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Physalis angulata L. is one of the member of Solanaceae which is known have medicinal properties, but it has not been widely cultivated commercially. Propagation of ciplukan plants can be done generatively or vegetatively. Generative propagation is done through seed germination which is the ovulum development after fertilization. The success of the fertilization is determined by the quality of the pollen produced through the microsporogenesis in the anther. The flowering phase is closely related to gametogenesis and embryogenesis. The process of gametogenesis begins with microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis. Microsporogenesis is observed through anther development. The aim of this study is to observe microsporogenesis of P.angulata L. The research was carried out by collecting various stages of flower development, providing cross section of anthers by paraffin embedding methods, and analyzing results of qualitative data. The result showed that anthesis in P. angulata L. takes 12-14 days. The 5 stamens are loose and pale yellow in color. The youngest bud to anthesis was observed in diameter and length of buds are respectively±1 mm;±2.3 mm and±9 mm;±9mm. Microsporogenesis occurs in loculi. The anther wall consists of 4-5 tissue layers which are epidermis, endothesium, middle layer, and tapetum. Anther walls formation is included in dycotiledonous type, while tapetum is secretory type. Microspores of P. angulata are originated from microspore mother cell and develops into adult microspore in tetrahedral tetrad microspore which experience simultaneous cytokinesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity stress inhibits plant growth because of the high dissolved salt content in the soil. Silicon (Si) is a beneficial nutrient that helps plants protect against biotic and abiotic stress. The purpose of this study was to determine growth and oxidative defense response to silicon application on rice (Oryza sativa L. 'Sembada Merah') under salinity stress. Research method used a completely randomized design with two factors, calcium silicate doses (0 mM, 2 mM, 4 mM) and salinity stress (0 dS/m: control, 3 dS/m: low, 7 dS/: moderate, 10 dS/:high). The growth parameters included plant height, number of leaves and tillers measured up to 6 weeks after treatment. Oxidative defense response was determined by measuring the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT). We also determined malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline levels. The result showed that high salinity 10 dS/m inhibited the growth of rice 'Sembada Merah' as indicated by decreasing of number of leaves and tillers compared to control. Salinity stress caused oxidative stress by increasing SOD. Application of exogenous Si increase growth on salinity stress of rice 'Sembada Merah' by reducing MDA. Summarized of this study, the control plants without Si application showed a decrease in the growth, while application exogenous Si doses 4 mM caused the plant to maintain growth in high salinity stress. Si application reduces the negative impact of salinity stress by increasing SOD and CAT activity and proline level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decreasing in the number of chili production can be overcome by making a technical improvements to cultivation. These improvements can be done using exogenous growth regulator from Bacillus vallismortis to accelerate plant growth and development. The purpose of this study to determine the potential growth regulator (IAA and GA) from B. vallismortis and obtained appropriate concentration to increase the growth and production of cayenne pepper plants. This research was conducted at the Microbiology Laboratory and Greenhouse of the Indonesian Center of Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research and Development (ICABIOGRAD) Bogor. The experimental design of this research is Complete Random Design (CRD). The treatment was given water control, synthetic control, and growth regulator (IAA and GA) from B. vallismortis with concentrations of 1, 3, 5 and 7 ml/L. The application was done by sprayed into the whole body of the plant in the afternoon. The results showed the best concentration in increasing plant height, number of fruit, fruit weight, length and diameter of fruit, shooth and root dry weight compared to controls at the age of 70 days after planting (DAP) was a concentration of 1 mL / L, with the values of 99.88 ± 10.96 cm, 55.34 ± 11.46, 49.11 ± 7.58 g, 2.92 ± 0.15 cm and 0.36 ± 0.03 cm, 22.71 ± 1.57 g, and 3.50 ± 0.31 g, respectively. The growth hormone (IAA and GA) from B. vallismortis has the similar potential to increase growth and production of cayenne plants with the synthetic control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yogyakarta, Indonesia is one of the batik centers that is currently growing rapidly. Liquid waste from batik coloring using dyes usually contains heavy metals. Therefore, batik liquid waste treatment using phytoremediation techniques needs to be applied. Thi study aimed to determine the effect of batik liquid waste on the germination and root anatomical structure of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) and garden Zinnia (Zinnia violacea Cav.), and to determine the concentration of batik liquid waste which most inhibit the germination. Seeds were germinated in cotton treated with batik liquid waste with a concentration of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% for six days. Parameters observed were the number of germinated seeds, shoots, and root length of sprouts and root anatomy. Cross-section of the root was prepared using the paraffin embedding method. The results showed that batik liquid waste inhibited germination, which was characterized by a decrease in the number of germinated seeds, shoots, and root length as well as browning of roots. The higher concentration of batik liquid waste applied, the root become damaged, as shown by damaged cells, with degraded protoplasts and cell walls, and also cells were not further recognized. At control roots from two species, the roots are rounded in shape, cells grow normally and regularly arranged; the epidermal cells are rectangular, the cortex cells are relatively round, and the stele cells are intact. At a concentration of 25%, the root of T. erecta has tetragonal square in shape with damaged epidermal cells and unclear cells shape, square and clear cortical cells. Furthermore, xylem tissue was separated into two parts with degraded cells turn in black and cannot be further recognized. Meanwhile, at the same concentration of 25%, roots of Z. violacea remains intact, except less developed of vascular bundles clearly appeared. At a concentration of 50%, all parts of the T. erecta root tissues were degraded. At a concentration of 75%, T. erecta seeds died on the fourth day, while Z. violacea seeds did not grow. At a concentration of 100%, the seeds of both species did not germinate. The concentration of batik liquid waste, which most inhibits the germination of T. erecta is 100%, while at Z. violacea, the total inhibition started from 75% of liquid waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruits belong to a group of perishable commodities that will undergo degradation over short period of time after harvesting. Strawberry (Fragaria spp.) is a fruit with high water contents and need approximately five months from planting to harvesting. Fragaria spp. has a short shelf-life, a week in freezer (0-4°C) and two days in room temperature. Edible coating is one of the substances for slowing degradation process of fruit. This research was conducted to reach better understanding about edible coating made from Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPSs) produced by microalgae Chlorella sp. cultivated in modified BG-11 medium. Edible coating formulated with 30% and 50% EPSs and applied on Fragaria spp. Control and coated strawberries were incubated in room temperature (37°C) and low temperature (3°C). The EPS yield of Chlorella sp. is 2,628 µg/g biomass. Water contents, vitamin C contents, decay index, and mass shrinkage was measured to determine effectiveness of edible coating. Accelerated Shelf Life Testing (ASLT) method with Arrhenius model was conducted to determine the storage time of Fragaria spp. that is coated with EPSs from microalgae. The result of this research was that edible coating from 50% EPSs Chlorella sp. in temperature 3°C showed the most optimal result than control and another treatment. Thus, this formulation was able to prolong fruit's shelf-life, especially on Fragaria spp. Coated Fragaria spp. reached decaying phase on ten days in low temperature and four days in room temperature. Coated Fragaria spp. had low water contents, high vitamin C contents, and low mass shrinkage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens Stal.) