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Why are there few people of color in library and information science (LIS)? This haunting question frames the context for critical reflection, and based on an application of critical race theory, inspires a thematic deconstruction "one brick at a time" to dismantle entrenched, white-centered power structures in American LIS educational programs. The power differentials that racism creates, and its underlying structures, need to be intentionally/systematically dismantled via deconstructing the following six foundational units (i.e., bricks): Decolonize privileged cultural inheritance of Anglo/Eurocentricity; dethrone highest situatedness of positivist/postpositivist paradigms; destabilize predominant "theory-building" without information actions; dismantle white privilege in the hiring "your own"; contest white faculty privilege demanding "equal" treatment without earned credentials; demand culpability for white (mis)appropriations of minority race/ethnicity-related content. Lessons are globally relevant since American racism is a legacy of an Anglo/Eurocentric colonialist/imperialist order shaping historical and contemporary neoliberal political, social, cultural, and economic intersections around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

This essay examines how university inter-group dialogue programs function, arguing that a common dynamic in dialogues about race is that members from privileged, majority groups (e.g., white, cis-het males) turn to members of so-called "minority" groups to disclose personal experiences. This paper examines four dialogue models and describes preliminary data from the Diversity Dialogue Project, a unique social justice dialogue program at a state university in Pennsylvania. Creating all-White groups where participants can probe the White problem may prevent burdening people of color with the role of educator. Campus dialogue programs that emphasize the need to be courageous when talking about race may unintentionally entrench White power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Racism is a structural determinant of health that affects mental health outcomes in the United States and globally. Nursing leaders must respond to a call to action to address racism in nursing. The purpose of the current article is to present evidence-based, race-conscious strategies for nurses in leadership roles to identify, challenge, and mitigate racism in nursing education and practice. Building on a theoretical framework, we share essential diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) strategies for dismantling racism in nursing. These DEI strategies include: (1) critical self-reflection, (2) mutual respect and recognition, (3) challenging White privilege, (4) leveraging available resources, (5) intentional advocacy/strategic planning, and (6) continuing education. The work of this American Nurses Association (ANA)– Illinois DEI Expert Panel is presented as an example of a statewide initiative to promote a greater understanding of the global history of racialization and challenge nursing leaders to act now to eliminate the contemporary effects of racism in the nursing profession. To truly challenge and mitigate racist practices, nursing leadership must be proactively engaged and have a strategic action plan in place to confront structural racism. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 63(2), 11–16.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Background: School populations in England continue to diversify, particularly in relation to ethnicity, language, and Special Education Needs and Disabilities (SEND). Yet research demonstrates that Physical Education (PE) often remains structured, organised and delivered in ways that privilege White, male, cisgender, heterosexual, non-disabled students. Whilst the experiences of those students marginalised within PE have been explored, a single-issue approach dominates. That is, disability, ethnicity or gender have often been researched in isolation. More recently an intersectional lens has been used to consider young people’s multiple identities and how these simultaneously influence experiences of PE. However, much of this research has focused on two identities, for example, gender and ethnicity, or gender and disability.Purpose: This paper offers insights regarding the ways that disability, ethnicity and gender intertwine to influence the PE experiences of five girls attending an English secondary school, Hillside High.Methods: Data were generated over two years through focus group interviews and observations of PE lessons. Using a narrative approach to data re-presentation, five stories are presented to reflect the girls’ experiences.Findings and Conclusion: Following the narratives, three themes are discussed: the (ir)relevance of PE; the importance of peer relationships; and school-imposed labels. In concluding, we explore how privilege, inequality, and difference operate; the differences between girls who share identity categories; and consider the utility of adopting an intersectional lens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Like many countries, Ireland has become increasingly ethnically diverse in recent decades, and this diversity is now present among the student social work population. This paper comprises a reflective account of my experience of teaching about race, racism and anti-racism on a postgraduate social work programme in Ireland. The paper examines the challenges involved in such teaching—for both myself and for the students—with particular attention paid to the challenges that Black and Ethnic Minority students in a predominantly white classroom may experience. In this paper, I discuss my attempts to address these challenges by moving toward a ’Students as Partners’ approach. I explore my experiences in this regard, drawing attention to the potential of working in partnership with students in this complex area of teaching. The paper argues that such an approach is compatible with social work’s ethos and deserving of more attention by social work educators as they navigate the challenges of teaching about race and racism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The goal of this study was to examine how athletes holding privileged racial identities understand their whiteness as they engage in racial justice activism. Drawing from 12 semistructured interviews with white collegiate athletes who have engaged in activism for racial justice, we identified four higher order themes which we situate within a broader discussion of how each theme either reinforces or disrupts racial power: articulations of (a) racial consciousness, (b) white privilege, (c) white empathy, and (d) white accountability. While the white accountability theme has the potential to disrupt racial power due to its relying on rigorous self-critique, the remaining themes pointed to limited understandings of the systemic nature of racism, which can thus inadvertently (re)produce white supremacy even when engaging in activism for racial justice. Limitations, implications, and future directions for research are discussed to empower more white athletes to reflect critically on whiteness and facilitate systemic change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

