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1. Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: the Right to Sight: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study

Author: Bourne R. R. A., Steinmetz J. D., Saylan M., Mersha A. M., Weldemariam A. H., Wondmeneh T. G., Sreeramareddy C. T., Pinheiro M., Yaseri M., Yu C., Zastrozhin M. S., Zastrozhina A., Zhang Z. -J., Zimsen S. R. M., Yonemoto N., Tsegaye G. W., Vu G. T., Vongpradith A., Renzaho A. M. N., Sorrie M. B., Shaheen A. A., Shiferaw W. S., Skryabin V. Y., Skryabina A. A., Saya G. K., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Shigematsu M., Sahraian M. A., Naderifar H., Sabour S., Rathi P., Sathian B., Miller T. R., Rezapour A., Rawal L., Pham H. Q., Parekh U., Podder V., Onwujekwe O. E., Pasovic M., Otstavnov N., Negash H., Pawar S., Naimzada M. D., Al Montasir A., Ogbo F. A., Owolabi M. O., Pakshir K., Mohammad Y., Moni M. A., Nunez-Samudio V., Mulaw G. F., Naveed M., Maleki S., Michalek I. M., Misra S., Swamy S. N., Mohammed J. A., Flaxman S., Park E. -C., Briant P. S., Meles G. G., Hayat K., Landires I., Kim G. R., Liu X., LeGrand K. E., Taylor H. R., Kunjathur S. M., Khoja T. A. M., Bicer B. K., Khalilov R., Hashi A., Kayode G. A., Carneiro V. L. A., Kavetskyy T., Kosen S., Kulkarni V., Holla R., Kalhor R., Jayaram S., Islam S. M. S., Gilani S. A., Eskandarieh S., Molla M. D., Itumalla R., Farzadfar F., Congdon N. G., Elhabashy H. R., Elayedath R., Couto R. A. S., Dervenis N., Cromwell E. A., Dahlawi S. M. A., Resnikoff S., Casson R. J., Abdoli A., Choi J. -Y. J., Dos Santos F. L. C., Abrha W. A., Nagaraja S. B., Abualhasan A., Adal T. G., Aregawi B. B., Beheshti M., Abu-Gharbieh E., Afshin A., Ahmadieh H., Alemzadeh S. A., Arrigo A., Atnafu D. D., Ashbaugh C., Ashrafi E., Alemayehu W., Alfaar A. S., Alipour V., Anbesu E. W., Androudi S., Arabloo J., Arditi A., Bagli E., Baig A. A., Barnighausen T. W., Battaglia Parodi M., Bhagavathula A. S., Bhardwaj N., Bhardwaj P., Bhattacharyya K., Bijani A., Bikbov M., Bottone M., Braithwaite T., Bron A. M., Butt Z. A., Cheng C. -Y., Chu D. -T., Cicinelli M. V., Coelho J. M., Dai X., Dana R., Dandona L., Dandona R., Del Monte M. A., Deva J. P., Diaz D., Djalalinia S., Dreer L. E., Ehrlich J. R., Ellwein L. B., Emamian M. H., Fernandes A. G., Fischer F., Friedman D. S., Furtado J. M., Gaidhane S., Gazzard G., Gebremichael B., George R., Ghashghaee A., Golechha M., Hamidi S., Hammond B. R., Hartnett M. E. R., Hartono R. K., Hay S. I., Heidari G., Ho H. C., Househ M., Ibitoye S. E., Ilic I. M., Huang J. J., Ilic M. D., Ingram A. D., Irvani S. S. N., Jha R. P., Kahloun R., Kandel H., Kasa A. S., Kempen J. H., Khairallah M., Khan E. A., Khanna R. C., Khatib M. N., Kim J. E., Kim Y. J., Kisa A., Kisa S., Koyanagi A., Kurmi O. P., Lansingh V. C., Leasher J. L., Leveziel N., Limburg H., Manafi N., Mansouri K., McAlinden C., Mohammadi S. F., Mokdad A. H., Morse A. R., Naderi M., Naidoo K. S., Nangia V., Nguyen H. L. T., Ogundimu K., Olagunju A. T., Panda-Jonas S., Pesudovs K., Peto T., Ur Rahman M. H., Ramulu P. Y., Rawaf D. L., Rawaf S., Reinig N., Robin A. L., Rossetti L., Safi S., Sahebkar A., Samy A. M., Serle J. B., Shaikh M. A., Shen T. T., Shibuya K., Shin J. I., Silva J. C., Silvester A., Singh J. A., Singhal D., Sitorus R. S., Skiadaresi E., Soheili A., Sousa R. A. R. C., Stambolian D., Tadesse E. G., Tahhan N., Tareque Md. I., Topouzis F., Tran B. X., Tsilimbaris M. K., Varma R., Virgili G., Wang N., Wang Y. X., West S. K., Wong T. Y., Jonas J. B., Vos T., Bourne, R. R. A., Steinmetz, J. D., Saylan, M., Mersha, A. M., Weldemariam, A. H., Wondmeneh, T. G., Sreeramareddy, C. T., Pinheiro, M., Yaseri, M., Yu, C., Zastrozhin, M. S., Zastrozhina, A., Zhang, Z. -J., Zimsen, S. R. M., Yonemoto, N., Tsegaye, G. W., Vu, G. T., Vongpradith, A., Renzaho, A. M. N., Sorrie, M. B., Shaheen, A. A., Shiferaw, W. S., Skryabin, V. Y., Skryabina, A. A., Saya, G. K., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Shigematsu, M., Sahraian, M. A., Naderifar, H., Sabour, S., Rathi, P., Sathian, B., Miller, T. R., Rezapour, A., Rawal, L., Pham, H. Q., Parekh, U., Podder, V., Onwujekwe, O. E., Pasovic, M., Otstavnov, N., Negash, H., Pawar, S., Naimzada, M. D., Al Montasir, A., Ogbo, F. A., Owolabi, M. O., Pakshir, K., Mohammad, Y., Moni, M. A., Nunez-Samudio, V., Mulaw, G. F., Naveed, M., Maleki, S., Michalek, I. M., Misra, S., Swamy, S. N., Mohammed, J. A., Flaxman, S., Park, E. -C., Briant, P. S., Meles, G. G., Hayat, K., Landires, I., Kim, G. R., Liu, X., Legrand, K. E., Taylor, H. R., Kunjathur, S. M., Khoja, T. A. M., Bicer, B. K., Khalilov, R., Hashi, A., Kayode, G. A., Carneiro, V. L. A., Kavetskyy, T., Kosen, S., Kulkarni, V., Holla, R., Kalhor, R., Jayaram, S., Islam, S. M. S., Gilani, S. A., Eskandarieh, S., Molla, M. D., Itumalla, R., Farzadfar, F., Congdon, N. G., Elhabashy, H. R., Elayedath, R., Couto, R. A. S., Dervenis, N., Cromwell, E. A., Dahlawi, S. M. A., Resnikoff, S., Casson, R. J., Abdoli, A., Choi, J. -Y. J., Dos Santos, F. L. C., Abrha, W. A., Nagaraja, S. B., Abualhasan, A., Adal, T. G., Aregawi, B. B., Beheshti, M., Abu-Gharbieh, E., Afshin, A., Ahmadieh, H., Alemzadeh, S. A., Arrigo, A., Atnafu, D. D., Ashbaugh, C., Ashrafi, E., Alemayehu, W., Alfaar, A. S., Alipour, V., Anbesu, E. W., Androudi, S., Arabloo, J., Arditi, A., Bagli, E., Baig, A. A., Barnighausen, T. W., Battaglia Parodi, M., Bhagavathula, A. S., Bhardwaj, N., Bhardwaj, P., Bhattacharyya, K., Bijani, A., Bikbov, M., Bottone, M., Braithwaite, T., Bron, A. M., Butt, Z. A., Cheng, C. -Y., Chu, D. -T., Cicinelli, M. V., Coelho, J. M., Dai, X., Dana, R., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Del Monte, M. A., Deva, J. P., Diaz, D., Djalalinia, S., Dreer, L. E., Ehrlich, J. R., Ellwein, L. B., Emamian, M. H., Fernandes, A. G., Fischer, F., Friedman, D. S., Furtado, J. M., Gaidhane, S., Gazzard, G., Gebremichael, B., George, R., Ghashghaee, A., Golechha, M., Hamidi, S., Hammond, B. R., Hartnett, M. E. R., Hartono, R. K., Hay, S. I., Heidari, G., Ho, H. C., Househ, M., Ibitoye, S. E., Ilic, I. M., Huang, J. J., Ilic, M. D., Ingram, A. D., Irvani, S. S. N., Jha, R. P., Kahloun, R., Kandel, H., Kasa, A. S., Kempen, J. H., Khairallah, M., Khan, E. A., Khanna, R. C., Khatib, M. N., Kim, J. E., Kim, Y. J., Kisa, A., Kisa, S., Koyanagi, A., Kurmi, O. P., Lansingh, V. C., Leasher, J. L., Leveziel, N., Limburg, H., Manafi, N., Mansouri, K., Mcalinden, C., Mohammadi, S. F., Mokdad, A. H., Morse, A. R., Naderi, M., Naidoo, K. S., Nangia, V., Nguyen, H. L. T., Ogundimu, K., Olagunju, A. T., Panda-Jonas, S., Pesudovs, K., Peto, T., Ur