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) is one of the important rice pest, either in tropical and four seasoned regions. The attack of brown planthopper reached 85.989 ha and 1.969 ha of them considered hopperburn. BPH is a sexual insect, which needs to mate to breed. This research aimed to interrupt the mating process and to decline BPH's offspring. The mating process started with an exchange of the acoustical signal between male and female. These signals propagated through rice stem where male and female aligned. One alternative that can be used in BPH control is disruption in its mating process. The principle used is to disrupt communication between male and female through exposure of acoustical signals in the form of sound waves, so that they are not expected to mate. Sound waves propagated in the different frequencies (0 Hz, 100 Hz, 200 Hz, 300 Hz, dan 200+300 Hz). Sound wave exposure adjusted to BPH's potential mating times (08.00-11.00, 12.00-15.00, 18.00-21.00). Result showed that BPH's offspring after exposure to sound waves with frequencies 0 Hz, 100 Hz, 200 Hz, 300 Hz, 200+300 Hz counted respectively 39,4 ; 10,64 ; 11,4 ; 22,4 ; 2,2. Exposure to sound waves might play a role in disrupting BPH's mating process and reducing the number of its offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gyrinops versteegii is one of the agarwood-producing species from the Thymelaeaceae family. Agarwood is formed tend to the defense mechanism because of pathogen attack. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of the total phenolic content to the agarwood formation in G.versteegii trees induced by Fusarium sp. The research was carried out in agarwood plantation 14-year-old located at Sragen and Karanganyar Regency. The sampling technique was purposive sampling by selecting the G.verteegii tree which has a stem diameter of greater than or equal with 20 cm (≥ 20 cm). The number of tree sample of each location was 9 trees, so the total of tree sample was 18 trees. The wood sample for phenol analysis was carried out with leather lunch 10mm at a diameter of breast-high (DBH=1.3m), those taking 3 samples per tree. Total phenol content was done by spectrophotometry. The result of this research is the total phenolic content of G.versteegii tree growing in Sragen is 0.059 % w / w lower than in Karanganyar which is 0.077 % w / w. Due to the lower of the total phenolics content, the agarwood trees growing in Karanganyar more susceptible and can produce a better quality of agarwood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass produced by microalgae is one of the main sources for producing biofuel, which highly dependable on light intensity since microalgae is an autotroph organism. In laboratory-scale cultivation, light is using to replace the sun light as the main photon energy for microalgae photosynthesis. Variation of light intensity and time interval is mainly used as to manipulate microalgae biomass. The aim of this research was to know the effective light intensity for obtaining high biomass of mixed culture of Glagah and Arthrospira maxima. The mixed culture was cultured in 10 days by using Light Emitting Diode (LED) at 3000, 5000, and 7000 Lux. Thoriq Eko Arif Medium (TEAM) was used as the culture medium. The number of cells and lipid content was measured using Hemocytometer and Bligh and Dyer method, respectively. Then the lipid content per cell were measured based on the cells number and lipid content. The results showed that the highest cell density and dry weight was obtained by using light intensity of 7000 Lux were 385×104 cell.mL−1 on the fifth day and 1.65 mg.mL−1 on the seventh day. The highest concentration of A chlorophyll was resulted by using light intensity of 5000 Lux which was 3.18 µg.gfw−1. Meanwhile the highest B chlorophyll was resulted by using light intensity of 7000 Lux which was 1.41 µg.gfw−1. The intensity light of 5000 Lux was known as to have the highest lipid content there was 0.36 mg.mL−1. The intensity of light of 7000 lux is the most effective way to increase the number of mixed culture cells and lipid content of the Glagah and A. maxima consortium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interaction amongst microalgae might hold the key to the increase of biomass and lipid production from microalgae culture. A mixed culture of microalgae shows to have a higher biomass and lipid content than a single culture. A local mixed culture from Glagah Beach, Yogyakarta, later called Glagah strain is one of the natural mixed culture. Several microalgae species have a high biomass either lipid content and the biomass and lipid possibly get higher in mixed culture. There were 2 treated microalgae mixed culture in this research, there were natural mixed culture and artificial mixed culture, while Glagah strain as the control. Natural mixed culture was composed of Glagah strain, and 3 different microalgae species, they were Tetraselmis sp., Spirulina sp., Chlorella zofingiensis Dönz, and Bottryococcus sp. Artificial mixed culture was composed only those 4 microalgae species. The aims of this research were know the microalgae density, biomass, and lipid content on the Glagah strain, natural mixed culture, and artificial mixed culture. It used Bold's Basal Medium (BBM) 2N to cultivate the 3 kind of cultures for 10 days. Density, biomass, and lipid content of the microalgae cultures were measured. The result shows that the natural mixed culture had a higher total cells than the artificial mixed culture which are 7,350,00 cells in the seventh day. The natural mixed culture also showed to has a higher lipid content than the artificial mixed culture by 0.004 mg. The natural mixed culture has a higher lipid content than the artificial mixed culture and Glagah strain at the fourth day, which were 0.0015 mg. It can be concluded that the natural mixed culture had rapid growth and higher biomass productivity compared to the artificial mixed culture but still lesser than Glagah strain. The artificial mixed culture had a higher lipid content compared to Glagah strain and natural mixed cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of nano-scale materials such as bacterial lipase that catalyzes lipid breakdown has shown to be potentially effective for hydrocarbons nanoremediation. The activity of the lipase on degradation of those pollutants is highly depends on several factors, such as temperature, pH and ion compounds. The new isolate of Moraxella sp SBE01 was investigated in terms of lipase production, optimal conditions (temperatures, pHs), and also observed regarding the effect of ions on its enzyme activity. The range of temperatures and pH values examined in this research were 20°C-80°C and pH 5.0-12, respectively. The experiment revealed that crude lipase of the strain could be harvested highly at 20 hours incubation. Partially purified lipase using ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by dialysis showed its optimum activity was observed at a temperature of 50°C and pH 7 with specific activities were 9.05 and 9.07 U/mg protein, respectively. Ion compounds such as CaO and MgO at 0.1 mM increased that activity of 12.97 and 11.93 U/mg protein respectively. However, Fe2O3 and MnO2 at 0.1 mM decreased that activity of 3.09 and 4.62 U/mg protein, respectively. These particular characters of the partially purified lipase Moraxella sp SBE01 make it promising as a biocatalyst for nanoremediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential of several biocatalysts produced by bacteria BF2 isolated from crude oil-contaminated river were highly associated to the bioremediation mechanism of that pollutant. The molecular identification and production of key enzymes of the strain such as catalase, lipase, and oxidoreductase, were very important to investigate. Based on 16S rDNA sequence which subjected to BLASTN (NCBI) database queries, the strain was identified of Stenotrophomonas pavanii. This strain was showed the optimal growth in Bushnell Hass Mineral salts (BHMS) medium containing 1 % of crude oil. This strain could also degrade that crude oil in medium, achieving a 62.5 % reduction of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) after 9 days incubation. Therefore, the crude extracts of enzymes obtained at that time were measured of their specific enzyme activities by producing several biocatalysts such as catalase (25.3 U/mg protein), and oxidoreductase (39.2 U/mg protein). These results indicated that the strain effective in removing hydrocarbon in the crude oil pollutant by producing highly enzymes of the catalase, lipase, and oxidoreductase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dendrobium lineale Rolfe is an endemic orchid of Papua, Indonesia. Mass propagation of D. lineale has been performed through the induction of somatic embryogenesis by inserting AtRKD4 embryo gene from Arabidopsis