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486 results on '"Wissel, S."'

1. Initial performance of the Radar Echo Telescope for Cosmic Rays, RET-CR

Author: Allison, P., Beatty, J., Besson, D., Connolly, A., Cummings, A., Deaconu, C., De Kockere, S., de Vries, K. D., Frikken, D., Hast, C., Santiago, E. Huesca, Kuo, C. -Y., Kyriacou, A., Latif, U. A., Loonen, J., Loudon, I., Lukic, V., McLennan, C., Mulrey, K., Nam, J., Nivedita, K., Nozdrina, A., Oberla, E., Prohira, S., Ralston, J. P., Seikh, M. F. H., Stanley, R. S., Toscano, S., Broeck, D. Van den, van Eijndhoven, N., and Wissel, S.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: The Radar Echo Telescope for Cosmic Rays (RET-CR), a pathfinder instrument for the radar echo method of ultrahigh energy (UHE) neutrino detection, was initially deployed near Summit Station, Greenland, in May 2023. After a 4 week commissioning period, 9 days of data were taken before the instrument went offline. In this article, we describe the instrument as it was deployed, and the initial performance of the detector. We show that the technical aspects of running a radar based particle cascade detector in the ice have been demonstrated. Analysis of the 2023 data informed improvements that were incorporated into the May-August 2024 deployment, which has just concluded at time of writing. Results from the 2024 run will be presented in forthcoming publications., Comment: To be submitted to PRD
Published: 2024

2. Modeling the refractive index profile n(z) of polar ice for ultra-high energy neutrino experiments

Author: Ali, S., Allison, P., Archambault, S., Beatty, J. J., Besson, D. Z., Bishop, A., Chen, P., Chen, Y. C., Clark, B. A., Clay, W., Connolly, A., Couberly, K., Cremonesi, L., Cummings, A., Dasgupta, P., Debolt, R., de Kockere, S., de Vries, K. D., Deaconu, C., DuVernois, M. A., Flaherty, J., Friedman, E., Gaior, R., Giri, P., Hanson, J., Harty, N., Hoffman, K. D., Huang, J. J., Huang, M. -H., Hughes, K., Ishihara, A., Karle, A., Kelley, J. L., Kim, K. -C., Kim, M. -C., Kravchenko, I., Krebs, R., Kuo, C. Y., Kurusu, K., Latif, U. A., Liu, C. H, Liu, T. C., Luszczak, W., Mase, K., Muzio, M. S., Nam, J., Nichol, R. J., Novikov, A., Nozdrina, A., Oberla, E., Pan, Y., Pfendner, C., Punsuebsay, N., Roth, J., Salcedo-Gomez, A., Seckel, D., Seikh, M. F. H., Shaio, Y. -S., Smith, D., Toscano, S., Torres, J., Touart, J., van Eijndhoven, N., Vieregg, A., Wang, M. -Z., Wang, S. -H., Wissel, S. A., Xie, C., Yoshida, S., and Young, R.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: We develop an in-situ index of refraction profile using the transit time of radio signals broadcast from an englacial transmitter to 2-5 km distant radio-frequency receivers, deployed at depths up to 200 m. Maxwell's equations generally admit two ray propagation solutions from a given transmitter, corresponding to a direct path (D) and a refracted path (R); the measured D vs. R (dt(D,R)) timing differences provide constraints on the index of refraction profile near South Pole, where the Askaryan Radio Array (ARA) neutrino observatory is located. We constrain the refractive index profile by simulating D and R ray paths via ray tracing and comparing those to measured dt(D,R) signals. Using previous ice density data as a proxy for n(z), we demonstrate that our data strongly favors a glaciologically-motivated three-phase densification model rather than a single exponential scale height model. Simulations show that the single exponential model overestimates ARA neutrino sensitivity compared to the three-phase model.
Published: 2024

3. Solar flare observations with the Radio Neutrino Observatory Greenland (RNO-G)

Author: Agarwal, S., Aguilar, J. A., Ali, S., Allison, P., Betts, M., Besson, D., Bishop, A., Botner, O., Bouma, S., Buitink, S., Cataldo, M., Clark, B. A., Coleman, A., Couberly, K., de Kockere, S., de Vries, K. D., Deaconu, C., DuVernois, M. A., Glaser, C., Glüsenkamp, T., Hallgren, A., Hallmann, S., Hanson, J. C., Hendricks, B., Henrichs, J., Heyer, N., Hornhuber, C., Hughes, K., Karg, T., Karle, A., Kelley, J. L., Korntheuer, M., Kowalski, M., Kravchenko, I., Krebs, R., Lahmann, R., Latif, U., Laub, P., Liu, C. -H., Marsee, M. J., Meyers, Z. S., Mikhailova, M., Monstein, C., Mulrey, K., Muzio, M., Nelles, A., Novikov, A., Nozdrina, A., Oberla, E., Oeyen, B., Punsuebsay, N., Pyras, L., Ravn, M., Ryckbosch, D., Schlüter, F., Scholten, O., Seckel, D., Seikh, M. F. H., Stoffels, J., Terveer, K., Toscano, S., Tosi, D., Broeck, D. J. Van Den, van Eijndhoven, N., Vieregg, A. G., Vijai, A., Welling, C., Williams, D. R., Windischhofer, P., Wissel, S., Young, R., and Zink, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: The Radio Neutrino Observatory - Greenland (RNO-G) seeks discovery of ultra-high energy neutrinos from the cosmos through their interactions in ice. The science program extends beyond particle astrophysics to include radioglaciology and, as we show herein, solar observations, as well. Currently seven of 35 planned radio-receiver stations (24 antennas/station) are operational. These stations are sensitive to impulsive radio signals with frequencies between 80 and 700 MHz and feature a neutrino trigger threshold for recording data close to the thermal floor. RNO-G can also trigger on elevated signals from the Sun, resulting in nanosecond resolution time-domain flare data; such temporal resolution is significantly shorter than from most dedicated solar observatories. In addition to possible RNO-G solar flare polarization measurements, the Sun also represents an extremely useful above-surface calibration source. Using RNO-G data recorded during the summers of 2022 and 2023, we find signal excesses during solar flares reported by the solar-observing Callisto network and also in coincidence with $\sim$2/3 of the brightest excesses recorded by the SWAVES satellite. These observed flares are characterized by significant time-domain impulsivity. Using the known position of the Sun, the flare sample is used to calibrate the RNO-G absolute pointing on the radio signal arrival direction to sub-degree resolution. We thus establish the Sun as a regularly observed astronomical calibration source to provide the accurate absolute pointing required for neutrino astronomy.
Published: 2024
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4. Macroscopic approach to the radar echo scatter from high-energy particle cascades

Author: Santiago, E. Huesca, de Vries, K. D., Allison, P., Beatty, J., Besson, D., Connolly, A., Cummings, A., Deaconu, C., De Kockere, S., Frikken, D., Hast, C., Kuo, C. -Y., Kyriacou, A., Latif, U. A., Loudon, I., Lukic, V., McLennan, C., Mulrey, K., Nam, J., Nivedita, K., Nozdrina, A., Oberla, E., Prohira, S., Ralston, J. P., Seikh, M. F. H., Stanley, R. S., Stoffels, J., Toscano, S., Broeck, D. Van den, van Eijndhoven, N., and Wissel, S.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: To probe the cosmic particle flux at the highest energies, large volumes of dense material like ice have to be monitored. This can be achieved by exploiting the radio signal. In this work, we provide a macroscopic model to predict the radar echo signatures found when a radio signal is reflected from a cosmic-ray or neutrino-induced particle cascade propagating in a dense medium like ice. Its macroscopic nature allows for an energy independent run-time, taking less than 10 s for simulating a single scatter event. As a first application, we discuss basic signal properties and simulate the expected signal for the T-576 beam-test experiment at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. We find good signal strength agreement with the only observed radar echo from a high-energy particle cascade to date., Comment: 12 pages, 8 figures
Published: 2023
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5. Calibration and Physics with ARA Station 1: A Unique Askaryan Radio Array Detector

Author: Seikh, M. F. H, Besson, D. Z., Ali, S., Allison, P., Archambault, S., Beatty, J. J., Bishop, A., Chen, P., Chen, Y. C., Clark, B. A., Clay, W., Connolly, A., Couberly, K., Cremonesi, L., Cummings, A., Dasgupta, P., Debolt, R., De Kockere, S., de Vries, K. D., Deaconu, C., DuVernois, M. A., Flaherty, J., Friedman, E., Gaior, R., Giri, P., Hanson, J., Harty, N., Hendricks, B., Hoffman, K. D., Huang, J. J., Huang, M. H. A., Hughes, K., Ishihara, A., Karle, A., Kelley, J. L., Kim, K. C., Kim, M. C., Kravchenko, I., Krebs, R., Kuo, C. Y., Kurusu, K., Latif, U. A., Liu, C. H., Liu, T. C., Luszczak, W., Mase, K., Muzio, M. S., Nam, J., Nichol, R. J., Novikov, A., Nozdrina, A., Oberla, E., Pan, Y., Pfendner, C., Punsuebsay, N., Roth, J., Salcedo-Gomez, A., Seckel, D., Seikh, M. F. H., Shiao, Y. S., Smith, D. J. B., Toscano, S., Torres, J., Touart, J., van Eijndhoven, N., Varner, G. S., Vieregg, A., Wang, M. Z., Wang, S. H., Wissel, S. A., Xie, C., Yoshida, S., and Young, R.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: The Askaryan Radio Array Station 1 (A1), the first among five autonomous stations deployed for the ARA experiment at the South Pole, is a unique ultra-high energy neutrino (UHEN) detector based on the Askaryan effect that uses Antarctic ice as the detector medium. Its 16 radio antennas (distributed across 4 strings, each with 2 Vertically Polarized (VPol), 2 Horizontally Polarized (HPol) receivers), and 2 strings of transmitting antennas (calibration pulsers, CPs), each with 1 VPol and 1 HPol channel, are deployed at depths less than 100 m within the shallow firn zone of the 2.8 km thick South Pole (SP) ice. We apply different methods to calibrate its Ice Ray Sampler second generation (IRS2) chip for timing offset and ADC-to-Voltage conversion factors using a known continuous wave input signal to the digitizer, and achieve a precision of sub-nanoseconds. We achieve better calibration for odd, compared to even samples, and also find that the HPols under-perform relative to the VPol channels. Our timing calibrated data is subsequently used to calibrate the ADC-to-Voltage conversion as well as precise antenna locations, as a precursor to vertex reconstruction. The calibrated data will then be analyzed for UHEN signals in the final step of data compression. The ability of A1 to scan the firn region of SP ice sheet will contribute greatly towards a 5-station analysis and will inform the design of the planned IceCube Gen-2 radio array., Comment: 10 pages
Published: 2023
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6. The IceCube-Gen2 Collaboration -- Contributions to the 38th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC2023)

Author: IceCube-Gen2, Abbasi, R., Ackermann, M., Adams, J., Agarwalla, S. K., Aguilar, J. A., Ahlers, M., Alameddine, J. M., Amin, N. M., Andeen, K., Anton, G., Argüelles, C., Ashida, Y., Athanasiadou, S., Audehm, J., Axani, S. N., Bai, X., V., A. Balagopal, Baricevic, M., Barwick, S. W., Basu, V., Bay, R., Tjus, J. Becker, Beise, J., Bellenghi, C., Benning, C., BenZvi, S., Berley, D., Bernardini, E., Besson, D. Z., Bishop, A., Blaufuss, E., Blot, S., Bohmer, M., Bontempo, F., Book, J. Y., Borowka, J., Meneguolo, C. Boscolo, Böser, S., Botner, O., Böttcher, J., Bouma, S., Bourbeau, E., Braun, J., Brinson, B., Brostean-Kaiser, J., Burley, R. T., Busse, R. S., Butterfield, D., Campana, M. A., Carloni, K., Carnie-Bronca, E. G., Cataldo, M., Chattopadhyay, S., Chau, N., Chen, C., Chen, Z., Chirkin, D., Choi, S., Clark, B. A., Clark, R., Classen, L., Coleman, A., Collin, G. H., Conrad, J. M., Cowen, D. F., Dasgupta, B., Dave, P., Deaconu, C., De Clercq, C., De Kockere, S., DeLaunay, J. J., Delgado, D., Deng, S., Deoskar, K., Desai, A., Desiati, P., de Vries, K. D., de Wasseige, G., DeYoung, T., Diaz, A., Díaz-Vélez, J. C., Dittmer, M., Domi, A., Dujmovic, H., DuVernois, M. A., Ehrhardt, T., Eller, P., Ellinger, E., Mentawi, S. El, Elsässer, D., Engel, R., Erpenbeck, H., Evans, J., Evans, J. J., Evenson, P. A., Fan, K. L., Fang, K., Farrag, K., Fazely, A. R., Fedynitch, A., Feigl, N., Fiedlschuster, S., Finley, C., Fischer, L., Flaggs, B., Fox, D., Franckowiak, A., Fritz, A., Fujii, T., Fürst, P., Gallagher, J., Ganster, E., Garcia, A., Gerhardt, L., Gernhaeuser, R., Ghadimi, A., Giri, P., Glaser, C., Glauch, T., Glüsenkamp, T., Goehlke, N., Goswami, S., Grant, D., Gray, S. J., Gries, O., Griffin, S., Griswold, S., Guevel, D., Günther, C., Gutjahr, P., Haack, C., Azim, T. Haji, Hallgren, A., Halliday, R., Hallmann, S., Halve, L., Halzen, F., Hamdaoui, H., Minh, M. Ha, Hanson, K., Hardin, J., Harnisch, A. A., Hatch, P., Haugen, J., Haungs, A., Heinen, D., Helbing, K., Hellrung, J., Hendricks, B., Henningsen, F., Henrichs, J., Heuermann, L., Heyer, N., Hickford, S., Hidvegi, A., Hignight, J., Hill, C., Hill, G. C., Hoffman, K. D., Hoffmann, B., Holzapfel, K., Hori, S., Hoshina, K., Hou, W., Huber, T., Huege, T., Hughes, K., Hultqvist, K., Hünnefeld, M., Hussain, R., Hymon, K., In, S., Ishihara, A., Jacquart, M., Janik, O., Jansson, M., Japaridze, G. S., Jeong, M., Jin, M., Jones, B. J. P., Kalekin, O., Kang, D., Kang, W., Kang, X., Kappes, A., Kappesser, D., Kardum, L., Karg, T., Karl, M., Karle, A., Katori, T., Katz, U., Kauer, M., Kelley, J. L., Zathul, A. Khatee, Kheirandish, A., Kiryluk, J., Klein, S. R., Kobayashi, T., Kochocki, A., Kolanoski, H., Kontrimas, T., Köpke, L., Kopper, C., Koskinen, D. J., Koundal, P., Kovacevich, M., Kowalski, M., Kozynets, T., Krauss, C. B., Kravchenko, I., Krishnamoorthi, J., Krupczak, E., Kumar, A., Kun, E., Kurahashi, N., Lad, N., Gualda, C. Lagunas, Larson, M. J., Latseva, S., Lauber, F., Lazar, J. P., Lee, J. W., DeHolton, K. Leonard, Leszczyńska, A., Lincetto, M., Liu, Q. R., Liubarska, M., Lohan, M., Lohfink, E., LoSecco, J., Love, C., Mariscal, C. J. Lozano, Lu, L., Lucarelli, F., Lyu, Y., Madsen, J., Mahn, K. B. M., Makino, Y., Mancina, S., Mandalia, S., Sainte, W. Marie, Mariş, I. C., Marka, S., Marka, Z., Marsee, M., Martinez-Soler, I., Maruyama, R., Mayhew, F., McElroy, T., McNally, F., Mead, J. V., Meagher, K., Mechbal, S., Medina, A., Meier, M., Merckx, Y., Merten, L., Meyers, Z., Micallef, J., Mikhailova, M., Mitchell, J., Montaruli, T., Moore, R. W., Morii, Y., Morse, R., Moulai, M., Mukherjee, T., Naab, R., Nagai, R., Nakos, M., Narayan, A., Naumann, U., Necker, J., Negi, A., Nelles, A., Neumann, M., Niederhausen, H., Nisa, M. U., Noell, A., Novikov, A., Nowicki, S. C., Nozdrina, A., Oberla, E., Pollmann, A. Obertacke, O'Dell, V., Oehler, M., Oeyen, B., Olivas, A., Ørsøe, R., Osborn, J., O'Sullivan, E., Papp, L., Park, N., Parker, G. K., Paudel, E. N., Paul, L., Heros, C. Pérez de los, Petersen, T. C., Peterson, J., Philippen, S., Pieper, S., Pinfold, J. L., Pizzuto, A., Plaisier, I., Plum, M., Pontén, A., Popovych, Y., Rodriguez, M. Prado, Pries, B., Procter-Murphy, R., Przybylski, G. T., Pyras, L., Rack-Helleis, J., Rameez, M., Rawlins, K., Rechav, Z., Rehman, A., Reichherzer, P., Renzi, G., Resconi, E., Reusch, S., Rhode, W., Riedel, B., Riegel, M., Rifaie, A., Roberts, E. J., Robertson, S., Rodan, S., Roellinghoff, G., Rongen, M., Rott, C., Ruhe, T., Ryckbosch, D., Safa, I., Saffer, J., Salazar-Gallegos, D., Sampathkumar, P., Herrera, S. E. Sanchez, Sandrock, A., Sandstrom, P., Santander, M., Sarkar, S., Savelberg, J., Savina, P., Schaufel, M., Schieler, H., Schindler, S., Schlickmann, L., Schlüter, B., Schlüter, F., Schmeisser, N., Schmidt, T., Schneider, J., Schröder, F. G., Schumacher, L., Schwefer, G., Sclafani, S., Seckel, D., Seikh, M., Seunarine, S., Shaevitz, M. H., Shah, R., Sharma, A., Shefali, S., Shimizu, N., Silva, M., Skrzypek, B., Smith, D., Smithers, B., Snihur, R., Soedingrekso, J., Søgaard, A., Soldin, D., Soldin, P., Sommani, G., Southall, D., Spannfellner, C., Spiczak, G. M., Spiering, C., Stamatikos, M., Stanev, T., Stezelberger, T., Stoffels, J., Stürwald, T., Stuttard, T., Sullivan, G. W., Taboada, I., Taketa, A., Tanaka, H. K. M., Ter-Antonyan, S., Thiesmeyer, M., Thompson, W. G., Thwaites, J., Tilav, S., Tollefson, K., Tönnis, C., Torres, J., Toscano, S., Tosi, D., Trettin, A., Tsunesada, Y., Tung, C. F., Turcotte, R., Twagirayezu, J. P., Ty, B., Elorrieta, M. A. Unland, Upadhyay, A. K., Upshaw, K., Valtonen-Mattila, N., Vandenbroucke, J., van Eijndhoven, N., Vannerom, D., van Santen, J., Vara, J., Veberic, D., Veitch-Michaelis, J., Venugopal, M., Verpoest, S., Vieregg, A., Vijai, A., Walck, C., Weaver, C., Weigel, P., Weindl, A., Weldert, J., Welling, C., Wendt, C., Werthebach, J., Weyrauch, M., Whitehorn, N., Wiebusch, C. H., Willey, N., Williams, D. R., Wissel, S., Witthaus, L., Wolf, A., Wolf, M., Wörner, G., Wrede, G., Wren, S., Xu, X. W., Yanez, J. P., Yildizci, E., Yoshida, S., Young, R., Yu, F., Yu, S., Yuan, T., Zhang, Z., Zhelnin, P., Zierke, S., and Zimmerman, M.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: IceCube-Gen2 is a planned next-generation neutrino observatory at the South Pole that builds upon the successful design of IceCube. Integrating two complementary detection technologies for neutrinos, optical and radio Cherenkov emission, in combination with a surface array for cosmic ray air shower detection, IceCube-Gen2 will cover a broad neutrino energy range from MeV to EeV. This index of contributions to the 38th International Cosmic Ray Conference in Nagoya, Japan (July 26 - August 3, 2023) describes research and development efforts for IceCube-Gen2. Included are summaries of the design, status, and sensitivity of the IceCube-Gen2 optical, surface, and radio components; performance studies of next-generation optical sensors detecting optical Cherenkov radiation from cosmic ray and neutrino events; reconstruction techniques of radio and optical events in terms of energy, direction, and neutrino flavor; and sensitivity studies of astrophysical neutrino flavors, diffuse neutrino fluxes, and cosmic ray anisotropies. Contributions related to IceCube and the scheduled IceCube Upgrade are available in a separate collection., Comment: To access the list of contributions, please follow the "HTML" link. Links to individual contributions will fill in as authors upload their material
Published: 2023

