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Lithium-ion batteries are a popular choice for a wide range of energy storage system applications. The current motivation to improve the robustness of lithium-ion battery applications has stimulated the need for in-depth research into aging effects and the establishment of lifetime prediction models. This paper reviews different combination approaches of physics-based models and data-driven models. The three basic physics-based battery lifetime models are introduced, and requirements and features are compared from an application perspective. Then, state-of-the-art approaches for integrating physics and data-driven methods are systematically reviewed. Flowcharts present each approach to offer the readers a clear understanding. Next, the publication trends are represented by line graphs, and pie charts, including data-driven assisted physical models and physics-guided data-driven, different physical model applications, and data-driven approaches. It is concluded that electrochemical models have great potential to describe complex aging behavior under various conditions. Moreover, machine learning is a promising tool to overcome mechanistic absence and highly nonlinear performance, occupying 78 % of all data-driven methods. Physics-guided data-driven approach started to emerge as an innovative lifetime prediction method after 2020. The application advantages and limitations are compared according to the description of different methods. Furthermore, future perspectives are discussed, with opportunities and challenges. The Prospect of applying physics-guided machine learning looks forward to more inspiration.

Development of biomimetic catalytic systems that can imitate or even surpass natural enzymes remains an ongoing challenge 1–3. This is particularly true in the context of accessing non-natural reactions by bioinspired approaches, which offer intriguing possibilities for benign and affordable chemical synthesis 4. Exploiting the untapped potential of inorganic solids by translating complex knowledge in (bio)molecular-based systems may constitute a potentially useful strategy for such purpose 5, but efforts to capitalize on the minimum catalytic unit of a versatile solid matrix have been largely unsuccessful. Here, we show how an all-inorganic biomimetic system bearing robust nitrogen-neighboured single cobalt site/pyridinic-N site (Co-N4/Py-N) pairs can act cooperatively as an oxidase mimic, which renders an engaged coupling of oxygen (O2) reduction with synthetically beneficial chemical transformations. By developing this broadly applicable platform, the scalable synthesis of greater than 100 industrially and pharmaceutically appealing O-silylated compounds via the unprecedented aerobic oxidation of hydrosilane under ambient conditions is demonstrated. Moreover, this heterogeneous oxidase mimic also offers potential for expanding the catalytic scope of enzymatic synthesis. We anticipate that the strategy demonstrated here will pave a new avenue for understanding the underlying nature of redox enzymes and open up a new class of material systems for artificial biomimetics.

There are currently no approved drugs to treat Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy. Hyperimmune globulin products such as VARIZIG and WinRho are FDA-approved to treat conditions during pregnancy such as Varicella Zoster virus infection and Rh-incompatibility. We administered ZIKV-specific human immune globulin as a treatment in pregnant rhesus macaques one day after subcutaneous ZIKV infection. All animals controlled ZIKV viremia following the treatment and generated robust levels of anti-Zika virus antibodies in their blood. No adverse fetal or infant outcomes were identified in the treated animals, yet the placebo control treated animals also did not have signs related to congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). Human immune globulin may be a viable prophylaxis and treatment option for ZIKV infection during pregnancy, however, more studies are required to fully assess the impact of this treatment to prevent CZS.

Hypertrophic chondrocytes give rise to osteoblasts during skeletal development; however, the process by which these non-mitotic cells make this transition is not well understood. Prior studies have also suggested that skeletal stem and progenitor cells (SSPCs) localize to the surrounding periosteum and serve as a major source of marrow associated SSPCs, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and adipocytes during skeletal development. To further understand the cell transition process by which hypertrophic chondrocytes contribute to osteoblasts or other marrow associated cells, we utilized inducible and constitutive hypertrophic chondrocyte lineage tracing and reporter mouse models (Col10a1CreERT2; R26-tdTomatof/+ and Col10a1Cre; R26-tdTomatof/+) in combination with a PDGFRa-H2B-GFP transgenic line, single cell RNA-sequencing, bulk RNA-sequencing, immunofluorescence staining, and cell transplantation assays. Our data demonstrate that hypertrophic chondrocytes undergo a process of dedifferentiation to generate marrow associated SSPCs that serve as a primary source of osteoblasts during skeletal development. These hypertrophic chondrocyte derived SSPCs commit to a CXCL12-abundant reticular (CAR) cell phenotype during skeletal development and demonstrate unique abilities to recruit vasculature and promote bone marrow establishment, while also contributing to the adipogenic lineage.

Congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) is associated with microcephaly and various neurological, musculoskeletal, and ocular abnormalities, but the long-term pathogenesis and postnatal progression of ocular defects in infants are not well characterized. Rhesus macaques are superior to rodents as models of CZS because they are natural hosts of the virus and share similar immune and ocular characteristics, including blood-retinal barrier characteristics and the unique presence of a macula. Using a previously described model of CZS, we infected pregnant rhesus macaques with Zika virus (ZIKV) during the late first trimester and characterized postnatal ocular development and evolution of ocular defects in 2 infant macaques over 2 years. We found that one of them exhibited colobomatous chorioretinal atrophic lesions with macular and vascular dragging as well as retinal thinning caused by loss of retinal ganglion neuron and photoreceptor layers. Despite these congenital ocular malformations, axial elongation and retinal development in these infants progressed at normal rates compared with healthy animals. The ZIKV-exposed infants displayed a rapid loss of ZIKV-specific antibodies, suggesting the absence of viral replication after birth, and did not show any behavioral or neurological defects postnatally. Our findings suggest that ZIKV infection during early pregnancy can impact fetal retinal development and cause congenital ocular anomalies but does not appear to affect postnatal ocular growth.

Oxygen serves as a critical environmental factor essential for maintaining the physiological state of a tissue. Hypoxia, or low oxygen, triggers a cascade of events which allows for cells to adapt to low oxygen tensions and to facilitate oxygen delivery required to maintain tissue homeostasis. In the bone microenvironment (BME), vascular heterogeneity, poor perfusion rates of blood vessels, and high metabolic activity of hematopoietic cells result in the generation of a unique hypoxic landscape. Importantly, in this region, hypoxia and its downstream effectors are associated with establishing stem cell niches and regulating the differentiation of committed progenitors. Given the functional importance of the hypoxic bone niche, visualizing regions of hypoxia may provide valuable insights into the mechanisms that regulate tissue homeostasis. Here, we describe the utilization of the nitroimidazole derivative, pimonidazole, to detect hypoxic regions within the BME.

Oxygen serves as a critical environmental factor essential for maintaining the physiological state of a tissue. Hypoxia, or low oxygen, triggers a cascade of events which allows for cells to adapt to low oxygen tensions and to facilitate oxygen delivery required to maintain tissue homeostasis. In the bone microenvironment (BME), vascular heterogeneity, poor perfusion rates of blood vessels, and high metabolic activity of hematopoietic cells result in the generation of a unique hypoxic landscape. Importantly, in this region, hypoxia and its downstream effectors are associated with establishing stem cell niches and regulating the differentiation of committed progenitors. Given the functional importance of the hypoxic bone niche, visualizing regions of hypoxia may provide valuable insights into the mechanisms that regulate tissue homeostasis. Here, we describe the utilization of the nitroimidazole derivative, pimonidazole, to detect hypoxic regions within the BME.

SUMMARYCulture expanded bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) are easily isolated, can be grown rapidly en masse, and contain both skeletal stem cells (SSCs) and multipotent mesenchymal progenitors (MMPs). Despite this functional heterogeneity, BMSC cultures continue to be utilized for many applications due to the lack of definitive and universally accepted markers to prospectively identify and purify SSCs. Isolation of BMSCs is widely based on their adherence to tissue culture plastic; however, this method poses unique challenges when working with murine models. In particular, hematopoietic cell contamination is a significant impediment during the isolation or murine BMSCs. Several strategies to reduce hematopoietic contamination have been developed with varying levels of success. In this study, we found that up to 60% of cells isolated in standard BMSC cultures expressed the hematopoietic marker CD45. Remarkably, when cultured at a physiological oxygen tension of 1% O2, there was a 10-fold reduction in hematopoietic cells associated with a concomitant increase in PDGFRα+ expressing stromal cells. This finding was due, in part, to a differential response of the two populations to low oxygen tension, or hypoxia. Specifically, in standard tissue culture conditions of 21% O2, CD45+ hematopoietic cells showed increased proliferation coupled with no observable changes in cell death when compared to their counterparts grown at 1% O2. In contrast, PDGFRα+ stromal cells responded to hypoxia by increasing proliferation and exhibiting a 10-fold decrease in cell death. In summary, we describe a simple and reliable method exploiting the divergent biological response of hematopoietic and stromal cells to hypoxia to significantly increase the PDGFRα+ stromal cell population in murine BMSC cultures.