Rahman, M. H., Ramulu, P. Y., Rawaf, D. L., Rawaf, S., Reinig, N., Robin, A. L., Rossetti, L., Safi, S., Sahebkar, A., Samy, A. M., Serle, J. B., Shaikh, M. A., Shen, T. T., Shibuya, K., Shin, J. I., Silva, J. C., Silvester, A., Singh, J. A., Singhal, D., Sitorus, R. S., Skiadaresi, E., Soheili, A., Sousa, R. A. R. C., Stambolian, D., Tadesse, E. G., Tahhan, N., Tareque, Md. I., Topouzis, F., Tran, B. X., Tsilimbaris, M. K., Varma, R., Virgili, G., Wang, N., Wang, Y. X., West, S. K., Wong, T. Y., Jonas, J. B., Vos, T., University of Washington [Seattle], Anglia Ruskin University (ARU), Imperial College London, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg University, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Aksum University, Cairo University, University of Sharjah, Wolkite University, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences [Tehran] (SBUMS), Shahid Beheshti University, The Fred Hollows Foundation, Iran University of Medical Sciences, University of Leipzig Medical Center, University of Thessaly [Volos] (UTH), Visibility Metrics LLC, Adigrat University, San Raffaele Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Bahir Dar University (BDU), University Hospital of Ioannina, Sultan Zainal Abidin University, Universita Vita Salute San Raffaele = Vita-Salute San Raffaele University [Milan, Italie] (UniSR), Charles University [Prague] (CU), Government Medical College Pali, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Ufa Eye Research Institute, ondon School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Service d'Ophtalmologie (CHU de Dijon), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon - Hôpital François Mitterrand (CHU Dijon), Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation [Dijon] (CSGA), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Employee State Insurance Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, University of Waterloo [Waterloo], Federal Polytechnic School of Lausanne, University of Minho, University of Adelaide, Singapore Eye Research Institute [Singapore] (SERI), Seoul National University Hospital, Hanoi National University of Education (HNUE), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute [Milan, Italie], University of Porto, Queen's University [Belfast] (QUB), University of Dammam - Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Harvard University, University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System, University of Gondar, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Ministry of Health and Medical Education [Iran] (MOHME), Mahatma Gandhi University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Cairo University - Faculty of Medicine, National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Federal University of Sao Paulo (Unifesp), University of Applied Sciences Ravensburg-Weingarten, University of São Paulo (USP), Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, University College of London [London] (UCL), Haramaya University, Sankara Nethralaya Medical Research Foundation, The University of Lahore, Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, University of Georgia, University of Utah, Institution of Public Health Sciences, Jigjiga Universit, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Independent Consultant, The Chinese University of Hong Kong [Hong Kong], Manipal academy of Higher Education, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Yale University [New Haven], University of Ibadan, University of Belgrade [Belgrade], Faculty of Science of the University of Kragujevac, University of Kragujevac, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia, Deakin University [Burwood], University of Hail, Mysore Medical College, Banaras Hindu University [Varanasi] (BHU), Ophtalmologistes Associe Monastir, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin (KUL), Institute of Human Virology [Nigeria] (IHVN), Myungsung Medical College, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Fattouma Bourguiba, Partenaires INRAE, Baku State University, Health Services Academy, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Health Ministers Council Gulf Cooperative Council Stat, Medical College of Wisconsin [Milwaukee] (MCW), Xiamen University Malaysia, Yonsei University, Oslo Metropolitan University (OsloMet), School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia, Brien Holden Vision Institute, Fondation Théa, The Fred Hollows Foundation, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lions Clubs International Foundation, Sightsavers International, and University of Heidelberg., and GBD 2019 Blindness and Vision Impairment Collaborators* on behalf of the Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study.
Subjects: Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Refractive error, Visual acuity, genetic structures, Eye disease, 030231 tropical medicine, Population, Glaucoma, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine, Global health, 030212 general & internal medicine, [SDV.MHEP.OS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Sensory Organs, education, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Articles, General Medicine, Diabetic retinopathy, Macular degeneration, medicine.disease, eye diseases, 3. Good health, medicine.symptom, business
Abstract: Background: Many causes of vision impairment can be prevented or treated. With an ageing global population, the demands for eye health services are increasing. We estimated the prevalence and relative contribution of avoidable causes of blindness and vision impairment globally from 1990 to 2020. We aimed to compare the results with the World Health Assembly Global Action Plan (WHA GAP) target of a 25% global reduction from 2010 to 2019 in avoidable vision impairment, defined as cataract and undercorrected refractive error. Methods: We did a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based surveys of eye disease from January, 1980, to October, 2018. We fitted hierarchical models to estimate prevalence (with 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]) of moderate and severe vision impairment (MSVI; presenting visual acuity from
Published: 2021
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2. Maintaining Cooperation in the Legume-Rhizobia Symbiosis: Identifying Selection Pressures and Mechanisms