7. Precision measurement of the index of refraction of deep glacial ice at radio frequencies at Summit Station, Greenland

Author: Aguilar, J. A., Allison, P., Besson, D., Bishop, A., Botner, O., Bouma, S., Buitink, S., Castiglioni, W., Cataldo, M., Clark, B. A., Coleman, A., Couberly, K., Curtis-Ginsberg, Z., Dasgupta, P., de Kockere, S., de Vries, K. D., Deaconu, C., DuVernois, M. A., Eimer, A., Glaser, C., Hallgren, A., Hallmann, S., Hanson, J. C., Hendricks, B., Henrichs, J., Heyer, N., Hornhuber, C., Hughes, K., Karg, T., Karle, A., Kelley, J. L., Korntheuer, M., Kowalski, M., Kravchenko, I., Krebs, R., Lahmann, R., Lehmann, P., Latif, U., Laub, P., Liu, C. H., Mammo, J., Marsee, M. J., Meyers, Z. S., Michaels, K., Mulrey, K., Muzio, M., Nelles, A., Novikov, A., Nozdrina, A., Oberla, E., Oeyen, B., Plaisier, I., Punsuebsay, N., Pyras, L., Ryckbosch, D., Schlüter, F., Scholten, O., Seckel, D., Seikh, M. F. H., Smith, D., Stoffels, J., Southall, D., Terveer, K., Toscano, S., Tosi, D., Broeck, D. J. Van Den, van Eijndhoven, N., Vieregg, A. G., Vischer, J. Z., Welling, C., Williams, D. R., Wissel, S., Young, R., and Zink, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: Glacial ice is used as a target material for the detection of ultra-high energy neutrinos, by measuring the radio signals that are emitted when those neutrinos interact in the ice. Thanks to the large attenuation length at radio frequencies, these signals can be detected over distances of several kilometers. One experiment taking advantage of this is the Radio Neutrino Observatory Greenland (RNO-G), currently under construction at Summit Station, near the apex of the Greenland ice sheet. These experiments require a thorough understanding of the dielectric properties of ice at radio frequencies. Towards this goal, calibration campaigns have been undertaken at Summit, during which we recorded radio reflections off internal layers in the ice sheet. Using data from the nearby GISP2 and GRIP ice cores, we show that these reflectors can be associated with features in the ice conductivity profiles; we use this connection to determine the index of refraction of the bulk ice as n=1.778 +/- 0.006.
Published: 2023

8. Radiofrequency Ice Dielectric Measurements at Summit Station, Greenland

Author: Aguilar, J. A., Allison, P., Besson, D., Bishop, A., Botner, O., Bouma, S., Buitink, S., Cataldo, M., Clark, B. A., Couberly, K., Curtis-Ginsberg, Z., Dasgupta, P., de Kockere, S., de Vries, K. D., Deaconu, C., DuVernois, M. A., Eimer, A., Glaser, C., Hallgren, A., Hallmann, S., Hanson, J. C., Hendricks, B., Henrichs, J., Heyer, N., Hornhuber, C., Hughes, K., Karg, T., Karle, A., Kelley, J. L., Korntheuer, M., Kowalski11, M., Kravchenko, I., Krebs, R., Lahmann, R., Latif, U., Mammo, J., Marsee, M. J., Meyers, Z. S., Michaels, K., Mulrey, K., Muzio, M., Nelles, A., Novikov, A., Nozdrina, A., Oberla, E., Oeyen, B., Plaisier, I., Punsuebsay, N., Pyras, L., Ryckbosch, D., Scholten, O., Seckel, D., Seikh, M. F. H., Smith, D., Stoffels, J., Southall, D., Terveer, K., Toscano, S., Tosi, D., Broeck, D. J. Van Den, van Eijndhoven, N., Vieregg, A. G., Vischer, J. Z., Welling, C., Williams, D. R., Wissel, S., Young, R., and Zink, A.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Physics - Geophysics
Abstract: We recently reported on the radio-frequency attenuation length of cold polar ice at Summit Station, Greenland, based on bistatic radar measurements of radio-frequency bedrock echo strengths taken during the summer of 2021. Those data also include echoes attributed to stratified impurities or dielectric discontinuities within the ice sheet (layers), which allow studies of a) estimation of the relative contribution of coherent (discrete layers, e.g.) vs. incoherent (bulk volumetric, e.g.) scattering, b) the magnitude of internal layer reflection coefficients, c) limits on the azimuthal asymmetry of reflections (birefringence), and d) limits on signal dispersion in-ice over a bandwidth of ~100 MHz. We find that i) after averaging 10000 echo triggers, reflected signal observable over the thermal floor (to depths of approximately 1500 m) are consistent with being entirely coherent, ii) internal layer reflection coefficients are measured at approximately -60 to -70 dB, iii) birefringent effects for vertically propagating signals are smaller by an order of magnitude relative to comparable studies performed at South Pole, and iv) within our experimental limits, glacial ice is non-dispersive over the frequency band relevant for neutrino detection experiments.
Published: 2022

9. Search for Gamma-Ray and Neutrino Coincidences Using HAWC and ANTARES Data

Author: Solares, H. A. Ayala, Coutu, S., Cowen, D., Fox, D. B., Grégoire, T., McBride, F., Mostafá, M., Murase, K., Wissel, S., Albert, A., Alves, S., André, M., Ardid, M., Ardid, S., Aubert, J. -J., Aublin, J., Baret, B., Basa, S., Belhorma, B., Bendahman, M., Benfenati, F., Bertin, V., Biagi, S., Bissinger, M., Boumaaza, J., Bouta, M., Bouwhuis, M. C., Brânzaş, H., Bruijn, R., Brunner, J., Busto, J., Caiffi, B., Calvo, D., Capone, A., Caramete, L., Carr, J., Carretero, V., Celli, S., Chabab, M., Chau, T. N., Moursli, R. Cherkaoui El, Chiarusi, T., Circella, M., Coelho, J. A. B., Coleiro, A., Coniglione, R., Coyle, P., Creusot, A., Díaz, A. F., de Wasseige, G., De Martino, B., Distefano, C., Di Palma, I., Domi, A., Donzaud, C., Dornic, D., Drouhin, D., Eberl, T., van Eeden, T., van Eijk, D., Khayati, N. El, Enzenhöfer, A., Fermani, P., Ferrara, G., Filippini, F., Fusco, L., García, J., Gay, P., Glotin, H., Gozzini, R., Ruiz, R. Gracia, Graf, K., Guidi, C., Hallmann, S., van Haren, H., Heijboer, A. J., Hello, Y., Hernández-Rey, J. J., Hößl, J., Hofestädt, J., Huang, F., Illuminati, G., James, C. W., Jisse-Jung, B., de Jong, M., de Jong, P., Kadler, M., Kalekin, O., Katz, U., Kouchner, A., Kreykenbohm, I., Kulikovskiy, V., Lahmann, R., Lamoureux, M., Breton, R. Le, Lefèvre, D., Leonora, E., Levi, G., Stum, S. Le, Lopez-Coto, D., Loucatos, S., Maderer, L., Manczak, J., Marcelin, M., Margiotta, A., Marinelli, A., Martínez-Mora, J. A., Melis, K., Migliozzi, P., Moussa, A., Muller, R., Nauta, L., Navas, S., Nezri, E., Fearraigh, B. Ó, Păaun, A., Păvălaş, G. E., Pellegrino, C., Perrin-Terrin, M., Pestel, V., Piattelli, P., Pieterse, C., Poirè, C., Popa, V., Pradier, T., Randazzo, N., Real, D., Reck, S., Riccobene, G., Romanov, A., Sánchez-Losa, A., Samtleben, D. F. E., Sanguineti, M., Sapienza, P., Schnabel, J., Schumann, J., Schüssler, F., Seneca, J., Spurio, M., Stolarczyk, Th., Taiuti, M., Tayalati, Y., Tingay, S. J., Vallage, B., Van Elewyck, V., Versari, F., Viola, S., Vivolo, D., Wilms, J., Zavatarelli, S., Zegarelli, A., Zornoza, J. D., Zúñiga, J., Alvarez, C., Arteaga-Velázquez, J. C., Babu, R., Belmont-Moreno, E., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Capistrán, T., Carramiñana, A., Casanova, S., Cotti, U., Chaparro-Amaro, O., Cotzomi, J., de León, S. Coutiño, De la Fuente, E., de León, C., Hernandez, R. Diaz, DuVernois, M. A., Durocher, M., Díaz-Vélez, J. C., Engel, K., Espinoza, C., Fan, K. L., Alonso, M. Fernández, Fraija, N., García-González, J. A., Garfias, F., González, M. M., Goodman, J. A., Harding, J. P., Hernandez, S., Huang, D., Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, F., Hüntemeyer, P., Iriarte, A., Joshi, V., Kaufmann, S., Lara, A., Vargas, H. León, Linnemann, J. T., Longinotti, A. L., Luis-Raya, G., Malone, K., Martinez, O., Martinez-Castellanos, I., Martínez-Castro, J., Matthews, J. A., Miranda-Romagnoli, P., Morales-Soto, J. A., Moreno, E., Nayerhoda, A., Nellen, L., Nisa, M. U., Noriega-Papaqui, R., Omodei, N., Peisker, A., Araujo, Y. Pérez, Pérez-Pérez, E. G., Rho, C. D., Rosa-González, D., Ruiz-Velasco, E., Salazar, H., Greus, F. Salesa, Sandoval, A., Schneider, M., Smith, A. J., Son, Y., Springer, R. W., Tibolla, O., Tollefson, K., Torres, I., Torres-Escobedo, R., Turner, R., Ureña-Mena, F., Varela, E., Wang, X., Whitaker, K., Willox, E., Zepeda, A., and Zhou, H.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: In the quest for high-energy neutrino sources, the Astrophysical Multimessenger Observatory Network (AMON) has implemented a new search by combining data from the High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory and the Astronomy with a Neutrino Telescope and Abyss environmental RESearch (ANTARES) neutrino telescope. Using the same analysis strategy as in a previous detector combination of HAWC and IceCube data, we perform a search for coincidences in HAWC and ANTARES events that are below the threshold for sending public alerts in each individual detector. Data were collected between July 2015 and February 2020 with a livetime of 4.39 years. Over this time period, 3 coincident events with an estimated false-alarm rate of $< 1$ coincidence per year were found. This number is consistent with background expectations., Comment: 12 pages, 5 figures, 3 tables
Published: 2022
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10. Design and Initial Performance of the Prototype for the BEACON Instrument for Detection of Ultrahigh Energy Particles

Author: Southall, D., Deaconu, C., Decoene, V., Oberla, E., Zeolla, A., Alvarez-Muñiz, J., Cummings, A., Curtis-Ginsberg, Z., Hendrick, A., Hughes, K., Krebs, R., Ludwig, A., Mulrey, K., Prohira, S., Carvalho, Jr., W. Rodrigues de, Rodriguez, A., Romero-Wolf, A., Schoorlemmer, H., Vieregg, A. G., Wissel, S. A., and Zas, E.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: The Beamforming Elevated Array for COsmic Neutrinos (BEACON) is a planned neutrino telescope designed to detect radio emission from upgoing air showers generated by ultrahigh energy tau neutrino interactions in the Earth. This detection mechanism provides a measurement of the tau flux of cosmic neutrinos. We have installed an 8-channel prototype instrument at high elevation at Barcroft Field Station, which has been running since 2018, and consists of 4 dual-polarized antennas sensitive between 30-80 MHz, whose signals are filtered, amplified, digitized, and saved to disk using a custom data acquisition system (DAQ). The BEACON prototype is at high elevation to maximize effective volume and uses a directional beamforming trigger to improve rejection of anthropogenic background noise at the trigger level. Here we discuss the design, construction, and calibration of the BEACON prototype instrument. We also discuss the radio frequency environment observed by the instrument, and categorize the types of events seen by the instrument, including a likely cosmic ray candidate event., Comment: 21 pages, 20 figures
Published: 2022
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11. Snowmass White Paper: Beyond the Standard Model effects on Neutrino Flavor

Author: Argüelles, C. A., Barenboim, G., Bustamante, M., Coloma, P., Denton, P. B., Esteban, I., Farzan, Y., Martínez, E. Fernández, Forero, D. V., Gago, A. M., Katori, T., Lehnert, R., Ross-Lonergan, M., Suliga, A. M., Tabrizi, Z., Anchordoqui, L., Chakraborty, K., Conrad, J., Das, A., Fong, C. S., Littlejohn, B. R., Maltoni, M., Parno, D., Spitz, J., Tang, J., and Wissel, S.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: Neutrinos are one of the most promising messengers for signals of new physics Beyond the Standard Model (BSM). On the theoretical side, their elusive nature, combined with their unknown mass mechanism, seems to indicate that the neutrino sector is indeed opening a window to new physics. On the experimental side, several long-standing anomalies have been reported in the past decades, providing a strong motivation to thoroughly test the standard three-neutrino oscillation paradigm. In this Snowmass21 white paper, we explore the potential of current and future neutrino experiments to explore BSM effects on neutrino flavor during the next decade., Comment: 54 pages plus references. Contact authors: P. Coloma, D. V. Forero and T. Katori. Comments welcome. Contribution to Snowmass 2021. v2 incorporates community feedback
Published: 2022
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12. Solar flare observations with the Radio Neutrino Observatory Greenland (RNO-G)