This study explores the experiences of Black and White women creatives working in advertising agencies in São Paulo, Brazil. In total, 28 in-depth interviews were conducted, and data was analysed through the lens of intersectionality theory. Six themes emerged: 1) White men rule the department, 2) the power of white privilege, 3) breaking the (white) glass ceiling, 4) tokenism at work, 5) segregated accounts and 6) stereotypes: From gender to race. White men were found to reign over Brazilian advertising agencies. While women were underrepresented as a whole, differences were found between the experiences of Black and White women working in these agencies. Specifically, Black women faced a unique set of challenges relative to White women, including but not limited to racism, sexism, stereotypes, and even roadblocks to their career advancement put in place by individuals of their own gender. Limitations and directions for future research are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Despite the historical and contemporary instances of immigrants and their descendants engaging with the far-right, whether through long-distance nationalism or country of residence politics, migration scholarship has surprisingly paid very little attention to this process. In this paper we argue that insufficient engagement with instances of the far-right attracting and mobilizing immigrants and ethnic minorities is a theoretical omission in both migration scholarship and scholarship of the far-right and is related to the reproduction of reified notions of "majority"' and "minority," normative assumptions about immigrants' political activism as inevitably progressive, and methodological nationalism implicit in studying the far-right from a political science perspective. Through an analysis of a case study of Polish immigrants and their descendants in Britain, we demonstrate that these omissions can be bridged by paying more attention to relational processes of constructions of whiteness, the role of systemic racism, and the increasing transnationalization of the far-right. The cases we describe, captured through the notion of integration-through-racisms, are therefore a symptom of both increasing complexities of migration-driven diversity with threatened white privilege as the focus and dynamic changes in global far-right ideologies and strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

After the referendum on Britain's membership of the EU, leavers and remainers have become identified in media, political, intellectual, social scientific and everyday discourses with a contested set of racialised and classed characteristics. Central to this portrayal of leavers and remainers is the idea widespread within remain-orientated discourse that leavers are more likely to hold racist attitudes on questions of multiculturalism and immigration compared to remainers. This article draws on fieldwork that examines the emotive accusation of racism articulated by leavers and remainers at each other, and expressed in everyday discourses and social interactions. We explore the ways in which racism becomes reduced within social interactions to an individual characteristic of leave or remain 'kinds of people'. Our argument is that the individualisation of racism in this way inadvertently displaces and curtails critical reflection on the reproduction of white privilege in British society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Introducing a special issue looking at football coaches, this essay challenges readers to think about the immense power and privileges afforded by white male coaches alongside their refusal to leverage their immense platforms to advance justice within and beyond the coaching ranks. Focusing on the politics of football coaches and the entrenched place of white men on the sidelines, this special issue seeks to demonstrate the power and importance of football coaches as a measuring stick of race, gender, sexuality, politics, and so much more. To understand the history of football coaches is to understand America, its persistent color lines, reactionary politics, and everything from the media to the 2024 election. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Intermarriage is noted to be a difficult adjustment as culture, language, and family expectations can clash. Given the rising intermarried population and the challenges they may face, social workers need an up-to-date understanding of these couples' experiences to better provide services. Surveys and interviews with 10 Asian women and 3 Asian men who intermarried were conducted from 2020 to 2021. Using grounded theory coding, each author on our biracial (Asian and white) team read interviews and identified themes. We identified five themes from the data: Societal Press, White Privilege, Family Relations, Communication, and Parental Responsibilities. Social work practitioners may employ these results in providing culturally sensitive strength-based services for interracial families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