Author: Kiers, E. T., West, S. K., Denison, R. F., Dilworth, Michael J., editor, James, Euan K., editor, Sprent, Janet I., editor, and Newton, William E., editor
Published: 2008
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3. Visual and medical risk factors for motor vehicle collision involvement among older drivers

Author: Cross, J M, McGwin, G, Jr, Rubin, G S, Ball, K K, West, S K, Roenker, D L, and Owsley, C
Published: 2009
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4. Prevalence and risk factors for trachoma and ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Niger

Author: Abdou, A, Nassirou, B, Kadri, B, Moussa, F, Munoz, B E, Opong, E, and West, S K
Published: 2007

5. The association between epilation and corneal opacity among eyes with trachomatous trichiasis

Author: West, E S, Munoz, B, Imeru, A, Alemayehu, W, Melese, M, and West, S K
Published: 2006

6. Characteristics of trichiasis patients presenting for surgery in rural Ethiopia

Author: Melese, M, West, E S, Alemayehu, W, Munoz, B, Worku, A, Gaydos, C A, and West, S K
Published: 2005

7. Long term outcome of trichiasis surgery in the Gambia

Author: Burton, M J, Bowman, R J C, Faal, H, Aryee, E A N, Ikumapayi, U N, Alexander, N D E, Adegbola, R A, West, S K, Mabey, D C W, Foster, A, Johnson, G J, and Bailey, R L
Published: 2005

8. Cataract surgery and subtype in a defined, older population: the SEECAT Project

Author: Lewis, A, Congdon, N, Munoz, B, Bowie, H, Lai, H, Chen, P, and West, S K
Published: 2004

9. Blindness and visual impairment in the Americas and the Caribbean

Author: Muñoz, B and West, S K
Published: 2002

10. Stability of Chlamydia trachomatis on Storage of Dry Swabs for Accurate Detection by Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests

Author: Dize, L., primary, Gaydos, C. A., additional, Quinn, T. C., additional, and West, S. K., additional
Published: 2015
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11. Maintaining Cooperation in the Legume-Rhizobia Symbiosis: Identifying Selection Pressures and Mechanisms

Author: Kiers, E. T., primary, West, S. K., additional, and Denison, R. F., additional
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12. Is There Evidence for Resistance of Ocular Chlamydia trachomatis to Azithromycin After Mass Treatment for Trachoma Control?

Author: West, S. K., primary, Moncada, J., additional, Munoz, B., additional, Mkocha, H., additional, Storey, P., additional, Hardick, J., additional, Gaydos, C. A., additional, Quinn, T. C., additional, and Schachter, J., additional
Published: 2014
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13. A Longitudinal Study of the Association Between Visual Impairment and Mobility Performance in Older Adults: The Salisbury Eye Evaluation Study

Author: Swenor, B. K., primary, Munoz, B., additional, and West, S. K., additional
Published: 2013
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14. Driving errors influence an older drivers decision to give up or restrict driving

Author: Keay, L., primary, Munoz, B., additional, Turano, K., additional, Munro, C., additional, Duncan, D. D., additional, Baldwin, K., additional, Bandeen-Roche, K. J., additional, Gower, E. W., additional, and West, S. K., additional
Published: 2010
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15. Change in function and spectacle-use 2 months after providing presbyopic spectacles in rural Tanzania

Author: Patel, I., primary, Munoz, B., additional, Mkocha, H., additional, Schwarzwalder, A. W., additional, Mchiwa, W., additional, and West, S. K., additional
Published: 2010
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16. Older Drivers and Failure to Stop at Red Lights

Author: West, S. K., primary, Hahn, D. V., additional, Baldwin, K. C., additional, Duncan, D. D., additional, Munoz, B. E., additional, Turano, K. A., additional, Hassan, S. E., additional, Munro, C. A., additional, and Bandeen-Roche, K., additional
Published: 2009
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17. Poor Sense of Direction Is Associated With Constricted Driving Space in Older Drivers

Author: Turano, K. A., primary, Munoz, B., additional, Hassan, S. E., additional, Duncan, D. D., additional, Gower, E. W., additional, Roche, K. B., additional, Keay, L., additional, Munro, C. A., additional, and West, S. K., additional
Published: 2009
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18. Visual and medical risk factors for motor vehicle collision involvement among older drivers

Author: Cross, J M, primary, McGwin, G, additional, Rubin, G S, additional, Ball, K K, additional, West, S K, additional, Roenker, D L, additional, and Owsley, C, additional
Published: 2008
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19. Relationship between Trachoma and Chronic and Acute Malnutrition in Children in Rural Ethiopia

Author: Smith, A. G., primary, Broman, A. T., additional, Alemayehu, W., additional, Munoz, B. E., additional, West, S. K., additional, and Gower, E. W., additional
Published: 2007
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20. Causal inference for non-mortality outcomes in the presence of death

Author: Egleston, B. L., primary, Scharfstein, D. O., additional, Freeman, E. E., additional, and West, S. K., additional
Published: 2006
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21. Prevalence and risk factors for trachoma and ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Niger

Author: Abdou, A, primary, Nassirou, B, additional, Kadri, B, additional, Moussa, F, additional, Munoz, B E, additional, Opong, E, additional, and West, S K, additional
Published: 2006
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22. Mortality Risk for Patients with Cytomegalovirus Retinitis and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

Author: Kempen, J. H., primary, Jabs, D. A., additional, Wilson, L. A., additional, Dunn, J. P., additional, West, S. K., additional, and Tonascia, J., additional
Published: 2003
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23. Maintaining Cooperation in the Legume-Rhizobia Symbiosis: Identifying Selection Pressures and Mechanisms.