Author: Agarwal, S., Aguilar, J.A., Ali, S., Allison, P., Betts, M., Besson, D., Bishop, A., Botner, O., Bouma, S., Buitink, S., Cataldo, M., Clark, B.A., Coleman, A., Couberly, K., de Kockere, S., de Vries, K.D., Deaconu, C., DuVernois, M.A., Glaser, C., Glüsenkamp, T., Hallgren, A., Hallmann, S., Hanson, J.C., Hendricks, B., Henrichs, J., Heyer, N., Hornhuber, C., Hughes, K., Karg, T., Karle, A., Kelley, J.L., Korntheuer, M., Kowalski, M., Kravchenko, I., Krebs, R., Lahmann, R., Latif, U., Laub, P., Liu, C.-H., Marsee, M.J., Meyers, Z.S., Mikhailova, M., Monstein, C., Mulrey, K., Muzio, M., Nelles, A., Novikov, A., Nozdrina, A., Oberla, E., Oeyen, B., Punsuebsay, N., Pyras, L., Ravn, M., Ryckbosch, D., Schlüter, F., Scholten, O., Seckel, D., Seikh, M.F.H., Stoffels, J., Terveer, K., Toscano, S., Tosi, D., Van Den Broeck, D.J., van Eijndhoven, N., Vieregg, A.G., Vijai, A., Welling, C., Williams, D.R., Windischhofer, P., Wissel, S., Young, R., and Zink, A.
Published: 2025
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13. A low-threshold ultrahigh-energy neutrino search with the Askaryan Radio Array

Author: Allison, P., Archambault, S., Beatty, J. J., Besson, D. Z., Bishop, A., Chen, C. C., Chen, C. H., Chen, P., Chen, Y. C., Clark, B. A., Clay, W., Connolly, A., Cremonesi, L., Dasgupta, P., Davies, J., de Kockere, S., de Vries, K. D., Deaconu, C., DuVernois, M. A., Flaherty, J., Friedman, E., Gaior, R., Hanson, J., Harty, N., Hendricks, B., Hoffman, K. D., Hong, E., Hsu, S. Y., Hu, L., Huang, J. J., Huang, M. -H., Hughes, K., Ishihara, A., Karle, A., Kelley, J. L., Kim, K. -C., Kim, M. -C., Kravchenko, I., Krebs, R., Ku, Y., Kuo, C. Y., Kurusu, K., Landsman, H., Latif, U. A., Li, C. -J., Liu, T. -C., Lu, M. -Y., Madison, B., Madison, K., Mase, K., Meures, T., Nam, J., Nichol, R. J., Nir, G., Novikov, A., Nozdrina, A., Oberla, E., Osborn, J., Pan, Y., Pfendner, C., Punsuebsay, N., Roth, J., Seckel, D., Seikh, M. F. H., Shiao, Y. -S., Shultz, A., Smith, D., Toscano, S., Torres, J., Touart, J., van Eijndhoven, N., Varner, G. S., Vieregg, A., Wang, M. -Z., Wang, S. -H., Wang, Y. H., Wissel, S. A., Xie, C., Yoshida, S., and Young, R.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: In the pursuit of the measurement of the still-elusive ultrahigh-energy (UHE) neutrino flux at energies of order EeV, detectors using the in-ice Askaryan radio technique have increasingly targeted lower trigger thresholds. This has led to improved trigger-level sensitivity to UHE neutrinos. Working with data collected by the Askaryan Radio Array (ARA), we search for neutrino candidates at the lowest threshold achieved to date, leading to improved analysis-level sensitivities. A neutrino search on a data set with 208.7~days of livetime from the reduced-threshold fifth ARA station is performed, achieving a 68\% analysis efficiency over all energies on a simulated mixed-composition neutrino flux with an expected background of $0.10_{-0.04}^{+0.06}$ events passing the analysis. We observe one event passing our analysis and proceed to set a neutrino flux limit using a Feldman-Cousins construction. We show that the improved trigger-level sensitivity can be carried through an analysis, motivating the Phased Array triggering technique for use in future radio-detection experiments. We also include a projection using all available data from this detector. Finally, we find that future analyses will benefit from studies of events near the surface to fully understand the background expected for a large-scale detector., Comment: 15 pages, 8 figures
Published: 2022
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14. In situ, broadband measurement of the radio frequency attenuation length at Summit Station, Greenland

Author: Aguilar, J. A., Allison, P., Beatty, J. J., Besson, D., Bishop, A., Botner, O., Bouma, S., Buitink, S., Cataldo, M., Clark, B. A., Curtis-Ginsberg, Z., Connolly, A., Dasgupta, P., de Kockere, S., de Vries, K. D., Deaconu, C., DuVernois, M. A., Glaser, C., Hallgren, A., Hallmann, S., Hanson, J. C., Hendricks, B., Hornhuber, C., Hughes, K., Karle, A., Kelley, J. L., Kravchenko, I., Krebs, R., Lahmann, R., Latif, U., Mammo, J., Meyers, Z. S., Michaels, K., Mulrey, K., Nelles, A., Novikov, A., Nozdrina, A., Oberla, E., Oeyen, B., Pan, Y., Pandya, H., Plaisier, I., Punsuebsay, N., Pyras, L., Ryckbosch, D., Scholten, O., Seckel, D., Seikh, M. F. H., Smith, D., Southall, D., Torres, J., Toscano, S., Tosi, D., Broeck, D. J. Van Den, van Eijndhoven, N., Vieregg, A. G., Welling, C., Williams, D. R., Wissel, S., Young, R., and Zink, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: Over the last 25 years, radiowave detection of neutrino-generated signals, using cold polar ice as the neutrino target, has emerged as perhaps the most promising technique for detection of extragalactic ultra-high energy neutrinos (corresponding to neutrino energies in excess of 0.01 Joules, or $10^{17}$ electron volts). During the summer of 2021 and in tandem with the initial deployment of the Radio Neutrino Observatory in Greenland (RNO-G), we conducted radioglaciological measurements at Summit Station, Greenland to refine our understanding of the ice target. We report the result of one such measurement, the radio-frequency electric field attenuation length $L_\alpha$. We find an approximately linear dependence of $L_\alpha$ on frequency with the best fit of the average field attenuation for the upper 1500 m of ice: $\langle L_\alpha \rangle = \big( (1154 \pm 121) - (0.81 \pm 0.14) (\nu/$MHz$)\big)$ m for frequencies $\nu \in [145 - 350]$ MHz., Comment: 13 pages, 8 figures, Accepted to Journal of Glaciology
Published: 2022
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15. Analysis of a Tau Neutrino Origin for the Near-Horizon Air Shower Events Observed by the Fourth Flight of the Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA)

Author: Prechelt, R., Wissel, S. A., Romero-Wolf, A., Burch, C., Gorham, P. W., Allison, P., Alvarez-Muñiz, J., Banerjee, O., Batten, L., Beatty, J. J., Belov, K., Besson, D. Z., Binns, W. R., Bugaev, V., Cao, P., Carvalho Jr., W., Chen, C. H., Chen, P., Chen, Y., Clem, J. M., Connolly, A., Cremonesi, L., Dailey, B., Deaconu, C., Dowkontt, P. F., Fox, B. D., Gordon, J. W. H., Hast, C., Hill, B., Hsu, S. Y., Huang, J. J., Hughes, K., Hupe, R., Israel, M. H., Liewer, K. M., Liu, T. C., Ludwig, A. B., Macchiarulo, L., Matsuno, S., McBride, K., Miki, C., Mulrey, K., Nam, J., Naudet, C., Nichol, R. J., Novikov, A., Oberla, E., Prohira, S., Rauch, B. F., Ripa, J., Roberts, J. M., Rotter, B., Russell, J. W., Saltzberg, D., Seckel, D., Schoorlemmer, H., Shiao, J., Stafford, S., Stockham, J., Stockham, M., Strutt, B., Sutherland, M. S., Varner, G. S., Vieregg, A. G., Wang, N., Wang, S. H., Zas, E., and Zeolla, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: We study in detail the sensitivity of the Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA) to possible $\nu_\tau$ point source fluxes detected via $\tau$-lepton-induced air showers. This investigation is framed around the observation of four upward-going extensive air shower events very close to the horizon seen in ANITA-IV. We find that these four upgoing events are not observationally inconsistent with $\tau$-induced EASs from Earth-skimming $\nu_\tau$, both in their spectral properties as well as in their observed locations on the sky. These four events, as well as the overall diffuse and point source exposure to Earth-skimming $\nu_\tau$, are also compared against published ultrahigh-energy neutrino limits from the Pierre Auger Observatory. While none of these four events occurred at sky locations simultaneously visible by Auger, the implied fluence necessary for ANITA to observe these events is in strong tension with limits set by Auger across a wide range of energies and is additionally in tension with ANITA's Askaryan in-ice neutrino channel above $10^{19}$ eV. We conclude by discussing some of the technical challenges with simulating and analyzing these near horizon events and the potential for future observatories to observe similar events., Comment: 19 pages, 22 figures, will be published in Physical Review D (PRD)
Published: 2021
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16. Using Evolutionary Algorithms to Design Antennas with Greater Sensitivity to Ultra High Energy Neutrinos

Author: Rolla, J., Machtay, A., Patton, A., Banzhaf, W., Connolly, A., Debolt, R., Deer, L., Fahimi, E., Ferstle, E., Kuzma, P., Pfendner, C., Sipe, B., Staats, K., and Wissel, S. A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: The Genetically Evolved NEutrino Telescopes for Improved Sensitivity, or GENETIS, project seeks to optimize detectors in physics for science outcomes in high dimensional parameter spaces. In this project, we designed an antenna using a genetic algorithm with a science outcome directly as the sole figure of merit. This paper presents initial results on the improvement of an antenna design for in ice neutrino detectors using the current Askaryan Radio Array, or ARA, experiment as a baseline. By optimizing for the effective volume using the evolved antenna design in ARA, we improve upon ARAs simulated sensitivity to ultra high energy neutrinos by 22 percent, despite using limited parameters in this initial investigation. Future improvements will continue to increase the computational efficiency of the genetic algorithm and the complexity and fitness of the antenna designs. This work lays the foundation for continued research and development of methods to increase the sensitivity of detectors in physics and other fields in parameter spaces of high dimensionality., Comment: 12 pages including references and appendix, 12 figures
Published: 2021

17. The SLAC T-510 experiment for radio emission from particle showers: detailed simulation study and interpretation

Author: Bechtol, K., Belov, K., Borch, K., Chen, P., Clem, J., Gorham, P., Hast, C., Huege, T., Hyneman, R., Jobe, K., Kuwatani, K., Lam, J., Liu, T. C., Mulrey, K., Nam, J., Naudet, C., Nichol, R. J., Paciaroni, C., Rauch, B. F., Romero-Wolf, A., Rotter, B., Saltzberg, D., Schoorlemmer, H., Seckel, D., Strutt, B., Vieregg, A., Williams, C., Wissel, S., and Zilles, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: Over the last several decades, radio detection of air showers has been widely used to detect ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. We developed an experiment under controlled laboratory conditions at SLAC with which we measured the radio-frequency radiation from a charged particle shower produced by bunches of electrons as primaries with known energy. The shower took place in a target made of High Density Polyethylene located in a strong magnetic field. The experiment was designed so that Askaryan and magnetically-induced components of the radio emission could be measured independently. At the same time, we performed a detailed simulation of this experiment to predict the radio signal using two microscopic formalisms, endpoint and ZHS. In this paper, we present the simulation scheme and make a comparison with data characteristics such as linearity with magnetic field and amplitude. The simulations agree with the measurements within uncertainties and present a good description of the data. In particular, reflections within the target that accounted for the largest systematic uncertainties are addressed. The prediction of the amplitude of Askaryan emission agrees with measurements to within 5% for the endpoint formalism and 11% for the ZHS formalism. The amplitudes of magnetically-induced emission agree to within 5% for the endpoint formalism and less than 1% for the ZHS formalism. The agreement of the absolute scale of emission gives confidence in state-of-the-art air shower simulations which are based on the applied formalisms.
Published: 2021
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18. The IceCube-Gen2 Collaboration -- Contributions to the 37th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC2021)

Author: Collaboration, IceCube-Gen2, Abbasi, R., Ackermann, M., Adams, J., Aguilar, J. A., Ahlers, M., Ahrens, M., Alispach, C., Allison, P., Alves Jr., A. A., Amin, N. M., An, R., Andeen, K., Anderson, T., Anton, G., Argüelles, C., Arlen, T. C., Ashida, Y., Axani, S., Bai, X., V., A. Balagopal, Barbano, A., Bartos, I., Barwick, S. W., Bastian, B., Basu, V., Baur, S., Bay, R., Beatty, J. J., Becker, K. -H., Tjus, J. Becker, Bellenghi, C., BenZvi, S., Berley, D., Bernardini, E., Besson, D. Z., Binder, G., Bindig, D., Bishop, A., Blaufuss, E., Blot, S., Boddenberg, M., Bohmer, M., Bontempo, F., Borowka, J., Böser, S., Botner, O., Böttcher, J., Bourbeau, E., Bradascio, F., Braun, J., Bron, S., Brostean-Kaiser, J., Browne, S., Burgman, A., Burley, R. T., Busse, R. S., Campana, M. A., Carnie-Bronca, E. G., Cataldo, M., Chen, C., Chirkin, D., Choi, K., Clark, B. A., Clark, K., Clark, R., Classen, L., Coleman, A., Collin, G. H., Connolly, A., Conrad, J. M., Coppin, P., Correa, P., Cowen, D. F., Cross, R., Dappen, C., Dave, P., Deaconu, C., De Clercq, C., De Kockere, S., DeLaunay, J. J., Dembinski, H., Deoskar, K., De Ridder, S., Desai, A., Desiati, P., de Vries, K. D., de Wasseige, G., de With, M., DeYoung, T., Dharani, S., Diaz, A., Díaz-Vélez, J. C., Dittmer, M., Dujmovic, H., Dunkman, M., DuVernois, M. A., Dvorak, E., Ehrhardt, T., Eller, P., Engel, R., Erpenbeck, H., Evans, J., Evans, J. J., Evenson, P. A., Fan, K. L., Farrag, K., Fazely, A. R., Fiedlschuster, S., Fienberg, A. T., Filimonov, K., Finley, C., Fischer, L., Fox, D., Franckowiak, A., Friedman, E., Fritz, A., Fürst, P., Gaisser, T. K., Gallagher, J., Ganster, E., Garcia, A., Garrappa, S., Gartner, A., Gerhardt, L., Gernhaeuser, R., Ghadimi, A., Giri, P., Glaser, C., Glauch, T., Glüsenkamp, T., Goldschmidt, A., Gonzalez, J. G., Goswami, S., Grant, D., Grégoire, T., Griswold, S., Gündüz, M., Günther, C., Haack, C., Hallgren, A., Halliday, R., Hallmann, S., Halve, L., Halzen, F., Minh, M. Ha, Hanson, K., Hardin, J., Harnisch, A. A., Haugen, J., Haungs, A., Hauser, S., Hebecker, D., Heinen, D., Helbing, K., Hendricks, B., Henningsen, F., Hettinger, E. C., Hickford, S., Hignight, J., Hill, C., Hill, G. C., Hoffman, K. D., Hoffmann, B., Hoffmann, R., Hoinka, T., Hokanson-Fasig, B., Holzapfel, K., Hoshina, K., Huang, F., Huber, M., Huber, T., Huege, T., Hughes, K., Hultqvist, K., Hünnefeld, M., Hussain, R., In, S., Iovine, N., Ishihara, A., Jansson, M., Japaridze, G. S., Jeong, M., Jones, B. J. P., Kalekin, O., Kang, D., Kang, W., Kang, X., Kappes, A., Kappesser, D., Karg, T., Karl, M., Karle, A., Katori, T., Katz, U., Kauer, M., Keivani, A., Kellermann, M., Kelley, J. L., Kheirandish, A., Kin, K., Kintscher, T., Kiryluk, J., Klein, S. R., Koirala, R., Kolanoski, H., Kontrimas, T., Köpke, L., Kopper, C., Kopper, S., Koskinen, D. J., Koundal, P., Kovacevich, M., Kowalski, M., Kozynets, T., Krauss, C. B., Kravchenko, I., Krebs, R., Kun, E., Kurahashi, N., Lad, N., Gualda, C. Lagunas, Lanfranchi, J. L., Larson, M. J., Lauber, F., Lazar, J. P., Lee, J. W., Leonard, K., Leszczyńska, A., Li, Y., Lincetto, M., Liu, Q. R., Liubarska, M., Lohfink, E., LoSecco, J., Mariscal, C. J. Lozano, Lu, L., Lucarelli, F., Ludwig, A., Luszczak, W., Lyu, Y., Ma, W. Y., Madsen, J., Mahn, K. B. M., Makino, Y., Mancina, S., Mandalia, S., Mariş, I. C., Marka, S., Marka, Z., Maruyama, R., Mase, K., McElroy, T., McNally, F., Mead, J. V., Meagher, K., Medina, A., Meier, M., Meighen-Berger, S., Meyers, Z., Micallef, J., Mockler, D., Montaruli, T., Moore, R. W., Morse, R., Moulai, M., Naab, R., Nagai, R., Naumann, U., Necker, J., Nelles, A., Nguyên, L. V., Niederhausen, H., Nisa, M. U., Nowicki, S. C., Nygren, D. R., Oberla, E., Pollmann, A. Obertacke, Oehler, M., Oeyen, B., Olivas, A., Omeliukh, A., O'Sullivan, E., Pandya, H., Pankova, D. V., Papp, L., Park, N., Parker, G. K., Paudel, E. N., Paul, L., Heros, C. Pérez de los, Peters, L., Petersen, T. C., Peterson, J., Philippen, S., Pieloth, D., Pieper, S., Pinfold, J. L., Pittermann, M., Pizzuto, A., Plaisier, I., Plum, M., Popovych, Y., Porcelli, A., Rodriguez, M. Prado, Price, P. B., Pries, B., Przybylski, G. T., Pyras, L., Raab, C., Raissi, A., Rameez, M., Rawlins, K., Rea, I. C., Rehman, A., Reichherzer, P., Reimann, R., Renzi, G., Resconi, E., Reusch, S., Rhode, W., Richman, M., Riedel, B., Riegel, M., Roberts, E. J., Robertson, S., Roellinghoff, G., Rongen, M., Rott, C., Ruhe, T., Ryckbosch, D., Cantu, D. Rysewyk, Safa, I., Saffer, J., Herrera, S. E. Sanchez, Sandrock, A., Sandroos, J., Sandstrom, P., Santander, M., Sarkar, S., Satalecka, K., Scharf, M., Schaufel, M., Schieler, H., Schindler, S., Schlunder, P., Schmidt, T., Schneider, A., Schneider, J., Schröder, F. G., Schumacher, L., Schwefer, G., Sclafani, S., Seckel, D., Seunarine, S., Shaevitz, M. H., Sharma, A., Shefali, S., Silva, M., Skrzypek, B., Smith, D., Smithers, B., Snihur, R., Soedingrekso, J., Soldin, D., Söldner-Rembold, S., Southall, D., Spannfellner, C., Spiczak, G. M., Spiering, C., Stachurska, J., Stamatikos, M., Stanev, T., Stein, R., Stettner, J., Steuer, A., Stezelberger, T., Stürwald, T., Stuttard, T., Sullivan, G. W., Taboada, I., Taketa, A., Tanaka, H. K. M., Tenholt, F., Ter-Antonyan, S., Tilav, S., Tischbein, F., Tollefson, K., Tomankova, L., Tönnis, C., Torres, J., Toscano, S., Tosi, D., Trettin, A., Tselengidou, M., Tung, C. F., Turcati, A., Turcotte, R., Turley, C. F., Twagirayezu, J. P., Ty, B., Elorrieta, M. A. Unland, Valtonen-Mattila, N., Vandenbroucke, J., van Eijndhoven, N., Vannerom, D., van Santen, J., Veberic, D., Verpoest, S., Vieregg, A., Vraeghe, M., Walck, C., Watson, T. B., Weaver, C., Weigel, P., Weindl, A., Weinstock, L., Weiss, M. J., Weldert, J., Welling, C., Wendt, C., Werthebach, J., Weyrauch, M., Whitehorn, N., Wiebusch, C. H., Williams, D. R., Wissel, S., Wolf, M., Woschnagg, K., Wrede, G., Wren, S., Wulff, J., Xu, X. W., Xu, Y., Yanez, J. P., Yoshida, S., Yu, S., Yuan, T., Zhang, Z., and Zierke, S.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: IceCube-Gen2 is a planned extension of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory at the South Pole. The extension is optimized to search for sources of astrophysical neutrinos from TeV to EeV, and will improve the sensitivity of the observatory to neutrino point sources by a factor of five. The science case of IceCube-Gen2 is built on a successful decade of observations with IceCube. This index of contributions to the 37th International Cosmic Ray Conference in Berlin, Germany (12-23 July 2021) describes research and development efforts for IceCube-Gen2. Included are performance studies of next-generation optical sensors that will detect Cherenkov radiation from TeV-PeV cosmic rays and neutrinos; optimizations of the geometries of the surface and in-ice optical arrays; and estimates of the sensitivity of the proposed IceCube-Gen2 radio array to Askaryan emission from PeV-EeV neutrinos. Contributions related to the existing instrument, IceCube, are available in a separate collection., Comment: To access the list of contributions, please follow the "HTML" link. Links to individual contributions will fill in as authors upload their material
Published: 2021