thaliana. This research objective is to confirm whether the AtRKD4 in T-DNA that harbor 35S::GR::AtRKD4 can express properly in D. lineale transnsformant in order to induce somatic embryos (SEs). The leaves from 10 plantlets were cultivated in New Phalaenopsis (NP) medium added with 15 µM Dexamethasone (DEX) or 3 mg.L−1 Thidiazuron (TDZ) for SE induction and NP0 as control. The expression was analyzed in developmental stage of 1-, 3-, 5-days and 7-days after induction by DEX and TDZ. The expression of AtRKD4 in orchid genome was detected by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using AtRKD4 specific primers. The result showed that the transgene expression was detected as 382 bp fragment of cDNAs amplified from transformants after 1-, 3-, 5-and 7-days induction by DEX and TDZ, with the highest expression was after 5 days induction, and probably will induce somatic embryogenesis from leaves. In conclusion, AtRKD4 transgene can be activated by using DEX and TDZ after 1-7-days cultivation with the optimal induction in 5 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biofuel is a form of energy produced from natural biomass and is thought to replace fossil fuels. One of the commonly used biofuels is ethanol. Ethanol is generally fermented by yeast using plant based materials with relatively low sugar content. The low levels of sugar results low ethanol yield per batch. It will be more economically efficient if the initial sugar concentration is high, hence resulting higher ethanol. However, osmotolerant yeast is needed to do the conversion. The purpose of this study was to explore osmotolerant yeast isolates that can produce high yield ethanol from environments with high sugar content, namely honey and flower nectar. The methods used were qualitative and quantitative screening of the ability to produce ethanol, with the highest producing isolate optimized with two different factors, namely sugar content and incubation temperature. Isolate with the highest ethanol production were tested further by ethanol tolerance test and monitored the isolate's ethanol production and biomass growth. Ethanol content was measured by redox titration method. Qualitative screening showed 23 isolates with positive fermentation from 50 isolates tested. These isolates then screened quantitatively, with three highest ethanol content by BL 6.4, BL 8.21, and BL 8.22 with 19.6, 21.8, and 19.1 mL/L ethanol respectively. Ethanol production of the three isolates then optimized by varying glucose concentration (10, 15, 20, 25, 30% (v/v)) and incubation temperatures (25, 28, 30 and 47°C). The optimization results showed that 10% glucose concentration with incubation temperature of 28°C produced highest ethanol content of 4.67 % (v/v) by BL 8.21. Ethanol tolerance test showed a significant decrease (around 40%) in growth at 8% (v/v) ethanol concentration. Ethanol production and biomass growth of BL 8.21 were monitored and showed after day three biomass growths became stagnant while ethanol production increased. The highest ethanol concentration was obtained on the fifth day, amounting to 4.69 % (v/v). We concluded the isolate is not a potential ethanol producer, hence further exploratory studies at different environments are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

VEGF is the most important angiogenic factor with proven significance in breast cancer. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most malignant type of breast cancer with high vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. Therefore, VEGF can be one of the targets to treat TNBC. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Curcumin on VEGF expression in triple-negative breast cancer using 4T1 cell line. Each concentration of Curcumin was added in triplicate into a 96-well plate containing the 4T1 cells. Cells without treatment served as a control group. The number of viable cells after 24 hrs incubation at 37°C and 5% CO2 was determined by the 3-(4,5-dimethyl- thiazol-2-yl) -2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Tissue Total RNA Mini kit was used to extract the RNA. The expression of VEGF was studied by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Lower doses of Curcumin enhanced the viability of the cultured cells, MTT assay. However, higher doses of Curcumin decreased the viability of 4T1 cells by 50% or more. Curcumin significantly inhibits the viability of 4T1 breast cancer cells with an IC50 value of 34,34 µg/mL. The VEGF mRNA expression was significantly lowered upon curcumin treatment. It can be concluded that Curcumin has a biphasic activity on 4T1 TNBS cell line and inhibit VEGF expression in triple-negative breast cancer that Curcumin has the potential to be developed as a triple-negative breast cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MarolisTM is one of commercial probiotic product in the world of animal husbandry. MarolisTM contains various microbes that can help increase growth and improve animal health. The research aimed to determine the effect of MarolisTM on hematological profile and health of broiler chickens through organs function test. This study used 40 broiler chickens, consisted of 4 treatment groups based, they are control group without probiotic, probiotic treatment group with a concentration of 0,5 ml, 0,1 ml, and 1,5 ml in drinking water for 42 days. The parameter observed are hematology comprising the number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, number of leukocyte and differential count, and measurement of SGPT and creatinine levels. Data obtained were analyzed by one way ANOVA and continued with Duncan test. The results showed that administration of MarolisTM probiotic no effect on creatinine and SGPT levels, also did not effect the number of leukocytes, hemoglobin and number of diffrential leukocytes expect monocytes. The administration of Marolis probiotics has no significant effect on creatinine and SGPT levels, haemoglobin levels, and number of leukocyte, but has a significant effect on decreasing of leukocytes count especially monocytes. There is a tendency of administration Marolis probiotic is able to increase the number of erythrocytes back to normal levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fragrance rice (Oryza sativa) recognized as an international crop commodity with high price. Betaine- aldehyde-dehydrogenase-2 (Badh2) is known as a key role in the accumulation of fragrant compound in rice, 2-acetyl-1- pyrroline (2AP). Nucleotide deletion of 8bp in exon 7 inactivates Badh2 causing in the increasing level of 2AP. The objective of this study was to determine among 20 Indonesian local rice varieties from Banten, Samarinda and Banyuwangi which genetically potential for producing fragrance rice based on Badh2 gene. Total DNA was isolated from leaves and Badh2 gene was amplified using PCR with specific primers. The evaluation based on amplified Badh2 fragments was carried out by electrophoresis in 1% agarose. Based on this study we suggest that Pandan Ungu from Samarinda and Blambangan A3 from Banyuwangi are the varieties which potential to produce fragrance rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for 10–20% of all cases of breast carcinoma. People who have TNBC are also more likely to develop metastasis. Metastasis refers to secondary cancer forming in a different part of the body. Metastases are often more dangerous than the primary tumor, and they are responsible for 90% of all cancer deaths. The purpose of this study is to explore the anti-metastatic activity of curcumin on 4T1 triple-negative breast cancer cells by evaluating its effect on the expression and activity of MMP-9. Gelatin zymography assay was carried out to determine inhibition of MMP-9 activity, while MMP-9 mRNA expression was analyzed using RT-PCR. The evaluation of anti- metastasis activity using the gelatin zymography demonstrated that curcumin significantly inhibited the activity of MMP- 9 on 4T1 cells compared to the control. The MMP-9 mRNA expression was not reduced upon curcumin treatment. This result indicates that inhibition of metastasis in 4T1 is not due to inhibition of mRNA expression. So, further studies are needed to see the mechanism of curcumin to inhibits metastasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an ornamental plant, orchid has high economic value for its appearance. Some methods can be used to improve the orchid performance, for instance creating variegated plants that have green- and white-sectored leaves by mutating the VARIEGATED 2 (VAR2) gene using CRISPR/Cas9 Genome editing system. The objective of this study was to determine whether CRISPR/Cas9 could be introduced to the Dendrobium macrophyllum orchid protocorm by using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation method. Genetic transformation using A.tumefaciens is one of the inexpensive and reproducible molecular breeding approaches. The