This article discusses recent development in the emerging field of white migration studies and particularly focuses on the studies on Western or white migrants in Japan and China in the past decade. It is outlining the main contribution of these studies to critical whiteness studies and migration studies as well as it identifies some of the lacunas in the research and possible theoretical and conceptual directions in which the research in this field can develop further. The article argues that establishing the transnational movement of white bodies as white migrations—what have been rather associated with privilege and different categories of mobility—contributes to contesting of the racialized categories of migration and understanding of the position of whiteness and role of white privilege in the context of global migration. The article suggests that by using common frameworks and concepts with the mainstream migration research and further analysis of the local contexts, the white migration research can contribute to our understanding of whiteness in the context of global migration without reinstating it as a Eurocentric category of research even more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

We bring the concept of internal colonialism—developed by Indigenous and racialised activist‐scholars in Abya Yala—into conversation with settler colonialism, white supremacy, white privilege, and Indigenous fleshed or embodied politics. Our goal is to incite fraught hemispheric conversations about the internalisation of coloniality by subaltern peoples, anticolonial struggles, and the relevance of internal colonial structures of dispossession in the making of Latin American nation‐states. We believe in the power of establishing dialogue/cooperation between grassroots Black, Indigenous, and racialised thought against colonialism in Abya Yala and Turtle Island. A reading of these contributions suggests that binary classifications—oppressor/victim, dominator/dominated—trap our imagination, destabilising commitments to decolonisation. We focus on the construction of the environmental state in Chile, conservation discourse in the Riviera Maya, the rise of corporatist rule in southern Mexico City, and cuerpo‐territorio mapping in the Ecuadorian Amazonia. We propose that a relational reading of colonial power dynamics enables opportunities for liberation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

This Article examines the institutionalization of slavery in Bermuda and the legal framework developed to support the enslavement of the Black person.** The Article also analyzes Bermuda's Colonial Records to chronicle the dehumanization process of the Black person, both woman and man.*** Bermuda's colonial beginnings were often forgotten, aside from William Shakespeare's The Tempest, a play which was based on the very shipwreck of the Sea Venture in July 1609 that led to the founding and exploitation of these once uninhabited islands, notwithstanding the likes of Ariel and Caliban. As the Introduction indicates, Bermuda began as a corporate venture in 1612 under the Virginia Charter with the return of settlers to the islands after survivors of the 1609 shipwreck journeyed on to Jamestown, Virginia, where they told the tale of an island off their very shores with great riches. This Article analyzes the early period of labor and slavery on the Island, and the eventual institutionalization of slavery. In Part II, the author sets the date of chattel slavery in Bermuda at 1623, just eleven years after the beginnings of the settlement and almost six decades prior to the institutionalization of slavery on the North American mainland. Indeed, Bermuda would charter the course for her mainland sister colonies with legislation, proclamations, judicial decisions, and other legal measures enslaving the Black population from as early as 1617. Part III looks at the legal rights denied to Black people and other people of color in the seventeenth century, including the rights to marry, raise their children, carry a weapon, ownership of goods and chattel, and other privileges accorded to the white English population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

This article analyzes how the experiences and observations of Indigenous people from Latin America who work as legal interpreters reveal the ways that the position of court interpreter is racialized. The meaning of the norms of the "invisibility" and "neutrality" of the interpreter and the role of the interpreter as erasing barriers become points of contestation in the context of interpreting Indigenous languages of Latin America, revealing the ways that dominant norms and practices governing interpreting privilege a white speaker. Organizations of Indigenous interpreters articulate these experiences as a language rights issue of a transnational movement and point to the way that institutional claims to neutrality are symptomatic of a larger historical pattern of racism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The division of the races, created for the economic and political purposes of justifying slavery and colonialism, is a deep, entrenched, social structure which creates and promotes white privilege and is one within which we all live. No one can be free from it. This presentation is rooted in the assumption that the problem of racism today is a problem of whiteness and that it is an examination of this construct, therefore, which needs to be central to seeking a solution to this destructive dynamic. The work required of whiteness and the letting go of privilege is essential if we are to dismantle the system of racism that is so embedded within our society. I argue this is no altruistic endeavour but that, whilst clearly doing untold harm to people of colour, such a system also limits and distorts the development and individuation of white individuals and the society in which we are citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Copyright of Journal of Analytical Psychology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) more...