BACKGROUND: Among all gynecological malignancies, ovarian cancer (OC) is prone to recurrence, metastasis, and resistance, and has the highest mortality rate. Furthermore, China is about to face the risk of increased incidence of the disease. This study aimed to identify potential novel tumorigenesis and prognostic genes in OC. METHODS: The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project were used to obtain mRNA sequencing datasets and clinical information to identify candidate genes critical to OC carcinogenesis and progression. The potential genes affecting OC were performed by comprehensive survival analysis, followed by external validation. Cell proliferation, wound healing, and transwell assays validated the effects of a potential gene on proliferation, migration, and invasion in the A2780 cell line. Observe xenograft formation in nude mice and use immunohistochemistry to determine the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins in xenograft tumors after gene silencing. Two-tailed Student’s t-tests were used for two-group comparisons in in vivo and in vitro experiments. RESULTS: The current study developed an eight-gene model for predicting the survival of patients with OC, in which PI3, CCDC80, IL27RA, HERC1, and NOTCH2NLA represented adverse, HMGB3, CXCL11, and CXCL9 represented protective prognosis. Further, repression of NOTCH2NLA, the selected potential gene, blocked the proliferation, migration, and invasion of A2780 cells in vitro and inhibited the growth of xenograft tumors in vivo. Finally, we revealed that the expression of NOTCH2NLA in OC negatively correlated with that of E-cadherin and positively correlated with that of vimentin and SNAI2. CONCLUSIONS: The study provided a novel view on the biological significance and function of NOTCH2NLA and confirmed that NOTCH2NLA plays a significant role in OC prognosis by affecting EMT, which could be used as a new biomarker for OC prognosis.

Neurobehavioral bases of tobacco addiction and nicotine reinforcement are complex, involving more than only nicotinic cholinergic or dopaminergic systems. Memantine is an NMDA glutamate antagonist used to improve cognitive function in people with Alzheimer's disease. Glutamate may be an important component of the reinforcing effects of nicotine, so memantine was evaluated as a potential smoking cessation aid. Two studies were conducted with adult female rats, one testing acute effects of memantine over a range of doses for changing nicotine self-administration and the other testing the chronic effects of memantine to reduce nicotine self-administration. Acute memantine injections slightly, but significantly, increased nicotine self-administration in a dose-related manner. In contrast, chronic memantine treatment significantly reduced nicotine self-administration. During the first day of memantine administration in the chronic study, nicotine self-administration was significantly elevated replicating the acute study. Starting in the second week of treatment there was a significant reduction of nicotine self-administration relative to controls. This was seen because memantine treatment prevented the increase in nicotine self-administration shown by controls. There even continued to be a memantine-induced lowered nicotine self-administration during the week after the cessation of memantine treatment. Memantine or other drugs affecting NMDA glutamate receptors may be useful aids to smoking cessation. Full efficacy for reducing nicotine self-administration was seen as the NMDA drug treatment is given chronically. Importantly, the effect persisted even after treatment is ended, indicating the high potential for NMDA glutamate receptors to impact nicotine addiction.

To predict the storage life (SL) of electromagnetic relays better, effectively guide life extension project and save maintenance costs, this paper proposes a Physics of Failure (PoF) model for assessing the SL based on Holm electrical contact theory. Firstly, considering the relationship between storage environment, processing technology, material and contact resistance, the shrinkage, interface and body resistance expressions are constructed. Then the PoF model is established regarding contact resistance to the initial value ratio as an input parameter. The dimensionless parameter in the model that reflects the diffusion rate of the corrosion film on contact surface is determined from the contact resistance data measured in the Accelerated Storage Degradation Test (ASDT). By using this model to calculate SL of the samples at different stress levels and comparing results with ASDT records, the accuracy of the model is verified. It proves that the proposed storage PoF model can predict the SL of electromagnetic relays effectively and provides a theoretical reference for rapid assessment of their storage state.

In the harsh radiation environment, Random Access Memory (RAM) fails due to Single Event Upset (SEU). The failure of the RAM seriously threatens the safety and reliability of on-orbit spacecraft. For devices with Error Detection and Correction (EDAC) enhanced, this paper provides a reliability assessment methodology using small sample test data combined with Maximum Entropy Principle (MEP) and Bootstrap. First, using ground and orbit test data with MEP, the optimal distribution function of SEU rate is determined. Second, the confidence intervals of the function arguments under different confidence levels are estimated by the parametric Bootstrap method. Then, a Single Event Upset reliability assessment methodology is proposed for RAM with EDAC enhanced. Finally, using the ground and orbit test data combined with above methods, a case study of reliability assessment for RAM is given. The assessment can be combined with small sample data to quantitatively evaluate the reliability of RAM under EDAC enhanced. The assessment methodology in this paper has the characteristics of strong applicability and good portability.