Author: Dilworth, Michael J., James, Euan K., Sprent, Janet I., Newton, William E., Kiers, E. T., West, S. K., and Denison, R. F.
Published: 2007
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24. Looking Forward to 20/20: A Focus on the Epidemiology of Eye Diseases

Author: West, S. K., primary
Published: 2000
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25. Racial Differences in Lens Opacities: The Salisbury Eye Evaluation (SEE) Project

Author: West, S. K., primary, Munoz, B., additional, Schein, O. D., additional, Duncan, D. D., additional, and Rubin, G. S., additional
Published: 1998
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26. New objective classification system for nuclear opacification

Author: Duncan, D. D., primary, Shukla, O. B., additional, West, S. K., additional, and Schein, O. D., additional
Published: 1997
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27. Risk Factors for Constant, Severe Trachoma among Preschool Children in Kongwa, Tanzania

Author: West, S. K., primary, Munoz, B., additional, Lynch, M., additional, Kayongoya, A., additional, Mmbaga, B.B.O., additional, and Taylor, H. R., additional
Published: 1996
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28. Blindness Due to Cataract: Epidemiology and Prevention

Author: Javitt, J C, primary, Wang, F, additional, and West, S K, additional
Published: 1996
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29. THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONAL DOSIMETERS FOR USE IN THE VISIBLE AND ULTRAVIOLET WAVELENGTH REGIONS

Author: Duncan, D. D., primary, Schneider, W., additional, West, K. J., additional, Kirkpatrick, S. J., additional, and West, S. K., additional
Published: 1995
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30. Epidemiology of Ocular Chlamydial Infection in a Trachoma-Hyperendemic Area

Author: West, S. K., primary, Rapoza, P., additional, Munoz, B., additional, Katala, S., additional, and Taylor, H. R., additional
Published: 1991
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31. Reliability of photographs for grading trachoma in field studies.

Author: West, S K, primary and Taylor, H R, additional
Published: 1990
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32. Diabetes and diabetic retinopathy in a Mexican-American population: Proyecto VER.

Author: West SK, Klein R, Rodriguez J, Muñoz B, Broman AT, Sanchez R, Snyder R, West, S K, Klein, R, Rodriguez, J, Muñoz, B, Broman, A T, Sanchez, R, Snyder, R, and Proyecto VER
Abstract: Objectives: The prevalence rate of diabetes is probably higher in Hispanics than in Caucasians, although there is controversy about differences in the risk of diabetic retinopathy. The purpose of the study is to determine the prevalence rates of diabetes and diabetic retinopathy in a population-based study of Hispanics aged > or = 40 years.Research Design and Methods: Proyecto VER is a random sample of Hispanic populations aged > or = 40 years in Arizona. A total of 4,774 individuals (71.6% of the eligible sample) completed the examinations. Diabetes was defined as self-report of a physician diagnosis or HbA(1c) value of > or = 7.0%. Diabetic retinopathy was assessed on stereo fundus photographs of fields 1, 2, and 4.Results: The prevalence rate of diabetes in the Hispanic community (individuals > or = 40 years of age) was 22%. The prevalence rate of diabetic retinopathy (DR) was 48%; 32% had moderate to severe nonproliferative and proliferative retinopathy. DR increased with increasing duration of diabetes and increasing level of HbA(1c). The prevalence rate of DR-like changes in the sample of individuals without diabetic retinopathy was 15% and was not associated with hypertension, systolic blood pressure, or diastolic blood pressure.Conclusions: The prevalence rate of diabetes in this population of Hispanics is high, almost twice that of Caucasians. The prevalence rate of DR is high but similar to reports in a Caucasian population. The prevalence rate of 9% moderate to severe retinopathy in the newly diagnosed group suggests that efforts to improve detection and treatment of diabetes in Hispanics may be warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2001
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33. Risk factors for trichiasis in women in Kongwa, Tanzania: a case-control study.

Author: TURNER, VIRGINIA M, WEST, SHEILA K, MUÑOZ, BEATRIZ, KATALA, SIDNEY JONES, TAYLOR, HUGH R, HALSEY, NEAL, MMBAGA, B B O, Turner, V M, West, S K, Muñoz, B, Katala, S J, Taylor, H R, Halsey, N, and Mmbaga, B B
Subjects: CHILD care, COMPARATIVE studies, EYELASHES, STYE, HOUSING, RESEARCH methodology, MEDICAL cooperation, RESEARCH, TRACHOMA, SOCIOECONOMIC factors, EVALUATION research, CASE-control method, DISEASE complications
Abstract: Women are at a greater risk compared to men for blinding complications from trachoma. In order to evaluate risk factors in women, 205 cases of trichiasis (TT) were selected from 11 villages in rural Tanzania. Each case of trichiasis was matched to two women of the same age and from the same village, who had no clinical signs of trachoma. Factors associated with trichiasis in a conditional logistic regression included history of trichiasis in the woman's mother (odds ratio [OR]=3.6; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.0–6.5); sleeping in a room with a cooking fire during childbearing years (OR=1.8; 95% CI: 1.2–2.8); a home of wood and earth during childbearing years (OR=2.1; 95% CI: 1.3–3.3); no adult education classes (OR=2.2; 95% CI: 1.4–3.4); and five or more deaths among her children (OR=2.6; 95% CI: 1.3–5.1). Detailed measures of prolonged exposure to child care as a young girl and as a mother showed no significant difference between cases and controls. Results from this study characterize women at high risk for severe disease and eventual blindness in a trachoma endemic area. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
Published: 1993
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34. Sensitivity and specificity of capillary blood HBsAg as a surrogate marker for HBeAg in pregnant women.

Author: LANSANG, M. A., DOMINGO, E. O., LINGAO, A. L., WEST, S. K., and ALISAGO, E.
Published: 1987
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35. Sunlight exposure and risk of lens opacities in a population-based study: the Salisbury Eye Evaluation project.