There is tacit acknowledgment that the psycho-social and educational challenges experienced by under-represented ethnic minorities in medical school are likely to be similar to those experienced by ethnic minorities in dental school. However, dental scholarship is not as expansive or comprehensive by comparison to confirm if this is the case. This paper addresses this research gap by presenting the findings of a small-scale exploratory study into the experiences of nine dental undergraduates from a variety of ethnic backgrounds studying at one UK dental school. A social identity theoretical framework was applied to the analysis of semi-structured interview data. The study reveals that dental school is a racialised educational space, where whiteness and white privilege are the norm and students from ethnic minority backgrounds occupy 'out-group' status through a process of depersonalisation and stereotyping. Their experiences reveal the existence of a climate of everyday racism perpetuated by students and faculty alike. This research calls on dental schools, and the dental profession more generally to address the lack of inclusivity as a pressing concern requiring immediate action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Racialized inequalities in organizations and workplaces are reproduced not only by the discrimination of non‐whites but also by behaviors among whites aimed at counteracting and resisting initiatives and measures aimed at achieving racial equality. On this background, the purpose of the present study was to empirically investigate expressions of white fragility, white counterreactions, and institutional resistance in organizational contexts in Sweden, as well as how these processes relate to system justificatory ideologies such as colorblind racism and meritocracy. In doing so, the study used a cross‐sectional design and a large sample (N = 2774) of adults from the Swedish labor market to test hypotheses about the investigated concepts. The results of the study provided support for the hypotheses that white fragility, white counterreactions, and institutional resistance are relevant concepts to the understanding of the racial dynamics and the reproduction of racialized inequalities in organizations also outside the North American context (in this case Sweden). In addition, the study shows that white fragility is positively associated with colorblind racism and belief in meritocracy and highlights the role of these ideologies in legitimizing and maintaining workplace inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Whiteness has a kind of non-verbalized contract, in other words, a narcissistic pact whose main purpose is to maintain the economic and symbolic privileges of white people and to exclude black people. This research is in the field of Applied Linguistics, inside the large field within Language and in the subarea of Portuguese Studies for Speakers of Other Languages. In fact, this research aims to analyse racism and language taking the Provoking Elements (PEs) used in the oral test of Celpe-Bras (Certificate of Proficiency in Portuguese for Foreigners) focusing on 20 PEs from the edition of the first semester of 2005. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Although the psychological study of men and masculinities (PSMM) field has continued to develop (Addis et al., 2010; Valentine & Wong, 2023), notions of white masculinities have remained mostly uninterrogated (Liu, 2017; Wong & Wang, 2022). In this article, we emphasize the unexamined "whiteness" and assumed Americanness of masculinities research and scholarship (Liu, 2017) and use a racial–spatial framework to explore how systemic racism renders differential racialized experiences for white men when compared with the racialized experiences of men of Color (Liu et al., 2023). We critique the use of intersectionality to understand the asymmetric dominance of white men and masculinities. Additionally, we describe how the construction and maintenance of whiteness in the United States and the protections offered to white men, due to their whiteness, provide them with spaces of comfort and privileges that are unique to them and their masculinities. We contend that future psychological research in men and masculinities could be conceptualized within a racial–spatial framework of systemic racism wherein white racial power and privileges are explicitly interrogated. We offer seven recommendations that underscore the critical examination and naming of whiteness in researchers' and practitioners' theoretical assumptions, methods, practices, and positionalities. Public Significance Statement: This article discusses the unexamined "white" of masculinities research and scholarship (Liu, 2017), and explores how "whiteness" renders differential racialized experiences for white men when compared with the racialized experiences of men of Color (Liu et al., 2023). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

There is a plethora of evidence to suggest that academics of colour remain under represented in higher education; they are less likely to be professors and occupy senior managerial roles compared to White groups and report regular incidents of overt and covert racism. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion initiatives such as training programmes to progress the position of academics of colour into senior roles have been used to address their under representation. Drawing on Critical Race Theory this paper examines how within the neoliberal marketised university, such training programmes are used for the benefit of White groups to perpetuate White privilege. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The article explores the meaning of the term white and its connection to humanity. Topics discussed include the use of the term to describe physical attributes particularly human skin color, its common collocations to describe population demographics, and brief details about its use to distinguish lineage and race and discourses involving the phrases white supremacy, white privilege, and white nationalism. more...