construct of T-DNA Ubi :: Cas9 :: U3 :: VAR2/ pRGEB32 in the A. tumefaciens strain EHA 105 was infected into 8-weeks old orchid protocorms, then the protocorms were maintained in Vacin and Went culture medium with addition of 6 mg/L-1 Hygromycin for antibiotic selection of transformants for 4 weeks. The results showed that the highest transformation efficiency (0.66%) was obtained in the 15- minute infection period although 0.43% in 30 minutes and 0.23% in 45 minutes. This result was confirmed by PCR analysis that several genes were amplified in the genome of D. macrophyllum such as, Cas9 (402 bp), HPT (545 bp), VAR2 (723 bp) and trnL-F (1200 bp) as internal control. Sequence analysis showed that there was a mutation in the form of substitution at the target site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dendrobium phalaenopsis Fitzg. is an ekndemic orchid from Larat island (Maluku) Eastern Indonesia which is classified as an endangered plant. Therefore, mass propagation to conserve this plant needs to be conducted. For rapid propagation, Arabidopsis AtRKD4 gene has been introduced into protocorm of D. phalaenopsis by using Agrobacterium- mediated transformation with T-DNA containing 35S::GR::AtRKD4 construct. Dexamethasone (DEX) was used to activate the transgene AtRKD4. The leaf of one year-old plantlets were cut and cultivated in New Phalaenopsis (NP) medium added with either 15 µM DEX, or 3 mg.L−1 thidiazuron (TDZ), and NP0 as control. We analyzed the expression of the transgene in developmental stages of 1-, 3-, 5-, and 7-days after induction by either DEX or TDZ. RT-PCR experiment by using AtRKD4 specific primer was used for detection the expression of transgenes. The result showed that 382 bp AtRKD4 cDNA fragment can be amplified by using AtRKD4 specific primer, indicating that transgene expressed in transformant plants at 1-, 3-, 5-, and 7-days after induction by either DEX or TDZ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CRISPR/Cas9-genome editing system has been developed and started to be used in plants. Phalaenopsis amabilis is one of the popular orchids with beautiful flowers, but flowering time is relatively long, therefore other unique characters need to be created, such as variegated pattern leaves due to chloroplast mutations. VARIEGATA2 (VAR2) gene is the responsible gene for maintaining a chloroplast activity that the mutation will produce a variegated pattern of leaf. The objectives of this research are to get the best method for Agrobacterium-delivered T-DNA containing CRISPR/Cas9 into P.amabilis protocorm and to analyze the mutant phenotype in transformant plants. The genetic transformation was carried out by using A.tumefaciens EHA105 carried T-DNA with UBI::Cas9::U3::VAR2 in pRGEB32, and transformant selected in NP+10 ppm hygromycin medium. T-DNA integration in transformant genomes was confirmed by PCR. The RHS color chart was used for recording plant color of transformant. The results showed transformation efficiency was 1.2%. A color change from green to pale yellowish was detected in the transformants. PCR results showed 545 bp HPT, 402 bp Cas9, 723 bp VAR, and 1200 bp trnL-F were amplified from transformants. In conclusion, Agrobacterium-delivered CRISPR/Cas9 can be applied for genome editing in orchid, that is simple, inexpensive and innovative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is a country which has a different altitude within the landscape. Indonesian lowland altitude is fewer than 200 MASL which in turn makes those places prone to flooding. This problem becomes a scourge for rice farmers; therefore, it is urged to take action to maintain food security in Indonesia. Indonesia has many local rice varieties. Based on their morphological and anatomical studies, some of those varieties predicted to have some capability stand over inundations. Submergence-1A (Sub1A) has been reported to be responsible for inundation tolerance. The expression of the Sub1A gene let the rice to survive up to 14 days under inundation stress. The purpose of this study was to look up the presence of the Sub1A gene in Indonesian local rice varieties to find inundation tolerant rice variety. Sub1A gene amplified using PCR with gene-specific primers followed by electrophoresis on 1% agarose. The result of this study has found the Sub1A gene in some rice varieties proved by the presence of specific DNA fragment band. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is one of the most favorite fruit in Indonesia because of its high contains of nutrients. Melon 'Tacapa Gold' is produced by natural polination between melon 'Tacapa Silver' and 'Hikapel'. The phenotype of 'Tacapa Gold' cultivar has been identified, but its genetic variation has not been studied yet. This study aimed to analyze the genetic variation of melon cultivar 'Tacapa Gold' compared to 'Tacapa Silver', 'Hikapel', and two commercial melons ('Aramis' and 'PI 371795'). PCR-ISSR method with four random primers was used to evaluate genetic variation in melon. The level of genetic similarity was determined by simple matching coefficient (SSM) and the dendrogram was constructed by clustering analysis with unweighted pair-group using arithmetic averages (UPGMA). The research was started with melon seeds germination and cultivation, samples preparation, DNA extraction, DNA qualitative test, DNA quantitative test, DNA amplification using PCR-ISSR, amplification analyzing with electrophoresis, and molecular data analyzing. The results of scoring test were analyzed with MVSP 3.1A program. Four random primers (UBC-808, UBC-809, UBC-811, UBC-824) yielded 26 monomorphic DNA bands and 25 polymorphic DNA bands. Similarity indexes of cultivar melon 'Tacapa Gold' with 'Tacapa Silver', 'Hikapel', 'PI 371795', and 'Aramis' melons were 76.7%; 71.4%; 58.3%; 65.2% respectively. It could be concluded that melon 'Tacapa Gold' had the closest relationship with 'Tacapa Silver' and the farthest was melon 'PI 371795'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existence of germplasm of local chicken in Indonesia is quite numerous and very diverse. One of local chicken germplasm is pelung that has potency to be developed as a local type of broiler chicken. In this research performed crossing the first-generation chicken (F1) derived from crossing between Pelung and broiler. This research is to determine the phenotype characters inheritance of second generation (F2). The method used in this research was crossing chickens and observing in semi-intensive cage in Pusat Inovasi Agroteknologi (PIAT), Kalitirto, Berbah, Sleman, Yogyakarta. Measurement of second generation (F2) phenotype characters included quantitative data: weight of chicken, height of chicken, chest circumference, length of cockscomb, length of beak, length of wing, length of femur and length of tibia. While qualitative data that is in form of coat color, the color of feet and cockscomb shape. Weight measurements performed every week for seven week and observation of qualitative and quantitative parameters other than body weight after seventh week. The resulted showed that the second generations (F2) phenotype different from Pelung and broiler. The average second-generation chicken body weight in seventh week was 701,5 g (±83,44) which means it is heavier than Pelung, even though it has not exceeded the average weight of broilers. Second generation (F2) of chicken has a coat color: white, black, brown and black with white pattern (dotted), in addition chicken of second generation (F2) has a unique inheritance color of feet: there is black, white and yellow feet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The low domestic production of local chicken meat production needs an alternative local chicken line. Faculty of Biology UGM innovates to produce a new breed of local chicken line called GAMA AYAM by combining the phenotype of pelung, broiler, and layer chicken with selective breeding methods. This research is to determine the phenotype character inheritance and growth of hybrid chicken. The method used in this research was crossing chickens and observing in semi intensive cage in Pusat Inovasi Agroteknologi (PIAT), Kalitirto, Berbah, Sleman, Yogyakarta. Measurement of hybrid chicken included quantitative data : weight of chicken and Feed Convertion Ratio (FCR). While qualitative data is feather color. Quantitative and qualitative data measurements performed every week for seven week. Data analysis was performed by comparing the body weight of hybrid chickens, pelung, broilers and layers at zero weeks and seven weeks using One Way Anova and Tukey with 95% confidence level (p ≤ 0.05). The result of body weight analysis showed that there was a real difference, the group of hybrid chickens was higher than that of pelung and layer chickens so that the hybrid chicken produced was declared successful. The average weight of hybrid chickens in the seventh week was 958.20 ± 16.651 grams and FCR was 1.34. The color phenotype characters of hybrid chicken feathers are white (qI-qi), a combination of white and brown (spotting) (qI-qi/qB-qb), blirik combination of black, white and brown (qI-qi/ qE-qe+-qe/qB-qb) and brown color with white feather base (qB-qb). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) isolation is a basic technique in the field of molecular biology. The purpose of RNA isolation is to acquire pure mRNA that can be used to see the expression of certain genes in an individual. Many methods can be used to perform RNA isolation, both conventional and modern methods. The purpose of this study were to compare the results of total RNA isolated using the CTAB3-LiCl (conventional) method and the Commercial Kit (modern) method and then amlification of FaPYR1 and FaCHS genes from mRNA templates in the strawberry fruits. The RNA isolation done by using the Kit method referring to the Geneaid "RNA Total Mini Kit (Plant)" kit protocol. In general, the RNA isolation may consist of three stages: (1) Lysing the membrane or cell wall by physical and chemical destruction, (2) Removing unwanted components such as proteins, polysaccharides, and cell debris, (3) Searching for pure RNA by precipitation. The total RNA isolates were analyzed quantitatively by TECAN nanodrop spectrophotometer to determine the purity and concentration of RNA. Biorad thermal cylers used for amplification for the target genes. The results showed that the RNA isolated using the CTAB3-LiCl method had a higher RNA concentration than the Kit method, and the purity produced from the two methods did not differ significantly. Thus, in this research, the total RNA isolated using the CTAB3-LiCl method is more optimal than the Kit method. The FaPYR1 and FaCHS genes amplificated in 627 bp, Actin gene in 262 bp, and 26S-18S Housekeeping gene in 146 bp to all samples selected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the plant model Arabidopsis thaliana, it is well known that AtRKD4 gene has a crucial function at very early stage of zygote development to begin embryo formation. The purpose of this study was to isolate and analyze the AtRKD4 homologous gene in orchids. This study found that partial gene of DlRKD4 was successfully isolated from the genome of D. lineale, possessed RWP-RK domain motif with high similarity with RKD4 protein in other orchid species. Information about the structure of AtRKD4 homologous genes in Indonesian orchid, Dendrobium lineale, will be very beneficial for orchid mass production. Method: DNA was isolated from 2-months-old protocorms (orchid embryo development), then amplified using RKD4 degenerate primers (DegRKD4). DegRKD4 primers are designed based on reference to the AtRKD4 conserved sequences, in both forward and reverse, namely DegRKD4F1 and DegRKD4R1. The PCR results showed 982 bp DNA fragment. The sequence analysis showed a 100% identity with A.thaliana RWP-RK domain-containing protein, partial mRNA, for 454 bp out of 982 bp and 94.65% identity with the 73E1-like UDP-glycosyltransferase gene from Dendrobium catenatum. The protein motif shows the conserved motif of the RWP-RK superfamily at the C-terminal of the presumed domain, showing function as nitrogen-controlled proteins that involved in plant development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our previous study revealed that callus induced from kaffir lime seeds have an ability to produce bioactive compounds for traditional medicine. In order to scale up the production, it requires an in vitro storage method to provide a continuous supply of callus. Encapsulation is one of the in vitro storage methods which can maintain the viability of callus and stability of bioactive compounds. Alginate capsule formation depends on sodium alginate (NaC6H7O6) and calcium chloride dehydrate (CaCl2.2H2O) concentrations, as well as the maturation time. Whine maintaining callus viability, growth medium addition to the capsule is required. Therefore, objective of this study is to investigated and efficient protocol by determining the concentration of NaC6H7O6, CaCl2.2H2O, nourish medium and maturation time to produce springy texture and consistent shape of capsule. This study using 5 concentrations of alginate: 1.5,2,3 and 4% immersed at 4 concentrations of CaCl2.2H2O, which were 0.1; 0.15; 0.2 and 0.4 M for 60 minutes. The capsules were analyzed by scoring capsule formation ability; consistency and texture of the capsules springy or sticky. The best formula is then nourished by MS medium with the concentration 1,1/2, and 1/4(v/v). The results showed that 4% alginate added with 1/4 dosage of MS medium and immersed in 0.2 M CaCl2.2H2O for 30 minutes was capable to produce capsules with best texture and consistency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mung bean is the one of the nutritious commodity bean plants, however the productivity of mung bean production in Indonesia is relatively low because of pests or pathogens, such as the mung bean weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus). Radiation is one of techniques used to control pests or pathogens in crops. This research aimed to determine whether radiation in certain doses (GR-20 and GR-50) could protect and eradicate the mung bean weevil without affecting the quality of mung bean seeds. The following procedure were : radiosensitivity testing of irradiated seeds (GR- 20 and GR-50), analyzing the data of radiation treatment before and after infested weevil and seeds quality testing. The results showed that the figure of adult population development in irradiated and in non -irradiated seeds (Figure 2) had no significant different, the radiation protection test showed that neither a GR-20 (222,20 Gray) nor a GR-50 (608,80 Gray) had an effect on adult population development, while the radiation eradication test showed that a GR-20 dose was lethal dose to the eggs of the mung bean weevil. The irradiation seed treatment had no effect on the quality of seeds, based on the water content and protein content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of cosmetics in Indonesia is increasing. Many types of cosmetics are sold with anti-aging trends. Anti aging compounds are generally made from fatty acids. 'Gama Melon Parfum' ('GMP') is a melon resulted from breeding that contains a composition of terpene derivatives in the form of Cucurbitacin and has a characteristic bitter taste. Cucurbitacin compounds are used as anti-aging. The aims of the research was to study the stability of phenotypic characters and identify t he Cucurbitacin compounds in the fruit. The phenotipyc characters were observed to identify segregation and the content of Cucurbitacin mixture in 'GMP' was tested by HPLC on three types of fruit phases, namely 10 DAA, 20 DAA, and 30 DAA. The results obtained in the form of the largest combination of Cucurbitacin contained in the young fruit phase, which is aged 10 DAA and the stability of the phenotype character 'GMP' is influenced by the segregation of 'Tacapa' with a ratio of 9: 6: 1 which is in the form of multiple gene interactions with cumulative effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioethanol is a potential alternative fuel for fossil fuels substitution as it has several advantages such as its renewable, and environmentally friendly. Sugar sources and microbes as fermenting agent are two important keys in the upstream bioethanol production. This study aims to isolate ethanol-producing microorganisms from various sources, and evaluate their ethanol production using various sugar from sweet sorghum juice and lignocellulose hydrolysate. The source of sugar from lignocellulose rice and sorghum straw is obtained by acid and base hydrolysis. Hydrolysis is done by acid hydrolysis (0.5% H2SO4) and alkaline hydrolysis (1% NaOH). The sugar content of the lignocellulosic hydrolysate and fermentation parameters for ethanol production were analyzed using HPLC including ethanol, glucose, xylose, and by-products such as acetic acid, lactic acid, and glycerol. The results obtained ten ethanol-producing Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolates. Lignocellulose hydrolysis with acid is better that base to produce reduced sugars (glucose and xylose). Isolate S. cerevisiae TKPK 10.5.1 have been tested for its growth curves to produce ethanol in YPD medium, sorghum juice, and lignocellulose hydrolysate. This isolate produce ethanol about 11 g / L on YPD control media, and can produce ethanol as much as 36 g / L in sweet sorghum juice. Acid hydrolysis in rice straw produced 2.91 g / L glucose and 8.39 g / L xylose, while sorghum straw produced 5.9 g / L glucose and 12.05 g / L xylose. Rice straw and sorghum straw hydrolysate produce the highest ethanol production at 1.56 g / L (rice straw) and 2.9 g / L (sorghum straw), this is due to the limited source of available sugar. It is recommended to