19. Reconstructing the neutrino energy for in-ice radio detectors

Author: Aguilar, J. A., Allison, P., Beatty, J. J., Bernhoff, H., Besson, D., Bingefors, N., Botner, O., Bouma, S., Buitink, S., Carter, K., Cataldo, M., Clark, B. A., Curtis-Ginsberg, Z., Connolly, A., Dasgupta, P., de Kockere, S., de Vries, K. D., Deaconu, C., DuVernois, M. A., Glaser, C., Hallgren, A., Hallmann, S., Hanson, J. C., Hendricks, B., Hokanson-Fasig, B., Hornhuber, C., Hughes, K., Karle, A., Kelley, J. L., Klein, S. R., Krebs, R., Lahmann, R., Latif, U., Magnuson, M., Meures, T., Meyers, Z. S., Mulrey, K., Nelles, A., Novikov, A., Oberla, E., Oeyen, B., Pandya, H., Plaisier, I., Pyras, L., Ryckbosch, D., Scholten, O., Seckel, D., Smith, D., Southall, D., Torres, J., Toscano, S., Tosi, D., Broeck, D. J. Van Den, van Eijndhoven, N., Vieregg, A. G., Welling, C., Wissel, S., Young, R., and Zink, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: Starting in summer 2021, the Radio Neutrino Observatory in Greenland (RNO-G) will search for astrophysical neutrinos at energies >10 PeV by detecting the radio emission from particle showers in the ice around Summit Station, Greenland. We present an extensive simulation study that shows how RNO-G will be able to measure the energy of such particle cascades, which will in turn be used to estimate the energy of the incoming neutrino that caused them. The location of the neutrino interaction is determined using the differences in arrival times between channels and the electric field of the radio signal is reconstructed using a novel approach based on Information Field Theory. Based on these properties, the shower energy can be estimated. We show that this method can achieve an uncertainty of 13% on the logarithm of the shower energy after modest quality cuts and estimate how this can constrain the energy of the neutrino. The method presented in this paper is applicable to all similar radio neutrino detectors, such as the proposed radio array of IceCube-Gen2., Comment: 23 pages, 20 figures, version accepted at EPJ-C
Published: 2021
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20. The Radar Echo Telescope for Cosmic Rays: Pathfinder Experiment for a Next-Generation Neutrino Observatory

Author: Prohira, S., de Vries, K. D., Allison, P., Beatty, J., Besson, D., Connolly, A., Dasgupta, P., Deaconu, C., De Kockere, S., Frikken, D., Hast, C., Santiago, E. Huesca, Kuo, C. -Y., Latif, U. A., Lukic, V., Meures, T., Mulrey, K., Nam, J., Nozdrina, A., Oberla, E., Ralston, J. P., Sbrocco, C., Stanley, R. S., Torres, J., Toscano, S., Broeck, D. Van den, van Eijndhoven, N., and Wissel, S.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: The Radar Echo Telescope for Cosmic Rays (RET-CR) is a recently initiated experiment designed to detect the englacial cascade of a cosmic-ray initiated air shower via in-ice radar, toward the goal of a full-scale, next-generation experiment to detect ultra high energy neutrinos in polar ice. For cosmic rays with a primary energy greater than 10 PeV, roughly 10% of an air-shower's energy reaches the surface of a high elevation ice-sheet ($\gtrsim$2 km) concentrated into a radius of roughly 10 cm. This penetrating shower core creates an in-ice cascade many orders of magnitude more dense than the preceding in-air cascade. This dense cascade can be detected via the radar echo technique, where transmitted radio is reflected from the ionization deposit left in the wake of the cascade. RET-CR will test the radar echo method in nature, with the in-ice cascade of a cosmic-ray initiated air-shower serving as a test beam. We present the projected event rate and sensitivity based upon a three part simulation using CORSIKA, GEANT4, and RadioScatter. RET-CR expects $\sim$1 radar echo event per day.
Published: 2021
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21. Triboelectric Backgrounds to radio-based UHE Neutrino Exeperiments

Author: Aguilar, J. A., Anker, A., Allison, P., Archambault, S., Baldi, P., Barwick, S. W., Beatty, J. J., Beise, J., Besson, D., Bishop, A., Bondarev, E., Botner, O., Bouma, S., Buitink, S., Cataldo, M., Chen, C. C., Chen, C. H., Chen, P., Chen, Y. C., Clark, B. A., Clay, W., Curtis-Ginsberg, Z., Connolly, A., Dasgupta, P., de Kockere, S., de Vries, K. D., Deaconu, C., DuVernois, M. A., Flaherty, J., Friedman, E., Gaior, R., Gaswint, G., Glaser, C., Hallgren, A., Hallmann, S., Hanson, J. C., Harty, N., Hendricks, B., Hoffman, K. D., Hornhuber, C., Hsu, S. Y., Hu, L., Huang, J. J., Huang, M. -H., Hughes, K., Ishihara, A., Karle, A., Kelley, J. L., Klein, S. R., Kleinfelder, S. A., Kim, K. -C., Kim, M. -C., Kravchenko, I., Krebs, R., Ku, Y., Kuo, C. Y., Kurusu, K., Lahmann, R., Landsman, H., Latif, U., Li, C. -J., Liu, J., Liu, T. -C., Lu, M. -Y., Madison, K., Mammo, J., Mase, K., McAleer, S., Meures, T., Meyers, Z. S., Michaels, K., Mikhailova, M., Mulrey, K., Nam, J., Nichol, R. J., Nelles, A., Novikov, A., Nozdrina, A., Oberla, E., Oeyen, B., Osborn, J., Pan, Y., Pandya, H., Paul, M. P., Persichilli, C., Plaisier, I., Punsuebsay, N., Pyras, L., Rice-Smith, R., Roth, J., Ryckbosch, D., Scholten, O., Seckel, D., Seikh, M. F. H., Shiao, Y. -S., Smith, D., Southall, D., Tatar, J., Torres, J., Toscano, S., Tosi, D., Touart, J., Broeck, D. J. Van Den, van Eijndhoven, N., Varner, G. S., Vieregg, A. G., Wang, M. -Z., Wang, S. -H, Wang, Y. H., Welling, C., Williams, D. R., Wissel, S., Xie, C., Yoshida, S., Young, R., Zhao, L., and Zink, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: The proposed IceCube-Gen2 (ICG2) seeks to instrument ~500 sq. km of Antarctic ice near the geographic South Pole with radio antennas, in order to observe the highest energy (E>1 EeV) neutrinos in the Universe. To this end, ICG2 will use the impulsive radio-frequency (RF) signal produced by neutrino interactions in polar ice caps. In such experiments, rare single event candidates must be unambiguously separated from background; to date, signal identification strategies primarily reject thermal noise and anthropogenic backgrounds. Here, we consider the possibility that fake neutrino signals may also be naturally generated via the 'triboelectric effect'. This broadly includes any process in which force applied at a boundary layer results in displacement of surface charge, generating a potential difference {\Delta}V. Wind blowing over granular surfaces such as snow can induce such a {\Delta}V, with subsequent discharge. Discharges over nanosecond-timescales can then lead to RF emissions at characteristic MHz-GHz frequencies. We find that such backgrounds are evident in the several neutrino experiments considered, and are generally characterized by: a) a threshold wind velocity which likely depends on the experimental signal trigger threshold and layout; for the experiments considered herein, this value is typically O(10 m/s), b) frequency spectra generally shifted to the low-end of the frequency regime to which current radio experiments are typically sensitive (100-200 MHz), c) for the strongest background signals, an apparent preference for discharges from above-surface structures, although the presence of more isotropic, lower amplitude triboelectric discharges cannot be excluded.
Published: 2021

22. Modeling in-ice radio propagation with parabolic equation methods

Author: Prohira, S., Sbrocco, C., Allison, P., Beatty, J., Besson, D., Connolly, A., Dasgupta, P., Deaconu, C., de Vries, K. D., De Kockere, S., Frikken, D., Hast, C., Santiago, E. Huesca, Kuo, C. -Y., Latif, U. A., Lukic, V., Meures, T., Mulrey, K., Nam, J., Nozdrina, A., Ralston, J. P., Stanley, R. S., Torres, J., Toscano, S., Broeck, D. Van den, van Eijndhoven, N., and Wissel, S.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Physics - Computational Physics
Abstract: We investigate the use of parabolic equation (PE) methods for solving radio-wave propagation in polar ice. PE methods provide an approximate solution to Maxwell's equations, in contrast to full-field solutions such as finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) methods, yet provide a more complete model of propagation than simple geometric ray-tracing (RT) methods that are the current state of the art for simulating in-ice radio detection of neutrino-induced cascades. PE are more computationally efficient than FDTD methods, and more flexible than RT methods, allowing for the inclusion of diffractive effects, and modeling of propagation in regions that cannot be modeled with geometric methods. We present a new PE approximation suited to the in-ice case. We conclude that current ray-tracing methods may be too simplistic in their treatment of ice properties, and their continued use could overestimate experimental sensitivity for in-ice neutrino detection experiments. We discuss the implications for current in-ice Askaryan-type detectors and for the upcoming Radar Echo Telescope; two families of experiments for which these results are most relevant. We suggest that PE methods be investigated further for in-ice radio applications.
Published: 2020
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23. Design and Sensitivity of the Radio Neutrino Observatory in Greenland (RNO-G)

Author: Aguilar, J. A., Allison, P., Beatty, J. J., Bernhoff, H., Besson, D., Bingefors, N., Botner, O., Buitink, S., Carter, K., Clark, B. A., Connolly, A., Dasgupta, P., de Kockere, S., de Vries, K. D., Deaconu, C., DuVernois, M. A., Feigl, N., Garcia-Fernandez, D., Glaser, C., Hallgren, A., Hallmann, S., Hanson, J. C., Hendricks, B., Hokanson-Fasig, B., Hornhuber, C., Hughes, K., Karle, A., Kelley, J. L., Klein, S. R., Krebs, R., Lahmann, R., Magnuson, M., Meures, T., Meyers, Z. S., Nelles, A., Novikov, A., Oberla, E., Oeyen, B., Pandya, H., Plaisier, I., Pyras, L., Ryckbosch, D., Scholten, O., Seckel, D., Smith, D., Southall, D., Torres, J., Toscano, S., Broeck, D. J. Van Den, van Eijndhoven, N., Vieregg, A. G., Welling, C., Wissel, S., Young, R., and Zink, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: This article presents the design of the Radio Neutrino Observatory Greenland (RNO-G) and discusses its scientific prospects. Using an array of radio sensors, RNO-G seeks to measure neutrinos above 10 PeV by exploiting the Askaryan effect in neutrino-induced cascades in ice. We discuss the experimental considerations that drive the design of RNO-G, present first measurements of the hardware that is to be deployed and discuss the projected sensitivity of the instrument. RNO-G will be the first production-scale radio detector for in-ice neutrino signals., Comment: 51 pages, 27 figures, version updated to include corrected figure of effective areas and error in caption
Published: 2020
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24. The Payload for Ultrahigh Energy Observations (PUEO): A White Paper

Author: Abarr, Q., Allison, P., Yebra, J. Ammerman, Alvarez-Muñiz, J., Beatty, J. J., Besson, D. Z., Chen, P., Chen, Y., Clem, J. M., Connolly, A., Cremonesi, L., Deaconu, C., Flaherty, J., Frikken, D., Gorham, P. W., Hast, C., Hornhuber, C., Huang, J. J., Hughes, K., Hynous, A., Ku, Y., Kuo, C. -Y., Liu, T. C., Martin, Z., Miki, C., Nam, J., Nichol, R. J., Nishimura, K., Novikov, A., Nozdrina, A., Oberla, E., Prohira, S., Prechelt, R., Rauch, B. F., Roberts, J. M., Romero-Wolf, A., Russell, J. W., Seckel, D., Shiao, J., Smith, D., Southall, D., Varner, G. S., Vieregg, A. G., Wang, S. -H., Wang, Y. -H., Wissel, S. A., Xie, C., Young, R., Zas, E., and Zeolla, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: The Payload for Ultrahigh Energy Observations (PUEO) long-duration balloon experiment is designed to have world-leading sensitivity to ultrahigh-energy neutrinos at energies above 1 EeV. Probing this energy region is essential for understanding the extreme-energy universe at all distance scales. PUEO leverages experience from and supersedes the successful Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA) program, with an improved design that drastically improves sensitivity by more than an order of magnitude at energies below 30 EeV. PUEO will either make the first significant detection of or set the best limits on ultrahigh-energy neutrino fluxes., Comment: 40 pages, 17 figures. Version accepted to JINST
Published: 2020
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25. A search for ultrahigh-energy neutrinos associated with astrophysical sources using the third flight of ANITA