The article "Social Justice as Elite Strategy" discusses the concept of symbolic capitalists using social justice as a means to maintain their elite status. The author, Musa al-Gbarbi, explores the contradictions of the new elite and their commitment to social justice. The conversation highlights how social justice discourse can sometimes justify inequalities and how certain gestures, like capitalizing "black," may not address substantive issues. The discussion also touches on racial disparities, class dynamics, and the impact of social justice narratives on societal perceptions. [Extracted from the article] more...

This article aims to explore how the entanglement of Protestant Christianity and race and racism is manifested in contemporary Dutch society, and to identify which themes for introspection this yields for majority white Dutch Protestant churches. We argue that introspection on perceived superiority of white Dutch Protestantism is crucial to uncover subtle, unconscious mechanisms and ideas that are present in majority white Dutch Protestant churches and that contribute to maintaining racism. Furthermore, we argue that contemporary topical issues such as racism and colonial history run the risk of being pushed to the margins again as long as there is no systematic review of power and privilege of white Dutch Protestantism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The compounding effects of the COVID-19 pandemic alongside racial unrest in 2020 created an unrelenting need for scholarly analysis of the internal and external impact these experiences had on my life. My daily struggles of being a Black woman in America intensified during these unprecedented societal shifts which impacted my experience as a Black mental health clinician in a predominantly white workspace. This scholarly personal narrative conceptualizes these historical events, examined through the lens of Critical Race Theory. The two vignettes provided are lived experiences and illustrate the ways in which white privilege intersects with prolonged racial unrest--compounded by the deleterious effects of COVID-19 on Black clinicians. This scholarly analysis highlights the negative impact that racial injuries can have on Black clinicians who lack protection from repeated racial offenses. Recommendations for critical self-care practices and implications for future research are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The article suggests that Whiteness is a critical, albeit often overlooked, component of U.S. racism and consequently a major contributor to broader U.S.-based social inequalities and health inequities. Topics discussed include unexamined phenomena associated with the relationship between Whiteness and population health, influence of the history of differential U.S. immigration policy on White racial construction, and the need to address Whiteness to disempower systemic racism. more...

Sport management classrooms prepare practitioners and decision makers to work in Sport for Development (SfD). A core issue within SfD is a lack of critical racial reflexivity, particularly with racially White professionals, which maintains inequitable power structures and keeps SfD programs from reaching their intended goal of facilitating positive outcomes. This study, informed by critical Whiteness studies, aimed to understand how White undergraduate sport management students critically reflected upon race while participating in an SfD service-learning course. Analyzing written reflections completed in the course, we found that students utilized Race Evasiveness and Race Explicitness, despite course content and SfD practice explicitly focused on race. Implications for research and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

