development, marketed products and etc with Merck. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials., (Copyright: This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.)

Program ROSE (removing obstacles to cervical screening) is a primary HPV-based cervical screening program that incorporates self-sampling and digital technology, ensuring that women are linked to care. It was developed based on the principles of design thinking in the context of Malaysia. The program illustrates the importance of collaborative partnerships and addressing the multi-faceted barriers from policy changes, and infrastructure readiness to the implementation of a radically new cervical screening program in communities. The paradigm shift in cervical cancer requires a monumental and concerted effort in educating both the healthcare providers and the general public. In this short review, we highlight how Pilot Project ROSE incorporated evidence-based tools that rapidly scaled up to Program ROSE. These ideas and solutions can be adapted and adopted by other countries. Notwithstanding the impact of COVID-19, it is incumbent on countries to pave the road towards the elimination of cervical cancer with pre-existing footpaths.

Purpose: To update resource-stratified, evidence-based recommendations on secondary prevention of cervical cancer globally., Methods: American Society of Clinical Oncology convened a multidisciplinary, multinational Expert Panel to produce recommendations reflecting four resource-tiered settings. A review of existing guidelines, formal consensus-based process, and modified ADAPTE process to adapt existing guidelines was conducted. Other experts participated in formal consensus., Results: This guideline update reflects changes in evidence since the previous update. Five existing guidelines were identified and reviewed, and adapted recommendations form the evidence base. Cost-effectiveness analyses provided indirect evidence to inform consensus, which resulted in ≥ 75% agreement., Recommendations: Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing is recommended in all resource settings; visual inspection with acetic acid may be used in basic settings. Recommended age ranges and frequencies vary by the following setting: maximal: age 25-65 years, every 5 years; enhanced: age 30-65 years, if two consecutive negative tests at 5-year intervals, then every 10 years; limited: age 30-49 years, every 10 years; basic: age 30-49 years, one to three times per lifetime. For basic settings, visual assessment is used to determine treatment eligibility; in other settings, genotyping with cytology or cytology alone is used to determine treatment. For basic settings, treatment is recommended if abnormal triage results are obtained; in other settings, abnormal triage results followed by colposcopy is recommended. For basic settings, treatment options are thermal ablation or loop electrosurgical excision procedure; for other settings, loop electrosurgical excision procedure or ablation is recommended; with a 12-month follow-up in all settings. Women who are HIV-positive should be screened with HPV testing after diagnosis, twice as many times per lifetime as the general population. Screening is recommended at 6 weeks postpartum in basic settings; in other settings, screening is recommended at 6 months. In basic settings without mass screening, infrastructure for HPV testing, diagnosis, and treatment should be developed.Additional information is available at www.asco.org/resource-stratified-guidelines., Competing Interests: Surendra S. ShastriThis author is a member of the JCO Global Oncology Editorial Board. Journal policy recused the author from having any role in the peer review of this manuscript. Patty E. GravittResearch Funding: Cepheid (Inst) Dorothy C. LombeThis author is a member of the JCO Global Oncology Editorial Board. Journal policy recused the author from having any role in the peer review of this manuscript. Yin Ling WooHonoraria: Roche IndiaResearch Funding: COPAN (Inst)No other potential conflicts of interest were reported.