Author: West SK, Duncan DD, Munoz B, Rubin GS, Fried LP, Bandeen-Roche K, Schein OD, West, S K, Duncan, D D, Muñoz, B, Rubin, G S, Fried, L P, Bandeen-Roche, K, and Schein, O D
Abstract: Context: Exposure to UV-B radiation in sunlight has been shown to increase the risk of cataract formation in high-risk occupational groups, but risk to the population has not been quantified.Objectives: To determine the ocular exposure to UV-B radiation in sunlight for a population of older persons and to determine the association between UV-B and lens opacities.Design: The Salisbury Eye Evaluation project, a population-based cohort of older adults.Setting: Salisbury, Md.Participants: A total of 2520 community-dwelling 65-year-old to 84-year-old adults in Salisbury, Md, from 1993 to 1995, of whom 26.4% were African Americans.Main Outcome Measure: Association of photographically documented cortical opacity 3/16 or greater in at least 1 eye with ocular UV-B exposure, reported in Maryland sun-years of exposure.Results: The odds of cortical opacity increased with increasing ocular exposure to UV-B (odds ratio [OR], 1.10; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.20). The relationship was similar for women (OR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.00-1.30) and for African Americans (OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.04-1.33). Analyses of the ocular dose by each age group after the age of 30 years showed no vulnerable age group, suggesting damage is based on cumulative exposure.Conclusions: Although this population of older Americans has relatively low ocular exposure to UV-B in sunlight, there is still an association between ocular exposure and increasing odds of cortical opacity. Our study found an association among African Americans, which, to our knowledge, has not been reported previously. All sex and racial groups would benefit from simple methods to avoid ocular sun exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 1998
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36. Drug utilization review in an HMO. I. Introduction and examples of methodology.

Author: WEST, SHEILA K., BRANDON, BRENDA M., STEVENS, ANNE M., ZAUBER, ANN, CHASE, GARY, STOLLEY, PAUL D., RUMRILL, RICHARD E., West, S K, Brandon, B M, Stevens, A M, Zauber, A, Chase, G, Stolley, P D, and Rumrill, R E
Published: 1977
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37. Determinants of trachoma endemicity using Chlamydia trachomatis ompA DNA sequencing

Author: Hsieh, Y.-H., Bobo, L. D., Quinn, T. C., and West, S. K.
Published: 2001
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38. Abstracts Archives Journals.

Author: Klaus, A., Gruber, I., Wetscher, G., De Lau, L. M. L., Koudstaal, P. J., Hofman, A., Hammad, T. A., Laughren, T., Racoosin, J., Brender, Erin, West, S. K., West, E. S., Alemayehu, W., Khumalo, N. P., Jessop, S., Ehrlich, R., Shalowitz, D. I., Garrett-Mayer, E., Wendler, D., and Kallen, A. J.
Subjects: GASTROESOPHAGEAL reflux, ESOPHAGEAL motility disorders, STOMACH surgery, ANTIDEPRESSANTS, SUICIDE risk factors, AZITHROMYCIN, CONTACT dermatitis, HAIRDRESSING & health
Abstract: This article presents abstracts of medical articles appearing in various journals and archives as of May 10, 2006. Included are the effects of esophageal reflux disease and esophageal motility disorders on gastric banding, a study of pre-diagnosis symptoms of Parkinson Disease patients, the connection between antidepressant medication and suicide risk in adolescent patients, the prevention of trichiasis recurrence after surgery by the use of azithromycin, and a study of cutaneous adverse effects, such as contact allergies and hand dermatitis, among hairdressers.
Published: 2006

39. Eye Care Utilization by Older Americans: The SEE Project

Author: Orr, P., Barron, Y., Schein, O. D., Rubin, G. S., and West, S. K.
Published: 1999
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40. Incidence and prevalence of hepatitis B. A community-based survey in the Philippines.

Author: West, S K, Lingao, A L, Domingo, E O, Raymundo, D, and Caragay, B
Abstract: In a rural village in the Philippines, sera were collected from 744 residents and tested for evidence of hepatitis B virus infection. In the subsequent year, every household was visited every other week for a period of three months in an attempt to identify clinically apparent cases. At the end of the year, sera were obtained from 78% of persons initially negative for hepatitis B virus and 97% of those initially positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Overall, HBsAg was found in 8.8% of the population tested, of whom 86% were still HBsAg-positive at the end of the year. Susceptibility to hepatitis B virus infection declined significantly with age, to only 16% in the age group 50 years and older. No difference in the prevalence of markers by sex was observed. The risk of infection in children appeared to increase if one or both parents were infected, compared with both parents susceptible (odds ratio = 3.3 and 7.6, respectively); the risk increased if older siblings were infected, compared with all older siblings susceptible. The overall incidence rate of hepatitis B virus infection was 3.3% per year. For those aged five years or younger, the incidence rate was 9.2%. None of the seroconverters manifested acute symptoms of infection. Despite the evident clustering in families of persons with hepatitis B virus markers, which is suggested by the prevalence survey, only two of nine incident infections observed were in children with HBsAg-positive close relatives. The findings support the impression that in countries endemic for hepatitis B virus, most new cases occur in the young and are clinically inapparent. Furthermore, screening families of young children for chronic carriers in an effort to identify children at high risk for hepatitis B virus infection would have a low sensitivity in the Philippine setting.
Published: 1986
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41. A simple system for the clinical grading of lens opacities

Author: Hugh Taylor and West, S. K.