In this paper, we analyse the understanding of 'good' fathering amongst white, heterosexual, and highly educated men living in the Netherlands with whom we conducted interviews. Their narratives showed that they consider 'good' fathering as a constant learning process, in which they put much emphasis on individualism, spending quality time with their children, and jointly discovering the world. To shed light on the structural factors that enable them to make active choices regarding fathering, we use the lens of privilege. While these fathers are privileged in relation to their gender, sexuality, class, education, ability, language, and ethnicity, the aspects of education, class, sexuality, and ethnicity emerged most prominently in the analysis of our data. Earlier research argued that privileges are often invisible to those who benefit from them. However, our data suggests, in line with recent research, that the privileged are sometimes aware of the benefits they profit from. Moreover, we add to the growing body of literature on privileged fathering in Europe by arguing that these fathers' privileges are not primarily detectable in the advantages they profit from, but rather in the absence of barriers and obstacles they face. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Drawing on tenets of Critical Race Theory such as Whiteness, interest convergence, intersectionality and White supremacy this paper examines how some academics of colour are able to accelerate their success in higher education by performing Whiteness by using their privileges and capitals as a means by which they are able to identify with their White colleagues which enables them to perform Whiteness (albeit as outsiders). At the same time, by allowing privileged academics of colour entrance into the White space of higher education, White groups are able to perform inclusion. Drawing on interviews with 34 academics of colour, this paper argues that by performing and enacting Whiteness, some academics of colour mirror successful White behaviours within White normative frameworks. As a result, they are rewarded and gain entrance into the White space of higher education, but the main beneficiaries from this process are White groups, leaving the structures and institutions of racism intact. Consequently, they are complicit in upholding White supremacy, and by doing so protect the interests of White groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Although White allies attempt to support racial justice movements, their behaviors can be interpreted as performative rather than genuine by racially minoritized individuals. In the current work, I discuss how White individuals' personal connection to their racial identity and the power it confers—White identity form—shapes their allyship behaviors. Specifically, moving beyond conceptualizations of White identity as centrality, I call for a study of White identity that incorporates power‐relevant ideologies, understanding how White individuals make meaning of their unearned privilege and incorporate it into their self‐concept. I suggest that a power‐cognizant identity form, which involves personally connecting the self to Whiteness and unearned power, is necessary for White individuals to engage in genuine anti‐racist allyship. I discuss White identity measurement issues as well as potential interventions for promoting a power‐cognizant identity form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

In Australia, social scientists have long understood the importance of national symbols and the role they play in both the construction and maintenance of the nation, but in-depth analysis of the national flag has been overlooked. In particular, the cultural significance of the British flag that sits within the Australian national flag warrants focused consideration, as it symbolises the moment Australia became a British possession in multifarious ways. In this article, a critical analysis of the Australian flag demonstrates how the primary symbol of the nation can heighten White privilege through its official point of honour. Vexillology and Indigenist Standpoint Pedagogy provide a framework from which to deconstruct the Australian flag. This article conducts a critical examination of the social, institutional and historical frameworks that support the flag to argue that it is an ongoing signifier of White cultural power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

We analyze RuPaul's Drag Race: UK vs The World (UKVTW), part of the larger RuPaul's Drag Race franchise—one of the most popular current media representations of queerness. UKVTW features participants from different countries competing to be "Queen of the Mother-Tucking World." We examine the intersection of queerness and whiteness, exploring the tension between national identity, racialization, and drag performance. Building on scholarship about reality TV and authenticity, we argue the series queers conventional notions of authenticity in reality TV by privileging fluid gender identities. Developing the notion of "strategic Westernness" we examine how the series presents a postracial imaginary that obfuscates race by foregrounding nationality: seemingly progressive representations of gender ultimately privilege white and Western participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The California Racial Justice Act of 2020 recognized racial and ethnic discrimination as a basis for relief in capital cases, expressly permitting several types of statistical evidence to be introduced. This statewide study of the influence of race and ethnicity on the application of capital punishment contributes to this evidence. We draw on data from over 27,000 murder and manslaughter convictions in California state courts between 1978 and 2002. Using multiple methods, we found significant racial and ethnic disparities in charging and sentencing decisions. Controlling for defendant culpability and specific statutory aggravators, we show that Black and Latinx defendants and all defendants convicted of killing at least one white victim are substantially more likely to be sentenced to death. We further examined the role that race and ethnicity have in decision‐making at various points in the criminal justice system. We found that prosecutors were significantly more likely to seek death against defendants who kill white victims, and that juries were significantly more likely to sentence those defendants to death. The magnitude of the race of the defendant and race of the victim effects is substantially higher than in prior studies in other states and in single‐jurisdiction research. The results show an entrenched pattern of racial disparities in charging and sentencing that privileges white victim cases, as well as patterns of racial disparities in who is charged and sentenced to death in California courts that are the natural result of California's capacious statutory definition of death eligibility, which permits virtually unlimited discretion for charging and sentencing decisions. This pattern of racial preferences illustrates the social costs of California's failure to follow the Supreme Court's directive in Furman v Georgia to narrow the application of capital punishment over 50 years ago. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