Introduction: Personal mobility devices (PMDs), such as electronic scooters or motorised bicycles, are efficient modes of transportation. Their recent popularity has also resulted in an increase in PMD-related injuries. We aimed to characterise and compare the nature of injuries sustained by PMD users and bicycle riders., Methods: This retrospective study compared injury patterns among PMD and bicycle users. 140 patients were admitted between November 2013 and September 2018. Parameters studied included patients' demographics (e.g. age, gender and body mass index), type of PMD, nature of injury, surgical intervention required, duration of hospitalisation and time off work., Results: Of 140 patients, 46 (32.9%) patients required treatment at the department of orthopaedic surgery. 19 patients were PMD users while 27 were bicycle riders. 16 (84.2%) patients with PMD-related injuries were men. PMD users were significantly younger (mean age 45 ± 15 years) when compared to bicycle riders (mean age 56 ± 17 years; P <0.05). A quarter (n = 5, 26.3%) of PMD users sustained open fractures and over half (n = 10, 52.6%) required surgical intervention. Among 27 bicycle users, 7.4% (n = 2) of patients sustained open fractures and 70.4% (n = 19) required surgical intervention. Both groups had comparable inpatient stay duration and time off work., Conclusion: PMD-related orthopaedic traumas are high-energy injuries, with higher rates of open fractures, when compared to bicycle injuries. In addition, PMD users are significantly younger and of economically viable age. Prolonged hospitalisation and time off work have socioeconomic implications. Caution should be exercised when using PMDs., Competing Interests: None

Polygenic risk scores (PRS) for epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) have the potential to improve risk stratification. Joint estimation of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) effects in models could improve predictive performance over standard approaches of PRS construction. Here, we implemented computationally efficient, penalized, logistic regression models (lasso, elastic net, stepwise) to individual level genotype data and a Bayesian framework with continuous shrinkage, "select and shrink for summary statistics" (S4), to summary level data for epithelial non-mucinous ovarian cancer risk prediction. We developed the models in a dataset consisting of 23,564 non-mucinous EOC cases and 40,138 controls participating in the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium (OCAC) and validated the best models in three populations of different ancestries: prospective data from 198,101 women of European ancestries; 7,669 women of East Asian ancestries; 1,072 women of African ancestries, and in 18,915 BRCA1 and 12,337 BRCA2 pathogenic variant carriers of European ancestries. In the external validation data, the model with the strongest association for non-mucinous EOC risk derived from the OCAC model development data was the S4 model (27,240 SNPs) with odds ratios (OR) of 1.38 (95% CI: 1.28-1.48, AUC: 0.588) per unit standard deviation, in women of European ancestries; 1.14 (95% CI: 1.08-1.19, AUC: 0.538) in women of East Asian ancestries; 1.38 (95% CI: 1.21-1.58, AUC: 0.593) in women of African ancestries; hazard ratios of 1.36 (95% CI: 1.29-1.43, AUC: 0.592) in BRCA1 pathogenic variant carriers and 1.49 (95% CI: 1.35-1.64, AUC: 0.624) in BRCA2 pathogenic variant carriers. Incorporation of the S4 PRS in risk prediction models for ovarian cancer may have clinical utility in ovarian cancer prevention programs., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Background: Identifying patients with BRCA mutations is clinically important to inform on the potential response to treatment and for risk management of patients and their relatives. However, traditional referral routes may not meet clinical needs, and therefore, mainstreaming cancer genetics has been shown to be effective in some high-income and high health-literacy settings. To date, no study has reported on the feasibility of mainstreaming in low-income and middle-income settings, where the service considerations and health literacy could detrimentally affect the feasibility of mainstreaming., Methods: The Mainstreaming Genetic Counselling for Ovarian Cancer Patients (MaGiC) study is a prospective, two-arm observational study comparing oncologist-led and genetics-led counselling. This study included 790 multiethnic patients with ovarian cancer from 23 sites in Malaysia. We compared the impact of different method of delivery of genetic counselling on the uptake of genetic testing and assessed the feasibility, knowledge and satisfaction of patients with ovarian cancer., Results: Oncologists were satisfied with the mainstreaming experience, with 95% indicating a desire to incorporate testing into their clinical practice. The uptake of genetic testing was similar in the mainstreaming and genetics arm (80% and 79%, respectively). Patient satisfaction was high, whereas decision conflict and psychological impact were low in both arms of the study. Notably, decisional conflict, although lower than threshold, was higher for the mainstreaming group compared with the genetics arm. Overall, 13.5% of patients had a pathogenic variant in BRCA1 or BRCA2, and there was no difference between psychosocial measures for carriers in both arms., Conclusion: The MaGiC study demonstrates that mainstreaming cancer genetics is feasible in low-resource and middle-resource Asian setting and increased coverage for genetic testing., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Background: The uptake of risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) in Asian