Author: Deaconu, C., Batten, L., Allison, P., Banerjee, O., Beatty, J. J., Belov, K., Besson, D. Z., Binns, W. R., Bugaev, V., Cao, P., Chen, C. H., Chen, P., Chen, Y., Clem, J. M., Connolly, A., Cremonesi, L., Dailey, B., Dowkontt, P. F., Fox, B. D., Gordon, J. W. H., Gorham, P. W., Hast, C., Hill, B., Hsu, S. Y., Huang, J. J., Hughes, K., Hupe, R., Israel, M. H., Liewer, K. M., Liu, T. C., Ludwig, A. B., Macchiarulo, L., Matsuno, S., McBride, K., Miki, C., Mulrey, K., Nam, J., Naudet, C., Nichol, R. J., Novikov, A., Oberla, E., Prohira, S., Prechelt, R., Rauch, B. F., Ripa, J., Roberts, J. M., Romero-Wolf, A., Rotter, B., Russell, J. W., Saltzberg, D., Seckel, D., Schoorlemmer, H., Shiao, J., Stafford, S., Stockham, J., Stockham, M., Strutt, B., Sutherland, M. S., Varner, G. S., Vieregg, A. G., Wang, N., Wang, S. H., and Wissel, S. A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: The ANtarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA) long-duration balloon experiment is sensitive to interactions of ultra high-energy (E > 10^{18} eV) neutrinos in the Antarctic ice sheet. The third flight of ANITA, lasting 22 days, began in December 2014. We develop a methodology to search for energetic neutrinos spatially and temporally coincident with potential source classes in ANITA data. This methodology is applied to several source classes: the TXS 0506+056 blazar and NGC 1068, the first potential TeV neutrino sources identified by IceCube, flaring high-energy blazars reported by the Fermi All-Sky Variability Analysis, gamma-ray bursts, and supernovae. Among searches within the five source classes, one candidate was identified as associated with SN 2015D, although not at a statistically significant level. We proceed to place upper limits on the source classes. We further comment on potential applications of this methodology to more sensitive future instruments., Comment: 23 pages, 7 figures, version accepted to JCAP
Published: 2020
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26. Experimental tests of sub-surface reflectors as an explanation for the ANITA anomalous events

Author: Smith, D., Besson, D. Z., Deaconu, C., Prohira, S., Allison, P., Batten, L., Beatty, J. J., Binns, W. R., Bugaev, V., Cao, P., Chen, C., Chen, P., Clem, J. M., Connolly, A., Cremonesi, L., Dasgupta, P., Gorham, P. W., Israel, M. H., Liu, T. C., Ludwig, A., Matsuno, S., Miki, C., Nam, J., Novikov, A., Nichol, R. J., Oberla, E., Prechelt, R., Rauch, B. F., Russell, J., Saltzberg, D., Seckel, D., Varner, G. S., Vieregg, A. G., and Wissel, S. A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: The balloon-borne ANITA experiment is designed to detect ultra-high energy neutrinos via radio emissions produced by an in-ice shower. Although initially purposed for interactions within the Antarctic ice sheet, ANITA also demonstrated the ability to self-trigger on radio emissions from ultra-high energy charged cosmic rays interacting in the Earth's atmosphere. For showers produced above the Antarctic ice sheet, reflection of the down-coming radio signals at the Antarctic surface should result in a polarity inversion prior to subsequent observation at the $\sim$35-40 km altitude ANITA gondola. ANITA has published two anomalous instances of upcoming cosmic-rays with measured polarity opposite the remaining sample of $\sim$50 UHECR signals. The steep observed upwards incidence angles (25--30 degrees relative to the horizontal) require non-Standard Model physics if these events are due to in-ice neutrino interactions, as the Standard Model cross-section would otherwise prohibit neutrinos from penetrating the long required chord of Earth. Shoemaker et al. posit that glaciological effects may explain the steep observed anomalous events. We herein consider the scenarios offered by Shoemaker et al. and find them to be disfavored by extant ANITA and HiCal experimental data. We note that the recent report of four additional near-horizon anomalous ANITA-4 events, at $>3\sigma$ significance, are incompatible with their model, which requires significant signal transmission into the ice.
Published: 2020
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27. Unusual Near-horizon Cosmic-ray-like Events Observed by ANITA-IV

Author: ANITA Collaboration, Gorham, P. W., Ludwig, A., Deaconu, C., Cao, P., Allison, P., Banerjee, O., Batten, L., Bhattacharya, D., Beatty, J. J., Belov, K., Binns, W. R., Bugaev, V., Chen, C. H., Chen, P., Chen, Y., Clem, J. M., Cremonesi, L., Dailey, B., Dowkontt, P. F., Fox, B. D., Gordon, J. W. H., Hast, C., Hill, B., Hsu, S. Y., Huang, J. J., Hughes, K., Hupe, R., Israel, M. H., Liu, T. C., Macchiarulo, L., Matsuno, S., McBride, K., Miki, C., Nam, J., Naudet, C. J., Nichol, R. J., Novikov, A., Oberla, E., Olmedo, M., Prechelt, R., Prohira, S., Rauch, B. F., Roberts, J. M., Romero-Wolf, A., Rotter, B., Russell, J. W., Saltzberg, D., Seckel, D., Schoorlemmer, H., Shiao, J., Stafford, S., Stockham, J., Stockham, M., Strutt, B., Sutherland, M. S., Varner, G. S., Vieregg, A. G., Wang, S. H., and Wissel, S. A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: ANITA's fourth long-duration balloon flight in late 2016 detected 29 cosmic-ray (CR)-like events on a background of $0.37^{+0.27}_{-0.17}$ anthropogenic events. CRs are mainly seen in reflection off the Antarctic ice sheets, creating a characteristic phase-inverted waveform polarity. However, four of the below-horizon CR-like events show anomalous non-inverted polarity, a $p = 5.3 \times 10^{-4}$ chance if due to background. All anomalous events are from locations near the horizon; ANITA-IV observed no steeply-upcoming anomalous events similar to the two such events seen in prior flights., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures, to appear in Physical Review Letters. Supplemental material (reference 17) available from corresponding author
Published: 2020
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28. IceCube-Gen2: The Window to the Extreme Universe

Author: Collaboration, The IceCube-Gen2, Aartsen, M. G., Abbasi, R., Ackermann, M., Adams, J., Aguilar, J. A., Ahlers, M., Ahrens, M., Alispach, C., Allison, P., Amin, N. M., Andeen, K., Anderson, T., Ansseau, I., Anton, G., Argüelles, C., Arlen, T. C., Auffenberg, J., Axani, S., Bagherpour, H., Bai, X., V., A. Balagopal, Barbano, A., Bartos, I., Bastian, B., Basu, V., Baum, V., Baur, S., Bay, R., Beatty, J. J., Becker, K. -H., Tjus, J. Becker, BenZvi, S., Berley, D., Bernardini, E., Besson, D. Z., Binder, G., Bindig, D., Blaufuss, E., Blot, S., Bohm, C., Bohmer, M., Böser, S., Botner, O., Böttcher, J., Bourbeau, E., Bourbeau, J., Bradascio, F., Braun, J., Bron, S., Brostean-Kaiser, J., Burgman, A., Burley, R. T., Buscher, J., Busse, R. S., Bustamante, M., Campana, M. A., Carnie-Bronca, E. G., Carver, T., Chen, C., Chen, P., Cheung, E., Chirkin, D., Choi, S., Clark, B. A., Clark, K., Classen, L., Coleman, A., Collin, G. H., Connolly, A., Conrad, J. M., Coppin, P., Correa, P., Cowen, D. F., Cross, R., Dave, P., Deaconu, C., De Clercq, C., DeLaunay, J. J., De Kockere, S., Dembinski, H., Deoskar, K., De Ridder, S., Desai, A., Desiati, P., de Vries, K. D., de Wasseige, G., de With, M., DeYoung, T., Dharani, S., Diaz, A., Díaz-Vélez, J. C., Dujmovic, H., Dunkman, M., DuVernois, M. A., Dvorak, E., Ehrhardt, T., Eller, P., Engel, R., Evans, J. J., Evenson, P. A., Fahey, S., Farrag, K., Fazely, A. R., Felde, J., Fienberg, A. T., Filimonov, K., Finley, C., Fischer, L., Fox, D., Franckowiak, A., Friedman, E., Fritz, A., Gaisser, T. K., Gallagher, J., Ganster, E., Garcia-Fernandez, D., Garrappa, S., Gartner, A., Gerhardt, L., Gernhaeuser, R., Ghadimi, A., Glaser, C., Glauch, T., Glüsenkamp, T., Goldschmidt, A., Gonzalez, J. G., Goswami, S., Grant, D., Grégoire, T., Griffith, Z., Griswold, S., Gündüz, M., Haack, C., Hallgren, A., Halliday, R., Halve, L., Halzen, F., Hanson, J. C., Hanson, K., Hardin, J., Haugen, J., Haungs, A., Hauser, S., Hebecker, D., Heinen, D., Heix, P., Helbing, K., Hellauer, R., Henningsen, F., Hickford, S., Hignight, J., Hill, C., Hill, G. C., Hoffman, K. D., Hoffmann, B., Hoffmann, R., Hoinka, T., Hokanson-Fasig, B., Holzapfel, K., Hoshina, K., Huang, F., Huber, M., Huber, T., Huege, T., Hughes, K., Hultqvist, K., Hünnefeld, M., Hussain, R., In, S., Iovine, N., Ishihara, A., Jansson, M., Japaridze, G. S., Jeong, M., Jones, B. J. P., Jonske, F., Joppe, R., Kalekin, O., Kang, D., Kang, W., Kang, X., Kappes, A., Kappesser, D., Karg, T., Karl, M., Karle, A., Katori, T., Katz, U., Kauer, M., Keivani, A., Kellermann, M., Kelley, J. L., Kheirandish, A., Kim, J., Kin, K., Kintscher, T., Kiryluk, J., Kittler, T., Kleifges, M., Klein, S. R., Koirala, R., Kolanoski, H., Köpke, L., Kopper, C., Kopper, S., Koskinen, D. J., Koundal, P., Kovacevich, M., Kowalski, M., Krauss, C. B., Krings, K., Krückl, G., Kulacz, N., Kurahashi, N., Gualda, C. Lagunas, Lahmann, R., Lanfranchi, J. L., Larson, M. J., Latif, U., Lauber, F., Lazar, J. P., Leonard, K., Leszczyńska, A., Li, Y., Liu, Q. R., Lohfink, E., LoSecco, J., Mariscal, C. J. Lozano, Lu, L., Lucarelli, F., Ludwig, A., Lünemann, J., Luszczak, W., Lyu, Y., Ma, W. Y., Madsen, J., Maggi, G., Mahn, K. B. M., Makino, Y., Mallik, P., Mancina, S., Mandalia, S., Mariş, I. C., Marka, S., Marka, Z., Maruyama, R., Mase, K., Maunu, R., McNally, F., Meagher, K., Medina, A., Meier, M., Meighen-Berger, S., Merz, J., Meyers, Z. S., Micallef, J., Mockler, D., Momenté, G., Montaruli, T., Moore, R. W., Morse, R., Moulai, M., Muth, P., Naab, R., Nagai, R., Nam, J., Naumann, U., Necker, J., Neer, G., Nelles, A., Nguyên, L. V., Niederhausen, H., Nisa, M. U., Nowicki, S. C., Nygren, D. R., Oberla, E., Pollmann, A. Obertacke, Oehler, M., Olivas, A., O'Sullivan, E., Pan, Y., Pandya, H., Pankova, D. V., Papp, L., Park, N., Parker, G. K., Paudel, E. N., Peiffer, P., Heros, C. Pérez de los, Petersen, T. C., Philippen, S., Pieloth, D., Pieper, S., Pinfold, J. L., Pizzuto, A., Plaisier, I., Plum, M., Popovych, Y., Porcelli, A., Rodriguez, M. Prado, Price, P. B., Przybylski, G. T., Raab, C., Raissi, A., Rameez, M., Rauch, L., Rawlins, K., Rea, I. C., Rehman, A., Reimann, R., Renschler, M., Renzi, G., Resconi, E., Reusch, S., Rhode, W., Richman, M., Riedel, B., Riegel, M., Roberts, E. J., Robertson, S., Roellinghoff, G., Rongen, M., Rott, C., Ruhe, T., Ryckbosch, D., Cantu, D. Rysewyk, Safa, I., Herrera, S. E. Sanchez, Sandrock, A., Sandroos, J., Sandstrom, P., Santander, M., Sarkar, S., Satalecka, K., Scharf, M., Schaufel, M., Schieler, H., Schlunder, P., Schmidt, T., Schneider, A., Schneider, J., Schröder, F. G., Schumacher, L., Sclafani, S., Seckel, D., Seunarine, S., Shaevitz, M. H., Sharma, A., Shefali, S., Silva, M., Smith, D., Smithers, B., Snihur, R., Soedingrekso, J., Soldin, D., Söldner-Rembold, S., Song, M., Southall, D., Spiczak, G. M., Spiering, C., Stachurska, J., Stamatikos, M., Stanev, T., Stein, R., Stettner, J., Steuer, A., Stezelberger, T., Stokstad, R. G., Strotjohann, N. L., Stürwald, T., Stuttard, T., Sullivan, G. W., Taboada, I., Taketa, A., Tanaka, H. K. M., Tenholt, F., Ter-Antonyan, S., Terliuk, A., Tilav, S., Tollefson, K., Tomankova, L., Tönnis, C., Torres, J., Toscano, S., Tosi, D., Trettin, A., Tselengidou, M., Tung, C. F., Turcati, A., Turcotte, R., Turley, C. F., Twagirayezu, J. P., Ty, B., Unger, E., Elorrieta, M. A. Unland, Vandenbroucke, J., van Eijk, D., van Eijndhoven, N., Vannerom, D., van Santen, J., Veberic, D., Verpoest, S., Vieregg, A., Vraeghe, M., Walck, C., Watson, T. B., Weaver, C., Weindl, A., Weinstock, L., Weiss, M. J., Weldert, J., Welling, C., Wendt, C., Werthebach, J., Whitehorn, N., Wiebe, K., Wiebusch, C. H., Williams, D. R., Wissel, S. A., Wolf, M., Wood, T. R., Woschnagg, K., Wrede, G., Wren, S., Wulff, J., Xu, X. W., Xu, Y., Yanez, J. P., Yoshida, S., Yuan, T., Zhang, Z., Zierke, S., and Zöcklein, M.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: The observation of electromagnetic radiation from radio to $\gamma$-ray wavelengths has provided a wealth of information about the universe. However, at PeV (10$^{15}$ eV) energies and above, most of the universe is impenetrable to photons. New messengers, namely cosmic neutrinos, are needed to explore the most extreme environments of the universe where black holes, neutron stars, and stellar explosions transform gravitational energy into non-thermal cosmic rays. The discovery of cosmic neutrinos with IceCube has opened this new window on the universe. In this white paper, we present an overview of a next-generation instrument, IceCube-Gen2, which will sharpen our understanding of the processes and environments that govern the universe at the highest energies. IceCube-Gen2 is designed to: 1) Resolve the high-energy neutrino sky from TeV to EeV energies; 2) Investigate cosmic particle acceleration through multi-messenger observations; 3) Reveal the sources and propagation of the highest energy particles in the universe; 4) Probe fundamental physics with high-energy neutrinos. IceCube-Gen2 will increase the annual rate of observed cosmic neutrinos by a factor of ten compared to IceCube, and will be able to detect sources five times fainter than its predecessor. Furthermore, through the addition of a radio array, IceCube-Gen2 will extend the energy range by several orders of magnitude compared to IceCube. Construction will take 8 years and cost about \$350M. The goal is to have IceCube-Gen2 fully operational by 2033. IceCube-Gen2 will play an essential role in shaping the new era of multi-messenger astronomy, fundamentally advancing our knowledge of the high-energy universe. This challenging mission can be fully addressed only in concert with the new survey instruments across the electromagnetic spectrum and gravitational wave detectors which will be available in the coming years., Comment: 56 pages, 29 figures
Published: 2020
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29. Constraints on the Diffuse Flux of Ultra-High Energy Neutrinos from Four Years of Askaryan Radio Array Data in Two Stations