42. Health Care of the Aged in Four Ambulatory Settings with a Focus on the Hypertensive Patient

Author: German, P. S., primary, Hoey, J. R., additional, Horky, R., additional, Levine, D. M., additional, Skinner, E. A., additional, West, S. K., additional, and Zauber, A. G., additional
Published: 1975
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43. Lack of Evidence for Aspirin Use and Prevention of Cataracts

Author: West, S. K., primary, Munoz, B. E., additional, Newland, H. S., additional, Emmett, E. A., additional, and Taylor, H. R., additional
Published: 1987
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44. Quantitative Carcinogenesis in Man: Solar Ultraviolet B Dose Dependence of Skin Cancer in Maryland Watermen

Author: Strickland, P. T., primary, Vitasa, B. C., additional, West, S. K., additional, Rosenthal, F. S., additional, Emmett, E. A., additional, and Taylor, H. R., additional
Published: 1989
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45. Stability of Chlamydia trachomatison Storage of Dry Swabs for Accurate Detection by Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests

Author: Dize, L., Gaydos, C. A., Quinn, T. C., and West, S. K.
Published: 2014
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46. Azithromycin to Reduce Childhood Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Author: Keenan, J. D., Bailey, R. L., West, S. K., Arzika, A. M., Hart, J., Weaver, J., Kalua, K., Mrango, Z., Ray, K. J., Cook, C., Lebas, E., O'Brien, K. S., Emerson, P. M., Porco, T. C., Lietman, T. M., Keenan, Jeremy D, Bailey, Robin L, West, Sheila K, Arzika, Ahmed M, and Hart, John
Abstract: Background: We hypothesized that mass distribution of a broad-spectrum antibiotic agent to preschool children would reduce mortality in areas of sub-Saharan Africa that are currently far from meeting the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations.Methods: In this cluster-randomized trial, we assigned communities in Malawi, Niger, and Tanzania to four twice-yearly mass distributions of either oral azithromycin (approximately 20 mg per kilogram of body weight) or placebo. Children 1 to 59 months of age were identified in twice-yearly censuses and were offered participation in the trial. Vital status was determined at subsequent censuses. The primary outcome was aggregate all-cause mortality; country-specific rates were assessed in prespecified subgroup analyses.Results: A total of 1533 communities underwent randomization, 190,238 children were identified in the census at baseline, and 323,302 person-years were monitored. The mean (±SD) azithromycin and placebo coverage over the four twice-yearly distributions was 90.4±10.4%. The overall annual mortality rate was 14.6 deaths per 1000 person-years in communities that received azithromycin (9.1 in Malawi, 22.5 in Niger, and 5.4 in Tanzania) and 16.5 deaths per 1000 person-years in communities that received placebo (9.6 in Malawi, 27.5 in Niger, and 5.5 in Tanzania). Mortality was 13.5% lower overall (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.7 to 19.8) in communities that received azithromycin than in communities that received placebo (P<0.001); the rate was 5.7% lower in Malawi (95% CI, -9.7 to 18.9), 18.1% lower in Niger (95% CI, 10.0 to 25.5), and 3.4% lower in Tanzania (95% CI, -21.2 to 23.0). Children in the age group of 1 to 5 months had the greatest effect from azithromycin (24.9% lower mortality than that with placebo; 95% CI, 10.6 to 37.0). Serious adverse events occurring within a week after administration of the trial drug or placebo were uncommon, and the rate did not differ significantly between the groups. Evaluation of selection for antibiotic resistance is ongoing.Conclusions: Among postneonatal, preschool children in sub-Saharan Africa, childhood mortality was lower in communities randomly assigned to mass distribution of azithromycin than in those assigned to placebo, with the largest effect seen in Niger. Any implementation of a policy of mass distribution would need to strongly consider the potential effect of such a strategy on antibiotic resistance. (Funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; MORDOR ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02047981 .). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2018
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47. Assessing functional status: correlation between performance on tasks conducted in a clinic setting and performance on the same task conducted at home. The Salisbury Eye Evaluation Project Team.

Author: West SK, Rubin GS, Munoz B, Abraham D, Fried LP, Salisbury Eye Evaluation Project Team, West, S K, Rubin, G S, Munoz, B, Abraham, D, and Fried, L P
Abstract: Background: Many studies of functional status in elderly people use performance-based measures. There is an underlying assumption that these measures reflect, at least for some tasks, functional abilities in everyday tasks carried out at home. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between tasks carried out in the clinic and at home, and the role of visual impairment in performance at either setting.Methods: We compared the performance of 97 participants in the Salisbury Eye Evaluation (SEE) project at the clinic and at home on eight different tasks: semitandem stand, functional reach, stair climb and descend, inserting a plug, looking up and dialing a telephone number, and reading.Results: The correlations were good for all tasks, with coefficients ranging from .52 to .86. Those with visual impairment were slightly more likely to perform better at home compared to the clinic, although the differences were statistically significant only for the reading task. The most important predictor of performance on any task in the home was performance on the task at the clinic, even after adjusting for age, race, sex, education, and visual impairment. Educational level and visual impairment were consistent predictors of performance in the home for most tests.Conclusions: We conclude that performances on standardized tasks in the clinic setting do correlate with similar tasks performed in the home, although the relationship is complicated in the presence of visual impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 1997
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48. Trends in prevalence of blindness and distance and nearvision impairment over 30 years: an analysis for the GlobalBurden of Disease Study