countries is variable despite being the most effective option for ovarian cancer risk reduction in BRCA mutation carriers. Exploration of factors which may impact the RRSO decision-making of BRCA mutation carriers from Malaysia, a developing country in Southeast Asia, was undertaken., Methods: In-depth interviews with 28 Malaysian BRCA mutation carriers with a history of breast cancer were conducted in addition to observing their RRSO decision-making consultations in the clinic., Results: The decision-making considerations among the carriers were centered around the overarching theme of "Negotiating cancer risk and womanhood priorities," with the following themes: (1) risk perception, (2) self-preservation, (3) motherhood obligation, and (4) the preciousness of marriage. Cognitive knowledge of BRCA risk was often conceptualized based on personal and family history of cancer, personal beliefs, and faith. Many women reported fears that RRSO would affect them physically and emotionally, worrying about the post-surgical impact on their motherhood responsibilities. Nevertheless, some reported feeling obliged to choose RRSO for the sake of their children. For some, their husband's support and approval were critical, with emotional well-being and sexuality reportedly perceived as important to sustaining married life. Despite reporting hesitancy toward RRSO, women's decisions about choosing this option evolved as their priorities changed at different stages of life., Conclusions: Recognizing during clinic encounters with Malaysian women that RRSO decision-making involves negotiating the likelihood of developing cancer with the societal priorities of being a woman, mother, and wife may serve to support their decision-making., (© 2021. International Society of Behavioral Medicine.)

The decision to have risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) by BRCA mutation carriers to reduce the risk of ovarian cancer is difficult. The choice involves trade-offs in terms of its risks and benefits. To date, understanding the decision-making needs of RRSO among Southeast Asian BRCA mutation carriers is limited. This study aimed to explore the decision-making needs of Malaysian BRCA mutation carriers as an exemplar for the Southeast Asian community. In-depth interviews and clinic observations were conducted with 31 BRCA mutation carriers and analysed thematically. The core theme identified was 'Coping with complex information and alleviating uncertainties' with the following subthemes: (1) the need for an adjustment period, (2) information support, (3) social support and, (4) religious support. We found that women required time to accept their BRCA mutation status before they were ready to make a risk-reducing choice; that understanding complex genetic information and multiple risk management options can be an overwhelming experience; and obtaining further information and a second opinion were challenging. Many described the need for experiential information from other peer-carriers who had undergone RRSO. Support from their spouse and family members was thought to be essential for them to feel reassured with their decision. Many relied on religion to positively cope with cancer risk and cancer worry; Muslim BRCA carriers sought religious guidance through prayers and Islamic fatwas to feel more certain about their RRSO decision. These findings underscore the importance of the provision of resources and support that includes input from peers, husband, family members and religion to underpin the decision-making needs of Malaysian BRCA mutation carriers considering RRSO., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. part of Springer Nature.)

The WHO has launched a global strategy to eliminate cervical cancer through the scale-up of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination, cervical screening, and cervical cancer treatment. Malaysia has achieved high-coverage HPV vaccination since 2010, but coverage of the existing cytology-based program remains low. Pilot studies found HPV self-sampling was acceptable and effective, with high follow-up rates when a digital registry was used, and recently the Malaysian Government announced plans for a national HPV-based screening program. We therefore evaluated the impact of primary HPV screening with self-collection in Malaysia in the context of Malaysia's existing vaccination program. We used the "Policy1-Cervix" modeling platform to assess health outcomes, cost-effectiveness, resource use and cervical cancer elimination timing (the year when cervical cancer rates reach four cases per 100 000 women) of implementing primary HPV testing with self-collection, assuming 70% routine-screening coverage could be achieved. Based on available data, we assumed that compliance with follow-up was 90% when a digital registry was used, but that compliance with follow-up would be 50-75% without the use of a digital registry. We found that the current vaccination program would prevent 27 000 to 32 200 cervical cancer cases and 11 700 to 14 000 deaths by 2070. HPV testing with a digital registry was cost-effective (CER = $US 6953-7549 < $US 11 373[<1×GDP per capita]) and could prevent an additional 15 900 to 17 800 cases and 9700 to 10 600 deaths by 2070, expediting national elimination by 11 to 20 years, to 2055 to 2059. If HPV screening were implemented without a digital registry, there would be 1800 to 4900 fewer deaths averted by 2070 and the program would be less cost-effective. These results underline the importance of HPV testing as a key elimination pillar in Malaysia., (© 2021 The Authors. International Journal of Cancer published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of UICC.)