Author: ARA Collaboration, Allison, P., Archambault, S., Beatty, J. J., Beheler-Amass, M., Besson, D. Z., Beydler, M., Chen, C. C., Chen, C. H., Chen, P., Clark, B. A., Clay, W., Connolly, A., Cremonesi, L., Davies, J., de Kockere, S., de Vries, K. D., Deaconu, C., Duvernois, M., Friedman, E., Gaior, R., Hanson, J., Hanson, K., Hoffman, K. D., Hokanson-Fasig, B., Hong, E., Hsu, S. Y., Hu, L., Huang, J. J., Huang, M. -H., Hughes, K., Ishihara, A., Karle, A., Kelley, J. L., Khandelwal, R., Kim, K. -C., Kim, M. -C., Kravchenko, I., Kurusu, K., Landsman, H., Latif, U. A., Laundrie, A., Li, C. -J., Liu, T. -C., Lu, M. -Y., Madison, B., Mase, K., Meures, T., Nam, J., Nichol, R. J., Nir, G., Novikov, A., Nozdrina, A., Oberla, E., O'Murchadha, A., Osborn, J., Pan, Y., Pfendner, C., Roth, J., Sandstrom, P., Seckel, D., Shiao, Y. -S., Shultz, A., Smith, D., Torres, J., Touart, J., van Eijndhoven, N., Varner, G. S., Vieregg, A. G., Wang, M. -Z., Wang, S. -H., Wissel, S. A., Yoshida, S., and Young, R.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: The Askaryan Radio Array (ARA) is an ultra-high energy (UHE, $>10^{17}$ eV) neutrino detector designed to observe neutrinos by searching for the radio waves emitted by the relativistic products of neutrino-nucleon interactions in Antarctic ice. In this paper, we present constraints on the diffuse flux of ultra-high energy neutrinos between $10^{16}-10^{21}$ eV resulting from a search for neutrinos in two complementary analyses, both analyzing four years of data (2013-2016) from the two deep stations (A2, A3) operating at that time. We place a 90 % CL upper limit on the diffuse all flavor neutrino flux at $10^{18}$ eV of $EF(E)=5.6\times10^{-16}$ $\textrm{cm}^{-2}$$\textrm{s}^{-1}$$\textrm{sr}^{-1}$. This analysis includes four times the exposure of the previous ARA result, and represents approximately 1/5 the exposure expected from operating ARA until the end of 2022., Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures; Accepted to PRD
Published: 2019
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30. Neutrino astronomy with the next generation IceCube Neutrino Observatory

Author: Aartsen, M. G., Ackermann, M., Adams, J., Aguilar, J. A., Ahlers, M., Ahrens, M., Alispach, C., Andeen, K., Anderson, T., Ansseau, I., Anton, G., Argüelles, C., Arlen, T. C., Auffenberg, J., Axani, S., Backes, P., Bagherpour, H., Bai, X., V., A. Balagopal, Barbano, A., Bartos, I., Bastian, B., Baum, V., Baur, S., Bay, R., Beatty, J. J., Becker, K. -H., Tjus, J. Becker, BenZvi, S., Berley, D., Bernardini, E., Besson, D. Z., Binder, G., Bindig, D., Blaufuss, E., Blot, S., Bohm, C., Bohmer, M., Börner, M., Böser, S., Botner, O., Böttcher, J., Bourbeau, E., Bourbeau, J., Bradascio, F., Braun, J., Bron, S., Brostean-Kaiser, J., Burgman, A., Buscher, J., Busse, R. S., Bustamante, M., Carver, T., Chen, C., Chen, P., Cheung, E., Chirkin, D., Clark, B., Clark, K., Classen, L., Coleman, A., Collin, G. H., Connolly, A., Conrad, J. M., Coppin, P., Correa, P., Cowen, D. F., Cross, R., Dave, P., Deaconu, C., de André, J. P. A. M., De Clercq, C., DeKockere, S., DeLaunay, J. J., Dembinski, H., Deoskar, K., De Ridder, S., Desiati, P., de Vries, K. D., de Wasseige, G., de With, M., DeYoung, T., Diaz, A., Díaz-Vélez, J. C., Dujmovic, H., Dunkman, M., DuVernois, M. A., Dvorak, E., Eberhardt, B., Ehrhardt, T., Eller, P., Engel, R., Evans, J. J., Evenson, P. A., Fahey, S., Farrag, K., Fazely, A. R., Felde, J., Filimonov, K., Finley, C., Franckowiak, A., Friedman, E., Fritz, A., Gaisser, T. K., Gallagher, J., Ganster, E., Garcia-Fernandez, D., Garrappa, S., Gartner, A., Gerhardt, L., Gernhaeuser, R., Ghorbani, K., Glauch, T., Glüsenkamp, T., Goldschmidt, A., Gonzalez, J. G., Grant, D., Griffith, Z., Günder, M., Gündüz, M., Haack, C., Hallgren, A., Halve, L., Halzen, F., Hanson, K., Haugen, J., Haungs, A., Hebecker, D., Heereman, D., Heix, P., Helbing, K., Hellauer, R., Henningsen, F., Hickford, S., Hignight, J., Hill, G. C., Hoffman, K. D., Hoffmann, B., Hoffmann, R., Hoinka, T., Hokanson-Fasig, B., Holzapfel, K., Hoshina, K., Huang, F., Huber, M., Huber, T., Huege, T., Hughes, K., Hultqvist, K., Hünnefeld, M., Hussain, R., In, S., Iovine, N., Ishihara, A., Japaridze, G. S., Jeong, M., Jero, K., Jones, B. J. P., Jonske, F., Joppe, R., Kalekin, O., Kang, D., Kang, W., Kappes, A., Kappesser, D., Karg, T., Karl, M., Karle, A., Katori, T., Katz, U., Kauer, M., Keivani, A., Kelley, J. L., Kheirandish, A., Kim, J., Kintscher, T., Kiryluk, J., Kittler, T., Klein, S. R., Koirala, R., Kolanoski, H., Köpke, L., Kopper, C., Kopper, S., Koskinen, D. J., Kowalski, M., Krauss, C. B., Krings, K., Krückl, G., Kulacz, N., Kurahashi, N., Kyriacou, A., Labare, M., Lanfranchi, J. L., Larson, M. J., Latif, U., Lauber, F., Lazar, J. P., Leonard, K., Leszczynska, A., Leuermann, M., Liu, Q. R., Lohfink, E., LoSecco, J., Mariscal, C. J. Lozano, Lu, L., Lucarelli, F., Lünemann, J., Luszczak, W., Lyu, Y., Ma, W. Y., Madsen, J., Maggi, G., Mahn, K. B. M., Makino, Y., Mallik, P., Mallot, K., Mancina, S., Mandalia, S., Maris, I. C., Marka, S., Marka, Z., Maruyama, R., Mase, K., Maunu, R., McNally, F., Meagher, K., Medici, M., Medina, A., Meier, M., Meighen-Berger, S., Menne, T., Merino, G., Meures, T., Micallef, J., Momenté, G., Montaruli, T., Moore, R. W., Morse, R., Moulai, M., Muth, P., Nagai, R., Nam, J., Naumann, U., Neer, G., Nelles, A., Niederhausen, H., Nowicki, S. C., Nygren, D. R., Pollmann, A. Obertacke, Oehler, M., Olivas, A., O'Murchadha, A., O'Sullivan, E., Palczewski, T., Pandya, H., Pankova, D. V., Papp, L., Park, N., Peiffer, P., Heros, C. Pérez de los, Petersen, T. C., Philippen, S., Pieloth, D., Pinat, E., Pinfold, J. L., Pizzuto, A., Plaisier, I., Plum, M., Porcelli, A., Price, P. B., Przybylski, G. T., Raab, C., Raissi, A., Rameez, M., Rauch, L., Rawlins, K., Rea, I. C., Reimann, R., Relethford, B., Renschler, M., Renzi, G., Resconi, E., Rhode, W., Richman, M., Riegel, M., Robertson, S., Rongen, M., Rott, C., Ruhe, T., Ryckbosch, D., Rysewyk, D., Safa, I., Herrera, S. E. Sanchez, Sandrock, A., Sandroos, J., Sandstrom, P., Santander, M., Sarkar, S., Satalecka, K., Schaufel, M., Schieler, H., Schlunder, P., Schmidt, T., Schneider, A., Schneider, J., Schröder, F. G., Schumacher, L., Sclafani, S., Seckel, D., Seunarine, S., Shaevitz, M. H., Shefali, S., Silva, M., Smith, D., Snihur, R., Soedingrekso, J., Soldin, D., Söldner-Rembold, S., Song, M., Southall, D., Spiczak, G. M., Spiering, C., Stachurska, J., Stamatikos, M., Stanev, T., Stein, R., Steinmüller, P., Stettner, J., Steuer, A., Stezelberger, T., Stokstad, R. G., Stößl, A., Strotjohann, N. L., Stürwald, T., Stuttard, T., Sullivan, G. W., Taboada, I., Taketa, A., Tanaka, H. K. M., Tenholt, F., Ter-Antonyan, S., Terliuk, A., Tilav, S., Tomankova, L., Tönnis, C., Torres, J., Toscano, S., Tosi, D., Trettin, A., Tselengidou, M., Tung, C. F., Turcati, A., Turcotte, R., Turley, C. F., Ty, B., Unger, E., Elorrieta, M. A. Unland, Usner, M., Vandenbroucke, J., Van Driessche, W., van Eijk, D., van Eijndhoven, N., Vanheule, S., Vieregg, A., van Santen, J., Veberic, D., Vraeghe, M., Walck, C., Wallace, A., Wallraff, M., Wandkowsky, N., Watson, T. B., Weaver, C., Weindl, A., Weiss, M. J., Weldert, J., Welling, C., Wendt, C., Werthebach, J., Whelan, B. J., Whitehorn, N., Wiebe, K., Wiebusch, C. H., Wille, L., Williams, D. R., Wills, L., Wissel, S., Wolf, M., Wood, J., Wood, T. R., Woschnagg, K., Wrede, G., Wren, S., Xu, D. L., Xu, X. W., Xu, Y., Yanez, J. P., Yodh, G., Yoshida, S., Yuan, T., and Zöcklein, M.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: The past decade has welcomed the emergence of cosmic neutrinos as a new messenger to explore the most extreme environments of the universe. The discovery measurement of cosmic neutrinos, announced by IceCube in 2013, has opened a new window of observation that has already resulted in new fundamental information that holds the potential to answer key questions associated with the high-energy universe, including: what are the sources in the PeV sky and how do they drive particle acceleration; where are cosmic rays of extreme energies produced, and on which paths do they propagate through the universe; and are there signatures of new physics at TeV-PeV energies and above? The planned advancements in neutrino telescope arrays in the next decade, in conjunction with continued progress in broad multimessenger astrophysics, promise to elevate the cosmic neutrino field from the discovery to the precision era and to a survey of the sources in the neutrino sky. The planned detector upgrades to the IceCube Neutrino Observatory, culminating in IceCube-Gen2 (an envisaged $400M facility with anticipated operation in the next decade, described in this white paper) are the cornerstone that will drive the evolution of neutrino astrophysics measurements., Comment: related submission to Astro2020 decadal survey
Published: 2019

31. Observation of Radar Echoes From High-Energy Particle Cascades

Author: Prohira, S., de Vries, K. D., Allison, P., Beatty, J., Besson, D., Connolly, A., van Eijndhoven, N., Hast, C., Kuo, C. -Y, Latif, U. A., Meures, T., Nam, J., Nozdrina, A., Ralston, J. P., Riesen, Z., Sbrocco, C., Torres, J., and Wissel, S.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: We report the observation of radar echoes from the ionization trails of high-energy particle cascades. These data were taken at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, where the full electron beam ($\sim$10$^9$ e$^-$ at $\sim$10 GeV/e$^-$) was directed into a plastic target to simulate an ultra high-energy neutrino interaction. This target was interrogated with radio waves, and coherent radio reflections from the cascades were detected, with properties consistent with theoretical expectations. This is the first definitive observation of radar echoes from high-energy particle cascades, which may lead to a viable neutrino detection technology for energies $\gtrsim 10^{16}$ eV., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures
Published: 2019
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32. Long-baseline horizontal radio-frequency transmission through polar ice

Author: Allison, P., Archambault, S., Beatty, J. J., Besson, D. Z., Chen, C. C., Chen, C. H., Chen, P., Christenson, A., Clark, B. A., Clay, W., Connolly, A., Cremonesi, L., Deaconu, C., Duvernois, M., Friedman, L., Gaior, R., Hanson, J., Hanson, K., Haugen, J., Hoffman, K. D., Hong, E., Hsu, S. Y., Hu, L., Huang, J. J., Huang, A. M. -H., Hughes, K., Ishihara, A., Karle, A., Kelley, J. L., Khandelwal, R., Kim, M. -C., Kravchenko, I., Kruse, J., Kurusu, K., Kuwabara, T., Latif, U. A., Laundrie, A., Li, C. -J., Liu, T. -C., Lu, M. -Y., Madison, B., Mase, K., Meures, T., Nam, J., Nichols, R. J., Novikov, A., Nozdrina, A., Oberla, E., Pan, Y., Pfendner, C., Relich, M., Sandstrom, P., Seckel, D., Shiao, Y. S., Shultz, A., Smith, D., Song, M., Torres, J., Touart, J., Varner, G. S., Vieregg, A., Wang, M. Z., Wang, S. H., Wissel, S., Yoshida, S., and Young, R.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: We report on analysis of englacial radio-frequency (RF) pulser data received over horizontal baselines of 1--5 km, based on broadcasts from two sets of transmitters deployed to depths of up to 1500 meters at the South Pole. First, we analyze data collected usingtwo RF bicone transmitters 1400 meters below the ice surface, and frozen into boreholes drilled for the IceCube experiment in 2011. Additionally, in Dec., 2018, a fat-dipole antenna, fed by one of three high-voltage (~1 kV), fast (~(1-5 ns)) signal generators was lowered into the 1700-m deep icehole drilled for the South Pole Ice Core Experiment (SPICE), approximately 3 km from the geographic South Pole. Signals from transmitters were recorded on the five englacial multi-receiver ARA stations, with receiver depths between 60--200 m. We confirm the long, >1 km RF electric field attenuation length, test our observed signal arrival timing distributions against models, and measure birefringent asymmetries at the 0.15% level.
Published: 2019
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33. The Next-Generation Radio Neutrino Observatory -- Multi-Messenger Neutrino Astrophysics at Extreme Energies

Author: Aguilar, J. A., Allison, P., Archambault, S., Beatty, J. J., Besson, D. Z., Botner, O., Buitink, S., Chen, P., Clark, B. A., Connolly, A., Deaconu, C., de Kockere, S., DuVernois, M. A., van Eijndhoven, N., Finley, C., Garcia, D., Hallgren, A., Halzen, F., Hanson, J., Hanson, K., Heros, C. Pérez de los, Hoffman, K. D., Hokanson-Fasig, B., Hughes, K., Hultqvist, K., Ishihara, A., Karle, A., Kelley, J. L., Klein, S. R., Kowalski, M., Kravchenko, I., Latif, U. A., Liu, T. C., Lu, M. -Y., Mase, K., Morse, R., Nam, J., Nelles, A., Oberla, E., Pfendner, C., Pan, Y., Plaisier, I., Prohira, S., Robertson, S., Rolla, J., Ryckbosch, D., Schröder, F. G., Seckel, D., Shultz, A., Smith, D., Southall, D., O'Sullivan, E., Toscano, S., Torres-Espinosa, J., Unger, E., Vieregg, A. G., de Vries, K., Wang, S. -H., Welling, C., Wissel, S. A., and Yoshida, S.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: RNO is the mid-scale discovery instrument designed to make the first observation of neutrinos from the cosmos at extreme energies, with sensitivity well beyond current instrument capabilities. This new observatory will be the largest ground-based neutrino telescope to date, enabling the measurement of neutrinos above $10^{16}$ eV, determining the nature of the astrophysical neutrino flux that has been measured by IceCube at higher energies, similarly extending the reach of multi-messenger astrophysics to the highest energies, and enabling investigations of fundamental physics at energies unreachable by particle accelerators on Earth., Comment: 14 pages including references, 5 figures, submitted to the Decadal Survey on Astronomy and Astrophysics (Astro2020)
Published: 2019

34. Recent Results from The Askaryan Radio Array

Author: ARA Collaboration, Allison, P., Archambault, S., Bard, R., Beatty, J. J., Beheler-Amass, M., Besson, D. Z., Beydler, M., Chen, C. -C., Chen, C. -H., Chen, P., Clark, B., Clough, A., Connolly, A., Davies, J., Deaconu, C., DuVernois, M. A., Fender, C., Friedman, E., Hanson, J., Hanson, K., Haugen, J., Hoffman, K. D., Hong, E., Hsu, S. -Y., Hu, L., Huang, J. -J., Huang, M. -H., Ishihara, A., Karle, A., Kelley, J. L., Khandelwal, R., Kim, M., Kravchenko, I., Kruse, J., Kurusu, K., Landsman, H., Latif, U. A., Laundrie, A., Li, C. -J., Liu, T. C., Lu, M. -Y., Mase, K., Meures, T., Nam, J., Nichol, R. J., Nir, G., Oberla, E., O'Murchadha, A., Pan, Y., Ratzlaff, K., Roth, J., Sandstrom, P., Seckel, D., Shiao, Y. -S., Shultz, A., Song, M., Touart, J., Vieregg, A. G., Wang, M. -Z., Wang, S. -H., Wissel, S. A., Yoshida, S., and Young, R.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: The Askaryan Radio Array (ARA) is an ultra-high energy (UHE) neutrino telescope at the South Pole consisting of an array of radio antennas aimed at detecting the Askaryan radiation produced by neutrino interactions in the ice. Currently, the experiment has five stations in operation that have been deployed in stages since 2012. This contribution focuses on the development of a search for a diffuse flux of neutrinos in two ARA stations (A2 and A3) from 2013-2016. A background of $\sim 0.01-0.02$ events is expected in one station in each of two search channels in horizontal- and vertical-polarizations. The expected new constraints on the flux of ultra-high energy neutrinos based on four years of analysis with two stations improve on the previous limits set by ARA by a factor of about two. The projected sensitivity of ARA's five-station dataset is beginning to be competitive with other neutrino telescopes at high energies near $10^{10.5}\,$GeV., Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, prepared for proceedings for the International Cosmic Ray Conference, Madison, WI, 2019
Published: 2019