optimize the hydrolysis of lignocellulose material to produce ethanol at a higher level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulosic ethanol production as alternative energy requires cellulase enzyme (endoglucanase, exoglucanase, and β-glucosidase) in the cellulose degradation process. Aspergillus niger as a recombinant DNA technology can utilize for cellulosic ethanol production. This research aims to isolate the CBHA gene from Aspergillus niger and find out the result of CBHA gene cloning into yeast expression vector with high copy number and strong promotor characteristic, here we used pWYH257. The total RNA was isolated from Aspergillus niger and made as a template to obtain cDNA by RT-PCR. The amplification of CBHA gene was carried out using the PCR and specific primer and visualized by electrophoresis. The CBHA gene inserted into pWYH257. DNA fragments cleaved by PstI and SpeI restriction enzyme. Ligation products were transformed into Escherichia coli DH10B competent cells using the electroporation method. The recombinant plasmid purified and visualized using electrophoresis. The digestion enzyme on the recombinant plasmid was used to determine the success of gene cloning. Based on this research, CBHA gene can be isolated from Aspergillus niger and show ~1,500 bp in size. The CBHA gene cloning to pWYH257 produces 7 recombinant plasmids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to assess the use of microsatellite markers as DNA marker assisted selection in F3 generation of the cross between black rice with white rice. The research was conducted in the fields and the laboratory of Genetics and Plant Breeding of UGM Yogyakarta. The research material consisted plant populations of F3 S x G, black rice/S, Situbagendit white rice/G, chemicals and tools for the activity of molecular, and RM 252 microsatellite markers. Population of F3 generation S x G, black rice as female parents (S), and white rice (G) as a male parent were grown in fields to harvesting. Young leaves all plant population (S, G, F3 S x G) were analyzed of molecularly using the RM 252 microsatellite markers. The results showed that the RM 252 microsatellite markers effectively used as a DNA marker-assisted selection tool on the result of black rice with white rice cross breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer frequently occurs to woman and at least there are 1.67 million cases of breast cancer in 2012. One of alternative medications which is relatively cheap and without side effect is the use of single black garlic. The activity of anti-cancer on single black garlic can pass the apoptosis path which causes cancer cell to be dead and anti- proliferation path which causes the growth of cancer cell to be inhibited. This research aims to study the effect solo black garlic extract (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate) towards the breast cancer cell T47D. The method used in this research was extraction, freeze drying to prepare the sample, MTT Assay to examine the cytotoxicity and also Flow-cytometry to the test of apoptosis cell T47D. The result of the cytocytoxity test known that there kinds of extract which have potency to decrease the viability percentage of cell T47D which is more than 50% in the concentration less than 2000 µg/ml, that is single black garlic's hexane as much 1.558 µg/ml, chloroform as much 658µl, and extract of ethyl acetate of single black garlic as much 551 µg/ml. The result of apoptosis test shows that the extract of single black garlic has potency towards the induction of apoptosis cell T47D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yogyakarta has an agro-ecological diversity consisting of volcanic plateau, karst material to coastal sand dune, mangrove area, low land area, and up-land area. Agro-ecological diversity will affect its genetic resources, one is food crops, especially rice. As the main staple food for Indonesian, rice has genetic diversity. It is possible that agro-ecological diversity could affect genetic resources of local rice. AIAT Yogyakarta is one of Technical Implementation Units under Indonesia Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD) which is aware of genetic resources diversity, therefore exploration of local rice has been conducting since 2014 until now. Recently, agricultural started to shift to industrial 4.0 for decreasing zero hunger. In this level Agriculture research supported by major technological advance in genetic and information system. AIAT Yogyakarta is starting to develop germplasm management based on Agriculture 4.0. One of development of information system toward agriculture 4.0 can be done by using global information system through multilateral project of digital object identifier (DOI). To support DOI implementation, AIAT Yogyakarta had registered 55 local rice accessions through ICABIOGRAD registration system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melon (Cucumis melo L.) cv. Gama Melon Parfum (GMP) is a new melon cultivar made by cross breeding between female ♀NO-3 (Natsumo Omoide) dan ♂MR-5 (Miyamauri) parents has a distinctive scent at ripening stage. During the ripening stages there are chemical changes of the fruit including antioxidant properties. The aims of this research were to study the changes of antioxidant activity and antioxidant compound during ripening stages of melon cv. Gama Melon Parfum (GMP). Melon with three ripening stages (10 DAA, 20 DAA and 30 DAA) were harvested and analyzed their antioxidant activity, ascorbic acid, and flavonoid. The methods were used flavonoid quantitative analysis by extraction and spectrophotometer, antioxidant activity was quantified by free- radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and ascorbic acid content was determined by iodometric method. The results showed that antioxidant activity, ascorbic acid, and flavonoid increased during ripening. Content of antioxidant activity 10 DAA (27,29 %), 20 DAA (48,56 %) and 30 DAA (73,78 %), content of ascorbic acid 10 DAA (19,53 mg/100g), 20 DAA (23,33 mg/100 g) and 30 DAA (27,19 mg/100g), and flavonoid content 10 DAA (70,62 µg/g), 20 DAA (73,14 µg/g) and 30 DAA (81,87 µg/g). Antioxidant activity positively correlated with ascorbic acid and flavonoid content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electromagnetic field (EMF) radiation can provide biological effects on biomolecules and cells. Handphone (Mobile phone) is one of device that emits the strongest EMF radiation. The growth of cellular communication has occurred in last decade to be a thing to consider for its impact on environment and health. One attempt to overcome the effects of EMF radiation is by consuming antioxidant-rich nutrients such as those contained in fruits. Insects are one component of environment ecosystem that has various roles. Fruit fly was used as an animal model because it has short life cycle and easy to observed. The experiment aimed to determine the effect of feeding medium on the survival and morphological changes of reproductive organ fruit flies after EMF radiation treatment. The experiment was performed by EMF radiation from Handphone exposed to D. melanogaster with 3 variation treatments of feed medium namely Guava (PJ), Banana (PP), and Apple (PA). Banana feeding medium was used as standard control. Data were statistical analyzed by One Way Anova test and Tukey test (α = 0.05). The results showed that EMF radiation was capable to suppress the survival of imago and reduce the morphology of reproductive organs. Survival rate result of Adult D. melanogaster were 84.70% (control); 84.37% (PJ); 65.73% (PP) and 58.09% (PA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer prevalence tends to increase by the time estimated at ± 1,050,346 cases yearly. There are reports of genetic factors as the main reasons, yet there is poor information on this aspect in Indonesia. Wnt and BRCA pathways had been understood to regulate the development of breast cancer. The mutation of BRCA family members had been found in many breast cancers cases. Meanwhile, Wnt family demostrate its two faces. Some canonical Wnt members are playing on promoting tumorigenesis, while some non-canonical Wnts antagonizing the canonical one. This study aimed to unveil the genetic profile of breast cancer tissue isolated from East Javan patients in Indonesia with focus on Wnt and BRCA pathways. Furthermore, we seek the possible role of mainly Wnts and BRCA family members genes in breast cancer cases found in East Java. Total RNA of stages III and IV fresh biopsy samples from five patients were isolated and reverse-transcripted into cDNA. The expression Wnt4, Wnt5a, BRCA2, and TP53 were analyzed using relative q- PCR with standardized OneWay ANOVA. This study revealed that TP53, BRCA2, were expressed highly in earlier stage (stage IIIB) along with Wnt4, while Wnt5a was highly expressed in later stage (stage IV). From this