The reliability assessment of power devices based on Physics of Failure (PoF) involves factors such as performance, structural materials, and operating conditions. However, PoF methods are mainly used for the specific failure mechanisms (FMs) of the device. Now a fusion multiple FMs reliability assessment is needed. This paper proposes a reliability assessment methodology considering the failure correlation of different structures of power devices based on multivariate copulas. We illustrate the assessment process by taking a FS discrete device as a case. Firstly, the FMs and PoF models of power devices are studied. The parameter values in PoF models are determined; The unknown parameters are obtained by finite element analysis (FEA). Secondly, the multivariate copulas are used to derive the reliability function with multi-FMs, and the unknown parameters in copulas are estimated. Finally, comparing the Monte Carlo-Competition (MCC) method, the results show that the proposed method can consider the cross¬influence factors between PoF models, and the correlation of different structural lifetime distributions is not negligible. Moreover, the computational efficiency is also improved.

Effective thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity are important properties for studying the self-heating during wood pellets storage. A modified line heat source within a wood pellets container was used to determine the thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity of wood pellets with moisture content ranging from 1.4% to 9% w.b. A second order partial differential equation describing transient temperature distribution within the test container was numerically solved for temporal and spatial temperatures. The difference between experimental and numerical temperatures was minimized to estimate an effective thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity for the bulk pellets. The estimated thermal conductivity ranged from 0.146 to 0.192 W/(m K) increasing with moisture content. An empirical relationship among effective thermal conductivity, moisture content and porosity was developed. The dependence of effective thermal conductivity on pellets size was negligible. The estimated specific heat capacity of pellets ranged from 1.074 to 1.253 kJ/(kg K) in the tested range. A relation between specific heat capacity and moisture content was developed for general wood pellets.

Due to the real estate price index can guide the national macro-economic regulation and play an important role in the direction about development of the real estate market, it has attracted much attention. Yanjiao, as a small town surrounding the larger towns, its development of real estate is representative. This paper determines the sources of the samples and makes the coverage as extensive as they can by analyzing the real estate market of Yanjiao. In order to keep them effective and continuous, an investigation should be done once a week. As the common and lower-cost approach in our country, weighted mean is used to compile the real estate price index of Yanjiao. For more research and guiding significance, draw up index publishing table as the basis of summing up the development trend of real estate and leading the real estate market to develop healthily and orderly.

Wood pellets release heat and gases during storage. A TAM air isothermal calorimeter was used to measure the rate of heat release by bulk pellets at temperatures ranging from 30 to 50 °C. The results showed that self-heating rate at the tested temperature range strongly depended on the reaction temperature and the age of pellets. Heat release rate increased as the reaction temperature increased but the rate was not sensitive to pellets moisture content. The activation energy of the self-heating reaction increased with the age of pellets. A simple global kinetic model for self-heating was developed from the experimental data. The model can be applied to simulate the self-heating process in pellets storage containers at different storage temperatures and age of stored pellets.

For investors, it is critical to select the lowest risk one from numerous investment projects to invest for creating the largest profit. How to choose the best investment project is a challenge for decision makers. This paper firstly uses BSC to select some better ones from candidate investment projects, eliminated comprehensive measuring and testing poorly enterprise. Then the investment risk comprehensive evaluation for the rest projects is made by using AHP, which is used to select the lowest risk project. For decision makers in the project investment, this can provide a theoretic basis for decision-making. Compared to other investment decision methods, AHP-BSC model can more quickly provide more accurate decision-making for decision makers.

Thermal conductivity of wood pellets individually and in bulk was determined in this study. The moisture content of the samples ranged from 4.4% to 8.7%w.b. The measurements were made at temperatures from 20°C to 50°C using line heat source method. The method of maximum coefficient of determination was used to estimate thermal conductivity. The bulk thermal conductivity of wood pellets was found to range from 0.18 to 0.25 Wm-1K-1 while the thermal conductivity of individual pellets ranged from 0.13 and 0.18 Wm-1K-1 increasing with moisture contents in the test range. Different sizes of wood pellets and pellets from different manufacturers were also investigated in this study.