35. The Simulation of the Sensitivity of the Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA) to Askaryan Radiation from Cosmogenic Neutrinos Interacting in the Antarctic Ice

Author: Cremonesi, L., Connolly, A., Allison, P., Banerjee, O., Batten, L., Beatty, J. J., Bechtol, K., Belov, K., Besson, D. Z., Binns, W. R., Bugaev, V., Cao, P., Chen, C. C., Chen, C. H., Chen, P., Clem, J. M., Dailey, B., Deaconu, C., Dowkontt, P. F., Fox, B. D., Gordon, J. W. H., Gorham, P. W., Hill, B., Huang, J. J., Hughes, K., Hupe, R., Israel, M. H., Liewer, K. M., Lin, S. Y., Liu, T. C., Ludwig, A. B., Macchiarulo, L., Matsuno, S., McBride, K., Miki, C., Mulrey, K., Nam, J., Nichol, R. J., Novikov, A., Oberla, E., Prohira, S., Rauch, B. F., Robert, J. M., Romero-Wolf, A., Rotter, B., Russell, J. W., Saltzberg, D., Seckel, D., Schoorlemmer, H., Shiao, J., Stafford, S., Stockham, J., Stockham, M., Strutt, B., Stuhr, J., Sutherland, M., Varner, G. S., Vieregg, A. G., Wang, S. H., and Wissel, S. A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: A Monte Carlo simulation program for the radio detection of Ultra High Energy (UHE) neutrino interactions in the Antarctic ice as viewed by the Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA) is described in this article. The program, icemc, provides an input spectrum of UHE neutrinos, the parametrization of the Askaryan radiation generated by their interaction in the ice, and the propagation of the radiation through ice and air to a simulated model of the third and fourth ANITA flights. This paper provides an overview of the icemc simulation, descriptions of the physics models used and of the ANITA electronics processing chain, data/simulation comparisons to validate the predicted performance, and a summary of the impact of published results.
Published: 2019
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36. Constraints on the ultra-high energy cosmic neutrino flux from the fourth flight of ANITA

Author: Gorham, P. W., Allison, P., Banerjee, O., Batten, L., Beatty, J. J., Belov, K., Besson, D. Z., Binns, W. R., Bugaev, V., Cao, P., Chen, C. C., Chen, C. H., Chen, P., Clem, J. M., Connolly, A., Cremonesi, L., Dailey, B., Deaconu, C., Dowkontt, P. F., Fox, B. D., Gordon, J. W. H., Hast, C., Hill, B., Hsu, S. Y., Huang, J. J., Hughes, K., Hupe, R., Israel, M. H., Liewer, K. M., Liu, T. C., Ludwig, A. B., Macchiarulo, L., Matsuno, S., Miki, C., Mulrey, K., Nam, J., Naudet, C., Nichol, R. J., Novikov, A., Oberla, E., Prohira, S., Rauch, B. F., Roberts, J. M., Romero-Wolf, A., Rotter, B., Russell, J. W., Saltzberg, D., Seckel, D., Schoorlemmer, H., Shiao, J., Stafford, S., Stockham, J., Stockham, M., Strutt, B., Sutherland, M. S., Varner, G. S., Vieregg, A. G., Wang, N., Wang, S. H., and Wissel, S. A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: The ANtarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA) NASA long-duration balloon payload completed its fourth flight in December 2016, after 28 days of flight time. ANITA is sensitive to impulsive broadband radio emission from interactions of ultra-high-energy neutrinos in polar ice (Askaryan emission). We present the results of two separate blind analyses searching for signals from Askaryan emission in the data from the fourth flight of ANITA. The more sensitive analysis, with a better expected limit, has a background estimate of $0.64^{+0.69}_{-0.45}$ and an analysis efficiency of $82\pm2\%$. The second analysis has a background estimate of $0.34^{+0.66}_{-0.16}$ and an analysis efficiency of $71\pm6\%$. Each analysis found one event in the signal region, consistent with the background estimate for each analysis. The resulting limit further tightens the constraints on the diffuse flux of ultra-high-energy neutrinos at energies above $10^{19.5}$ eV., Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures
Published: 2019
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37. Triboelectric backgrounds to radio-based polar ultra-high energy neutrino (UHEN) experiments

Author: Aguilar, J.A., Anker, A., Allison, P., Archambault, S., Baldi, P., Barwick, S.W., Beatty, J.J., Beise, J., Besson, D., Bishop, A., Bondarev, E., Botner, O., Bouma, S., Buitink, S., Cataldo, M., Chen, C.C., Chen, C.H., Chen, P., Chen, Y.C., Choi, T., Clark, B.A., Clay, W., Curtis-Ginsberg, Z., Connolly, A., Cremonesi, L., Dasgupta, P., Davies, J., de Kockere, S., de Vries, K.D., Deaconu, C., DuVernois, M.A., Flaherty, J., Friedman, E., Gaior, R., Gaswint, G., Glaser, C., Hallgren, A., Hallmann, S., Ham, Y.-B., Hanson, J.C., Harty, N., Hendricks, B., Hoffman, K.D., Hong, E., Hornhuber, C., Hsu, S.Y., Hu, L., Huang, J.J., Huang, M.-H., Hughes, K., Ishihara, A., Jee, G., Jung, J., Karle, A., Kelley, J.L., Klein, S.R., Kleinfelder, S.A., Kim, J., Kim, K.-C., Kim, M.-C., Kravchenko, I., Krebs, R., Ku, Y., Kuo, C.Y., Kurusu, K., Kwon, Hyuck-Jin, Lahmann, R., Landsman, H., Latif, U., Lee, C., Leung, C.-H., Li, C.-J., Liu, J., Liu, T.-C., Lu, M.-Y., Madison, K., Mammo, J., Mase, K., McAleer, S., Meures, T., Meyers, Z.S., Michaels, K., Mikhailova, M., Mulrey, K., Nam, J., Nichol, R.J., Nir, G., Nelles, A., Novikov, A., Nozdrina, A., Oberla, E., Oeyen, B., Osborn, J., Pan, Y., Pandya, H., Paul, M.P., Persichilli, C., Pfendner, C., Plaisier, I., Punsuebsay, N., Pyras, L., Rice-Smith, R., Roth, J., Ryckbosch, D., Scholten, O., Seckel, D., Seikh, M.F.H., Shiao, Y.-S., Shin, B.-K., Shultz, A., Smith, D., Southall, D., Tatar, J., Torres, J., Toscano, S., Tosi, D., Touart, J., Van Den Broeck, D.J., van Eijndhoven, N., Varner, G.S., Vieregg, A.G., Wang, M.-Z., Wang, S.-H., Wang, Y.H., Welling, C., Williams, D.R., Wissel, S., Xie, C., Yoshida, S., Young, R., Zhao, L., and Zink, A.
Published: 2023
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38. A comprehensive analysis of anomalous ANITA events disfavors a diffuse tau-neutrino flux origin

Author: Romero-Wolf, A., Wissel, S. A., Schoorlemmer, H., Carvalho Jr, W. R., Alvarez-Muñiz, J., Zas, E., Allison, P., Banerjee, O., Batten, L., Beatty, J. J., Bechtol, K., Belov, K., Besson, D. Z., Binns, W. R., Bugaev, V., Cao, P., Chen, C. C., Chen, C. H., Chen, P., Clem, J. M., Connolly, A., Cremonesi, L., Dailey, B., Deaconu, C., Dowkontt, P. F., Fox, B. D., Gordon, J. W. H., Gorham, P. W., Hast, C., Hill, B., Hsu, S. Y., Huang, J. J., Hughes, K., Hupe, R., Israel, M. H., Liewer, K. M., Liu, T. C., Ludwig, A. B., Macchiarulo, L., Matsuno, S., Miki, C., Mulrey, K., Nam, J., Naudet, C., Nichol, R. J., Novikov, A., Oberla, E., Prohira, S., Rauch, B. F., Roberts, J. M., Rotter, B., Russell, J. W., Saltzberg, D., Seckel, D., Shiao, J., Stafford, S., Stockham, J., Stockham, M., Strutt, B., Sutherland, M. S., Varner, G. S., Vieregg, A. G., and Wang, S. H.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: Recently, the ANITA collaboration reported on two upward-going extensive air shower events consistent with a primary particle that emerges from the surface of the ice. These events may be of $\nu_\tau$ origin, in which the neutrino interacts within the Earth to produce a $\tau$ lepton that emerges from the Earth, decays in the atmosphere, and initiates an extensive air shower. In this paper we estimate an upper bound on the ANITA acceptance to a diffuse $\nu_\tau$ flux detected via $\tau$-lepton-induced air showers within the bounds of Standard Model (SM) uncertainties. By comparing this estimate with the acceptance of Pierre Auger Observatory and IceCube and assuming SM interactions, we conclude that a $\nu_\tau$ origin of these events would imply a neutrino flux at least two orders of magnitude above current bounds., Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures
Published: 2018
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39. Suggestion of Coherent Radio Reflections from an Electron-Beam Induced Particle Cascade

Author: Prohira, S., de Vries, K. D., Besson, D., Connolly, A., Hast, C., Latif, U., Meures, T., Ralston, J. P., Riesen, Z., Saltzberg, D., Torres, J., Wissel, S., and Zuo, X.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: Testbeam experiment 576 (T576) at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory sought to make the first measurement of coherent radio reflections from the ionization produced in the wake of a high-energy particle shower. The >10 GeV electron beam at SLAC End Station A was directed into a large high-density polyethylene target to produce a shower analogous to that produced by an EeV neutrino interaction in ice. Continuous wave (CW) radio was transmitted into the target, and receiving antennas monitored for reflection of the transmitted signal from the ionization left in the wake of the shower. We detail the experiment and report on preliminary hints of a signal consistent with a radio reflection at a significance of 2.36$\sigma$. We recommend another test-beam measurement in order to verify the signal., Comment: To be submitted to PRD
Published: 2018
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40. Upward-Pointing Cosmic-Ray-like Events Observed with ANITA

Author: Romero-Wolf, Andres, Gorham, P. W., Nam, J., Hoover, S., Allison, P., Banerjee, O., Batten, L., Beatty, J. J., Belov, K., Besson, D. Z., Binns, W. R., Bugaev, V., Cao, P., Chen, C., Chen, P., Clem, J. M., Connolly, A., Dailey, B., Deaconu, C., Cremonesi, L., Dowkontt, P. F., DuVernois, M. A., Field, R. C., Fox, B. D., Goldstein, D., Gordon, J., Hast, C., Hebert, C. L., Hill, B., Hughes, K., Hupe, R., Israel, M. H., Javaid, A., Kowalski, J., Lam, J., Ludwig, A., Learned, J. G., Liewer, K. M., Liu, T. C., Link, J. T., Lusczek, E., Matsuno, S., Mercurio, B. C., Miki, C., Miocinovic, P., Mottram, M., Mulrey, K., Naudet, C. J., Ng, J., Nichol, R. J., Novikov, A., Palladino, K., Prohira, S., Rauch, B. F., Reil, K., Roberts, J., Rosen, M., Rotter, B., Russell, J., Ruckman, L., Saltzberg, D., Seckel, D., Stafford, S., Stockham, J., Stockham, M., Strutt, B., Tatem, K., Varner, G. S., Vieregg, A. G., Walz, D., Wissel, S. A., Wu, F., Alvarez-Muñiz, J., Carvalho Jr., W., Schoorlemmer, H., and Zas, E.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: These proceedings address a recent publication by the ANITA collaboration of four upward- pointing cosmic-ray-like events observed in the first flight of ANITA. Three of these events were consistent with stratospheric cosmic-ray air showers where the axis of propagation does not inter- sect the surface of the Earth. The fourth event was consistent with a primary particle that emerges from the surface of the ice suggesting a possible {\tau}-lepton decay as the origin of this event. These proceedings follow-up on the modeling and testing of the hypothesis that this event was of {\tau} neutrino origin., Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures, presented at the International Cosmic Ray Conference 2017, Busan, South Korea
Published: 2018

41. Design and Performance of an Interferometric Trigger Array for Radio Detection of High-Energy Neutrinos

Author: Allison, P., Archambault, S., Bard, R., Beatty, J. J., Beheler-Amass, M., Besson, D. Z., Beydler, M., Bogdan, M., Chen, C. -C., Chen, C. -H., Chen, P., Clark, B. A., Clough, A., Connolly, A., Cremonesi, L., Davies, J., Deaconu, C., DuVernois, M. A., Friedman, E., Hanson, J., Hanson, K., Haugen, J., Hoffman, K. D., Hokanson-Fasig, B., Hong, E., Hsu, S. -Y., Hu, L., Huang, J. -J., Huang, M. -H., Hughes, K., Ishihara, A., Karle, A., Kelley, J. L., Khandelwal, R., Kim, M., Kravchenko, I., Kruse, J., Kurusu, K., Landsman, H., Latif, U. A., Laundrie, A., Li, C. -J., Liu, T. C., Lu, M. -Y., Ludwig, A., Mase, K., Meures, T., Nam, J., Nichol, R. J., Nir, G., Oberla, E., OMurchadha, A., Pan, Y., Pfendner, C., Ransom, M., Ratzla, K., Roth, J., Sandstrom, P., Seckel, D., Shiao, Y. -S., Shultz, A., Smith, D., Song, M., Sullivan, M., Touart, J., Vieregg, A. G., Wang, M. -Z., Wang, S. -H., Wei, K., Wissel, S. A., Yoshida, S., and Young, R.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: Ultra-high energy neutrinos are detectable through impulsive radio signals generated through interactions in dense media, such as ice. Subsurface in-ice radio arrays are a promising way to advance the observation and measurement of astrophysical high-energy neutrinos with energies above those discovered by the IceCube detector ($\geq$1 PeV) as well as cosmogenic neutrinos created in the GZK process ($\geq$100 PeV). Here we describe the $\textit{NuPhase}$ detector, which is a compact receiving array of low-gain antennas deployed 185 m deep in glacial ice near the South Pole. Signals from the antennas are digitized and coherently summed into multiple beams to form a low-threshold interferometric phased array trigger for radio impulses. The NuPhase detector was installed at an Askaryan Radio Array (ARA) station during the 2017/18 Austral summer season. $\textit{In situ}$ measurements with an impulsive, point-source calibration instrument show a 50% trigger efficiency on impulses with voltage signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) of $\le$2.0, a factor of $\sim$1.8 improvement in SNR over the standard ARA combinatoric trigger. Hardware-level simulations, validated with $\textit{in situ}$ measurements, predict a trigger threshold of an SNR as low as 1.6 for neutrino interactions that are in the far field of the array. With the already-achieved NuPhase trigger performance included in ARASim, a detector simulation for the ARA experiment, we find the trigger-level effective detector volume is increased by a factor of 1.8 at neutrino energies between 10 and 100 PeV compared to the currently used ARA combinatoric trigger. We also discuss an achievable near term path toward lowering the trigger threshold further to an SNR of 1.0, which would increase the effective single-station volume by more than a factor of 3 in the same range of neutrino energies., Comment: 19 pages, 19 figures, submitted to Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A
Published: 2018
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42. Measurement of the Iron Spectrum in Cosmic Rays by VERITAS