study we conclude that Wnt4 was supposed to be responsible for earlier cancer development, while Wnt5a was supposed to be responsible for later development. We also suggested that both TP53 and BRCA2 might bear some mutations Currently, we are working on this matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One control of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is controlling Aedes aegypti mosquito as the vector. Synthetic insecticides as the vector control had a bad impact on the environment and cause resistance. One plant that can be used as an alternative insecticide that was safe for the environment is bandotan leaves (Ageratum conyzoides), bandotan leaves contained active compositions, there are saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and terpenoids. This research aims to know the effect of ethanol and methanol extract of bandotan leaves on mortality and development of Ae. aegypti larvae. This research was an experimental study (posttest control group design). The test materials were ethanol and methanol extracts of bandotan leaves. Sample of the research was the larvae of fourth instar Aedes aegypti mosquito, with 10 larvae per treatment and 3 replications. The concentrations of extracts that were used are 250 ppm, 500 ppm, 1000 ppm, 1500 ppm, and 2000 ppm. The results of the probit analysis showed that ethanol extracts LC50 and LC90 values at concentrations of 750,294 ppm and 1219,403 ppm on 48 hours treatment. Extracts methanol LC50 and LC90 values found in 24 hours treatment at concentration of 734,321 ppm and 1223,282 ppm. The percentage of larvae became an adult was 4% at the 500 ppm concentration of ethanol extract and 5.33% at a 250 ppm concentrations, 1.67% at the 500 ppm concentration of methanol extract and 0.33% at a 250 ppm concentration. There are no larvae became adult that were found at a 1000-2000 ppm concentration in both of extracts. The ANOVA statistical test results on mortality and development of larvae in ethanol and methanol extract were significantly different (p <0.05%). The methanol extract was more effective than ethanol extract. Ethanol and methanol extract of bandotan leaves reduced the development of larvae to adult mosquitoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Characterization of mosquito breeding sites is a very important wayto cut off the mosquito's life cycle. Bogowonto Lagoon is an ecosystem in the estuary area of the Bogowonto river. The conversion of land functions caused this place to be a source of the puddle. This study was conducted to determine the types and characteristics of mosquitoes breeding sites in the Bogowonto Lagoon ecosystem. The method used was purposive random sampling by observing the characteristics of mosquito breeding sites at three observation stations which were in the former ponds near the beach, mangrove forests, and ponds that was far from the beach. Data retrieval was done through larval samples, vegetation types, predator types and periphyton types (larval feed). The parameters observed were physical, biological and environmental parameters. The results showed that the mosquito species found were Anopheles sundaicus, Malaya sp. and Culex vishnui. The characteristics of mosquito breeding sites in the Bogowonto Lagoon ecosystem were turbid brackish water, with depth <1 meter, with a height of location between 3-9 masl. Breeding ponds had an open type of lighting, with water temperatures ranging from 30-35°C, salinity 17,58 ‰ - 21,34‰, pH ranges from 6,15-6,54 and DO 2.09-5,34 ppm. The ponds were overgrown with aquatic vegetation such as Cynodon dactylon and Acanthus ilicifolius grass in the middle of the waters. Periphyton types found in breeding sites were composed of functional groups of algae colonies, filamentous algae, and diatoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito is a vector of filariasis caused by parasites Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi and Brugia timori. Control of mosquitoes using chemical insecticides has a negative impact on health, surrounding environment and resistance. Secondary metabolites in plants can be used as vegetal insecticides that are environmentally friendly. Bandotan plant (Ageratum conyzoides (L.) is a herbaceous which contain secondary metabolites in the stem, leaf and flower organs. The aims of this research were to study the content of methanol extract and ethanol leaves of bandotan and its effect on mortality and development of Culex quinquefasciatus larvae.This study consisted of 5 treatment concentrations of methanol extract and ethanol from bandotan leaves (0 ppm, 250 ppm, 500 ppm, 1000 ppm, 1500 ppm, and 2000 ppm) with 3 replications. At each concentration 10 Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito larvae were tested between 3rd-4th instars. The mortality of larvae mortality was calculated after 48 hours. Data was analyzed by probit. The results showed that methanol dan ethanol extract contained alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, tanin, and terpenoid by thin layer chromatography method. The bandotan leaves methanol extract showed LC50 557.020 ppm and LC90 at concentrations of 1237.414 ppm. The ethanol extract showed LC50 at concentrations of 447.144 ppm and LC90 at 1324.959 ppm. The effect of methanol and ethanol extract caused the develop of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito larvae to be inhibited in the pupa phase and larval phase until death. Methanol and ethanol extracts from bandotan leaves have the potential to be larvicidal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p105/50 has been shown to play a significant role in the pathology of cancer. Overexpression of NF-κB p50 contributes to cell migration and metastasis of breast cancer. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive type of breast cancer with poor prognosis. Moreover, TNBC is often resistant to cytotoxic chemotherapy. One of the characteristics of TNBC is its activation of NF-κB signaling. Therefore, inhibition of NF-κB signaling block the metastasis of TNBC. The aim of this study is evaluating the effect of curcumin on NF-κB p105 mRNA expression in the TNBC cell line and in silico study to explicate the possible mechanism of action of curcumin against NF-κB precursor protein p105. The NF-κB mRNA expression isolated from curcumin-treated 4T1 cells was evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Molecular docking simulation was carried out by using the Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) 2015 software package. The NF-κB p105 mRNA expression in 4T1 breast cancer cells was significantly decreased by curcumin treatment compared with control. In addition, in silico study shows that the aromatic ring within curcumin interacts withthe backbone of Ile142 residue by hydrogen bonding with the binding energy of -13,7709 Kcal/mol. As a result, curcumin effectively suppresses NF-κB p105/50 gene expression, a marker of metastatic, inhibit NF-κB. Further research is going on to prove its potential as a therapeutic agent for TNBC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is one of the metabolic syndromes that affect many people nowadays. Consume junk food, saturated fat, or use waste cooking oil can increase blood fat level especially triglyceride. HTG has been demonstrated to be risk factors for renal failure and some people use natural ingredients to prevent it. Arthrospira maxima and Chlorella vulgaris are natural ingredients and known contain several nutrients. This research aimed to study the effects of A. maxima and C. vulgaris as preventive treatment of increasing creatinine and urea levels, Renal Somatic Index (RSI) and glomerular histology damage due to HTG induction on rats. Twenty female Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups randomly. The groups were control, HTG, Gemfibrozil (10mg/kg.bw.), A. maxima (2500mg/kg.bw.), C. vulgaris (2500mg/kg.bw.) groups. The four groups except control were induction by waste cooking oil containing saturated fat (15ml/kg.bw.) for HTG condition, given daily for 40 days. The triglyceride, creatinine, and urea levels were measured by spectrophotometric methods and glomerular histology was analyzed qualitatively. The data analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by DMRT. The triglyceride level of A. maxima and C. vulgaris group were significantly lower (p<0,05) than HTG groups. Creatinine level of A. maxima and C. vulgaris group were not significantly lower (p>0,05), while urea level were significantly different (p<0,05) than HTG groups. RSI of A. maxima group was lower significantly different (p>0,05), while C. vulgaris group was lower not significantly different (p>0,05) than HTG group. Gromelural histology damage is cellular swelling, fatty change, and enlarged Bowman capsule. This research concluded that A. maxima didn't significantly able to maintain creatinine level