Background: Robust age-specific estimates of anal human papillomavirus (HPV) and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) in men can inform anal cancer prevention efforts. We aimed to evaluate the age-specific prevalence of anal HPV, HSIL, and their combination, in men, stratified by HIV status and sexuality., Methods: We did a systematic review for studies on anal HPV infection in men and a pooled analysis of individual-level data from eligible studies across four groups: HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM), HIV-negative MSM, HIV-positive men who have sex with women (MSW), and HIV-negative MSW. Studies were required to inform on type-specific HPV infection (at least HPV16), detected by use of a PCR-based test from anal swabs, HIV status, sexuality (MSM, including those who have sex with men only or also with women, or MSW), and age. Authors of eligible studies with a sample size of 200 participants or more were invited to share deidentified individual-level data on the above four variables. Authors of studies including 40 or more HIV-positive MSW or 40 or more men from Africa (irrespective of HIV status and sexuality) were also invited to share these data. Pooled estimates of anal high-risk HPV (HR-HPV, including HPV16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, and 68), and HSIL or worse (HSIL+), were compared by use of adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) from generalised linear models., Findings: The systematic review identified 93 eligible studies, of which 64 contributed data on 29 900 men to the pooled analysis. Among HIV-negative MSW anal HPV16 prevalence was 1·8% (91 of 5190) and HR-HPV prevalence was 6·9% (345 of 5003); among HIV-positive MSW the prevalences were 8·7% (59 of 682) and 26·9% (179 of 666); among HIV-negative MSM they were 13·7% (1455 of 10 617) and 41·2% (3798 of 9215), and among HIV-positive MSM 28·5% (3819 of 13 411) and 74·3% (8765 of 11 803). In HIV-positive MSM, HPV16 prevalence was 5·6% (two of 36) among those age 15-18 years and 28·8% (141 of 490) among those age 23-24 years (p trend =0·0091); prevalence was 31·7% (1057 of 3337) among those age 25-34 years and 22·8% (451 of 1979) among those age 55 and older (p trend <0·0001). HPV16 prevalence in HIV-negative MSM was 6·7% (15 of 223) among those age 15-18 and 13·9% (166 of 1192) among those age 23-24 years (p trend =0·0076); the prevalence plateaued thereafter (p trend =0·72). Similar age-specific patterns were observed for HR-HPV. No significant differences for HPV16 or HR-HPV were found by age for either HIV-positive or HIV-negative MSW. HSIL+ detection ranged from 7·5% (12 of 160) to 54·5% (61 of 112) in HIV-positive MSM; after adjustment for heterogeneity, HIV was a significant predictor of HSIL+ (aPR 1·54, 95% CI 1·36-1·73), HPV16-positive HSIL+ (1·66, 1·36-2·03), and HSIL+ in HPV16-positive MSM (1·19, 1·04-1·37). Among HPV16-positive MSM, HSIL+ prevalence increased with age., Interpretation: High anal HPV prevalence among young HIV-positive and HIV-negative MSM highlights the benefits of gender-neutral HPV vaccination before sexual activity over catch-up vaccination. HIV-positive MSM are a priority for anal cancer screening research and initiatives targeting HPV16-positive HSIL+., Funding: International Agency for Research on Cancer., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests ARG received travel fees from Merck & Co to participate in scientific advisory board meetings, and her institution has received grants for research from Merck & Co. SEH is funded by the US National Institutes of Health and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation outside the submitted work; and is a consultant for In Bios and a grant reviewer for US National Institutes of Health Study Section outside the submitted work. SEG received an investigator-initiated grant from Merck & Co, Inovio, and Medtronic outside the submitted work; consulting fees from THD America outside the submitted work; and payment as a speaker and financial support for attending meetings from Merck & Co outside the submitted work. MFSvdL received funds awarded to his institution from the AidsFonds charity and from Merck Sharpe & Dohme for participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board. KN is the recipient of a Miguel Servet research grant (CPII18/00033) from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Madrid, Spain) outside the submitted work. AGN received an investigator-initiated grant from Merck & Co in 2010–11 awarded to his institution at the time (Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA) to assess the prevalence and incidence of anal HPV among men, allowing genotyping of samples (these data are included in the current Article); received travel fees from EUROGIN to present at their conferences; and received donated swabs and vials from COPAN. UW received grant support from the German Federal Ministry of Health for a study included in this report. EPFC is supported by an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Emerging Leadership Investigator Grant (GNT1172873) outside the submitted work. YC received financial support from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research scholarship/studentship (CGS-D) outside the submitted work. YH received funding from the Natural Science Foundation of China International/Regional Research Collaboration Project (72061137007) and the Natural Science Foundation of China (81673232 and 82073574) outside the submitted work. GM received funding from US National Institutes of Health/National Cancer Institute outside the submitted work. APO received funds awarded to her institution from Aids Malignancy Consortium (2UM1CA121947–14) outside the submitted work; funds awarded to her institution from California-Mexico-Puerto Rico Partnership Center for Prevention of HPV-related Cancer in HIV-positive Populations (5U54CA242646–02) and from UPR/MDACC: Partnership for Excellence in Cancer Research (5U54-CA096297–17 and 5R21DE027226–02) outside the submitted work; and consulting fees and payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, and educational events from Merck & Co outside the submitted work. HZ received funding awarded to Sun Yat-sen University from the Natural Science Foundation of China Excellent Young Scientists Fund (82022064), the Natural Science Foundation of China International/Regional Research Collaboration Project (72061137001), and the Precision Targeted Intervention Studies among High Risk Groups for HIV Prevention in China, National Science and Technology Major Project of China (2018ZX10721102) outside the submitted work. All other authors declare no competing interests., (© 2021 World Health Organization; licensee Elsevier. This is an Open Access article published under the CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO license.)

Purpose: External rotation of femoral component in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) with reference to the posterior condyles is recommended in mechanical alignment (MA) to ensure optimum patella tracking. In kinematic knee alignment (KA) technique, femoral component is more internally rotated as the femoral resection is based on flexion-extension axis. This study aims to investigate the clinical and radiological outcomes of the patellofemoral joint in patients who underwent TKA using KA versus mechanical alignment., Methods: A review of prospectively collected registry data of 378 consecutive cruciate retaining primary TKAs (P.F.C. ® Total Knee System, DePuy Synthes, Massachusetts, United States) was performed. Propensity scoring was performed matching patients who received KA TKA (n = 93) to MA TKA (n = 93). Oxford Knee Score (OKS), Knee Society Score (KSS), Short-Form 36 (SF-36), range of motion as well as radiographs assessing patella tilt were compared at 6 months and 2 years after surgery. All patients received the same implant and had their patella resurfaced., Results: OKS, KSS, physical component of SF-36 and satisfaction rates were comparable at both 6 months and 2 years after surgery. There was moderate association between preoperative and postoperative patella tilt in KA TKA (Cramer's V = 0.260, p < 0.05). Postoperatively, KA group had a greater number of patients with lateral patella tilt compared to the mechanical group (12 [12.9%] vs 1 [1.1%], p < 0.001). Patella tilts, however, resolved two years after surgery., Conclusion: The relative internal rotation of the femoral component in KA TKA results in greater incidence of lateral patella tilt postoperatively. Nevertheless, patella tilt resolution was noted at 2 years., Level of Evidence: Level III Evidence-Retrospective Cohort Study.