Author: The VERITAS collaboration, Archer, A., Benbow, W., Bird, R., Brose, R., Buchovecky, M., Bugaev, V., Connolly, M. P., Cui, W., Daniel, M. K., Falcone, A., Feng, Q., Finley, J. P., Fleischhack, H., Fortson, L., Furniss, A., Hanna, D., Hervet, O., Holder, J., Hughes, G., Humensky, T. B., Hütten, M., Johnson, C. A., Kaaret, P., Kelley-Hoskins, N., Kieda, D., Krause, M., Krennrich, F., Kumar, S., Lang, M. J., Maier, G., McArthur, S., Moriarty, P., Mukherjee, R., Nieto, D., O'Brien, S., Ong, R. A., Otte, A. N., Park, N., Petrashyk, A., Pohl, M., Popkow, A., Pueschel, E., Quinn, J., Ragan, K., Reynolds, P. T., Richards, G. T., Roache, E., Rulten, C., Sadeh, I., Tyler, J., Wakely, S. P., Weiner, O. M., Wilcox, P., Wilhelm, A., Williams, D. A., Wissel, S. A., and Zitzer, B.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: We present a new measurement of the energy spectrum of iron nuclei in cosmic rays from 20 to 500 TeV. The measurement makes use of a template-based analysis method, which, for the first time, is applied to the energy reconstruction of iron-induced air showers recorded by the VERITAS array of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes. The event selection makes use of the direct Cherenkov light which is emitted by charged particles before the first interaction, as well as other parameters related to the shape of the recorded air shower images. The measured spectrum is well described by a power law $\frac{\mathrm{d} F}{\mathrm{d} E}=f_0\cdot \left(\frac{E}{E_0}\right)^{-\gamma}$ over the full energy range, with $\gamma = 2.82 \pm 0.30 \mathrm{(stat.)} ^{+0.24}_{-0.27} \mathrm{(syst.)}$ and $f_0 = \left( 4.82 \pm 0.98 \mathrm{(stat.)}^{+2.12}_{-2.70} \mathrm{(syst.)} \right)\cdot 10^{-7}$m$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$sr$^{-1}$TeV$^{-1}$ at $E_0=50$TeV, with no indication of a cutoff or spectral break. The measured differential flux is compatible with previous results, with improved statistical uncertainty at the highest energies., Comment: 16 pages, 5 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev. D
Published: 2018
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43. Observation of Reconstructable Radio Emission Coincident with an X-Class Solar Flare in the Askaryan Radio Array Prototype Station

Author: Allison, P., Archambault, S., Auffenberg, J., Bard, R., Beatty, J. J., Beheler-Amass, M., Besson, D. Z., Beydler, M., Bora, C., Chen, C. -C., Chen, C. -H., Chen, P., Clark, B. A., Clough, A., Connolly, A., Davies, J., Deaconu, C., DuVernois, M. A., Friedman, E., Fox, B., Gorham, P. W., Hanson, J., Hanson, K., Haugen, J., Hill, B., Hoffman, K. D., Hong, E., Hsu, S. -Y., Hu, L., Huang, J. -J., Huang, M. -H., Ishihara, A., Karle, A., Kelley, J. L., Khandelwal, R., Kim, M., Kravchenko, I., Kruse, J., Kurusu, K., Landsman, H., Latif, U. A., Laundrie, A., Li, C. -J., Liu, T. C., Lu, M. -Y., Mase, K., Maunu, R., Meures, T., Miki, C., Nam, J., Nichol, R. J., Nir, G., Oberla, E., ÓMurchadha, A., Pan, Y., Pfendner, C., Ratzlaff, K., Richman, M., Roth, J., Rotter, B., Sandstrom, P., Seckel, D., Shiao, Y. -S., Shultz, A., Song, M., Stockham, J., Stockham, M., Sullivan, M., Touart, J., Tu, H. -Y., Varner, G. S., Vieregg, A. G., Wang, M. -Z., Wang, S. -H., Wissel, S. A., Yoshida, S., and Young, R.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract: The Askaryan Radio Array (ARA) reports an observation of radio emission coincident with the "Valentine's Day" solar flare on Feb. 15$^{\rm{th}}$, 2011 in the prototype "Testbed" station. We find $\sim2000$ events that passed our neutrino search criteria during the 70 minute period of the flare, all of which reconstruct to the location of the sun. A signal analysis of the events reveals them to be consistent with that of bright thermal noise correlated across antennas. This is the first natural source of radio emission reported by ARA that is tightly reconstructable on an event-by-event basis. The observation is also the first for ARA to point radio from individual events to an extraterrestrial source on the sky. We comment on how the solar flares, coupled with improved systematic uncertainties in reconstruction algorithms, could aid in a mapping of any above-ice radio emission, such as that from cosmic-ray air showers, to astronomical locations on the sky., Comment: 18 pages, 22 figures
Published: 2018

44. Measurements and Modeling of Near-Surface Radio Propagation in Glacial Ice and Implications for Neutrino Experiments

Author: Deaconu, C., Vieregg, A. G., Wissel, S. A., Bowen, J., Chipman, S., Gupta, A., Miki, C., Nichol, R. J., and Saltzberg, D.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: We present measurements of radio transmission in the $\sim$100 MHz range through a $\sim100$ m deep region below the surface of the ice at Summit Station, Greenland, called the firn. In the firn, the index of refraction changes due to the transition from snow at the surface to glacial ice below, affecting the propagation of radio signals in that region. We compare our observations to a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) electromagnetic wave simulation, which supports the existence of three classes of propagation: a bulk propagation ray-bending mode that leads to so-called "shadowed" regions for certain geometries of transmission, a surface-wave mode induced by the ice/air interface, and an arbitrary-depth horizontal propagation mode that requires perturbations from a smooth density gradient. In the non-shadowed region, our measurements are consistent with the bulk propagation ray-bending mode both in timing and in amplitude. We also observe signals in the shadowed region, in conflict with a bulk-propagation-only ray-bending model, but consistent with FDTD simulations using a variety of firn models for Summit Station. The amplitude and timing of our measurements in all geometries are consistent with the predictions from FDTD simulations. In the shadowed region, the amplitude of the observed signals is consistent with a best-fit coupling fraction value of $2.4$% (0.06% in power) or less to a surface or horizontal propagation mode from the bulk propagation mode. The relative amplitude of observable signals in the two regions is important for experiments that aim to detect radio emission from astrophysical high-energy neutrinos interacting in glacial ice, which rely on a radio propagation model to inform simulations and perform event reconstruction., Comment: 14 pages, 13 figures, version accepted to PRD
Published: 2018
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45. Observation of an Unusual Upward-going Cosmic-ray-like Event in the Third Flight of ANITA

Author: Gorham, P. W., Rotter, B., Allison, P., Banerjee, O., Batten, L., Beatty, J. J., Bechtol, K., Belov, K., Besson, D. Z., Binns, W. R., Bugaev, V., Cao, P., Chen, C. C., Chen, C. H., Chen, P., Clem, J. M., Connolly, A., Cremonesi, L., Dailey, B., Deaconu, C., Dowkontt, P. F., Fox, B. D., Gordon, J. W. H., Hast, C., Hill, B., Hughes, K., Huang, J. J., Hupe, R., Israel, M. H., Javaid, A., Lam, J., Liewer, K. M., Lin, S. Y., Liu, T. C., Ludwig, A., Macchiarulo, L., Matsuno, S., Miki, C., Mulrey, K., Nam, J., Naudet, C. J., Nichol, R. J., Novikov, A., Oberla, E., Olmedo, M., Prechelt, R., Prohira, S., Rauch, B. F., Roberts, J. M., Romero-Wolf, A., Russell, J. W., Saltzberg, D., Seckel, D., Schoorlemmer, H., Shiao, J., Stafford, S., Stockham, J., Stockham, M., Strutt, B., Varner, G. S., Vieregg, A. G., Wang, S. H., and Wissel, S. A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: We report on an upward traveling, radio-detected cosmic-ray-like impulsive event with characteristics closely matching an extensive air shower. This event, observed in the third flight of the Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA), a NASA-sponsored long-duration balloon payload, is consistent with a similar event reported in a previous flight. These events may be produced by the atmospheric decay of an upward-propagating $\tau$-lepton produced by a $\nu_{\tau}$ interaction, although their relatively steep arrival angles create tension with the standard model (SM) neutrino cross section. Each of the two events have $a~posteriori$ background estimates of $\lesssim 10^{-2}$ events. If these are generated by $\tau$-lepton decay, then either the charged-current $\nu_{\tau}$ cross section is suppressed at EeV energies, or the events arise at moments when the peak flux of a transient neutrino source was much larger than the typical expected cosmogenic background neutrinos., Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures. Supplemental material available from corresponding author by request
Published: 2018
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46. Constraints on the diffuse high-energy neutrino flux from the third flight of ANITA

Author: Gorham, P. W., Allison, P., Banerjee, O., Batten, L., Beatty, J. J., Bechtol, K., Belov, K., Besson, D. Z., Binns, W. R., Bugaev, V., Cao, P., Chen, C. C., Chen, C. H., Chen, P., Clem, J. M., Connolly, A., Cremonesi, L., Dailey, B., Deaconu, C., Dowkontt, P. F., Fox, B. D., Gordon, J. W. H., Hast, C., Hill, B., Hsu, S. Y., Huang, J. J., Hughes, K., Hupe, R., Israel, M. H., Liewer, K. M., Liu, T. C., Ludwig, A. B., Macchiarulo, L., Matsuno, S., Miki, C., Mulrey, K., Nam, J., Naudet, C., Nichol, R. J., Novikov, A., Oberla, E., Prohira, S., Rauch, B. F., Roberts, J. M., Romero-Wolf, A., Rotter, B., Russell, J. W., Saltzberg, D., Seckel, D., Schoorlemmer, H., Shiao, J., Stafford, S., Stockham, J., Stockham, M., Strutt, B., Sutherland, M. S., Varner, G. S., Vieregg, A. G., Wang, S. H., and Wissel, S. A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: The Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA), a NASA long-duration balloon payload, searches for radio emission from interactions of ultra-high-energy neutrinos in polar ice. The third flight of ANITA (ANITA-III) was launched in December 2014 and completed a 22-day flight. We present the results of three analyses searching for Askaryan radio emission of neutrino origin. In the most sensitive of the analyses, we find one event in the signal region on an expected a priori background of $0.7^{+0.5}_{-0.3}$. Though consistent with the background estimate, the candidate event remains compatible with a neutrino hypothesis even after additional post-unblinding scrutiny., Comment: 15 pages, 15 figures, Accepted to PRD
Published: 2018
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47. Antarctic Surface Reflectivity Calculations and Measurements from the ANITA-4 and HiCal-2 Experiments

Author: Prohira, S., Novikov, A., Dasgupta, P., Jain, P., Nande, S., Allison, P., Banerjee, O., Batten, L., Beatty, J. J., Belov, K., Besson, D. Z., Binns, W. R., Bugaev, V., Cao, P., Chen, C., Chen, P., Clem, J. M., Connolly, A., Cremonesi, L., Dailey, B., Deaconu, C., Dowkontt, P. F., Fox, B. D., Gordon, J., Gorham, P. W., Hast, C., Hill, B., Hupe, R., Israel, M. H., Lam, J., Liu, T. C., Ludwig, A., Matsuno, S., Miki, C., Mottram, M., Mulrey, K., Nam, J., Nichol, R. J., Oberla, E., Ratzlaff, K., Rauch, B. F., Romero-Wolf, A., Rotter, B., Russell, J., Saltzberg, D., Seckel, D., Schoorlemmer, H., Stafford, S., Stockham, J., Stockham, M., Strutt, B., Tatem, K., Varner, G. S., Vieregg, A. G., Wissel, S. A., Wu, F., and Young, R.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: The balloon-borne HiCal radio-frequency (RF) transmitter, in concert with the ANITA radio-frequency receiver array, is designed to measure the Antarctic surface reflectivity in the RF wavelength regime. The amplitude of surface-reflected transmissions from HiCal, registered as triggered events by ANITA, can be compared with the direct transmissions preceding them by O(10) microseconds, to infer the surface power reflection coefficient $\cal{R}$. The first HiCal mission (HiCal-1, Jan. 2015) yielded a sample of 100 such pairs, resulting in estimates of $\cal{R}$ at highly-glancing angles (i.e., zenith angles approaching $90^\circ$), with measured reflectivity for those events which exceeded extant calculations. The HiCal-2 experiment, flying from Dec., 2016-Jan., 2017, provided an improvement by nearly two orders of magnitude in our event statistics, allowing a considerably more precise mapping of the reflectivity over a wider range of incidence angles. We find general agreement between the HiCal-2 reflectivity results and those obtained with the earlier HiCal-1 mission, as well as estimates from Solar reflections in the radio-frequency regime. In parallel, our calculations of expected reflectivity have matured; herein, we use a plane-wave expansion to estimate the reflectivity R from both a flat, smooth surface (and, in so doing, recover the Fresnel reflectivity equations) and also a curved surface. Multiplying our flat-smooth reflectivity by improved Earth curvature and surface roughness corrections now provides significantly better agreement between theory and the HiCal 2a/2b measurements., Comment: submitted to Astropart. Phys
Published: 2018
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48. Measurement of the real dielectric permittivity epsilon_r of glacial ice

Author: Allison, P., Archambault, S., Auffenberg, J., Bard, R., Beatty, J. J., Beheler-Amass, M., Besson, D. Z., Beydler, M., Brabec, C., Chen, C. -C., Chen, C. -H., Chen, P., Christenson, A., Clark, B. A., Connolly, A., Cremonesi, L., Deaconu, C., Duvernois, M., Friedman, L., Gaior, R., Gorham, P. W., Hanson, J., Hanson, K., Haugen, J., Hoffman, K. D., Hong, E., Hsu, S. -Y., Hu, L., Huang, J. -J., Huang, M. -H. A., Ishihara, A., Karle, A., Kelley, J. L., Khandelwal, R., Kim, M. -C., Kravchenko, I., Kuwabara, T., Landsman, H., Laundrie, A., Li, C. -J., Liu, T. C., Lu, M. -Y., Mase, K., Meures, T., Nam, J., Nichols, R. J., Nir, G., Novikov, A., Oberla, E., O'Murchadha, A., Pan, Y., Pfendner, C., Ratzlaff, K., Relich, M., Roth, J., Sandstrom, P., Seckel, D., Shiao, Y. -S., Shultz, A., Song, M., Touart, J., Varner, G. S., Vieregg, A., Wang, M. -Z., Wang, S. -H., Wissel, S., Yang, Y., Yoshida, S., and Young, R.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: Using data collected by the Askaryan Radio Array (ARA) experiment at the South Pole, we have used long-baseline propagation of radio-frequency signals to extract information on the radio-frequency index-of-refraction in South Polar ice. Owing to the increasing ice density over the upper 150--200 meters, rays are observed along two, nearly parallel paths, one of which is direct and a second which refracts through an inflection point, with differences in both arrival time and arrival angle that can be used to constrain the neutrino properties. We also observe indications, for the first time, of radio-frequency ice birefringence for signals propagating along predominantly horizontal trajectories, corresponding to an asymmetry of order 0.1% between the ordinary and extra-ordinary paths, numerically compatible with previous measurements of birefringent asymmetries for vertically-propagating radio-frequency signals at South Pole. Taken together, these effects offer the possibility of redundantly measuring the range from receiver to a neutrino interaction in Antarctic ice, if receiver antennas are deployed at shallow (25 m
Published: 2017

49. Snowmass white paper: beyond the standard model effects on neutrino flavor: Submitted to the proceedings of the US community study on the future of particle physics (Snowmass 2021)

Author: Argüelles, C. A., Barenboim, G., Bustamante, M., Coloma, P., Denton, P. B., Esteban, I., Farzan, Y., Martínez, E. Fernández, Forero, D. V., Gago, A. M., Katori, T., Lehnert, R., Ross-Lonergan, M., Suliga, A. M., Tabrizi, Z., Anchordoqui, L., Chakraborty, K., Conrad, J., Das, A., Fong, C. S., Littlejohn, B. R., Maltoni, M., Parno, D., Spitz, J., Tang, J., and Wissel, S.
Published: 2023
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50. HiCal 2: An instrument designed for calibration of the ANITA experiment and for Antarctic surface reflectivity measurements

Author: Prohira, S., Novikov, A., Besson, D. Z., Ratzlaff, K., Stockham, J., Stockham, M., Clem, J. M., Young, R., Gorham, P. W., Allison, P., Banerjee, O., Batten, L., Beatty, J. J., Belov, K., Binns, W. R., Bugaev, V., Cao, P., Chen, C., Chen, P., Connolly, A., Cremonesi, L., Dailey, B., Deaconu, C., Dowkontt, P. F., Fox, B. D., Gordon, J., Hast, C., Hill, B., Hupe, R., Israel, M. H., Kowalski, J., Lam, J., Learned, J. G., Liewer, K. M., Liu, T. C., Ludwig, A., Matsuno, S., Miki, C., Mottram, M., Mulrey, K., Nam, J., Nichol, R. J., Oberla, E., Rauch, B. F., Roberts, J., Romero-Wolf, A., Rotter, B., Russell, J., Saltzberg, D., Schoorlemmer, H., Seckel, D., Stafford, S., Strutt, B., Tatem, K., Varner, G. S., Vieregg, A. G., Wissel, S. A., and Wu, F.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: The NASA supported High-Altitude Calibration (HiCal)-2 instrument flew as a companion balloon to the ANITA-4 experiment in December 2016. Based on a HV discharge pulser producing radio-frequency (RF) calibration pulses, HiCal-2 comprised two payloads, which flew for a combined 18 days, covering 1.5 revolutions of the Antarctic continent. ANITA-4 captured over 10,000 pulses from HiCal, both direct and reflected from the surface, at distances varying from 100-800 km, providing a large dataset for surface reflectivity measurements. Herein we present details on the design, construction and performance of HiCal-2., Comment: Published in NIM-A, final version
Published: 2017
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