Author: Bourne, Rupert, Steinmetz, Jaimie, Flaxman, Seth, Briant, Paul Svitil, Taylor, Hugh, Resnikoff, Serge, Casson, Robert James, Abdoli, Amir, Abu-Gharbieh, Eman, Afshin, Ashkan, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Akalu, Yonas, Alamneh, Alehegn Aderaw, Alemayehu, Wondu, Alfaar, Ahmed Samir, Alipour, Vahid, Anbesu, Etsay Woldu, Androudi, Sofia, Arabloo, Jalal, Arditi, Aries, Asaad, Malke, Bagli, Eleni, Baig, Atif Amin, Bärnighausen, Till Winfried, Battaglia Parodi, Maurizio, Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhardwaj, Nikha, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bijani, Ali, Bikbov, Mukharram, Bottone, Michele, Braithwaite, Tasanee, Bron, Alain, Butt, Zahid, Cheng, Ching-Yu, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Cicinelli, Maria Vittoria, Coelho, João, Dagnew, Baye, Dai, Xiaochen, Dana, Reza, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Del Monte, Monte, Deva, Jenny, Diaz, Daniel, Djalalinia, Shirin, Dreer, Laura, Ehrlich, Joshua, Ellwein, Leon, Emamian, Mohammad Hassan, Fernandes, Arthur, Fischer, Florian, Friedman, David, Furtado, João, Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji, Gaidhane, Shilpa, Gazzard, Gus, Gebremichael, Berhe, George, Ronnie, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Golechha, Mahaveer, Hamidi, Samer, Hammond, Billy Randall, Hartnett, Mary Elizabeth R, Hartono, Risky Kusuma, Hay, Simon, Heidari, Golnaz, Ho, Hung Chak, Hoang, Chi Linh, Househ, Mowafa, Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Ilic, Irena, Ilic, Milena, Ingram, April, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Kahloun, Rim, Kandel, Himal, Kasa, Ayele Semachew, Kempen, John, Keramati, Maryam, Khairallah, Moncef, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khanna, Rohit, Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli, Kim, Judy, Kim, Yun Jin, Kisa, Sezer, Kisa, Adnan, Koyanagi, Ai, Kurmi, Om, Lansingh, Van Charles, Leasher, Janet, Leveziel, Nicolas, Limburg, Hans, Majdan, Marek, Manafi, Navid, Mansouri, Kaweh, McAlinden, Colm, Mohammadi, Seyed Farzad, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammadpourhodki, Reza, Mokdad, Ali, Moosavi, Delaram, Morse, Alan, Naderi, Mehdi, Naidoo, Kovin, Nangia, Vinay, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi, Ogundimu, Kolawole, Olagunju, Andrew, Ostroff, Samuel, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pesudovs, Konrad, Peto, Tunde, Quazi Syed, Zahiruddin, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Ramulu, Pradeep, Rawaf, Salman, Rawaf, David Laith, Reinig, Nickolas, Robin, Alan, Rossetti, Luca, Safi, Sare, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Samy, Abdallah, Saxena, Deepak, Serle, Janet, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shen, Tueng, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Jae Il, Silva, Juan Carlos, Silvester, Alexander, Singh, Jasvinder, Singhal, Deepika, Sitorus, Rita, Skiadaresi, Eirini, Skirbekk, Vegard, Soheili, Amin, Sousa, Raúl, Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth, Stambolian, Dwight, Taddele, Biruk Wogayehu, Tadesse, Eyayou Girma, Tahhan, Nina, Tareque, Md Ismail, Topouzis, Fotis, Tran, Bach Xuan, Travillian, Ravensara, Tsilimbaris, Miltiadis, Varma, Rohit, Virgili, Gianni, Wang, Ya Xing, Wang, Ningli, West, Sheila, Wong, Tien, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zewdie, Kaleab Alemayehu, Jonas, Jost, Vos, Theo, Holden, Funding, Anglia Ruskin University (ARU), University of Washington [Seattle], Imperial College London, University of Melbourne, School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia, University of Adelaide, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah (UoS), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences [Tehran] (SBUMS), Shahid Beheshti University, University of Gondar, Debre Markos University, The Fred Hollows Foundation, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Samara University, University of Thessaly [Volos] (UTH), Visibility Metrics LLC, University of Texas, University Hospital of Ioannina, Sultan Zainal Abidin University, Universita Vita Salute San Raffaele = Vita-Salute San Raffaele University [Milan, Italie] (UniSR), Charles University [Prague] (CU), Government Medical College Pali, All India Institute of Medical Sciences [New Delhi], National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Ufa Eye Research Institute, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon - Hôpital François Mitterrand (CHU Dijon), Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation [Dijon] (CSGA), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), University of Waterloo [Waterloo], Singapore Eye Research Institute [Singapore] (SERI), Hanoi National University of Education (HNUE), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute [Milan, Italie], University of Porto - Departamento de Geociências, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Territórioo (UP - DGAOT), Harvard University [Cambridge], University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Ministry of Health and Medical Education [Iran] (MOHME), University of Alabama at Birmingham [ Birmingham] (UAB), National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Federal University of Sao Paulo (Unifesp), University of Applied Sciences Ravensburg-Weingarten, University of São Paulo (USP), Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, University College of London [London] (UCL), Haramaya University (HU), Sankara Nethralaya Medical Research Foundation, Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, University of Georgia [USA], University of Utah, Institution of Public Health Sciences, Independent Consultant, The Chinese University of Hong Kong [Hong Kong], Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), University of Ibadan, University of Belgrade [Belgrade], Faculty of Science of the University of Kragujevac, University of Kragujevac, Banaras Hindu University [Varanasi] (BHU), Ophtalmologistes Associe Monastir, The University of Sydney, Bahir Dar University (BDU), Harvard University, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Health Services Academy, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin [Milwaukee] (MCW), Xiamen University, Oslo Metropolitan University (OsloMet), Kristiania University College = Høyskolen Kristiania, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, McMaster University [Hamilton, Ontario], HelpMeSee, Nova Southeastern University (NSU), Centre hospitalier universitaire de Poitiers (CHU Poitiers), Health Information Services, Trnava University, University of Manitoba [Winnipeg], Glaucoma Research Center, Singleton Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation [University of Washington], Iran University of Medical Sciences [Tehran, Iran] (IUMS), Lighthouse Guild, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Suraj Eye Institute, Duy Tan University, Sightsavers, Heidelberg University Hospital [Heidelberg], University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), Queen's University [Belfast] (QUB), Maharishi Markandeshwar University [Mullana] (MM(DU)), Johns Hopkins University (JHU), Public Health England [London], Brien Holden Vision Institute, Fondation Thea, Fred Hollows Foundation, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lions Clubs International Foundation, Sightsavers International, and University of Heidelberg., Bourne, R. R. A., Steinmetz, J. D., Flaxman, S., Briant, P. S., Taylor, H. R., Resnikoff, S., Casson, R. J., Abdoli, A., Abu-Gharbieh, E., Afshin, A., Ahmadieh, H., Akalu, Y., Alamneh, A. A., Alemayehu, W., Alfaar, A. S., Alipour, V., Anbesu, E. W., Androudi, S., Arabloo, J., Arditi, A., Asaad, M., Bagli, E., Baig, A. A., Barnighausen, T. W., Battaglia Parodi, M., Bhagavathula, A. S., Bhardwaj, N., Bhardwaj, P., Bhattacharyya, K., Bijani, A., Bikbov, M., Bottone, M., Braithwaite, T., Bron, A. M., Butt, Z. A., Cheng, C. -Y., Chu, D. -T., Cicinelli, M. V., Coelho, J. M., Dagnew, B., Dai, X., Dana, R., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Del Monte, M. A., Deva, J. P., Diaz, D., Djalalinia, S., Dreer, L. E., Ehrlich, J. R., Ellwein, L. B., Emamian, M. H., Fernandes, A. G., Fischer, F., Friedman, D. S., Furtado, J. M., Gaidhane, A. M., Gaidhane, S., Gazzard, G., Gebremichael, B., George, R., Ghashghaee, A., Golechha, M., Hamidi, S., Hammond, B. R., Hartnett, M. E. R., Hartono, R. K., Hay, S. I., Heidari, G., Ho, H. C., Hoang, C. L., Househ, M., Ibitoye, S. E., Ilic, I. M., Ilic, M. D., Ingram, A. D., Irvani, S. S. N., Jha, R. P., Kahloun, R., Kandel, H., Kasa, A. S., Kempen, J. H., Keramati, M., Khairallah, M., Khan, E. A., Khanna, R. C., Khatib, M. N., Kim, J. E., Kim, Y. J., Kisa, A., Kisa, S., Koyanagi, A., Kurmi, O. P., Lansingh, V. C., Leasher, J. L., Leveziel, N., Limburg, H., Majdan, M., Manafi, N., Mansouri, K., Mcalinden, C., Mohammadi, S. F., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammadpourhodki, R., Mokdad, A. H., Moosavi, D., Morse, A. R., Naderi, M., Naidoo, K. S., Nangia, V., Nguyen, C. T., Nguyen, H. L. T., Ogundimu, K., Olagunju, A. T., Ostroff, S. M., Panda-Jones, S., Pesudovs, K., Peto, T., Syed, Z. Q., Ur Rahman, M. H., Ramulu, P. Y., Rawaf, D. L., Rawaf, S., Reinig, N., Robin, A. L., Rossetti, L., Safi, S., Sahebkar, A., Samy, A. M., Saxena, D., Serle, J. B., Shaikh, M. A., Shen, T. T., Shibuya, K., Shin, J. I., Silva, J. C., Silvester, A., Singh, J. A., Singhal, D., Sitorus, R. S., Skiadaresi, E., Skirbekk, V., Soheili, A., Sousa, R. A. R. C., Spurlock, E. E., Stambolian, D., Taddele, B. W., Tadesse, E. G., Tahhan, N., Tareque, Md. I., Topouzis, F., Tran, B. X., Travillian, R. S., Tsilimbaris, M. K., Varma, R., Virgili, G., Wang, N., Wang, Y. X., West, S. K., Wong, T. Y., Zaidi, Z., Zewdie, K. A., Jonas, J. B., and Vos, T.
Subjects: Visual acuity, genetic structures, 030231 tropical medicine, Population, Visual impairment, Glaucoma, Blindness, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine, Global health, 030212 general & internal medicine, [SDV.MHEP.OS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Sensory Organs, education, Eye diseases, Medicine(all), Near vision impairments, education.field_of_study, business.industry, General Medicine, Presbyopia, Systematic reviews, Macular degeneration, medicine.disease, eye diseases, 3. Good health, medicine.symptom, business, Demography
Abstract: Background: To contribute to the WHO initiative, VISION 2020: The Right to Sight, an assessment of global vision impairment in 2020 and temporal change is needed. We aimed to extensively update estimates of global vision loss burden, presenting estimates for 2020, temporal change over three decades between 1990–2020, and forecasts for 2050. Methods: We did a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based surveys of eye disease from January, 1980, to October, 2018. Only studies with samples representative of the population and with clearly defined visual acuity testing protocols were included. We fitted hierarchical models to estimate 2020 prevalence (with 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]) of mild vision impairment (presenting visual acuity ≥6/18 and
Published: 2020
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49. Four cases of acute comitant esotropia associated with diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma in children.