and glomerular histology but significantly able to maintain RSI and urea level, while C. vulgaris didn't significantly able to maintain creatinine level and glomerular histology but significantly able to maintain RSI and urea level in the normal range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Free radical in the body has known to caused oxidative stress which implicated in pathophysiology. Free radical accumulation can be overcome by the abundance of antioxidants that can inhibit the oxidation reaction. The purpose of this study was to identify the bioactive compound and antioxidant activity of Gomphrena globosa leaf extract (GGLE) on kidney cells (Vero cells) as an excretory organ. Extraction was prepared by maceration using 96% ethanol for 24h. TLC analysis was performed to determine the phytochemical content of GGLE. The antioxidant effect of GGLE was examined by free radical scavenging method using DPPH as the free radical and NO production assay using Griess reagent was also examined in the Vero cell. Cytotoxicity of GGLE on Vero cell was observed with WST-1 assay. The result showed that GGLE contains flavonoid, saponin and terpene compound. The IC50 value of antioxidant activities of GGLE was 100 ± 6.095 µg/mL. The WST-1 assay showed that GGLE was non-toxic for the Vero cells and may inhibit NO production of LPS-induced Vero cell. These inventions exhibit a correlation between the phytochemical content of G.globosa leaves and the value of reducing free radical which indicates ethanol extract of G. globosa leaves has antioxidant properties and may serve as natural antioxidants to prevent cellular damage induced by oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beekeeping is well known in the local community. Information on pollen plants as feeds source of bees by local community is very limited. Higher pollen diversity shows higher quality of product. This study aimed to determine the pollen diversity as feed source collected by Tetragonula iridipennis in the forest of Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM). Pollen samples were collected and were anatomically prepared using modified acetolysis method to identify the species. Based on pollen characters, the results showed that pollen diversity as feed source of T. iridipennis identified in 13 families (Arecaceae, Myrtaceae, Cyperaceae, Combertaceae, Moraceae, Chenopodiaceae, Fabaceae, Onagraceae, Malvaceae, Anacardiaceae, Loranthaceae, Proteaceae, Euphorbiaceae) and dominated by species from Arecaceae, Myrtaceae and Cyperacease families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parijoto (Medinilla speciosa) is one of fruits in Indonesia that contains high anthocyanin, which is a flavonoid compound that exerts beneficial effects on blood pressure, endothelial function, oxidative stress and as antioxidants. Antioxidants helps in converting the radicals to less reactive species, or as an inhibitor of the process of oxidation. Antioxidants also can help the body's defense system if there are elements of disease generation. Compounds that can increase the body's resistance to various infections through increasing of the oxidative activity of neutrophils, phagocytic cell activity and stimulating cytotoxic cells are called immunostimulants. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity and phagocytosis of macrophage cells that were given methanol extract of parijoto pericarp and whole fruit (M. speciosa). Antioxidant activity of parijoto pericarp and whole fruit (M. speciosa) were calculated using DPPH test. Phagocytosis activity test was carried out in 5 groups, control; macrophage cells were given 125 ppm; 250 ppm; 500 ppm; and 1000 ppm of parijoto pericarp and whole fruit extract. Macrophage cells were isolated from the peritoneum part of mice, then cultured using RPMI medium for 24 hours. Non-specific phagocytosis ability tests were carried out in vitro using latex beads. The result showed that the total antioxidant activity of methanol extract of parijoto (M. speciosa) pericarp and whole fruit were very strong with IC50 values of 29.68 ppm and 23.73 ppm respectively. Administration of methanol extract of parijoto (M. speciosa) pericarp and whole fruit increased phagocytosis capacity (highest at 1000 µg / ml with a value of 61.50% and 74.00%). Phagocytosis index values also increased, where the highest increase at concentrations of 500 µg / ml with values of 2.53 and 3.16. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

East, Central, and West Java Provinces have the largest estimated number of people with breast cancer in Indonesia. Breast cancer can be caused by mutations in the RAD51 domain of BRCA2 genes. The purpose of this study was to determine the mutations and binding affinity of RAD51 domains of the BRCA2 proteins. This research also pursued to measure the expression of BRCA2 genes based on TNM stages of breast cancer. Total RNA was isolated from 22 samples provided by Saiful Anwar Regional Public Hospital, East Java, Indonesia. Mutation analysis conducted using Sanger sequencing. Gene expression analyzed using relative q-PCR with standardized OneWay ANOVA. The results of this study indicate that the expression of the BRCA2 gene did not increase significantly. Mutation analysis showed that there was a mutation in the RAD51 domain of the BRCA2 gene in the samples 17 and 19. Mutations that occur did not affect the binding domain structure area which in turn did not affect the binding affinity between the BRCA2 and RAD51 proteins. Moreover, there were no significant changes throughout the protein structure which in turn did not affect the binding structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One potential and useful product of Indonesia's biodiversity is fibroin which extracted from silkworm cocoons of Bombyx mori L (silk fibroin). Silk fibroin, in which has capability to fuse into the human body, is used for bone graft or wound healing dressing. In the dentistry, researchers develop silk fibroin as a dental treatment material for pulp perforation teeth case. The dental treatment material developed from silk fibroin is expected to overcome the limitation of existing materials. The purpose of this study was to determine the molecular weight and structural characteristics identification of silk fibroin as a preliminary study before being used as dental material. This research used two methods, which were sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE) and Fourier transform infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The result showed that there was an expression of electrophoresis bands on the molecular weight of 10 – 55 kDa, while the FTIR showed the peak spectra of fibroin sample was at 3309.80 cm-1. Based on its molecular weight and structure characteristic, fibroin consists of an NH group of protein that consists of several amino acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass and lipid are produced from microalgae which have been known as one of the sources for producing biodiesel. The usage of biodiesel has several advantages, there are as a renewable energy source, less toxic, and zero CO2. Single culture of microalgae often to produce low biomass, which is can be overcome by using mixed consortium culture, such as a mixed culture of Glagah. It is also needed to consider the medium that will be used since the nitrogen concentration has been the key role in microalgae growth. The aims of this study were to measure the biomass and lipid content on the mixed culture of Glagah which cultured in Bold's Basal Medium (BBM), Farmpion, dan Thoriq Eko Arif Medium (TEAM). The mixed culture of Glagah was cultured in 7 days by using an open pond system. The growth of microalgae as the cell density was measured by using spectrophotometry. The dry weight of microalgae was obtained as the biomass production. Therefore, the lipid content was obtained by using the Bligh and Dryer method. Lastly, the carbon concentration was counted by using gravimetry method. Respectively, the usage of TEAM, Farmpion medium, and BBM produced the cell density as 4.30×109 cell·L−1, 4.20×109 cell·L−1, dan 4.04×109 cell·L−1. on the biomass calculation, the mixed culture of Glagah was obtained 0.677×103 mg·L−1, 0.65×103 mg·L−1, dan 0.38×103 mg·L−1 by using BBM, TEAM, Farmpion medium respectively. On the other hand, the percentage of lipid which produced by the mixed culture of Glagah was 53%, 36%, and 27% per dry weight by using BBM, Farmpion medium, and TEAM. Bold's Basal Medium (BBM) had the highest biomass and lipid content, then followed by Thoriq Eko Arief Medium (TEAM) and Farmpion medium, respectively. Further research has to be done to optimize the production of the mixed culture of Glagah with a variety of media in a mass scale open pond system which supported by Environmental parameters such as pH, light intensity, and temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]