This phenomenological study explored how five participants used their Texas state-approved definition of dyslexia to identify children with dyslexia as different from those with other global reading difficulties. Drawing on theories from disability studies in education and dis/ability critical race theory, I interviewed participants who identified dyslexia in terms of sociocultural differences, beliefs about intelligence, and reading ability. They frequently left unexamined concerns of race and how explanations of dyslexia privileged white, middle-class children over children of color and children in low-income schools. This study contributes to research that critically examines how these definitions of dyslexia segregate students with reading difficulties based on beliefs about intelligence, sociocultural factors, and the lack of conversations about race. Implications suggest that a growing focus on dyslexia may exacerbate inequalities already present in school systems. Stakeholders should critically examine their identification practices of reading difficulties to ensure that all children receive reading support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Whiteness in the US is often conceptualized largely as the absence of a meaningful cultural identity. Research from my own lab suggests that overlooking the nuances inherent in White identity (e.g., differences between ethnic groups) can induce feelings of threat and backlash against multiculturalism among dominant group members. Based on this research, I argue that conceptualizing Whiteness as multifaceted—for example, by acknowledging not only interethnic but also religious and socioeconomic differences—may mitigate dominant group members' threat perceptions and increase their comfort amidst growing discussions of diversity, equity, and inclusion in institutions and organizations. Further, attending to the complexities of White identity may produce more positive intergroup outcomes, such as reduced racial/ethnic prejudice and greater perceived personal contributions to diversity, and may benefit groups that are classified as "White" on demographic forms but often do not perceive themselves as such (e.g., Middle Eastern and North African Americans, Hispanic/Latino[a] Americans). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

To explore predictors of variations in White parents' racial socialization messages, we collected data on racial socialization practices, attributions for racial inequalities, and views about White privilege from White parents of White children between the ages of 10 and 14 (N = 194). After controlling for education and political ideology, endorsement of external attributions for racial inequality was related to sending more frequent messages about awareness of racism and White privilege, whereas endorsement of internal attributions was related to sending more frequent messages about colorblindness and preparation for bias. Further, beliefs about White privilege were associated with socialization regarding awareness of racism and acknowledgment of White privilege and negatively related to colorblind and preparation for bias messages. Results highlight the ways in which White parents' racial socialization approaches reflect underlying views of race and racism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Racism has been woven into the fabric of American life for centuries, and social work practice is not immune to its pernicious effects. Recently, the field has acknowledged the need for White clinicians to become more culturally competent, leading to anti-racism training that attempts to address and acknowledge privilege and biases that interfere with providing ethical and just services. This paper examines reactions to anti-racism training in multi-racial group settings, identifies the absence of trauma-informed practices in such trainings, and proposes separate anti-racism training for different racial groups incorporating expressive art and journaling as an effective method to educate White clinicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

In the Trump and Black Lives Matter eras, many of the trends observed by theorists of colorblind racism have reversed, making whiteness newly visible to white Americans. This new white awareness of whiteness has emerged through divergent frames of white grievance and white privilege. In this article, we use a survey experiment to examine the effects of these frames on white antiracism, or opposition to racist institutions and beliefs. Results indicate that neither frame is able to significantly motivate white antiracism. These results suggest that the newly open discussions of white privilege by white Americans might not translate into the kinds of deeper behavioral and attitudinal changes for which racial justice advocates have hoped. However, the white grievance frame, which could be expected to elicit a backlash against racial progressivism, did not elicit significantly lower levels of antiracism, either. These null findings have important implications for the empirical and theoretical study of whiteness, the possibilities for and limitations of white antiracism, and white solidarity with racially minoritized groups. Further, this study takes an innovative approach by empirically testing insights from political theory, contributing to the study of race and politics by bridging disciplinary and methodological divides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