Author: Osborne D, Richardson-May J, Bush K, Evans M, West SK, May K, and Self J
Subjects: Child, Humans, Child, Preschool, Pandemics, Communicable Disease Control, Acute Disease, Retrospective Studies, Esotropia diagnosis, Esotropia etiology, Esotropia surgery, Hyperopia, Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma complications, COVID-19 complications, Strabismus complications
Abstract: Background: Acute acquired concomitant esotropia (AACE) is usually a benign form of strabismus that infrequently is associated with intracranial pathology. Clinicians have noted an increase in its incidence and theorize that it may be related to public health "lockdown" measures taken in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. With an increased incidence of AACE clinicians must firstly differentiate AACE from common accommodative esotropia and secondly recognize AACE as a possible sign of serious neuropathology.Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG) is a devastating diagnosis for affected families. Children typically present at age 6-7 years with cranial nerve palsies, long tract signs, and/or cerebellar signs. Diagnosis is made from characteristic findings on magnetic resonance brain imaging (MRI brain) and treatment includes radiotherapy and palliative care. Two years from diagnosis, 90% of affected children will have died from their disease., Case Series: We present four cases that attended our pediatric ophthalmology clinic with AACE either as a presenting sign of DIPG or as a clinical finding following a DIPG diagnosis. Patient A (age 5 years) presented to the emergency eye clinic with sudden onset diplopia and intermittent esotropia. Suppression later developed, they had 0.00 logMAR visual acuity either eye, and bilateral physiological hypermetropia. MRI brain imaging requested as a result of the unusual presentation led to the DIPG diagnosis. The other 3 cases (ages 11, 5 & 5 years) were assessed post DIPG diagnosis and found to have an esotropia measuring bigger on 1/3-meter fixation than 6-meter fixation, full ocular motility, physiological hypermetropia or emmetropia, and visual acuity normal for age. Other than patient B (age 11 years), who had papilledema and gaze evoked nystagmus when they were assessed 2 weeks prior to death, no patient had any other clinical eye findings., Conclusions: This small series of 4 patients attending our clinic within a 12-month period supports the notion that children presenting with AACE should routinely be offered brain MRI. Not all children with DIPG-associated AACE have significant ophthalmic findings indicative of intracranial pathology. With the potential for increased incidence of AACE related to lockdowns, clinicians should be reminded of the infrequent possibility their patient has a more serious condition.
Published: 2023
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50. Evaluation of pooled ocular and vaginal swabs by the Cepheid GeneXpert CT/NG assay for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae compared to the GenProbe Aptima Combo 2 Assay.

Author: Dize L, West SK, Mkocha H, Quinn TC, and Gaydos CA
Subjects: Chlamydia trachomatis genetics, Eye microbiology, Female, Humans, Male, Neisseria gonorrhoeae genetics, Tanzania, Vagina microbiology, Chlamydia Infections diagnosis, Chlamydia trachomatis isolation & purification, Gonorrhea diagnosis, Molecular Diagnostic Techniques methods, Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolation & purification, Specimen Handling methods
Abstract: Ocular swabs from Tanzania were tested for Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), and self-collected vaginal swabs collected through a home collection program, iwantthekit.org, were tested for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and CT to evaluate Cepheid GeneXpert for the use of pooling multiple specimens before testing. GeneXpert shows to be a promising test for pooling., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2015
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