As global migration and transnational mobility have increased steadily in the recent few decades, interests in equity-based theories and pedagogies have intensified to respond to racially and linguistically diverse student needs in today's classrooms. Raciolinguistic ideology is a theoretical framework challenging monoglossic language ideologies and the 'White gaze' that privileges White speaking and listening subjects (Flores, N., & Rosa, J. (2015). Undoing appropriateness: Raciolinguistic ideologies and language diversity in education. Harvard Educational Review, 85(2), 149–171. ). While raciolinguistic ideologies aim to critically examine the idealized monolingualism, the framework is typically adopted to analyze racial realities in Western or European educational contexts. In this study, we intend to (re)imagine raciolinguistic ideologies situated in non-Western educational contexts by examining language-in-education policies in Turkey and South Korea. Using raciolinguistic ideologies and Kaplan and Baldauf's (Kaplan, R. B., & Baldauf, R. B., Jr. (2005). Language-in-education policy and planning. In E. Hinkel (Ed.), Handbook of research in second language teaching and learning (pp. 1013–1034). Lawrence Erlbaum) language-in-education planning framework as our analytical lenses, we interrogate raciolinguistic ideologies manifested through language-in-education policy and planning in Turkey and South Korea, where transnational mobility and diversity are drastically increasing to shape language education. The analyses suggest broadening the definition and viewpoint of race to understand space-specific and localized interpretations of raciolinguistic ideologies while dismantling new contemporary racism in non-Western educational contexts. Recommendations and implications for future critical examinations of racial regimes and educational policies are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Jordan Peele's horror movie, Us, takes moral ambiguity to its logical extreme by creating a world, or, rather, two worlds, in which good and evil mirror each other on multiple planes—the narrative, the visual, the spatial, the racial, the ethical—and by its use of a biblical verse—Jer 11:11. The Wilsons, who inhabit "our" world, view the "Tethered", who inhabit a nether world, as evil insofar as they have emerged from the shadows to terrorize and kill them. The Tethered, however, view the humans as evil, insofar as they take for granted the ability to enjoy and act in the world. Like the prophet Jeremiah, the film draws the audience's attention to its own iniquity—and the consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Asian Americans are conventionally described as "middle-man minorities," outside of dominant racial paradigms of White and Black, adjunct to White privilege and exempt from the brunt of systemic violence directed against Black people. Historical accounts of the in-betweenness of Asian Americans trace their origins to how Asian coolie labor has served to triangulate White capital and African slavery over the course of European modernity. If this is the material history of in-betweenness, what is the psychic corollary of the middle-man thesis? Through an analysis of the Netflix dark comedy series Beef, as well as case histories of Asian American patients and students, we argue that the psychic effects of occupying a racially intermediate position implicate an unexplored terrain of racial rage and racial guilt that Asian Americans are insistently socialized to hold on behalf of others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Nearly 20 years have passed since this journal's last review of Latino politics. Today, American politics have shifted dramatically, even alarmingly, with Latinos absorbing and contributing to many of these changes. Yet American politics research still overwhelmingly privileges non-Hispanic Whites and their political opinions and behavior. We argue that this marginalization of Latino politics research has even fewer excuses in this era when data, methodologies, and other resources have expanded, making theory-based, empirically grounded research on Latino politics more feasible. We also argue that to better grasp what happens in contemporary politics today and tomorrow, a deeper understanding of Latinos' political psychology is indispensable because they are a highly diverse, minoritized group whose members are acutely sensitive to structural, temporal, and situational pressures. Finally, in an overwhelmingly quantitative, empirically oriented field, we urge Latino politics scholars to more earnestly consider the normative implications of research on this growing pan-ethnic population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Background: Drawing from research with 11th-grade history students, the authors illustrate how students' racial/ethnic and language experiences influence their analysis of Mexican American discrimination. Latinx students' experiences with white privilege helped them understand why 1940s Mexican Americans claimed whiteness to access better schools. However, students' experiences with instruction for Emergent Bilingual (EB) students interfered with seeing language segregation as a proxy for racial/ethnic discrimination. Methods: The first author collected three days of classroom field notes, conducted 15 student interviews, and collected 177 student work samples. The authors used a grounded theory approach to identify how students' racialized experiences help or hinder their historical analysis. Findings: The findings suggest that students' racialized experiences interplay with the disciplinary concepts of contextualization and presentism. Our findings complicate how disciplinary concepts alone do not sufficiently help students analyze how systemic racism manifests differently across historical moments. Contribution: This paper offers implications for how historical thinking skills can make space for students' racialized and linguistic experiences. Incorporating raciolinguistic analysis in tandem with historical thinking skills can lead to more nuanced conversations in the classroom about race/ethnicity and language in the past and present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...